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Transcript of Supporting c.t. 2009new
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SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE
TISSUE :
1. Cartilage
2. Bone
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General feature of cartilage :
Characteristic by firmness & resiliency. It form
fetal skeleton and persist where mechanical
properties are needed. Most fetal cartilage is
replace by bone.
Blood supply : most cartilage is enveloped by a
dense CT layer, the perichondrium, which
contains the vascular supply and fibroblast-like
stemcell from additional chondrocyte arise.
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Cartilage:
There are three 3 types cartilage:
1. Hyaline Cartilage
2. Elastic cartilage
3. Fibrous cartilage
They are differ in appearance andmechanical properties and in extracellular
matrix composition. No distinction is madeamong the cells in defferent cartilagetypes
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Component of cart. :
Cells
Extracellular substance :
Fibers : Hyaline cart.: type II collagen
Elastic cart. : Elastic & type II collagen
Fibrocart. : type I collagen ( coarse)Ground substance
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Cells :
Chondrocyte : in lacuna
Chondroblast: elliptic shape with the long
axis parallel to the surface.
Synthese collagen & matrix molecules
May appear in groups up to 8 cell called
isogenous (mitotic division of chondrocyte) In routine preparation retraction from
capsul, in living tissue fill the lacuna
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Matrix :
40 % consist of collagen type II
Ground substance : Proteoglycans : * chondroitin 4 sulfat
* Chodroitin 6 sulfat
* Keratan sulfat
* Hyaluronic acid
Glycoprotein, Glycoaminoglicans
Terrritorial matrix : Rich of glycoaminoglycans &
Poor in collagenGround substance composition control of nutrition
and oxygen to chondrocyte from perichondrium
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Perichondrium :
Outer layer(fibrous layer):
A layer dense CT. It is rich in collagen type I.It contains numerous fibroblast
Inner layer(chondrogenic layer) :Contains cells resemble fibroblasts, they arechondroblast. It harbors the vasc. supply.
All form of cartilage are avascular and nourished
by diffusion of nutrient from capillaries inperichondrium or by synovial fluid from jointcavities.
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Histogenesis :
All cartilage derived from embryonic
mesenchym
Cells at the first mesenchymal
condensation become a chondroblast and
secrete cartilage matrix.After it surroundedby cartilage matrix is termed chondrocyte.
Peripheral mesenchyme condenses
around the developing cartilage mass toform dense regular CT of the
perichondrium.
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Growth:
Cartilage grew in 2 processes; both involve mitosis
and deposition of additional matrix
Matrix synthesis is enchanced by growth hormon,
thyroxin and testosteron and inhibited by estradiol andexcess cortison
1. Interstitial growthinvolves the division of existingchondrocyte and gives rise to the isogenous group.
2. Appositional growthinvolves the differentiation intochondrocyte by chondroblast and stem cells on the
perichondriums inner surface
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Hyaline cartilage:
The chondrocyte are embedded in matrix
either singly or in isogenous groupsof 28 cells derived from one parent cell.
The space occupied by each chondrocyte
called alacuna, is visible only after cells
death or after shrinkage during tissue
processing.
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The matrix surrounding the chondrocytes
called the capsular (terr i to r ial matr ix), is
more basophilic and PAS (+) thanintercapsular (interterr i to r ial matr ix),
owing the higher sulfated GAG
consentration and lower collagen.
Hyaline cartilage is surrounded and
nourished by perichondrium except for
articular cartilage. Articular cartilage is
nourished by the synovial fluid in the jointcavity.
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The Location Of Hyaline Cart. :
Fetal skeletal tissue mainly made by hyaline
cart. As fetal cart. is replaced by bone,
hyaline cart. remains in the epiphyseal
plates at the ends of long bones.
Hyaline cart. is the most abundant and widelydistributed in the body. The tissue are found at.
The costal cart.
Most of the laryngeal cart.
The cart. ring of the trachea
The irregular cart. plates in the walls of the bronchi
Articular surface of the moveable joint.
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REGENERATION OF CARTILAGE
Injuries not repaired by the cartilage
Adult cells of cartilago likely do not divide
or have very limited ability.
Perichondrium proliferates to fill defect/gap
Fibroblasts transform into chondroblasts
Chondroblasts deposit new matrixFractures: may be united by permanent fibrous tissue
Fibrous tissue may be replaced by bone.
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Elastic cartilage :
Composition :
Elastic cart. contains dense network of branching elasticfiber and type II collagen, fibers. The colour is yellowishbecause the presence of elastin.
The perichondrium encloses elastic cartilage.
Elast ic cart i lage can be foun d at.
The external ear
The external auditory canals and auditory tubes The epiglottis
The corniculate & cuneiform of the larynx
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Fibrocartilage:
Intermediate between dense CT & hyalin Cart.
Border is not clear
Characterised by type I collagen
Chondrocyte (singly or isogenous) lies among
the densely packed type I collagen bundles
The capsular matrix contains type II collagen
No perichondrium..Fibrocartilage never occurs alone!
Merges with hyaline cartilage or surrounding
fibrous tissue
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Fibrocartilage
Occurrence:
Intervertebral disks
Pubic symphsis
Articular cartilagesand capsules
Lining tendon
grooves
Insertions of
tendons and
ligaments (some)
Intervertebral disc (Rat). C =
chondrocytes (H&E/Alcian Blue)
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BONE
dr. Arliek R.J. MS
Protection
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SupportProtection
Storage and productionLeverage
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Composition of Bone
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Function :
Supporting fragile structure
Protect vital organ,Harbors hematopoietic t
Reservoir calcium, phosphat
Composition :
*Cellular: osteocyte, osteoblast, osteoclast
*Intercellularbone matrix :
Fibers : collagen type I
Ground substance
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Type of bone tissue :
I. Architectur :* Spongy/ primary(woven)
*Compact/ secondary lamellar
II. Histogenesis :- Intramembranous
- Endochondral
III. Shape : long bone, flat bone
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Surface :
ExternalPeriosteum: double layered CT
* Outer : Fibrous layerdense CT
* Inner : Osteogenic layerloose CT
bone precursor
Sharpey fibers : periostal collagen fiberspenetrate
bone matrix to anchor periosteum to bone InternalEndosteum: thin, reticular CT- bone
& blood cell precursor, line marrow cavities
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Part of long bones :
Diaphysis : long bone shaft, walls of
compact bone & central marrow cavity line
with endosteum
Epiphysis : bulbous end, mostly spongy B.
Bones to form movable joint covered by
articular cartilage
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Bone tissue: obtaining thin sectionwith grinding bone slices until translucent &
demineralized in dilute acid or Ca chelating agentBone cel ls:a. Osteoprogenitor cell, stem cell found in :
Endosteum & Periosteum
2 types : 1. Form osteoblastfrom mesenchym
2. Form osteoclast-from monocyte
b. Osteoblast :*One cell thick sheet on surface-simple cuboid
*High alkaline phosphatase
*Secrete all organic the organic component*participate on bone mineralization
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C. Osteocyte :
* found in cavity in bone matrix -> called lacuna* Long, thin cytoplasm processes> filopodia
radiate from the cell body in canaliculi
* Osteocyte isolated from one another by
impermeable bone matrix and contact one
another at the tips of filopodiagap junction
nutrien & oxygen and dispose of waste.
* Incapable of mitosis
* Derived from osteoblast round lacunaflattened
lacuna
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d. Osteoclast
* bone resorbing cell
* Lying on bone surface in shallow depressionHowships lacuna.
* Large & multinucleated ( 250/ cell)
* acidophilic cytoplasmmany lysosome
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Primary bone :
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Primary bone :1. Intramembranous ossification/
Desmal - C.t membraneosteoblastosteoidmineralizedprimary oss. Center
trabeculaemembrane bone.
Ex. : - temporal bone
- parietal
- periostal bone collar in enchondral
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2. Endochondral ossification
Basic steps :
a.Cartilage modelreplacing with bone
b. Periostal bone collarintramembranoes
C. Zone : - Reserve- Proliferation
- Hypertrophy
- Calcificationatrophy- Ossification
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