Supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration … · S-3 project scientist at...
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/ m EXPLORER 12 MAGNETOMETER RECORDS 16 AUGUST, 1961-6 DECEMBER, 1961 by Robert S. Hyde and Laurence J. Cahill, Jr. Supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grants NsG-33.-60 and NsG-624 and Contract NASw-155 and by the Air Force under Contract AF29(601)-4618. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19670016631 2018-06-24T02:47:25+00:00Z
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/m
EXPLORER 12 MAGNETOMETER RECORDS
16 AUGUST, 1961-6 DECEMBER, 1961
by
Robert S. Hyde and
Laurence J. Cahill, Jr.
Supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
under Grants NsG-33.-60 and NsG-624 and Contract NASw-155 and
by the Air Force under Contract AF29(601)-4618.
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19670016631 2018-06-24T02:47:25+00:00Z
Explorer 12 Magnetometer Records
16 August, 1961 - 6 December, 1961
Robert S. Hyde and Laurence J. Cahill, Jr.
This set of records was prepared in the Physics
Department of the University of New Hampshire between
August 1962 and August 1966. The data from which these
records were made were provided by the NASA Goddard Space
Flight Center, in digital form, on magnetic tapes. The
data tapes contained magnetic field measurements from a
three-component Schonstedt Instrument Company fluxgate
magnetometer, the time of the measurements, and several
other useful related measurements. Each sensor had a
nominal range of ± i000 gammas in measurement of the magnetic
field component along its sensitive axis. One sensor,
the Z sensor, was aligned approximately (within 2° ) with
the spin axis of the satellite throughout the flight.
The spin rate was approximately 30 rpm. The other two
sensors, X and Y, were orthogonal to the first sensor and
to each other. Each sensor was sampled in sequence X, Y,
Z during a 50-millisecond interval, and the sample rate was
three times each second. During ground processing the
analog magnetometer signals were digitized with an effective
digitization channel width of 24 gammas. Each component
measurement had an uncertainty due to digitization of ± 12
gammas, as well as other errors due to possible changes
in preflight calibration. The other errors have been
/
•
i
discussed in several papers on the Explorer 12 magnetometer
data. These papers are listed in the bibliography.
The X, Y, Z measurements were used to compute
B = / X2+y2+z2 , _ = tan -i / x2+y 2 /Z and
= _0 + _At + tan -I Y/X (where _ is spin angular velocity
At is time between measurement and "see-sun" time and _0
angle between sun sensor and x sensor, Figure i). In an
average of several individual measurements, the digitization
error, if random, may be reduced. The data points shown in
these records are averages of 32 individual computed values
(occasionally 16 values) of B, a and _. One data point was
computed every 500 km in radial distance. The time interval
between points varies from a few minutes near 5 R to ane
hour near apogee. The records have served as an initial
survey of the Explorer 12 data, have aided in selection of
periods for more intensive study,!and have provided material
I
for several papers listed in the bibliography. _he records
have been useful in determining the location of the magnetosphere
boundary; the distortion of the field inside the magnetosphere
and the general level of low frequency (<0.001 cps) magnetic
fluctuations in the magnetosphere. They have not been adequate
for detailed studies of the magnetopause, for studies of low
amplitude fluctuations in the magnetosphere or for any studies
of the transition region.
The measured values B, _, _ shown here were plotted by
hand at the appropriate geocentric radial distances specified
on a "Master Orbit" magnetic tape also provided by GSFC.
3.
Data below 5 Re were not plotted because the magnitude
increases rapidly and the field distortion becomes
imperceptible on the scale of these records. The vertical
scale for B is in gammas and the scales for _ and _ in
degrees. The approximate time and magnetic latitude of a
measurement may be obtained from the auxiliary Universal
Time and latitude scales at the top of each record.
The predicted field B, e, and 4, according to the
Jensen and Cain, 1962, reference field, was computed from
information provided on the Master Orbit tape on the
assumption that the spin axis direction was 47 ° Right
Ascension and -27.5 ° Declination in celestial coordinates.
Since the processing and plotting of these data
several errors have been noted in the original plots. In
late 1965 facilities became available at UNH for computer
processing (IBM 1620) and automatic plotting (Cal Comb) of
magnetic tape data. We have reprocessed the Explorer 12
data and have prepared automatic plots of B, _, _ once
every five minutes. The original records have been compared
to these more recently plotted records and corrections have
been made where necessary. In addition, a careful check of
time, magnetic latitude and predicted field has been made.
A number of errors may still remain in these records, but
they are useful in showing the general characteristics of
the outer magnetosphere and its boundary in the fall of 1961.
8
Acknowledgments
The laboratory in which this experiment was planned
and tested was equipped with support under NASA Grant NSG-33-60
and Air Force Contract AF29(601)-4618. The work on the flight
instruments was supported by NASA Contract NASw-155 and the
data analysis proceeded under support of NASA Contract NASw-155
and Grant NSG-624.
We acknowledge the guidance of Dr. Frank MacDonald,
S-3 project scientist at Goddard Space Flight Center in the
planning and development of the experiment. The S-3 project
office at GSFC assisted in many ways during the construction
and testing of the experiment. We are particularly grateful
to Mr. Paul Butler, Project Manager.
Many students and associates at UNH contributed to
the success of the experiment and to the analysis of data.
Paul Amazeen and Wendell Sawyer were major contributors to the
experimental effort, while V. L. Patel and Marilyn Wingersky
shared responsibility in data processing.
The interested and responsible assistance of Erick
Schonstedt, who built the fluxgate instruments, and his associates
was essential to our project. Availability of the Fredericksburg
Magnetic Observatory, under the direction of Mr. Robert
Gebhardt, aided testing of the experiment.
The enthusiastic assistance of many technical and
administrative employees at UNH was essential. Among these
employees were Anne Anders_n, Carl Flanders Herbert Scheibel
and Phyllis Warnock.
References
A. Papers Based Principally on_Explorer 12
Magnetic Results
Cahill, L. J., Jr., A study of the geomagnetic field, Space
Research III, 324-330, (ed. W. Priester), North HollandPub. Co., Amsterdam, 1962.
Cahill, L. J., Jr., and P. G. Amazeen, The boundary of the
geomagnetic field, J. Geophys. Res., 68, 1835-1844, 1963.
Cahill, L. J., Jr. and D. H. Bailey, Distortion of the
magnetosphere during a magnetic storm on September 30,
1961, J. Geophys. Res., 72, 159-169, 1967.
Cahill, L. J., Jr., and V. L. Patel, Further obserations of
the geomagnetic boundary: Explorer 12 UNH Research Report
64-4, 1964, to be published in Planetary---and Space Sci.,1967.
Fairfield, D. H. and L. J. Cahill, Jr., Transition region
magnetic field and polar magnetic disturbances, J. Geophys.
Res., 71, 155-169, 1966.
Mead, G. D. and L. J. Cahill, Jr., Explorer 12 measurements of
the distortion of the geomagnetic field by the solar wind,
GSFC X-640-66-527, November, 1966, to be published in
J. Geophys. Res., 1967.
Nishida, A. L. J. Cahill, Jr., Sudden impulses observed by
Explorer 12, J. Geophys. Res., 69, 2243-2255, 1964.
Nishida, A. and J. H. Young, Explorer 12 observations of
magnetic sudden impulses in the earth's magnetosphere,
Nature, 201, 1113-1114, 1964.
Patel, V. L., Structure of the equations of cosmic electro-
dynamics and photon rest mass, P__s. Letters, 14,105-106, 1965.
Patel, V. L., Low frequency hydromagnetic waves in the magneto_
i 13_sphere: Explorer 12, Planetary and S a___ Sci,_ __485-506, 1965.
Patel, V. L. and L. J. Cahill, Jr., Evidence of hydromagnetic
waves in the earth's magnetosphere and of their propagation
to the earth's surface_ Phv___s° Rev. Letters _ 12_ 213_215_ 1964.
Patel, V. L., L. J. Cahill, Jr., and A. J, Dessler_ Magnetosheath
field geomagnetic index a_ and stability of magnetopause,J. Geophys. Res., 72, 426 430, 1967.
Sonnerup, B. U. O. and L. J. Cahill, Jr., Magnetopause structure
and attitude from Explorer 12 observations, J. Geophys. Re__s.,
72_ 171-182_1967.
S. Papers Based Partiall_.gn Explorer 12
Magnetic Results
Freeman, J. W., J. A. Van Allen and L. J. Cahill, Jr., Explorer 12
observations of the magnetosphere boundarv and the
associated solar plasma on September 13, 1961, J. Geophys.
Res., 68, 2121-2130, 1963.
Hoffman, R. A., L. R. Davis and J. M. Williamson, Protons of
0.i to 5 Mev and electrons of 20 kev at 12 earth radii
during sudden commencement on September 30, 1961, J.
Geophys. Res., 67, 5001-50005, 1962.
Konradi, A. and R. L. Kaufmann, Evidence for rapid motion of
the outer boundary of the magnetosphere, _. Geophys. Res.,
70, 1627-1637, 1965.
Rosser, W. G. U., Changes in the structure of the outer
radiation zone associated with the magnetic storm of
September 30, 1961, _. Geophys. Res., 68, 3131-3148,,1963.
Rosser, W. G. U., B. J. O'Brien, J. A. Van Allen, L. A. Frank
and C. D. Laughlin, Electrons in the earth's outer
radiation zone, J. Geophys. Res., __67, 4533-4542, 1962.
Spreiter, J. R. and W. Jones, On the effect of a weak
interplanetary magnetic field on the interaction between
the solar wind and the geomagnetic field, J. Geophys. Re___ss.,
68, 3555-3564, 1963.
Ca Review Articles
Cahill, L. J., Jr., The geomagnetic field, Ch_. 9, 301-349,
Space Physics, ed. D. P. LeGalley and A. Rosen, John
Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1964.
Cahill, L. J., Jr., Magnetic field measurements in space,
Space Science Rev., l, 399-414, (ed. C. de Jager) 1962.
Hines, C. 0., The magnetopause: a new frontier in space,Science, 141, 130-136, 1963.
D. Abstracts
Cahill, L. J., Jr., Distortions of the geomagnetic field
within the inner magnetosphere, Trans. A.G.U., 46, 116,
1965.
Cahill, L. J., Jr., Study of the outer geomagnetic field,
Trans. A.G.U., 4__3, 217, 1962.
Cahill, L. J., Jr., and S. A. Knowles, Transition region
magnetic fields, Trans. A.G.U., 46, 531, 1965.
Cahill, L. J., Jr., and P. G. Amazeen, Termination of the
earth's magnetic field during the period September 11-14,
1961, Trans. A.G.U., 43, 218, 1962.
Cahill, L. J., Jr., and V. L. Patel, The SC and the main
phase of a magnetic storm in the outer space, Trans. A.G.U.,
43, 459, 1962.
Patel, V. L., and L. J. Cahill, Jr., On the stability of the
magnetospheric boundary, Trans. A.G.U., 46, 530, 1965.
Patel, V. L., and L. J. Cahill, Jr., Polarization of low-
frequency hydromagnetic waves in the magnetosphere,
Trans. A.G.U., 45, 78, 1964.
Patel, V. L., and L. J. Cahill, Jr., The geomagnetic field
boundary and associated solar wind, Tran__ss, A.G.U., 43,459, 1962.
Patel, V. L., and L. J. Cahill, Jr., The magnetic storm of
September 30, 1961: Explorer 12 measurements, Trans.
A.G.U., 43, 218, 1962.
F
\
\\
SPIN AXIS
DIRECTION OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD INRELATION TO THE SUN-SPIN PLANE.
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