953

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020H. J. ten Donkelaar, Clinical Neuroanatomy, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41878-6

Supplementary Information

Index – 955

A955

Index

AAbducens nerve 30, 314, 315, 318, 319, 321, 329Abducens nerve lesions 318Abducens nucleus

– interneurons 328 – lesions abducens nucleus 318 – motoneurons 316 – neurons with cerebellar projections 136

Abnormal breathing patterns – apneustic breathing 692 – ataxic breathing 692 – bilateral damage to medullary respiratory groups 692 – Cheyne-Stokes respiration 692

Abnormalities of complex visual perception – akinetopsia 443 – Bálint syndrome 443 – dorsal pathway lesions 443 – paroxysmal visual phenomena 447 – ventral pathway lesions

– cerebral achromatopsia 444 – prosopagnosia 444 – pure alexia 444

Absence of rhombic lip 545Accessory nerve

– external ramus 358 – internal ramus 358

Accessory nerve lesions 359Accessory olfactory system, see Olfactory systemAccessory optic system 420Accessory optic tract 556Accommodation reflexes 318Accumbens nucleus, see Basal gangliaAcetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry 38Acoustic neurinomas 380, 381Acoustic radiations 385, 389, 395Adrenergic cell groups (C1, C2) 263, 265, 726Affective-vegetative systems 173Akinetic mutism 97, 105, 295, 297Akinetopsia 913, 443Allocortex 44, 46, 51, 653, 750, 833Alzheimer disease 731, 803, 815

– atypical presentation 927 – frontal variant 927 – visual or posterior variant 927

– biomarkers 803 – Braak staging

– isocortical stages (V–VI) 804 – limbic stages (stages III–IV) 804 – transentorhinal stages (I–II) 804

– CERAD criteria 802, 809 – cholinergic hypothesis 802 – classic AD pathology 927 – MRI studies

– amygdalar volume loss 805 – hippocampal volume loss 805 – medial temporal lobe atrophy 805

– neuropathological assessment 809–812 – NIA-RI Consensus report 809

Amnesia – anterograde amnesia 790, 794, 798, 802 – diencephalic amnesia 791, 793 – Korsakoff syndrome 791, 794

– pathways involved – fornix 798 – inferior thalamic peduncle 798 – longitudinal striae of Lancisi 798 – uncinate fasciculus/temporal stem 798

– retrograde amnesia 790 – Wernicke encephalopathy 791 – Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome 793

Amygdala – amygdaloid sclerosis 788 – basolateral nuclear group 762

– amygdaloclaustral transition area 762 – basal accessory nucleus (see Basomedial nucleus) – basolateral nucleus 762 – basomedial nucleus 808 – lateral nucleus 762

– centromedial nuclear group 762 – amygdalostriatal transition area 762 – central nucleus 762 – intercalated nuclei 762 – medial nucleus 793

– development 759 – extended amygdala 759

– bed nucleus stria terminalis 719 – central extended amygdala 726 – interstitial nucleus 762 – medial extended amygdala 762 – sublenticular extended amygdala 762

– fibre connections – amygdalotegmental projection 764 – basal forebrain connections 764 – brain stem connections 763–764 – cortical connections 765 – dorsal amygdalofugal pathway (see Stria terminalis) – hippocampal connections 764–765 – intrinsic connections 762 – lateral olfactory tract 762 – stria terminalis 762 – striatal connections 764 – thalamic connections 764 – ventral amygdalofugal pathway 764

– functional aspects 767–768 – defence behaviour 767 – flight behaviour 767 – memory 767 – motivation 767 – visual recognition 767

– gross anatomy 76 – involvement in 768

– Alzheimer disease 716 – dementia with Lewy bodies 768 – frontotemporal lobe dementia 768 – Parkinson disease 768

– lesions of the amygdala – bilateral degeneration of amygdala (Urbach-Wiethe

disease) 770–772 – herpes simplex encephalitis 770 – Klüver-Barrera syndrome 505

– olfactory amygdala 762 – amygdalohippocampal transition area 762 – amygdalopiriform transition area 762 – anterior amygdaloid area 762

956

Amygdala (cont.) – cortical nuclei 808 – nucleus of lateral olfactory tract 762 – periamygdaloid cortex 762

– subdivision – pallial part 58 – subpallial part 58

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) 472Anastomotic veins

– inferior anastomotic vein of Labbé 119 – superior anastomotic vein of Trolard 119

Anchor veins 119Aneurysms

– aneurysm of anterior communicating artery 91 – aneurysm of posterior communicating artery 92 – basilar tip aneurysm 97 – congenital saccular aneurysms 88

Anterior cerebral artery (ACA) 913 – ACA-distributed strokes 97 – gross anatomy 76, 78 – perforating branches 85 – pericallosal artery 76, 77, 79, 85 – segments (A1-A5) with branches 76, 77, 101

Anterior choroidal artery 76, 89, 100, 108, 422, 630Anterior choroidal artery occlusion 295Anterior circulation 95Anterior commissure 59, 77, 99, 147, 599, 725, 729, 752, 758, 786,

874, 877–882, 893Anterior communicating artery 73, 76, 90, 91, 99, 101, 438, 715Anterior cranial fossa 10, 723Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) 106, 318, 351, 354, 378Anterior perforated substance 9, 595, 599, 751, 752Anterior spinal artery 82, 83, 108, 113Anterograde degeneration 96, 130, 131, 215, 221, 338, 500, 608, 782

– anterograde transneuronal degeneration 131 – Wallerian degeneration 130

Anterograde tracing 52, 134, 278, 500, 699, 731, 878Anterolateral central arteries 108Anterolateral cordotomy 213, 214, 217, 219, 227Anterolateral system

– anterograde degeneration studies 213 – brain stem projections

– cuneiform nucleus 222 – parabrachial nucleus 222 – periaqueductal grey 222 – reticular formation 222

– cortical targets 224–226 – lesions of anterolateral system

– anterolateral cordotomy 227 – central pain 231 – central post-stroke pain 230 – pain asymbolia 230 – spinal cord injuries 227 – syringomyelia 227

– spinohypothalamic projection 224 – spinolimbic projection 224 – spinomesencephalic projection 222 – spinothalamic tract 218 – thalamic targets 224

Anteromedial central arteries, see Perforating arteriesAphasia

– Broca aphasia 899–901 – conduction aphasia 833, 899, 901, 907, 908 – global aphasia 95, 908, 909 – syntactic approach – transcortical aphasia 899, 908 – Wernicke aphasia 899

– Wernicke-Geschwind model 899 – Wernicke-Lichtheim model 898

Apraxia – buccofacial apraxia 95, 912 – callosal ideomotor apraxia 879 – ideational (conceptual) apraxia 524, 911 – ideokinetic (ideomotor) apraxia 524, 911 – limb-kinetic apraxia 521, 524, 911, 912 – primary progressive apraxia 912

Aqueductus cerebri 31Archicortex 750Arcuate fasciculus

– direct pathway 908 – DSI studies 908 – DTI studies 907 – Geschwind territory 908 – indirect pathway 907, 908 – lesions of arcuate fasciculus 908

Argyrophilic grain disease (AGD) 814, 815, 904Arterial boundary zones 85Arterial supply

– basal ganglia 118 – brain stem 108 – cerebellum 106 – cerebral cortex 85

– leptomeningeal branches 85 – perforating branches 85 – variability 85

– development 102 – hypothalamus 101 – internal capsule 101 – preoptic region 101 – spinal cord 122 – thalamus 119 – vascular territories 110

Artery of Adamkiewicz, see Great radicular arteryAscending activating system

– cholinergic component 259 – histaminergic component 260 – monoaminergic component 270

Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) 259, 260Ascending systems

– anterolateral system 26 – ascending activating system 112, 259, 260 – ascending gustatory system 685 – dorsal column-medial lemniscus system 28, 173, 206 – lateral lemniscus 385 – trigeminothalamic tracts 173, 236

Ataxias – acquired ataxias 577

– alcohol cerebellar degeneration 577 – paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration 577

– hereditary spinocerebellar ataxias 572 – autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia 575 – Friedreich ataxia 573 – spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) 575

– non-hereditary degenerative ataxia 574 – multiple system atrophy, cerebellar subtype 574

– vascular lesions – ataxic hemiparesis 578 – caudal paramedian midbrain 578 – isolated infarctions pons 578

Auditory cortex – auditory belt 391, 392 – auditory core 390 – auditory koniocortex 390 – auditory parabelt 392

Index

957 A–B

– auditory parakoniocortex 391 – gyrus of Heschl 389, 390 – primary auditory cortex (A1) 389 – temporal plane (planum temporale) 389 – tonotopic organization 393

Auditory disorders – amusia 395 – auditory agnosia 395 – auditory hallucinations 399 – cortical deafness 395 – disconnection syndromes 395 – disorders of musical perception 398 – pure word deafness 395 – subcortical deafness 395

Auditory evoked responses (AERs) – brain stem (ABR) 380 – cortical (ACR) 380 – middle latency (MLR) 380

Auditory system – auditory cortex (see Auditory cortex) – auditory-evoked startle reflex 385 – brachium of colliculus inferior 385, 388 – cochlear nerve 385 – cochlear nuclei 375, 385

– dorsal cochlear nucleus 385 – ventral cochlear nucleus 385

– corpus geniculatum mediale (see Medial geniculate body) – dorsal acoustic stria 385 – inferior colliculus 385, 387, 388 – intermediate acoustic stria 385 – lateral lemniscus 385 – medial geniculate body (MGB) 386 – superior olivary complex 387 – thalamocortical projection 391 – trapezoid body 385 – “what/where” organization 392

– “what” (ventral) pathway 392 – “where” (dorsal) pathway 392

Auditory thalamus – medial geniculate body (MGB) 386 – thalamocortical projections 391

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) 152, 580, 772, 872Autonomic failure

– multiple system atrophy (MSA) 646, 683 – primary autonomic failure

– autonomic failure with MSA (Shy-Drager syndrome) 683

– autonomic failure with Parkinson disease 683 – pure autonomic failure 683

Autonomic nervous system – autonomic failure 682–683 – autonomic innervation of viscera 681–682 – autonomic plexuses 681 – central autonomic network 685 – craniosacral division 675–676 – disconnection of suprasegmental autonomic centres 683

– conus lesion 683 – multiple sclerosis 683 – traumatic cord injuries 683

– parasympathetic division 675–676 – postganglionic neuron 675 – preganglionic neuron 685 – sympathetic division 671–675

Axonal transport techniques – fluorescent molecules 135 – horseradish peroxidase (HRP) 135 – viruses 135

BBálint syndrome 94, 443, 444, 913, 914, 921, 928Basal forebrain

– extended amygdala 758 – innominate substance of Reichert 60 – magnocellular basal forebrain system 759

– basal nucleus of Meynert (Ch4) 274, 760 – horizontal limb nucleus of diagonal band of

Broca (Ch3) 275, 279, 760 – medial septum (Ch1) 759 – vertical limb nucleus of diagonal band of Broca 279, 760

– olfactory tubercle 752 – septum 756

– medial septal nucleus 755 – nuclei of diagonal band of Broca 755 – septum pellucidum 755

– ventral striatopallidal system 755 – accumbens nucleus (fundus striati) 755 – interface islands of Sanidez 755 – ventral pallidum 757 – ventral striatum 756

Basal ganglia – accumbens nucleus 59, 595 – caudate nucleus 59, 595 – compartmentalization 60, 599 – cortico-striato-pallido-thalamocortical circuits (re-entrant

loops) 63, 593 – direct pathway 63, 604 – hyperdirect pathway 604 – indirect pathway 63, 604

– development – ganglionic eminences 593, 594 – pallidal histogenetic area 594, 595 – striatal histogenetic area 593, 595 – subpallial histogenetic area 594

– dorsal pallidum 593 – dorsal striatum 608 – globus pallidus 59, 599

– lateral or external part 599 – medial or internal part 599

– putamen 600 – substantia nigra 600 – subthalamic nucleus 600 – ventral pallidum 593, 600 – ventral striatum 59, 593 – ventral tegmental area of Tsai 603

Basal nucleus of Meynert 45, 60, 272, 274, 275, 279, 593, 640, 644, 726, 747, 802

Basic micturition control system 700Basilar artery 73, 76, 80, 81, 97, 239, 293, 345, 381,

441, 674Basilar thrombosis 97, 295Bielschowky technique 129Blood pressure

– aortic arch afferents 687 – arterial baroreflex 687 – baroreceptors 687 – cardiac receptors 687 – carotid sinus afferents 687 – caudal ventrolateral medulla oblongata inhibitory vasomotor

neurons (CVLM) 688 – chemoreceptors 687 – denervation of carotid baro- and

chemoreceptors 687 – rostral ventrolateral medulla oblongata excitatory vasomotor

neurons (RVLM) 688

Index

958

Blood supply – development 73 – gross anatomy 75

– internal carotid artery 75 – vertebral artery 81

– vascular imaging 82 – vascular territories

– brain stem 108 – cerebellum 106 – cerebral cortex 85 – hypothalamus 101 – internal capsule 101 – spinal cord 104 – thalamus 101

Brachial plexus 177, 178, 191, 467–470Brachial plexus lesions

– lower brachial plexus lesions (Dejerine-Klumpke paralysis) 195

– neuralgic amyotrophy 191 – Pancoast tumour 191 – plexopathies 190 – thoracic outlet syndrome 191

Brain – basal view 9 – dorsal view 15 – imaging 11 – lateral view 5 – macroscopy 5 – medial view 7

Brain maps 46 – cytoarchitectonic maps 225, 833–835

– Brodmann 49, 156, 158, 833–835 – von Economo and Koskinas 49, 833–835 – Sarkissov et al. 49, 833–835

– myeloarchitectonic maps 47 – Nieuwenhuys et al. 47, 833, 839 – Vogt and Vogt 46, 833

Brain stem – alar part 30 – basal part 30 – caudal hindbrain (medulla oblongata) 30 – central tegmental tract 33 – congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders 312 – cranial nerve nuclei 312 – cranial nerves 312 – development

– mesomeres 311 – rhombomeres 311 – rhombomeropathies 312

– hindbrain 30 – inferior colliculus 388 – isthmus 30 – medial lemniscus 28 – medial longitudinal fasciculus 26, 33 – medulla oblongata (see Caudal hindbrain) – mesencephalon 30 – midbrain 30 – myelencephalon 30 – olive 30 – pons 30 – rhombencephalon 30 – rostral hindbrain 312 – solitary tract 31 – superior colliculus 34 – tectum mesencephali 31 – tegmentum 31

– medullary 269

– mesencephalic 33 – prepontine 34 – pontine 33 – retropontine (pontomedullary) 34

Brain stem arteries – anterior (paramedian) group 108 – lateral (short circumferential) group 108 – posterior (long circumferential) group 108 – to caudal hindbrain (medulla oblongata) 108 – to midbrain 108 – to rostral hindbrain (“pons”) 108 – vascular territories 108

Brain stem core 261Brain stem reflexes

– blink reflex 339 – corneal reflex 341 – interruption of corneal reflex 341

Brain stem stroke syndromes – lateral medullary syndrome of Wallenberg 110 – locked-in syndrome 112 – medial medullary syndrome of Dejerine 110 – pontine syndromes 112 – top-of-the-basilar syndrome 112

Brainstem auditory-evoked potentials or responses (BAEPS or BAERs) 380

Breathing – abnormal breathing patterns 692 – Bötzinger complex 691 – Cajal’s model for neural control of breathing 690 – caudal ventral respiratory group (CVRG) 691 – disorders of chemical control of breathing 692 – Hering-Breuer inflation reflex 692 – phrenic nerve 690 – pre-Bötzinger complex 691 – respiratory motoneurons 690 – rostral ventral respiratory group 691

Bundle of Muratoff 866, 869Bundle of Probst 876

CCalcarine artery 81Callosal ideomotor apraxia 879Callosal syndrome after resection of a large arteriovenous

malformation 880Capgras syndrome 913Capsular hemiplegia 507Cauda equina 24, 702, 703cauda equina syndrome 190Caudal hindbrain 23, 278, 312

– median fissure 9 – oliva 9 – pyramidal decussation 9 – pyramid 9

Caudate nucleus, see Basal gangliaCavernous sinus

– cavernous sinus syndromes 324 – ocular motor nerves 315, 318 – superior orbital fissure syndrome 324 – Tolosa-Hunt syndrome 324 – trigeminal branches 231

Central autonomic network – A5 area 686 – extended amygdala 686 – hypothalamus 686 – insula 686

Index

959 B–C

– medullary raphe 686 – nucleus of solitary tract 686 – parabrachial nucleus 686 – rostral ventrolateral medulla 686

Central cervical nucleus 554Central control of movement

– descending supraspinal pathways (see descending pathways to spinal cord)

– higher-order motor control (see Higher-order motor control) – human cortical motor areas (see Human cortical motor areas) – lesions cortical motor centres (see Human cortical motor areas) – lesions higher-order motor centres (see Higher-order motor

control)Central pain 217, 227Central pattern generators

– development 477 – neuron types 477

Central post stroke pain 230, 233Central sulcus 6Central tegmental tract 34, 214, 491, 556, 558, 564, 565Cephalic reference lines and planes

– “Deutsche Horizontale” (Frankfurter line) 11 – Forel axis 11 – horizontal reference planes

– bicommissural reference plane 11 – chiasmatico-commissural plane 11 – commissural-obex reference plane 11 – intercommissural plane 11 – neuro-ocular plane 11

– Meynert axis 11 – orbitomeatal plane 11–14

Cerebellar arteries – anterior inferior cerebellar artery 318, 351, 354 – posterior inferior cerebellar artery 82, 235, 241, 385 – superior cerebellar artery 314, 318

Cerebellar circuitry – climbing fibres 549 – mossy fibres 549 – neuron types 548 – parallel fibres 548

Cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome – cerebellar mutism 580 – dysmetria of thought 580

Cerebellar dysfunction – anterior lobe syndrome 570 – effects of cerebellar lesions in carnivores 569 – effects of cerebellar lesions in monkeys 569 – flocculonodular syndrome 570 – selective cooling of cerebellar nuclei 570 – signs of cerebellar disease

– abasia 570 – astasia 570 – ataxia 570 – dysdiadochokinesis 570 – dysmetria 570, 571 – Holmes/rubral tremor 571 – hypotonia 570 – kinetic/terminal tremor 571 – postural tremor 571

– transection of superior cerebellar peduncle 570Cerebellar infarction 106–108Cerebellar malformations

– Dandy-Walker malformation 544 – midline or vermis malformation 544–545 – pontocerebellar hypoplasias 545–546

Cerebellar output – brachium conjunctivum

– ascending branch 564

– descending branch 564 – cerebellothalamocortical projections 565, 566

– cortical target 565 – origin 565 – thalamic targets 565

– open vs. closed loops 567 – uncinate tract (hook bundle of Russell)

– ascending branch 566 – descending branch 566

Cerebellopontine angle tumour 239, 381–382Cerebellum

– ataxias (see Ataxias) – cell types 549 – cerebellar circuitry 548, 549 – cerebellar dysfunction 568 – cerebellar nuclei

– basal interstitial nucleus 550 – dentate nucleus 549 – emboliform nucleus 549 – fastigial nucleus 549 – globose nucleus 549 – interposed nucleus 549

– cerebellar peduncles – inferior cerebellar peduncle 726 – juxtarestiform body 550 – restiform body 550 – middle cerebellar peduncle (brachium pontis) 550 – superior cerebellar peduncle (brachium conjunctivum) 551

– compartmentalization 35 – acetylcholinesterase histochemistry 38, 548 – B-zone 35, 547 – compartments in white matter 36, 547 – flocculonodular lobe 546, 550 – intermediate zone (C-zones) 35, 550 – lateral zone (D-zone) 35, 550 – longitudinal zones or Purkinje cells 35, 547 – medial (A) zone 35, 550

– development 35 – absence rhombic lip 35, 551 – cerebellar malformations (see Cerebellar malformations)

– gross anatomy – anterior lobe 553 – fissura prima 35, 546 – flocculonodular lobe 550 – flocculus 35 – hemispheres 35, 546 – nodulus 35, 546 – posterior lobe 35, 546 – tonsil 35, 546 – vermis 35, 546

– major fibre connections – anterior (ventral) spinocerebellar tract of Gowers 37, 551 – brachium conjunctivum 37, 564 – cuneocerebellar tract 36, 550 – frontopontine tract of Arnold 36, 551 – hypothalamocerebellar projection 40 – olivocerebellar fibres 36, 550 – parietotemporo-occipital tract 36, 551 – pontocerebellar fibres 36, 551 – posterior (dorsal) spinocerebellar tract of Flechsig 36, 550 – primary vestibulocerebellar fibres 35, 546 – rostral spinocerebellar tract 33 – secondary vestibulocerebellar fibres 35, 546 – trigeminocerebellar fibres 36, 550 – uncinate tract (hook bundle of Russell) 566, 568

– neuron types 174 – precerebellar nuclei

– accessory inferior olivary nuclei 37, 551

Index

960

Cerebellum (cont.) – inferior olivary nucleus 37, 551 – pontine nuclei 37 – pontine reticular tegmental nucleus of von

Bechterew 37 – subdivision

– pontocerebellum (neocerebellum) 35, 546 – spinocerebellum (paleocerebellum) 546 – vestibulocerebellum (archicerebellum) 546

– tonsillar herniation 19, 20Cerebral achromatopsia 444–446, 913Cerebral cortex

– anterior commissure 11, 13, 59, 63 – cell types 543, 548 – connections of primary sensory cortices 523, 841 – corpus callosum 7, 8, 51, 52, 54, 85, 157, 730 – cortical connections

– association fibres 51 – corticofugal projections 51 – long association fibres 52

– cortical layers 931 – cortical maps

– Brodmann 46, 834–837 – Jülich map 431 – Nieuwenhuys et al. 833, 838 – Sarkissov et al. 833, 834–837 – Vogt and Vogt 46, 833 – von Economo and Koskinas 833, 834–837

– corticofugal projections – corticobulbar tract 34, 364 – corticospinal tract 34 – frontopontine tract of Arnold 34 – parietotemporo-occipitopontine tract 34

– functional subdivision (Mesulam) 51, 839 – higher-order (heteromodal) association areas 51, 840 – idiotypic (primary) sensory fields 51, 840 – modality-specific (unimodal) motor cortices 51, 841 – primary motor cortex 51, 841 – unimodal sensory fields 51, 840

– functional types of isocortex (von Economo) – agranular motor cortex (type 1) 838, 840 – frontal homotypical (granular) cortex (type 2) 838, 840 – hypergranular cortex or koniocortex (type 5) 838 – parietal homotypical cortex (type 3) 838 – polar cortex (type 4) 838

– long association fibres – arcuate fasciculus 848 – cingulum 848 – extreme capsule 848 – fronto-occipital fasciculus 848 – middle longitudinal fasciculus 866 – multimodal map 833 – superior longitudinal fasciculus 866 – uncinate fasciculus 866

– myelination pattern (Flechsig) – intermediate fields 839 – primordial fields 839 – terminal fields 839

– neurocognitive networks 841 – pigmentoarchitectonics (Braak)

– belt (secondary areas) 841 – core (primary) areas 841 – magnopyramidal territories 841

– subdivision – allocortex 44 – isocortex (neocortex) 44 – mesocortex 44

Cerebral gyri – cingulate gyrus 44 – cuneus 8 – descending occipital gyrus of Ecker 7 – inferior frontal gyrus

– opercular part 6 – orbital part 6 – triangular part 6

– inferior occipital gyrus 7 – inferior parietal lobule

– angular gyrus 6 – supramarginal gyrus 6

– inferior temporal gyrus 8 – isthmus of cingulate gyrus 8 – lateral occipitotemporal gyrus 8 – middle frontal gyrus 8 – middle occipital gyrus 7 – middle temporal gyrus 7 – paracentral lobule 8 – paracingulate gyrus 8 – parahippocampal gyrus 44 – postcentral gyrus 6 – precentral gyrus 6 – precuneus 8 – subcentral gyrus 6 – superior frontal gyrus 8 – superior occipital gyrus 7 – superior parietal lobule 6 – superior temporal gyrus

– polar plane (planum polare) 6 – temporal plane (planum temporale) 6, 389 – transverse temporal gyri of Heschl 6, 389, 390

– uncus 8Cerebral peduncle

– corticobulbar tract 34 – corticospinal tract 34 – frontopontine tract of Arnold 34 – parietotemporo-occipitopontine tract 34

Cerebral sulci – calcarine sulcus 8 – central sulcus (Rolandic sulcus) 6 – cingulate sulcus 8

– marginal branch 8 – collateral sulcus 8 – diagonal sulcus of Eberstaller 6 – frontomarginal sulcus of Wernicke 6 – inferior frontal sulcus 6 – inferior occipital sulcus 7 – inferior temporal sulcus 6 – intermediate sulci 6 – intraparietal sulcus 6 – lateral sulcus

– anterior (horizontal) branch 5 – ascending (vertical) branch 5 – posterior branch 5

– lingual sulcus 7 – occipitotemporal sulcus 8 – paracingulate sulcus 8 – parieto-occipital sulcus of Gratiolet 8 – postcentral sulcus 6 – precentral sulcus 79 – pre-occipital notch of Meynert 6 – radiate sulcus of Eberstaller 6 – rhinal sulcus 8 – subcentral sulci 6 – subparietsl sulcus 8 – superior frontal sulcus 85

Index

961 C

– superior temporal sulcus 85 – transverse temporal sulci 5, 6

Cerebral venous thrombosis – sagittal sinus thrombosis 120 – straight sinus thrombosis 121

Cerebrum – frontal lobe

– inferior frontal gyrus 5 – middle frontal gyrus 6 – motor language area of Broca 6 – orbital gyri 9 – paracentral lobule 8 – precentral gyrus 6 – straight gyrus (gyrus rectus) 9 – superior frontal gyrus 9

– insular lobe – limen insulae 862 – long gyri 6, 7, 862 – short gyri 6, 862

– occipital lobe 7 – cuneus 7 – lingual gyrus 7

– parietal lobe 6 – angular gyrus 6 – inferior parietal lobule 5 – paracentral lobule 8 – postcentral gyrus 6 – precuneus 7 – supramarginal gyrus 6 – superior parietal lobule 6

– temporal lobe – fusiform gyrus 8 – inferior temporal gyrus 7 – middle temporal gyrus 6 – parahippocampal gyrus 7 – sensory language area of Wernicke 6 – superior temporal gyrus 6 – temporal plane 6 – transverse gyri of Heschl 6

Cervical autonomic ganglia – inferior cervical ganglion 674 – middle cervical ganglion 673 – stellate ganglion 674 – superior crvical ganglion 673

Chagas disease 678Chemical neuronography 133Chemoreception 173Cholinergic cell groups

– ascending cholinergic projections 279 – basal nucleus of Meynert (Ch4) 274 – fibre connections 276 – horizontal limb nucleus of diagonal band (Ch3) 279 – involvement in Alzheimer disease and related d

isorders 271 – involvement in Parkinson disease and related

disorders 271 – laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (Ch6) 272 – medial septum group (Ch1) 275 – parabigeminal group (Ch8) 272 – pedunculopontine or pedunculotegmental nucleus (Ch5)

– compact subnucleus 272 – dissipated subnucleus 272

– vertical limb nucleus of diagonal band (Ch2) 279Cingulate cortex

– anterior cingulate cortex 224–226, 599, 606, 851, 864, 865, 929

– caudal cingulate motor area 493, 494, 502, 851 – cingulum 51, 731, 772, 848, 851, 865–869, 872, 873 – middle cingulate cortex 517 – posterior cingulate cortex 154, 848, 849, 851, 852 – retrosplenial cortex 517, 561, 748, 750, 782, 848, 851 – rostral cingulate motor area 344, 496, 501, 502, 851

Cingulate cortex seizures 851Cingulate gyrus 9, 19, 39, 48, 51, 52, 76, 291, 299, 333, 446, 447,

500–502, 518, 521, 561, 563, 700, 701, 747, 748, 773, 783, 851, 866, 894, 928, 934

Cingulum 731, 772, 848, 865–869, 872, 873Circle of Willis (COW) 18, 73, 75–77, 85, 87, 90, 92, 93, 101,

438, 715 – aneurysms 88 – perforating branches 77 – variations 87

Circulus arteriosus 82Circumventricular organs

– median eminence 725 – organum vasculosum laminae terminalis 725 – pineal gland 725

Cisterns of subarachnoid space – ambient cistern 7 – carotid cistern 16 – cerebellopontine cistern 16 – chiasmatic cistern 17 – cistern of internal acoustic meatus 16 – cistern of lamina terminalis 16 – cistern of lateral cerebral fossa 16 – cistern of transverse fissure 16 – cisterna magna (see Posterior cerebellomedullary cistern) – hypophysial cistern – interpeduncular cistern 16, 17 – lateral cerebellomedullary cistern 16 – olfactory cistern 16 – pericallosal cistern 16 – premedullary cistern 16 – posterior cerebellomedullary cistern 16 – premedullary cistern 16 – prepontine cistern 16 – quadrigeminal cistern 16 – superior cerebellar cistern 16

Classic degeneration techniques – Marchi technique 130, 131 – selective silver impreganation techniques 131

– Fink-Heimer technique 131 – Nauta-Gygax technique 131

Clinical stroke syndromes – anterior circulation strokes

– ACA-distributed strokes 97 – ischaemic necrosis in MCA territory 96 – MCA stem occlusion 95

– posterior circulation strokes – basilar thrombosis 97 – basilar tip aneurysm 97 – infarcts PCA territory 98

Cochlea – basilar membrane 377 – cochlear hair cells 378 – internal auditory artery 378 – scala media (cochlear duct) 377 – scala tympani 377 – scala vestibuli 377 – spiral organ of Corti 377 – transduction of sound 378

Index

962

Cochlear nerve – spiral ganglion 379 – spiral ganglion cells 379

Cochlear nuclei – blood supply 385 – dorsal cochlear nucleus 385 – primary auditory projections 385 – secondary auditory projections 385, 386 – ventral cochlear nucleus 385

Column of Clarke 25, 193, 553Coma

– compressive lesions 291 – destructive lesions 291 – Glasgow Coma Scale 291 – herniation syndromes

– falcine herniation 291 – transtentorial (uncal) herniation 295

– high pontine/lower midbrain lesion 300Commissures

– anterior commissure 45, 53, 59, 77, 99, 100, 147, 599, 725, 729, 752, 758, 786, 874, 877–882, 893

– corpus callosum (see Corpus callosum) – hippocampal commissure (psalterium) 45, 52, 774, 775, 782,

874, 877 – posterior commissure 11, 21, 38, 112, 329, 332, 420, 714, 725,

875, 881Common carotid artery 75Computed tomographic angiography (CTA) 82Congenital aganglionosis 678Congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders (CCDDs)

– congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles type I 312 – Duane retraction syndromes 313 – horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis 312 – HOXA1 syndrome 312

Congenital saccular aneurysms 88Connectome

– connectopathies 155 – default mode network 154 – edges 155 – hubs 156 – macroconnection 156 – mesoconnection 156 – microconnection 156 – nodes 155 – rich club 157 – structural networks 156

Conus medullaris 113, 188, 512, 702, 703Conus syndrome 190Core-paracore concept 263Corpus callosum 873

– bundles of Probst 874 – development 873–877 – developmental disorders 876–877 – DTI studies 877 – ectopic tracts 875 – genu 877 – major/occipital forceps 8 – Marchiafava-Bignami disease 881 – minor or frontal forceps 8 – rostrum 8, 877 – splenium 8, 877 – split-brain studies of Sperry 879 – tapetum 8 – truncus 8, 877 – Witelson subdivision 878

Corpus geniculatum laterale (CGL), see Lateral geniculate bodyCorpus geniculatum mediale (CGM), see Medial geniculate body

Corpus mammillare, see HypothalamusCortical arteries

– anterior cerebral artery (ACA) 9, 78, 295, 419, 438, 879 – middle cerebral artery (MCA) 75, 76, 79, 99, 431, 494, 495, 508,

892, 894 – posterior cerebral artery (PCA) 80–82, 85, 87, 239, 411, 422, 431,

445, 728, 784, 914 – variability of vascular territories 85, 88

Cortical maps – Brodmann 46, 834–837 – Jubrain 837 – multimodal maps 833 – Nieuwenhuys et al. 838 – pigmentoarchitectonic map of Braak 841 – Sarkissov et al. 46, 834–837 – Vogt and Vogt 46 – von Economo and Koskinas 46, 834–837

Cortical motor areas – non-primary motor cortex

– caudal cingulate motor area 516, 845 – dorsolateral premotor cortices (F2 and F7) 515, 845 – presupplementary motor area (F6) 515, 845 – rostral cingulate motor area 516, 845 – supplementary motor area (SMA) proper (F3) 516, 845 – ventrolateral premotor cortex (F4 and F5) 515, 845

– primary motor cortex (F1) 515, 845Cortical veins

– basal vein of Rosenthal 119 – deep venous system 119 – great cerebral vein of Galen 119 – inferior anastomotic vein of Labbé 119 – internal cerebral vein 119 – middle cerebral (superficial Sylvian) vein 119 – superficial cerebral veins 118 – superior anastomotic vein of Trolard 119

Corticobulbar system – aberrant corticofacial projections 494 – corticobulbar fibres 493 – corticofacial projections 494 – corticonuclear system 493

Corticocortical connections – association fibres

– long association fibres 52, 866 – neighbourhood association fibres 866 – short association (U-) fibres 866

– commissural connections 873–882 – anterior commissure 874 – development 873–877 – hippocampal commissure (psalterium) 874

– cord 866 – cortical superficial white matter 866 – corticostriatal fibres

– external capsule 866 – subcallosal fasciculus (bundle of Muratoff) 866

– deep white matter 866 – long association tracts

– arcuate fasciculus 866 – cingulum 866 – DSI studies 866 – DTI studies 867 – extreme capsule 866 – fronto-occipital fasciculus 866, 867 – inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus 867 – middle longitudinal fasciculus 867

– superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) – subcomponent I (SLFI) 867–868 – subcomponent II (SLFII) 868

Index

963 C–D

– subcomponent III (SLFIII) 868 – uncinate fasciculus 867

– longitudinal systems – basal longitudinal system 867 – inferior longitudinal system 867 – mesial longitudinal system 867 – middle longitudinal system 867 – superior longitudinal system 867

– transverse systems – anterior transverse system 867 – frontal aslant tract 867 – posterior transverse system 867 – temporoparietal aslant tract 867 – ventral occipital fasciculus 867

Corticopontocerebellar system – corticopontine fibres 560

– frontopontine tract of Arnold 34 – parietotemporo-occipitopontine tract

– “motor” nuclei 561 – “prefrontal” nuclei 561 – pontocerebellar projection 560, 561

Corticospinal tract – aberrant pyramidal tract bundles

– pes lemnisci bundles 504 – Pick bundle 504

– anterograde transsynaptic degeneration 471 – branching pattern 500 – C3-C4 propriospinal system 506 – cervical propriospinal premotoneurons 506 – corticomotoneuronal connections 500 – course 500 – dexterity 500 – indirect corticospinal projection 506 – lesions of corticospinal tract

– capsular hemiplegia 507 – effects of sectioning pyramidal tract in monkeys 507 – medial medullary syndrome 512 – medullary pyramid lesion 512 – pure lesions human pyramidal tract 510 – pure motor stroke 507

– lumbar propriospinal neurons 506 – origin

– medial motor areas 502 – motor cortex 501 – premotor cortex 501 – somatosensory cortex 502

– site of termination 502 – TMS studies 504 – variations decussation pyramidal tract 504 – variations funicular trajectory 502

Corticostriatal projection system – associative (complex) circuits/loops

– dorsolateral prefrontal circuit/loop 607 – lateral orbitofrontal circuit/loop 607

– DTI data 607 – limbic circuit/loop

– anterior cingulate circuit/loop 607 – sensorimotor circuits/loops

– motor circuit/loop 607 – oculomotor circuit/loop 607

Cranial nerve nuclei – branchiomotor nuclei

– ambiguus nucleus 30, 358 – facial nucleus 30, 344 – trigeminal motor nucleus 30, 342

– somatomotor nuclei – abducens nucleus 30, 318 – hypoglossal nucleus 30, 364

– oculomotor nucleus 30, 316 – trochlear nucleus 30, 318

– somatosensory nuclei – mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus 234, 335 – principal trigeminal sensory nucleus 31, 335 – spinal trigeminal nucleus 31, 335

– vestibulocochlear nuclei – dorsal cochlear nucleus 31, 385 – inferior vestibular nucleus (see Spinal vestibular nucleus) 352 – lateral vestibular nucleus of Deiters 31, 352 – medial vestibular nucleus of Schwalbe 31, 352 – spinal vestibular nucleus 31, 352 – superior vestibular nucleus of von Bechterew 31, 352 – ventral cochlear nucleus 31, 385

– visceromotor nuclei – dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve 358 – inferior salivatory nucleus 358 – nucleus of Edinger-Westphal 31, 317 – superior salivatory nucleus 344

Cranial nerves – abducens nerve 11, 30, 314, 315, 318, 319, 321, 329 – accessory nerve 11, 358 – facial nerve

– internal genu 33, 318 – glossopharyngeal nerve 345, 347, 349, 358, 359, 675, 687, 688 – hypoglossal nerve 11, 33, 266, 360, 363, 364 – intermediate nerve of Wrisberg 11, 358 – oculomotor nerve 19, 92, 109, 314–315, 317–320, 322, 558 – olfactory nerve 10, 311, 751, 754 – optic nerve 130, 315, 411, 412, 414, 417, 419, 433, 437, 732 – trigeminal nerve 31, 33, 173, 195, 234, 239, 263, 266, 311, 312,

319, 337–339, 341, 345, 376, 713 – trochlear nerve 9, 314, 315, 320, 703 – vagus nerve 31–33, 195, 272, 358, 491, 639, 642, 644, 645, 675,

676, 681–683, 685, 687, 688, 691, 692, 694 – vestibulocochlear nerve 311, 343, 350, 375, 376

Craniopharyngioma 724Cuneate fasciculus 26Cuneate nucleus 31

DDeep brain stimulation (DBS) 145, 602, 613, 627Dementia

– Alzheimer disease 801 – biomarkers 802 – CERAD criteria 802 – Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) 802 – impairment in Alzheimer disease

– basal nucleus of Meynert 802 – Braak staging system 803–805 – spatial distribution AD stages 804 – temporal distribution AD stages 804

– molecular classification 802 – neuroanatomical basis for memory 802–808 – NIA-RI Consensus report 802

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) 629, 634, 638, 643, 646, 683, 802, 929, 930, 933

Denervation of carotid baro- and chemoreceptors 689Dentatorubropallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) 624Dermatomes

– face 177 – lower limb 180 – upper limb 177

Descending auditory system – olivocochlear bundle of Rasmussen 402 – peri-olivary nuclei 402

Descending pain modulatory system 226

Index

964

Descending pathways to spinal cord – corticospinal tract 489 – interstitiospinal tract 491 – lateral system of Kuypers 488 – lateral vestibulospinal tract 491 – medial system of Kuypers 491 – medial vestibulospinal tract 492 – reticulospinal fibres 491 – rubrospinal tract 491 – tectospinal tract 490 – third system of descending brain stem pathways 490 – transection lateral brain stem pathway in monkeys 490, 513 – transection medial brain stem pathways in monkeys 513

Descending supraspinal pathways, see Descending pathways to spinal cord

Development – acroterminal region 22 – alar plate 21 – basal plate 21 – blood supply

– arterial system 73 – primitive arteries 73 – prosomeric approach 73, 76 – venous system 73

– caudal hindbrain 23 – developmental ontology of brain 21 – isthmic neuromere 21 – isthmus 9 – longitudinal axis 11 – mesomeres 21 – neuromeres 21 – prosencephalon

– caudal prosencephalon 21 – primary prosencephalon 21 – secondary prosencephalon 21

– prosomeres 21 – rostral hindbrain 23

Developmental disorders of corpus callosum 873–877Diagonal band of Broca, (see Basal forebrain)Diencephalon

– development – caudal prosencephalon 21 – primary prosencephalon 21

– dorsal thalamus (see Thalamus) – epithalamus 21 – metathalamus 38 – prethalamus 43

– prethalamic reticular nucleus 43 – zona incerta 21

– pretectum 38 – subdivision 38 – subthalamus 38 – thalamocortical connections 38 – thalamus

– anterior nuclei 39 – core vs. matrix systems 42 – geniculate bodies 41 – internal medullary lamina 38 – intralaminar nuclei 38 – lateral nuclei 38 – medial nuclei 39 – midline nuclei 41 – posterior nuclei 41 – specific vs. nonspecific nuclei 42

– ventral thalamus (see Prethalamus)Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) 129, 137, 148, 150, 152Diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI) 151, 866, 867, 869, 870, 872, 908Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) 498, 691, 772, 841

Direct and indirect basal ganglia pathways – direct pathway (GABAergic/substance P-positive striatal

projection) 604 – disinhibition as basic mechanism 605 – hyperdirect pathway (corticosubthalamic projection) 604 – indirect pathway (GABAergic/enkephalinergic striatal

projection) 604Disconnection syndromes

– Geschwind territory 399 – Geschwind’s framework 399 – hodotopic framework 907 – language network disorders

– direct pathway 908 – indirect pathway 907, 908

– praxis network disorders – buccofacial apraxia 912 – ideational (conceptual) apraxia 911 – ideokinetic (ideomotor) apraxia 911 – limb-kinetic apraxia 911 – primary progressive apraxia 912

– sensory-limbic disconnection syndrome 907 – pain asymbolia 907

– sensory-motor disconnection syndromes – conduction aphasia 907 – conduction apraxia 907

– sensory-Wernicke area disconnection syndromes – pure agnosia 907 – pure word deafness 907 – tactile agnosia 907 – visual agnosia 907

– visual network disorders – akinetopsia 913 – Bálint syndrome 913 – Capgras syndrome 913 – cerebral achromatopsia 913 – dorsal pathway lesions 913 – prosopagnosia 913 – pure alexia 913 – ventral pathway lesions 913

Discriminative-sensory systems 173Diseases upper motoneuron 471Disorders of chemical control of breathing

– central sleep apnea 692 – obstructive sleep apnea 695 – sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) 692

Disorders of consciousness – akinetic mutism 295 – high pontine/lower midbrain lesions 293 – locked-in-syndrome 295 – top-of-the-basilar syndrome 291

Disorders of eyelid movement 330Disorders of eye movements

– Bálint syndrome 333 – horizontal eye movement paralysis 330–331 – internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) 329 – paralysis of saccades and pursuit 334–335 – vertical eye movement paralysis

– downward saccade paralysis (Parinaud syndrome) 329 – progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) 330 – upward saccade paralysis 329

Disorders of hyperconnectivity 833, 907Disorders of micturition

– drug-induced 701 – psychic 701 – structural

– autonomic reflex bladder 676 – brain stem lesions 703 – cauda lesion 703

Index

965 D–E

– conus lesion 683 – demyelinating disorders (urge incontinence) 702 – detrusor areflexia 703 – detrusor hyperreflexia 703 – frontal lesion 702 – multiple system atrophy 702 – neurogenic bladder dysfunction 702 – neurogenic spastic bladder 702 – Parkinson disease 702

Disorders of musical perception 399Dorsal column

– cuneate fasciculus 26 – first-order (primary afferent) fibres 28 – gracile fasciculus 26

Dorsal column nuclear complex – accessory (external) cuneate nucleus 194 – cuneate nucleus of Burdach 194 – gracile nucleus of Gall 194 – internal arcuate fibres 194 – lesions of decussating medial lemniscus fibres 195 – locus K 194 – medial lemniscus 194 – X and Z nuclei 196, 197

Dorsal horn 26 – neuronal circuitry 217–218 – neuron types 174

Dorsal pallidum, see Basal gangliaDorsal root

– dorsal root entry zone 184 – lateral component 184 – lesions of dorsal roots (rhizotomies)

– cervical roots 186, 187, 189 – lumbar roots 186

– medial component 184 – tract of Lissauer 184

Dorsal root ganglia – A-cells 183 – B-cells 183

Dorsal striatum, see Basal gangliaDorsolateral funiculus sensory pathways 173Duplex Doppler imaging, see Vascular imagingDyslexia 906, 907

EElectroencephalography (EEG) 139Electrophysiological techniques

– EEG 139 – electrophysiological methods for brain mapping

– electrical stimulation 145 – intracranial microstimulation (ICMS) 145 – motor maps 145 – spike-triggered averaging of EMG 145

– evoked potentials 140, 145 – MEG 139 – transcranial megnetic stimulation 139, 141, 142

Emotional motor system of Holstege 488, 491, 749

Encephalitis lethargica 259, 281, 737Enteric nervous system

– Chagas disease 678 – congenital aganglionosis 678 – enteric ganglionic plexuses 676

– external submucosal plexus of Schabadasch 677 – internal submucosal plexus of Meissner 677 – myenteric plexus of Auerbach 676

– enteric neurons 676 – extramural system 677 – ganglioneuronitis (paraneoplastic syndrome) 680 – Hirschsprung disease 678 – intramural system 677

Entorhinal cortex – cortical afferents 781 – cortical efferents 781–782 – cortical layers 778 – entorhinal territory 775 – perforant path 778 – subfields 773 – verrucae hippocampi 776

Enzyme histochemistry – acetylcholinesterase staining 129 – cytochrome oxidase staining 129

Epicritic system 173Epidural haemorrhage 482Epiphysis cerebri, see Pineal glandEvoked potentials

– motor-evoked potentials 142, 143, 506 – short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) 140

Extended amygdala, see AmygdalaExternal capsules 59, 395, 731, 890, 901Extrastriate visual cortices

– dorsal stream 434, 435, 862 – dorso-dorsal stream

– MIP 434, 862 – optic ataxia 434 – V6 434, 862 – V6A 434, 862

– dorso-ventral stream 434 – V5/MT+ 434, 862

– new (Jülich) terminology for extrastriate cortices 437, 862, 863 – ventral stream 434, 862

– inferotemporal cortex (TE and TEO) 434, 860 – V2 434, 860 – V4 434, 860

Eyelid 313, 330, 332, 334, 428–430Eye movements

– brain stem control – interstitial nucleus of Cajal 329 – medial vestibular nucleus 329 – omnipause neurons 328 – paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF) 328 – premotor burst neurons 328 – prepositus hypoglossi nucleus 329 – rostral interstitial nucleus of MLF 328

– disorders (see Disorders of eye movements) – gaze holding 327 – nystagmus 328 – optokinetic nystagmus 328 – optokinetic responses 326 – saccade 326 – smooth pursuit movements 326 – vergence movements 327 – vestibulo-ocular reflexes

– horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex 327 – vertical vestibulo-ocular reflex 327, 328

– voluntary control – dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPC) 333 – frontal eye field (FEF) 333 – middle superior temporal visual area (MST) 333 – middle temporal visual area (MT) 333 – posterior parietal cortex (PPC) 333 – supplementary motor area (SMA) 333

Index

966

FFace agnosia 913, 915Face recognition 444, 872, 894, 913Facial nerve

– branchiomotor component 338 – division 337 – facial nerve proper 343 – intermediate nerve of Wrisberg 343 – parasympathetic branches

– chorda tympani 343 – greater petrosal nerve 343

– sphenopalatine ganglion 343 – submandibular ganglion 344 – taste component 343

Facial nerve lesions – congenital facial palsy 346–347 – peripheral lesions

– Bell palsy 345 – hemifacial spasm 345 – Ramsay-Hunt syndrome 345

Facial nucleus – corticobulbar projections 344 – corticofacial projections 344 – subdivision 344

Feeding – arcuate nucleus 733, 734 – lateral hypothalamic area

– melanin-concencentrating hormone (MCH) 720 – orexin/hypocretin 720

– leptin receptors 734 – obese mouse 734 – ventromedial hypothalamic syndrome 734

Fibre dissection 130, 424Fink-Heimer technique 131Fornix

– fimbria 774 – postcommissural fornix 782 – precommissural fornix 781

Fourth ventricle – bouquet of Bochdalek 9 – choroid plexus 9 – fastigium 9

Frontal lobe – Broca motor speech area 844 – connectivity BA44 845 – connectivity BA45 846 – connectivity caudal prefrontal cortex 847 – connectivity orbitofrontal cortex 849 – connectivity prefrontal cortex 844 – connectivity rostral prefrontal cortex 848 – frontal aslant tract 849 – frontal eye field 844 – frontal lobe damage 849 – fronto-subcortical circuits

– dorsolateral prefrontal-subcortical circuit 849 – lateral orbitofrontal-subcortical circuit 849 – medial orbitofrontal-subcortical circuit 849 – superior medial frontal-subcortical (anterior cingulate)

circuit 849 – inferofrontal magnopyramidal region 842 – lobar fibres 861 – medial prefrontal network 849 – non-primary motor cortex

– dorsolateral premotor cortex (F2 and F7) 845 – presupplementary motor area (F6) 845 – supplementary motor area (F3) 845

– ventrolateral premotor cortices (F4 and F5) 845 – orbital prefrontal network 849 – prefrontal cortex

– dorsolateral prefrontal cortex 846, 849 – orbitofrontal cortex 845, 849 – ventrolateral prefrontal cortex 846

– primary motor cortex (F1) 845 – superofrontal magnopyramidal region 842

Frontal syndromes – prefrontal disconnection syndrome 850 – syndrome of frontal abulia 850 – syndrome of frontal dysinhibition 850

Fronto-occipital connections 869Fronto-occipital fasciculus (FOF) 51, 869Frontotemporal lobar degeneration

– biomarkers 917 – clinical presentation 930 – network analysis 157 – neuropathological assessment 928 – neuropathological subdivisions

– FTLD-FUS 931 – FTLD-tau 931 – FTLD-TDP 931 – FTLD-U 931

– subtypes – frontotemporal dementia (FTD) 930 – non-fluent progressive aphasia (NFPA) 930 – semantic dementia (SD) 930

Functional MRI (fMRI) – blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal 152 – resting-state fMRI 153

GGait control theory of pain 457Gait disorders

– hypokinetic-rigid gait disorders 485 – normal pressure hydrocephalus 486 – spastic gait disorders 485

Ganglioneuronitis 680Geschwind territory 908Geschwind’s framework of disconnection syndrome 833Globus pallidus, see Basal gangliaGlossopharyngeal nerve

– branchiomotor fibres 358 – inferior (petrosal) ganglion 358 – otic ganglion 675 – parasympathetic fibres 675 – superior ganglion 358 – taste component 348 – viscerosensory fibres 358

Glossopharyngeal nerve lesions – foramen jugulare syndromes 359 – glossopharyngeal neuralgia 359

Golgi technique 129, 276Golgi tendon organs 175–177, 184, 463, 480Gracile fasciculus, see Dorsal columnGracile nucleus, see Dorsal column nuclear complexGrasping 205, 206, 212, 523, 846, 855, 857, 858, 892, 913Grasping disorders 858Great radicular artery 82, 113Gustatory system

– ascending gustatory projections 347 – gustatory aura 350 – gustatory cortex 349

– dorsal fundus of insula 348

Index

967 F–H

– nucleus of solitary tract 347 – oval nucleus 349 – parabrachial nucleus 349 – peripheral gustatory apparatus 347 – primary gustatory afferents 347 – thalamic gustatory relay 348

HHandedness 204, 389, 395, 504, 891, 892, 896, 911Hearing loss

– acoustic neurinoma 381 – cerebellopontine angle tumour 381–382 – conductive hearing loss 380 – presbycusis 380 – sensorineural hearing loss 380 – tinnitis 380

Heidenhain-Woelcke technique 129Hemiballism 618, 624, 637Hemispheric differences

– anatomical differences 895–897 – asymmetry 891–893 – cerebral dominance 891 – functional differences 895–897 – hand preference 891 – handedness 891 – hemisphere specialization 891 – laterality 891–893 – lateralization of auditory processing 895 – lateralization of visuospatial processing 893–895 – left hemisphere syndrome 891 – right hemisphere syndrome 891 – split-brain studies 893

Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) 185Hereditary retinal dystrophies 417Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (HSANs) 185Herniation syndromes

– falcine herniation 291 – transtentorial (uncal) herniation 292

Herpes simplex encephalitis 770, 799, 865Heubner recurrent artery, see Perforating branchesHigher-order motor control 488

– human cortical motor areas (see Human cortical motor areas) – lesions higher-order motor control

– apraxia 523 – bilateral parieto-occipital lesions 523 – visuomotor (optic) ataxia 523

Hippocampal formation – alveus 778 – angular bundle 778 – basic circuitry 691 – cornu ammonis

– CA1-CA3 fields 774 – cell types 775 – hilus field (CA3h/CA4) 774 – layers 774 – Sommer sector 774 – Spielmeyer sector 788

– dentate gyrus – cell types 775 – layers 774

– development – precommissural part 780 – retrocommissural part 774 – supracommissural part 774

– diffuse infiltrative growth along hippocampal projections 782 – fibre connections

– alveus 778 – angular bundle 778 – brain stem inputs 781 – commissural connections 782 – extrinsic connections 780 – hypothalamic projection 781 – intrinsic connections 778, 781 – perforant path 778 – perforant path system 778 – postcommissural fornix 780 – precommissural fornix 780 – septohippocampal projection 781 – subcortical afferents 781 – subcortical efferent 781 – thalamic projections 781 – trisynaptic basic circuit 778

– gyri of Andreas Retzius 774 – hippocampal commissure (psalterium) 774, 775 – hippocampus proper (Ammons horn) 774, 777 – indusium griseum 774 – lateral longitudinal stria of Lancisi 774 – medial longitudinal stria of Lancisi 774 – perforant path 778 – subdivision

– dentate gyrus 774 – fasciola cinerea 774 – gyri of Andreas Retzius 774 – hippocampus proper (Ammons horn) 774, 777 – subicular complex 774 – subiculum 774 – subsplenial gyri 774

– temporal lobe epilepsy – Ammon’s horn sclerosis 788 – amygdaloid sclerosis 788 – dispersed granule cells 787, 788 – dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumours (DNET) 788 – endfolium sclerosis 788 – mossy fibre sclerosis 788

– transneuronal atrophy mamillary body 728Hirschsprung disease, see Congenital aganglionosisHodological syndromes 833Holmes/midbrain tremor 571Horner syndrome 75, 319, 330, 361, 429, 430, 469, 470, 730Human connectome 129, 154, 833Human cortical motor areas

– knob marking hand area 516 – lesions cortical motor centres

– lesions precentral gyrus 520 – lesions premotor cortex 521

– motor cortex somatotopy 519 – non-primary motor cortex

– caudal cingulate zone 517 – presupplementary motor area 515 – rostral cingulate zone 517 – supplementary motor area (SMA) 517

– premotor cortex – dorsolateral premotor area 515 – ventrolateral premotor 515

– primary motor cortex (BA4) 515Human manipulatory skills

– bimanual coordination 518 – hand dominance 519 – in cerebellar patients 511 – in hemiparetic patients 511 – in Huntington disease 511 – writer’s cramp 512

Hypoglossal nerve 10, 11, 32, 33, 110, 266, 360, 363–366, 468, 695

Index

968

Hypoglossal nerve lesions 11, 32, 364Hypoglossal nucleus 31, 32, 110, 352, 362, 364, 473, 694, 929Hypophysis cerebri, see Pituitary glandHypothalamic nuclei

– anterior/chiasmatic hypothalamic area – anterior hypothalamic nucleus 715 – anterior periventricular nucleus 715 – paraventricular nucleus 715 – subparaventricular zone 717 – suprachiasmatic nucleus 716 – supraoptic nucleus 716

– intermediate or tuberal hypothalamic area – arcuate (infundibular) nucleus 717 – dorsomedial nucleus 717 – lateral tuberal nucleus 718 – perifornical nucleus 717 – ventromedial nucleus 718

– lateral hypothalamic area 718 – posterior or mamillary hypothalamic area

– dorsal premamillary nucleus 719 – lateral mamillary nucleus 719 – medial mamillary nucleus 720 – posterior hypothalamic nucleus 720 – supramamillary nucleus 720 – tuberomamillary nucleus 719 – ventral premamillary nucleus 719

Hypothalamohypophysial pathways – magnocellular secretory system

– diabetes insipidus 732 – familial hypothalamic diabetes mellitus 732 – ocytocinergic pathway 732 – paraventriculohypophysial pathway 731 – supraopticohypophysial pathway 731 – Wolfram syndrome 732

– parvocellular secretory system – pituitary hormones 732 – releasing hormones 732

Hypothalamus – anatomical organization

– longitudinal subdivision 714 – rostrocaudal subdivision 714

– arterial supply 715 – development

– acroterminal territory 713 – caudal (peduncular) territory 713 – rostral (terminal) territory 713

– functional organization – feeding 733 – reproduction 733 – sleep 733 – thermoregulation 733

– gross anatomy – chiasmatic region 715 – hypophysial stalk 715 – mamillary bodies 715 – tuber cinereum 715, 716 – tuberal region 715

– histaminergic neurons 719 – hypothalamic afferents 726 – hypothalamic efferents 726, 727 – hypothalamohypophysial pathway (see Hypothalamohypophysial

pathways) – involvement in

– Alzheimer disease 43, 716

– diabetes insipidus 732 – Huntington disease 43 – Kallmann syndrome 719 – Parkinson disease 43 – Prader-Willi syndrome 43 – Wolfram syndrome 43

– longitudinal subdivision 43 – magnocellular secretory system 43 – main fibre connections

– fornix 132, 727 – hypothalamocortical projection 731 – mamillary peduncle 729 – mamillothalamic tract of Vicq d’Azyr 729 – medial forebrain bundle 730–731 – principal mamillary fasciculus 729 – stria terminalis 729–730 – ventral amygdalofugal pathway 729

– mamillary body 728 – nuclei (see Hypothalamic nuclei) – orexinergic neurons 260 – parvocellular secretory system 713, 732 – rostrocaudal subdivision

– prosomeres 714 – subdivision 714–715

– sleep-promoting region 737 – venous drainage 715

IImmunohistochemical techniques

– avidin-biotin-peroxidase technique 137 – calcium-binding proteins 137 – neurotransmitter receptors 137 – peroxidase-anti-peroxidase technique 137

Inferior colliculus – central nucleus 388 – external nucleus 388 – pericentral nucleus 388

Inferior longitudinal fasciculus 138, 772, 866, 867, 872, 873, 898, 909, 910, 913

Inferior olivary nuclear complex – accessory olivary nuclei 37 – central tegmental tract 37 – hypertrophy inferior olive

– oculopalatal tremor 558 – palatomyoclonus/palatal tremor 558

– inferior olivary nucleus 551 – medial tegmental tract 556 – olivocerebellar projections 556

Inferior salivatory nucleus 31, 358, 675Inner ear 11, 80, 350, 351, 375, 376, 378, 380, 381Innominate substance of Reichert

– basal nucleus of Meynert 593 – extended amygdala 593 – magnocellular basal forebrain complex 593

Insular lobe – anterior insular cortex 606 – fork neurons 864 – insula of Reil

– agranular cortex 48 – dysgranular cortex 226 – granular cortex 48

– insular connectivity 863 – interoceptive cortex 864

Index

969 H–L

– role in chemical exteroception 863 – role in interoception 863 – stimulation of human insula 863 – von Economo neurons 864

Interface islands of Sanidez 755Interhemispheric fissure 5, 14Internal capsule

– anterior limb 52 – genu 52 – posterior limb 52 – retrolenticular part (limb) 52 – sublenticular part (limb) 52

Internal carotid artery (ICA) – arterial dissection 76 – gross anatomy 75–82 – segments (C1-C7) with branches 80

Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) 329–331Interoception 173, 224, 863Interoceptive cortex 173, 204, 224, 226, 233, 348, 686, 864, 865Interpeduncular fossa 9, 108, 314Intracellular staining techniques 129Intracranial compartments

– falx cerebri 14 – infratentorial compartment 14 – supratentorial compartments 14 – tentorium cerebelli 14 – tentorial notch 17 – tonsillar herniation 19 – transtentorial herniation 20 – uncal herniation 19

Intracranial microstimulation (ICMS) 145Ischaemic stroke

– anaemic (pale) infarcts 92 – haemorrhagic infarcts 92 – lacunar stroke (see Lacunar stroke) – large-artery atherosclerosis 93 – lenticulostriate pathology 95 – small-vessel atherosclerosis 95 – watershed infarcts 93

Isocortex (neocortex) – agranular cortex 48 – granular cortex 48 – layers 47 – neuron types 156, 864

KKlüver-Barrera techniques 129Klüver-Bucy syndrome 768, 770, 799

LLabelled line theory for pain 213Lacunar stroke

– ataxic hemiparesis 209 – dysarthria-clumsy hand syndrome 578 – pure motor hemiparesis 95 – pure sensory syndrome 95 – sensorimotor syndrome 95

Language disorders – agrammatism 900 – aphasia (see Aphasia) – dyslexia 906 – dysprosodia 906

– motor aprosodia 900 – primary progressive aphasia (PPA)

– logopenic progressive aphasia (LPA) 904 – non-fluent progressive aphasia (NFPA) 904 – semantic dementia (SD) 904

– pure alexia 906 – sensory aprosodia 900

Language pathways – arcuate fasciculus 901 – dorsal pathway 901 – DTI studies 902 – dual stream model 902, 903 – ontogenetic data 901 – phylogenetic data 901 – ventral pathways 901

Language processing – classic, neuropathological approach 642 – neurolinguistic approach 900 – prosody 900 – subcortical structures 909 – syntactic processes 900 – syntax 900 – syntax-semantic interphase 901 – syntactic processes 900 – Wernicke-Geschwind model 899 – Wernicke-Lichtheim model 898, 899

Large- vs. small-fibre systems 173Large-artery atherosclerosis 110Lateral cervical nucleus 196Lateral geniculate body (LGB)

– enucleation 421 – innervation by retinal ganglion cells

– koniocellular system 417 – midget ganglion cells (P cells) 415, 417 – parasol ganglion cells (M cells) 415, 421

– magnocellular layers 415 – parvocellular layers 415 – retinal presentation 416 – transneuronal degeneration after enucleation 421

Lateral lemniscus 23, 33, 387, 388Lateral occipital artery 81, 82Lateral olfactory 751Lateral olfactory stria 9, 752Lateral reticular formation, see Reticular formationLateral reticular nucleus 37, 214, 222, 269, 554Lateral ventricle 8, 20, 93, 119, 444, 445, 595, 620, 774, 882Left hemisphere syndrome 520Lemniscal vs. non-lemniscal systems 173Lenticulostriate pathology 100Lesions basal ganglia

– acquired disorders 618 – familial striatal degeneration (glutaric aciduria

type 1) 618 – Hallervorden-Spatz disease 618 – hypokinetic-rigid syndrome in childhood 618 – Leigh syndrome 618

– caudate lesions 616 – developmental malformations 618 – globus pallidus lesions 618 – putamen lesions 616 – substantia nigra lesions 618 – subthalamic lesions

– dentatorubropallidoluysian atrophy 618 – hemiballism 618

Lewy body disease (LBD) 640, 916, 933

Index

970

Limbic system – Broca’s “grand lobe limbique”

– inner ring 8, 754 – outer ring 8, 754

– circuit of Papez 53, 753 – fornicate gyrus of Meynert 8 – greater limbic system of Nieuwenhuys 53 – Heimer’s limbic lobe 53, 753 – MacLean’s limbic system 748 – Nauta’s limbic midbrain area 748 – rhinencephalon 751

Lipofuscin pigment – intraneuronal accumulation 810 – pigmentoarchitecture

– amygdala 58 – cerebral cortex 58 – substantia nigra 34

Liquor circulation – arachnoid granulations 20 – arachnoid villi 20 – cerebellomedullary cistern 20 – intraventricular foramen of Monro 20 – lateral aperture (foramen of Luschka) 20 – median aperture (foramen of Magendie) 20

Locked-in syndrome 97, 112, 295Locomotion

– afferent control 480 – central pattern generators 476 – H-reflex 481 – human walking 478, 480 – interlimb coordination 478–479 – locomotor capacity isolated spinal cord 479 – spinal circuits 480 – spinal cord injuries

– Brown-Séquard syndrome 483 – Brown-Séquard-plus syndrome 483 – complete transection spinal cord 482

– spinal stepping 480 – supraspinal control

– mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) 482 – pontomedullary locomotor region (PLR) 482 – subthalamic locomotor region (SLR) 482

Locus coeruleus – fibre connections

– ascending projections 385 – descending projections 491

– involvement in Alzheimer disease 157 – involvement in Parkinson disease 146 – organization 149

Logopenic progressive aphasia (LPA) 928Long association fibre tracts, see Corticocortical connectionsLong central artery, see Perforating arteriesLong corticofugal pathways

– course in internal capsule 493 – trajectory 498

Lower brachial plexus lesions (Duchenne-Erb paralysis) 181, 191Lumbosacral plexus 191Lumbosacral plexus lesions

– lumbar plexopathies 191 – lumbosacral plexus neuropathy 191

MMagnetic resonance angiography (MRA), see Vascular imagingMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

– diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) 147 – diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI) 151

– diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) 148, 149 – functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) 129 – MRI of axon degeneration 147 – spherical deconvolution (SD) 151 – T1 vs. T2 relaxation times 147

Magnocellular basal forebrain system, see Basal forebrainMagnetoencephalography (MEG) 139Main olfactory system, see Olfactory systemMamillary body

– damage to mamillary body 791 – diencephalic amnesia 793 – fibre connections

– fornix 132, 727 – mamillary peduncle 729 – mamillotegmental tract 730–731 – mamillothalamic tract of Vicq d’Azyr 729 – medial forebrain bundle 730–731 – principal mamillary fasciculus 729

– Korsakoff syndrome 793 – lateral mamillary nucleus 719 – medial mamillary nucleus 720 – retrograde degeneration due to lesion of mamillothalamic

tract 794 – transneuronal degeneration following fornix infarct 422 – transneuronal degeneration following hippocampus infarct 728

Marchi technique 130, 276, 608Medial geniculate body (MGB) 375, 389Medial lemniscus 33, 140, 194, 195, 208, 270, 504Medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)

– internuclear fibres 329 – internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) 329 – vestibulo-ocular fibres 352

Medial occipital artery 82Medial olfactory stria 751, 752Medial reticular formation, see Reticular formationMedial tegmental field, see Reticular formationMedial tegmental tracts 558Median eminence 43, 44, 713, 714, 721, 725, 732, 733Membranous labyrinth

– ampullary crest 350 – macula (otolith organ) 351 – sacculus 350 – semicircular canals 350 – unilateral labyrinthectomy 353 – utriculus 351

Memory – amnesia (see Amnesia) – declarative memory 791 – episodic memory 791 – medial temporal lobe memory system 790 – procedural memory 791 – semantic memory 791

Memory disorders – amnesia (see Amnesia) – bilateral damage restricted to hippocampus (case WH) 797 – bilateral lesions medial temporal lobe (case H.M.) 798 – diencephalic amnesia 791 – fornix transection 798 – Korsakoff syndrome 791 – medial temporal amnesia 794 – thalamic amnesia 798 – unilateral herpes simplex encephalitis/amygdala/rostral

hippocampus 799–800 – Wernicke encephalopathy 791 – Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome 793

Meninges – arachnoid 16

Index

971 L–N

– dura mater – diaphragma sellae 14 – falx cerebelli 14 – falx cerebri 14 – tentorium cerebelli 14

– epidural haemorrhage 13 – epidural space 13 – pia mater 13 – of spinal cord 13 – subarachnoid space 16 – subdural space 16

Meralgia paraesthetica 183Mesocortex 756Mesomeres 21, 30, 311Meyer loop 424Micturition

– afferent fibres 699 – Barrington area or nucleus 699 – bladder

– deep trigone 698 – detrusor 698 – external sphincter 698 – internal sphincter 698

– cortical control 701 – dorsolateral part prepontine tegmental field

– Barrington area or nucleus 699 – - L- or lateral region 699 – - M- or medial region 699 – prepontine micturition centre 699

– micturition reflex 699 – periaqueductal grey 700 – peripheral nerves

– nucleus of Onuf 699 – sacral parasympathetic nerves (pelvic nerves) 699 – sacral somatic nerves (pudendal nerves) 699 – thoracolumbar sympathetic nerves (hypogastric

nerves) 699 – PET studies 354 – prepontine micturition centre 703 – SPECT studies 578

Middle cerebral artery (MCA) – gross anatomy 24 – ischaemic necrosis MCA territory 96 – perforating branches 96 – MCA stenosis 93 – segments (M1-M4) with branches 156, 157

Middle cranial fossa 10, 419Middle ear

– acoustic middle ear reflex 376 – auditory ossicles 376 – middle ear muscles 376 – oval window 376 – round window 376 – tympanic cavity 376 – tympanic membrane 376

Middle longitudinal fasciculus 51, 866, 867, 872Mirror-neuron system 846Monoaminergic nuclei 34, 283, 737

– adrenergic cell groups (see Adrenergic cell groups) – noradrenergic cell groups (see Noradrenergic cell groups) – serotonergic cell groups (see Raphe nuclei)

Mononeuropathy 178, 183Motoneuron diseases (MNDs) 472

– amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) 472 – motoneuron disease (MND) 472 – spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) 473

Motoneurons 472

– fusimotor (γ) motoneurons 460 – skeletofusimotor (β) motoneurons 460 – skeletomotor (α) motoneurons 460

Motor thalamus 39, 40, 135, 565, 567, 600–602, 610, 643 – Hassler’s terminology

– nucleus ventralis caudalis (Vc) 600–601 – nucleus ventralis intermedius (Vim) 600 – nucleus ventralis oralis anterior (Voa) 600 – nucleus ventralis oralis posterior (Vop) 600

– physiological studies – cutaneous sensory cells 601 – combined cells 601 – kinaesthetic/deep sensory cells 601 – voluntary cells 601

– surgical procedures 601 – tremor cells 601 – Walker’s terminology

– ventral anterior nucleus (VA) 601 – ventral intermediate nucleus (VIM) 601 – ventral lateral nucleus (VL) 601 – ventral medial nucleus (VM) 601

Motor units – activation 461 – diseases of motor units

– myopathic disease 471 – neurogenic disease 471

– innervation ratio 461 – recruitment 461 – “size” principle 461

Muscle fibre types 460 – fast twitch, glycolytic (FG) 460 – fast twitch, oxidative, glycolytic (FOG) 460 – innervation ratio 461 – slow twitch, oxidative (SO) 460 – type I 460 – type IIA 460 – type IIB 460

Muscle spindles – fusimotor efferents 462 – nuclear bag fibres 462 – nuclear chain fibres 462 – primary endings (type Ia afferents) 462 – secondary endings (type II afferents) 462

Muscle tone – hypertonia 467

– rigidity 467 – spasticity 467

– hypotonia 467Muscle unit 459–463Musical perception

– amusia 895 – disturbed perception of music 395 – musical hallucinations 395 – perfect pitch 399

NNauta-Gygax technique 131, 214, 422, 494, 505, 506,

610, 612Neglect syndromes 894Neuromodulatory systems

– adrenergic cell groups 262 – cholinergic cell groups

– cholinergic cell groups Ch5 and Ch6 272 – laterodorsal tegmental nucleus 272–274 – pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus 272–274

– dopaminergic cell groups

Index

972

Neuromodulatory systems (cont.) – substantia nigra 763 – ventral tegmental area of Tsai 603

– monoaminergic nuclei 283 – noradrenergic cell groups 272

– locus coeruleus 34, 272 – serotonergic cell groups 270–272

– raphe nuclei (see Raphe nuclei)Neuropathology of basal ganglia disorders

– Huntington disease – atrophy striatum 652 – Vonsattel staging 652

– neuropathological assessment of hypokinetic disorders 643–646 – Parkinson disease

– α-synuclein aggregates 640 – Braak staging 640–642

– Parkinson-plus disorders – corticobasal degeneration (CBD) 634, 635, 647 – multiple system atrophy (MSA) 634, 646 – progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) 635, 647 – striatonigral degeneration (SND) 647

– postencephalitic parkinsonism 640 – synucleinopathies 638 – dementia with Lewy bodies 638 – multiple system atrophy 638 – Parkinson disease 627–636

– Parkinson disease with dementia 629 – tauopathies

– corticobasal degeneration 638 – frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism, linked to

chromosome 17 638 – progressive supranuclear palsy 638 – sporadic multisystem tauopathies 638

Nigrostriatal system 615–616, 632, 642Nociception

– afferent fibres 217 – capsaicin 217 – labelled line theory 218 – spinothalamic tract cells 217

Non-fluent progressive aphasia (NFPA) 903–905, 922, 930Non-invasive imaging techniques

– diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) 148–152 – diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) 148 – functional MRI 152–154 – MR imaging 147 – positron emission tomography (PET) 154 – single-photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT) 154

Noradrenergic cell groups – dorsal medullary cell system (A2) 265, 272 – fibre connections 276 – lateral tegmental cell group

– dorsal medullary cell system 272 – prepontine part (A5, A7) 272

– locus coeruleus 272Nucleus of diagonal band, see Basal forebrain

OOccipital lobe

– dorsal stream – dorso-dorsal stream to areas V6, V6A and MIP 434, 862 – dorsoventral stream to area MT and visual areas of IPL 434, 862

– extrastriate areas 434, 860 – MT 434, 860 – V2 434, 860 – V3 434, 860 – V3A 434, 860

– V4 434, 860 – lobar fibres 861 – new (Jülich) subdivision 861 – primary visual cortex (striate area or BA17) 860 – ventral stream to area V4 861

Oculomotor nerve – parasympathetic component 321, 701 – somatomotor component 25, 311

oculomotor nerve lesions – Benedict syndrome 317 – cavernous sinus syndromes 318 – Claude syndrome 317 – oculomotor paralysis 317 – Weber syndrome 317

oculomotor nucleus – accessory nucleus 317 – central caudal nucleus 316 – internuclear neurons 318 – lesions oculomotor nucleus 318 – nucleus of Edinger-Westphal 317 – nucleus of Perlia 316 – subdivision 329

Olfactory system – accessory olfactory system (vomeronasal system) 751

– accessory olfactory bulb 751 – pheromones 752

– anosmia 752 – fila olfactoria 751 – main olfactory system

– anterior olfactory nucleus 751 – fila olfactoria 751 – glomeruli 751 – isolated absence olfactory bulbs 755 – Kallmann syndrome 755 – lateral olfactory stria 752 – medial olfactory stria 752 – olfactory bulb 765 – layers 48 – projections 52 – olfactory groove meningioma 752 – olfactory hypoplasia 765 – olfactory tract 751, 752 – olfactory tubercle 752 – periamygdaloid cortex 750 – piriform cortex 751 – primary olfactory cortex 752 – retrobulbar region 751

Olivocochlear bundle of Rasmussen 402Optic ataxia 334, 913, 914Optic chiasm

– blood supply 419 – isolated absence of optic chiasm 419 – organization 37, 555

Optic nerve 9, 11, 30, 311, 319, 323, 411, 416, 429, 438Optic nerve lesions 419, 420, 429Optic radiation

– Meyer loop 439 – organization 432

Optic tract 9, 38, 100, 411, 420, 429, 438, 441Optical coherence tomography (OCT) 411, 412

PPain

– cortical targets 224 – gate control theory 217 – labelled line theory 28, 173

Index

973 N–P

– lesions of pain pathways – brain stem 221, 229 – insula 234 – spinal cord 227–229 – thalamus 230, 231

– pain matrix – lateral pain system 224 – medial pain system 222

– spinohypothalamic tract 224 – spinolimbic tract 28 – spinothalamic tract 28, 219 – thalamic targets 28, 224

Pain asymbolia 907Paleocortex 750Pallidal complex

– globus pallidus (pallidum) 599 – lateral or external segment 599 – medial or internal segment 599 – pallidal compartmentalization 599 – pallidofugal fibres (see Pallidofugal fibres) – ventral pallidum 599

Pallidofugal fibres – ansa lenticularis 610, 611 – anterograde fibre degeneration following pallidotomy 612 – lenticular fasciculus (H2 field of Forel) 610 – pallidonigral projection 610 – pallidothalamic fibres 610 – thalamic fasciculus (H1 field of Forel) 610 – thalamic targets 610

Pancoast tumour 191, 469Parahippocampal gyrus 747, 748, 752, 772, 773, 790,

866, 872Parahippocampal region 750, 773, 774Paramedian artery occlusion 105paramedian reticular nucleus 554Paramedian tract nuclei 265, 555Parasympathetic control pupil

– ciliary ganglion 429 – lesions affecting parasympathetic control

– “afferent pathway lesion” 429 – Argyll-Robertson pupil 429 – Holmes-Adie or “tonic” pupil 429 – Parinaud syndrome 429

– nucleus of Edinger-Westphal 427, 428 – short ciliary nerves 428

Parasympathetic division of autonomic nervous system – ambiguus nucleus 675 – cardiac plexus 681 – cranial part 675 – dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve 311 – inferior salivatory nucleus 358 – nucleus of Edinger-Westphal 675 – parasympathetic innervation

– bladder 698 – eye 855 – heart 681 – lacrimal gland 335 – salivary glands 344 – viscera 344

– postganglionic parasympathetic fibres 675 – preganglionic parasympathetic fibres 675 – sacral part 676 – sacral parasympathetic nerves (pelvic nerves) 699 – superior salivatory nucleus 675 – vagus nerve 675

Parietal lesions – superior parietal lobule

– astereognosis 857 – optic (visuomotor) ataxia 857 – tactile apraxia 857

– superior parietal lobule (SPL) – BA7a (PEm) 852 – BA7b (PEp) 854

– grasping disorders 204Parietal lobe

– anterior parietal cortex – parietal ventral area (PV) 199 – primary somatosensory area (S1 or BA3, 1, 2) 199 – secondary somatosensory area (S2) 199

– grasping 204, 205 – grasping disorders 204 – inferior parietal lobule (IPL)

– angular gyrus (BA39 or PG) 854 – supramarginal gyrus (BA40 or PF) 854

– intraparietal sulcus – anterior intraparietal area (AIP) 854 – area PEip 854 – area V6A 855 – lateral intraparietal area (LIP) 854 – medial intraparietal area (MIP) 854 – posterior intraparietal area (PIP) 854 – ventral intraparietal area (VIP) 854

– lobar fibres 861 – parallel parietofrontal circuits 855, 856 – parietal reach region 855 – precuneus 852 – posterior parietal cortex

– inferior parietal lobule 854 – superior parietal lobule 852, 854

– superior parietal lobule (SPL) – BA5 852 – BA7a (PEm) 852 – BA7b (PEp) 854

Parieto-occipital artery 81Parkinson disease

– akinesia 627 – animal models 627 – DAT imaging 629 – deep brain stimulation 630 – drug-induced (MPTP) parkinsonism 629 – neurosurgical procedures 892 – PET/SPECT studies 578 – toxic (cyclad seeds) parkinsonism 629 – transcranial Doppler imaging (TCDI) 891

Parkinson-plus disorders 629 – corticobasal degeneration (CBD) 629 – multiple system atrophy (MSA) 629 – progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) 629

Pathophysiology basal ganglia disorders – ballism 637 – chorea 637

– Huntington disease 637 – L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia 637

– dystonia 637 – hemiballism 637 – “obsessive-compulsive circuit” 593 – obsessive-compulsive disorders

– Gilles de la Tourette syndrome 638 – obsessive-compulsive disorders 637–638 – Parkinson disease

– akinesia 629 – animal models 627 – DAT imaging 629 – deep brain stimulation 630

Index

974

Pathophysiology basal ganglia disorders (cont.) – drug-induced (MPTP) parkinsonism 629 – neurosurgical procedures 892 – PET/SPECT studies 629 – toxic (cyclad seeds) parkinsonims 629 – transcranial Doppler imaging (TCDI) 629 – tremor at rest 629

– Parkinson-plus disorders 646–651 – selective vulnerability basal ganglia 627 – vascular parkinsonism 640

Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus – compact part 614 – dissipated part 614

Pedunculus cerebri, see Cerebral pedunclePerforating branches

– anterolateral central arteries (from MCA) 87 – anteromedial central arteries (from ACA) 87 – from anterior communicating artery 89–91 – lenticulostriate arteries (from MCA) 99 – from posterior choroidal branches 89, 90 – posterolateral central arteries 102 – posteromedial central (thalamoperforating) arteries (from P1) 81 – recurrent (long central) artery of Heubner (from ACA) 102, 103 – thalamogeniculate branches 102, 103

Peripaleocortex 750Peripheral (lower) motoneurons

– motoneuron disease – amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) 472 – motoneuron disease (MND) 472–474 – spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) 473

– motoneurons lower extremity 183 – motoneurons upper extremity 467 – Sherrington’s “final common path” 457 – somatic motoneuronal cell groups brain stem 457 – somatic motoneuronal cell groups spinal cord

– lateral column 458 – medial column 458

Peripheral nerves – brachial plexus (see Brachial plexus) – cervical plexus 178 – lesions of peripheral nerves

– entrapment of median nerve 180 – lesions of brachial plexus (see Brachial plexus lesions) – lesions of lumbosacral plexus (see Lumbosacral

plexus lesions) – lesion of spinal nerve 178 – meralgia paraesthetica 183 – plexopathies 190 – polyneuropathy 185

– lumbosacral plexus (see Lumbosacral plexus) – neurovascular compression syndromes

Peripheral pathways, see Peripheral nervesPerirhinal cortex 57, 203, 434, 765, 767, 773, 776, 778, 780, 782, 783,

796, 797, 806–808, 814, 842, 849, 862Pineal gland 9, 22, 289, 714, 725Pituitary gland

– adenohypophysis 722 – craniopharyngioma 722 – development 722

– adenohypophysial pouch of Rathke 722 – adenohypophysial primordium 722 – neurohypophysial evagination

– distal part 722 – intermediate part 722 – neurohypophysis 722

– persistent craniopharyngeal canal 722 – pharyngeal hypophysis 722 – pharyngosellar pituitary 722 – tuberal part 722

Plexopathies 190, 191Plexus lesions

– lower brachial plexus lesion (Dejerine-Klumpke) 191 – lumbosacral plexus neuropathy 191 – upper brachial plexus lesion (Duchenne-Erb) 191

Polarized light imaging (PLI) 136–137Pons Varoli 9, 22Pontine nuclei (PN) 20, 22, 33, 35–37, 51, 112, 132,

270–272, 327, 333, 507, 542, 551, 552, 560–563, 576, 578, 625, 683, 847

Pontine syndromes – anterior pontine infarction 112 – lacunar infarct pons 113 – pontine tegmentum strokes 112

Positron emission tomography (PET) 129, 146, 154, 397, 629, 718, 734, 752

Posterior cerebral artery (PCA) – gross anatomy 35 – infarcts PCA territory 73 – perforating branches 76 – segments (P1-P4) with branches 76

Posterial choroidal branches 81, 82, 85, 88, 89, 102, 103, 293Posterior circulation 89, 95–97, 354Posterior communicating artery 73–76, 78, 82, 87–90, 92, 101–103,

109, 293, 322, 715Posterior cranial fossa 11, 358, 380, 580, 674Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PCA) 74, 78, 80, 82, 106,

107, 241Posterior perforated substance 9, 87, 102, 103Posterior spinal arteries 82, 113Posterolateral central arteries, see Perforating branchesPosteromedial central arteries, see Perforating branchesPosture

– postural control systems 487 – basal ganglia 487 – cerebellum 487

– vestibular nuclear complex 487Precerebellar nuclei

– accessory inferior olivary nuclei 551 – inferior olivary nucleus 551 – pontine nuclei 551 – reticulotegmental nucleus of von Bechterew 551

Preoptic area – interstitial nucleus 550 – preoptic nuclei 714

– lateral preoptic nucleus 715 – medial preoptic nucleus 715 – median preoptic nucleus 715 – periventricular preoptic nucleus 715 – ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VPLO) 715, 719, 733

– sexually dimorphic intermediate nucleus 715Prepositus hypoglossi nucleus 260, 261, 263, 327, 329, 352,

425, 555Pretectum 21, 22, 38, 105, 109, 112, 272, 326, 327, 411, 420, 425–430,

500, 556, 714Primary degenerative dementias (PDDs)

– clinical profile 916 – primary progressive aphasia 920 – progressive amnestic dysfunction 918 – progressive comportmental/executive dysfunction 920 – progressive visuospatial dysfunction 921

Index

975 P–R

– enigma of lobar degeneration 916–920 – neuroanatomical basis 916–935 – neuropathological assessment 928–930

Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) – logopenic progressive aphasia (LPA) 904 – non-fluent progressive aphasia (NFPA) 904 – semantic dementia (SD) 904

Primitive trigeminal artery, see Temporary arteriesPosterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) 106Progressive amnestic dysfunction (PAD) 921Progressive compartmental/executive dysfunction 922Progressive visuospatial dysfunction 914, 918Proisocortex 44, 750Propriobulbar pathways 489Proprioception 485Propriospinal neurons

– C3-C4 propriospinal system 506 – cervical propriospinal premotoneurons 506 – intermediate propriospinal neurons 489 – long propriospinal neurons 489 – lumbar propriospinal neurons 465 – short propriospinal neurons 489

Prosopagnosia 444–446, 833, 872, 913, 915, 930Protopathic systemPulvinar

– ascending fibres from superior colliculu 42 – cortical afferents 42 – dorsal domain 45 – lesions of pulvinar 41 – organization 42 – retinal projections 420 – ventral domain 45

Pupil – constrictor pupillae muscle 428 – dilator pupillae muscle 428 – lesions affecting parasympathetic control 429 – lesions affecting sympathetic control 429 – parasympathetic innervation 681 – pupil size 428 – sympathetic innervation 673

Pupillary light reflex – lesions pupillary light reflex 429 – relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) 429

Pure alexia 444, 909, 910, 913Pure motor strokes 147, 507Putamen, see Basal gangliaPyramidal tract, see Corticospinal tract

RRadicular arteries 82, 113, 114Raphe nuclei

– caudal raphe nuclei 270 – central superior nucleus 270 – fibre connections 778–783 – linear nuclei 270 – pontine raphe nucleus (B5) 270 – raphe dorsalis nucleus (B5)

– involvement in Alzheimer disease 271 – involvement in Parkinson disease 271

– raphe interpositus nucleus 270 – raphe magnus nucleus (B3) 270 – raphe obscurus nucleus (B2) 270 – raphe pallidus nucleus (B1) 270 – rostral raphe nuclei 278

Rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep) – distributed neuronal network 285, 286 – ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) wave 286 – REM-sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) 287 – sublaterodorsal nucleus 287

Reaching movements 570, 616Reading

– occipital reading pathways 909 – reading network 907 – reading system 907 – visual word form 907 – visual word form area (VWFA) 907

Reading disorders – alexia without agraphia 909 – Dejerine’s pure alexia case 909 – dyslexia

– letter-by-letter reading 907 – phonological dyslexia 907 – surface dyslexia 907

Receptor autoradiography 137Receptors

– cutaneous sensory receptors – mechanoreceptors 174 – nociceptors – thermoreceptors 174

– encapsulated terminals – Meissner corpuscles 175 – Pacinian corpuscles 175 – Ruffini corpuscles 175

– four channel model of cutaneous mechanoreception – fast-adapting type 1 (FAI) afferents 174 – fast-adapting type 2 (FAII) afferents 174 – slow-adapting type 1 (SAI) afferents 174 – slow-adapting type 2 (SAII) afferents 174

– Golgi tendon organs 175–177, 184, 480 – muscle spindles 176, 177 – unencapsulated terminals

– free-nerve endings 174 – Merkel discs/cells 175 – Merkel touch spot 176

– viscera 43Red nucleus

– magnocellular part 490 – parvocellular part 685 – rubrospinal tract 513

Referred pain 676Reflex pathways spinal cord

– deafferentation – chronic sensory neuropathies 466 – manual control in a deafferented man 467 – surgical deafferentation 465

– flexor reflex afferent (FRA) system of Lundberg 465 – Ia inhibitory interneurons 464 – Ia-afferent fibres 463 – Ib inhibitory interneurons 464, 465 – Ii-afferent fibres 462 – reciprocal Ib inhibition 464 – Renshaw cells 464, 465

Renshaw cells 464, 465Reproduction

– Pallister-Hall syndrome 736 – periaqueductal grey 34 – reproductive behaviour 734 – retroambiguus nucleus 267 – sexually dimorphic intermediate nucleus 717

Index

976

Reticular formation – brain stem core 263

– core-paracore concept 263 – cytoarchitecture 260 – fibre connections 261 – lateral reticular formation

– dorsal subnucleus of central nucleus 264, 265 – lateral paragigantocellular nucleus 266 – lateral prepontine tegmentum 265 – parvocellular reticular area 265 – parvocellular reticular nucleus 266 – ventrolateral superficial reticular area 265

– lateral tegmental field 265 – lateral zone (see Lateral reticular formation) – medial reticular formation

– anterior (ventral) gigantocellular nucleus 263 – caudal pontine reticular nucleus 263 – cuneiform nucleus 263 – mesencephalic reticular formation 263 – oral (rostral) pontine reticular nucleus 263 – paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF) 263 – proper gigantocellular nucleus 263 – ventral gigantocellular nucleus 263 – ventral subnucleus of central nucleus 263

– medial zone (see Medial reticular formation) – median zone (see Raphe nuclei) – precerebellar reticular nuclei

– lateral reticular nucleus 554 – paramedian tract nuclei (PMT cell groups) 265 – reticulotegmental nucleus of von Bechterew 270

– raphe nuclei (see Raphe nuclei)Retina

– blood supply – central retinal artery 416 – central retinal vein 416 – cilioretinal artery 416

– central fovea 415 – hereditary retinal dystrophies 417 – koniocellular pathway 433 – macula lutea 439 – magnocellular pathway 415 – ora serrata 412 – parvocellular pathway 415 – retinal layers 415 – retinal thickness 412, 413 – retinotopic map 420 – visual receptors

– cones 412 – rods 412

Retinal neurons – amacrine neurons 415 – bipolar neurons 414 – ganglion cells

– bistratified 415 – midget (P cells) 415 – parasol (M cells) 415

– horizontal cells 414Retinogeniculocortical pathway

– geniculocalcarine fibres 432 – koniocellular pathway 433 – magnocellular pathway 432 – Meyer loop 424 – optic chiasm 437 – optic nerve 420, 421 – optic radiation 422 – optic tract 420 – parvocellular pathway 415

– retinogeniculate projectionns 421 – retinotopic map 420

Retinohypothalamic fibres 420Retrograde cell changes

– chromatolysis 219 – retrograde transneuronal degeneration 135

Rhinencephalon, see Olfactory systemRhombic lip 22, 35–37, 541–543, 545, 551, 552Rhombomeres 21–23, 30, 259, 263, 271, 311, 312, 541, 542, 551Right hemisphere syndrome 203Rolandic sulcus, see Central sulcus

SSchizophrenia

– interface islands 759 – MRI studies 772 – medial temporal lobe studies 772 – shrinkage temporal lobe structures 773

Segmental innervation skin, see DermatomesSelective vulneraibility basal ganglia

– familial striatal degeneration (glutaric aciduria type 1) 618 – infantile bilateral striatal necrosis 619 – kernicterus 619 – methyl-malonic acidemia (MMA) 618 – subacute necrotizing encephalopathy (Leigh syndrome) 618

Sella turcica 10, 14, 43, 115, 318, 723Semantic dementia (SD) 444, 902, 903, 905, 912, 915, 918, 920,

922–925, 930Sensorimotor transformation

– anterior intraparietal sulcus (AIP) 205 – grasping 204 – optic (visuomotor) ataxia 333 – reaching 204

Sensory axons 174, 176, 191Sensory channels 28, 173Sensory neuronopathies 185Sensory neuropathies 185, 186, 466, 467Sensory pathways in dorsolateral funiculus 196, 197Septum, see Basal forebrainSeptum pellucidum 8, 12, 54, 60, 61, 77, 99, 120, 714, 755, 875Sexually dimorphic intermediate nucleus 717Single-axon tracing 135Single-photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT) 147, 154,

525, 572, 578, 629, 632, 700, 914, 925Skeletal muscles

– muscle unit 460 – red or slow muscles 460 – white or phasic muscles 460

Skull base – anterior cranial fossa 10, 723 – carotid groove 11 – foramen jugulare 360 – foramen magnum 10, 11 – foramen ovale 11 – foramen rotundum 11 – foramen spinosum 10, 11 – hypoglossal canal 11 – internal acoustic meatus 11 – internal acoustic porus 11 – lamina cribrosa 419 – middle cerebral fossa 11 – optic canal 11 – petrous bone 10 – posterior cranial fossa 11 – sella turcica 10 – superior orbital fissure 10

Index

977 R–S

Sleep – cerveau isolé 281 – encéphale isolé 281 – encephalitis lethargica 281 – onset of sleep 281 – oxinergic neurons in perifornical group 283 – polysomnographic recordings 279 – rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep) 281 – sleep disorders (see Sleep disorders) – role of 281

– GABAergic neurons 46, 263, 284, 629 – glutamatergic neurons 280, 284 – histaminergic neurons 283 – lateral hypothalamus 283 – melanin-containing neurons

– sleep-promoting region in VLPO 283 – sleep stages 279 – sleep switch 283 – waking state 279

Sleep disorders – daytime sleepiness 286 – encephalitis lethargica 281 – idiopathic narcolepsy 287 – REM-sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) 287 – sleep disorders in Parkinson disease 287, 290 – symptomatic narcolepsy 289

Sleep switch 260, 283, 288, 737Small-fibred sensory pathways in ventral quadrant, see Anterolateral

systemSmall-vessel atherosclerosis 95Somatosensory cortical areas

– anterior parietal cortex (BA3a, 3b, 1 and 2) 199 – lateral areas (S2, PV, retroinsular and granular insula) 854 – posterior parietal cortex (BA5 and 7) 844 – parietal ventral area (PV) 199 – primary somatosensory cortex (S1) 199 – secondary somatosensory cortex (S2) 198 – somatosensory maps 204

Somatosensory cortical projections 199–204Somatosensory thalamus

– posterior part ventromedial nucleus (VMpo) 40 – ventral postero-inferior nucleus (VPI) 41 – ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL) 40 – ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) 40 – ventral posterosuperior nucleus (VPS) 199

Spinal arteries – anterior spinal artery 80 – great radicular artery of Adamkiewicz 82 – medullary (radicular) arteries 82 – posterior spinal arteries 82

Spinal cord – afferent (sensory) fibres 26 – anterior (ventral) funiculus 26 – anterolateral (ventrolateral) funiculus 26

– anterior (ventral) spinocerebellar tract of Gowers 26 – anterolateral system 184

– ascending pathways 173 – anterolateral system 26, 28, 33, 109, 196 – anterior (ventral) spinocerebellar tract of Gowers 109 – dorsal column 110, 141 – posterior (dorsal) spinocerebellar tract of Flechsig 129 – spinothalamic tract

– ascensus medullae 24 – descending pathways 28

– corticospinal tract 26, 27 – interstitiospinal tract 29 – reticulospinal fibres 28, 465

– tectospinal tract 490 – vestibulospinal tracts 28

– dorsal column (see Posterior funiculus) – dorsal (posterior) horn 490

– gelatinous substance of Rolando 25 – marginal cells (zone of Waldeyer) 25 – nucleus proprius 25 – thoracic nucleus (column of Clarke) 25

– dorsal roots 24 – grey matter 25

– dorsal (posterior) horn 25 – intermediate zone 25 – lateral horn 25 – Rexed layers 26 – ventral (anterior) horn

– gross anatomy – anterior (ventral) median fissure 26 – cauda equina 24 – cervical enlargement 31 – conus medullaris 24 – denticulate ligament 25 – filum terminale 24 – lumbar enlargemen 24 – posterior (dorsal) median sulcus 24

– intermediate zone 25 – intermediolateral nucleus 25

– lateral funiculus 26 – lateral horn (see Intermediolateral nucleus) – posterior funiculus

– cuneate fasciculus of Burdach 26 – gracile fasciculus of Goll 26

– posterolateral (dorsolateral) funiculus – lateral corticospinal tract 26 – posterior (dorsal) spinocerebellar tract of Flechsig 26

– propriospinal fibres 491 – rubrospinal tract 491 – ventral (anterior) funiculus

– anterior (ventral) corticospinal tract 458 – interstitiospinal tract 491 – lateral column of motoneurons 458 – lateral vestibulospinal tract 491 – medial column of motoneurons 458 – medial vestibulospinal tract 491 – reticulospinal fibres 491 – tectospinal tract 33

– ventral (anterior) horn – lateral column of motoneurons 458 – medial column of motoneurons 458

– ventral roots 491 – white matter

– anterior (ventral) funiculus 26 – anterolateral funiculus 28 – lateral funiculus 26 – posterior (dorsal) funiculus 26 – posterolateral funiculus 26

Spinal cord infarction 114, 115Spinal cord injuries 227–229, 482–484, 683, 703Spinolimbic tracts 208, 213Spinomesencephalic projections 222Spinoreticular projections 222Spinothalamic tracts

– lateral spinothalamic tract 220 – ventral (anterior) spinothalamic tract 219

Spiral organ of Corti – cell types 377, 379 – tectorial membrane 378

Split-brain studies 879

Index

978

Stimulus-produced analgesia 226Striatocapsular infarct 100Striatofugal system

– convergence (funnelling) 608 – striatofugal fibres 608 – striatonigral fibres 603 – striatopallidal fibres 608

Striatum – accumbens nucleus

– core 595 – shell 594

– caudate nucleus 595 – chemoarchitecture 42 – compartmental organization

– enzyme histochemistry 129 – immunohistochemistry 596 – matrisomes 596 – striatal matrix 596 – striosomes 596

– cytoarchitecture 48 – development 48 – dopaminergic receptors 615 – functional territories

– associative territory 598–599 – limbic territory 599 – sensorimotor territory 598

– putamen 599 – vascularization 599

Strychnine technique 133Stroke, see Ischaemic strokeSubarachnoid haemorrhages 17–18, 880Subcallosal fasciculus 866Subdural haematoma 17Substantia nigra (SN) 602

– compact part (A9) – anterolateral subnucleus 603, 632, 798 – anteromedial subnucleus 603 – posterolateral subnucleus 603 – posteromedial subnucleus 603 – posterosuperior nucleus 199

– dorsal tier 603 – lateral part 603 – nigral matrix 603 – nigrosomes 603 – reticular part 603 – ventral tier 603

Subthalamic nucleus (STN) 43, 101, 600, 608, 610, 615, 625, 637, 643, 645

Sudden infant death – arcuate nuclei hypoplasia 692 – pre-Bötzinger complex hypoplasia 692

Superior cerebellar artery (SCA) 106, 239, 338Superior colliculus

– ablation 392 – afferent projections 521 – efferent projections

– ascending projections to pulvinar 614 – predorsal bundle 425 – tectopontine tract 426 – tectospinal tract 109

– retinal afferents 135Superior longitudinal fasciculus, subcomponent I (SLFI) 867Superior longitudinal fasciculus, subcomponent II (SLFII) 868

superior longitudinal fasciculus, subcomponent III (SLFIII) 868, 871Superior olivary complex

– binaural convergence 387 – impaired sound localization 388 – localization of sounds 387 – organization 87 – recreation of auditory space 387

Superior salivatory nucleus 675Swallowing

– dysphagia 363 – pattern generators 362 – swallowing centre 362

Sylvian fissure, see Lateral sulcusSympathetic control pupil

– central sympathetic pathway 428 – Horner syndrome 429 – lateral horn thoracic spinal cord 428 – long ciliary nerve 428 – superior cervical ganglion 428

Sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system – cardiac plexus 681 – cervical autonomic ganglia (see Cervical autonomic ganglia) – intermediolateral column 672 – intermediolateral nucleus 677 – paravertebral ganglia 672 – postganglionic sympathetic fibres 671 – preganglionic sympathetic fibres 671 – prevertebral ganglia 672 – splanchnic nerves 672

– greater thoracic splanchnic nerve 674 – least thoracic splanchnic nerve 674 – lesser thoracic splanchnic nerve 674 – lumbar splanchnic nerve 674

– sympathetic innervation 673 – bladder 681 – eye 681 – heart 681 – viscera 681

– sympathetic trunk 681 – thoracolumbar sympathetic nerves (hypogastric

nerves) 682Syringomyelia 227, 228, 235, 365, 429, 695

TTapetum 8Telencephalon

– development 8 – ganglionic (ventricular) eminences 21 – pallium 22

– dorsal pallium (neopallium) 46 – lateral pallium 46 – medial pallium (archipallium) 46 – ventral pallium

– prosomeres 46 – subdivision 46 – subpallium 46 – telencephalon medium (impar) 45

– lamina terminalis 8, 16, 45, 54, 99, 714, 724, 732, 733 – preoptic region 101–102

Temporal lobe – asymmetry 389, 399 – auditory regions

Index

979 S–T

– belt regions 392, 858 – gyrus of Heschl 389, 859 – parabelt regions 392, 859 – primary auditory cortex (A1, BA41 or TC) 389, 859 – secondary auditory areas (A2, BA42 or TB) 389, 858 – temporal plane (planum temporale) 858

– non-auditory regions (BA22 or TA) 858, 859 – sensory speech area of Wernicke 859 – temporal magnopyramidal region 865 – temporoparietal aslant tract 859 – “what” or ventral pathway 392, 859 – “where” or dorsal pathway 392, 859

Temporal lobe epilepsy – Ammon horn sclerosis 788 – amygdaloid sclerosis 788 – dispersed granule cells 788 – dysembryoneoplastic neuroepithelial tumours (DNET) 788 – endfolium necrosis 788 – mossy fibre sprouting 788

Temporary arteries – primitive (temporary) trigeminal artery 73, 76 – temporary hypoglossal artery 73, 74 – temporal otic artery 675

Terminal nerve 754–755Thalamic arteries 103

– paramedian artey 103 – posterolateral central arteries 102 – from posterior choroidal branches 103 – thalamoperforating branches (posteromedial central

arteries) 103 – thalamogeniculate branches 103

Thalamic infarcts 104Thalamic stroke 96

– anterior (tuberothalamic) territory 103 – inferolateral territory 103 – paramedian territory 103 – posterolateral territory 103

Thalamus – anterior group 40

– anterodorsal nucleus (AD) 39 – anteromedial nucleus (AM) 39 – anteroventral nucleus (AV) 38 – laterodorsal nucleus (LD) 38

– core vs. matrix system 42 – intralaminar nuclei 40 – lateral group 38

– ventral anterior nucleus (VA) 38 – ventral lateral nucleus (VL) 38 – ventral posterior complex 40 – ventral postero-inferior nucleus (VPI) 41 – ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL) 40 – ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) 40 – ventral posterosuperior nucleus (VPS) 197, 199

– midline nuclei 38, 39 – “non-specific” thalamic nuclei 276 – posterior group 40

– lateral geniculate body (LGB) 22, 95 – lateral posterior nucleus (LP) 40 – medial geniculate body (MGB) 41

– pulvinar nuclei 38, 41Thermoregulation 737

– medial preoptic nucleus 734 – paroxysmal hypothermia 737

Third ventricle 737

– infundibular recess 725 – optic recess 9 – pineal recess 9

Thirst and fluid homeostasis 713, 733Thoracic outlet syndrome 191Tissue-staining techniques 129–130

– cytoarchitecture 129 – enzyme histochemistry 129 – immunohistochemistry 129 – morphology of neurons 129

– Golgi technique 129 – intracellular staining technique 129

– myelin-staining techniques 129 – Heidenhain-Woelcke technique 129 – Klüver-Barrera technique 129 – Marchi technique 130 – Weigert-Pal technique 129

Tonsillar herniation 19, 120Top-of-the-basilar syndrome 112Tractography

– diffusion MRI 148–152 – diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI) 151 – diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) 151 – spherical deconvolution (SD) 151

Tract-tracing techniques – classic degeneration techniques 130–133 – fibre dissection 130 – modern tract-tracing techniques 134–136

Transcranial Doppler (TCD) imaging, see Vascular imagingTranscranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

– D-wave 142 – I-wave 142, 143 – repetitive TMS 143 – triple stimulation technique 147

Transection of axons – anterograde changes 131 – retrograde changes 133 – transneuronal changes 133 – transsynaptic changes 130

Transentorhinal cortex 57Transneuronal labelling

– tetanus toxin framents 135 – viruses

– herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) 135 – herpesvirus suis (pseudorabies) 135 – wheat germ agglutinin 135

Transtentorial herniation 20, 292Trigeminal motor nucleus

– corticobulbar fibres 493 – lateral propriobulbar system 338 – medial propriobulbar system 338 – premotor system of masticatory neurons 338

Trigeminal nerve – blink reflex (see Brain stem reflexes) – corneal reflex (see Brain stem reflexes) – dermatomes 235 – mandibular nerve (V3) with branches 234, 235 – maxillary nerve (V2) with branches 234, 235 – motor root (portio minor) 234 – ophthalmic nerve (V1) with branches 234, 235 – sensory root (portio major) 234 – trigeminal or semilunar ganglion of Gasser 234

Trigeminal nerve lesions 335–342Trigeminal neuralgia 231, 238–240, 338

Index

980

Trigeminal sensory nuclei, see Trigeminal somatosensory systemTrigeminal somatosensory system

– cortical targets 237–238 – lesions of trigeminal somatosensory system 238

– compression of trigeminal ganglion 238 – compression of trigeminal nerve root 238 – trigeminal neuralgia 238 – Wallenberg syndrome

– dermatomes 234 – receptors 234 – spinal trigeminal tract 234 – thalamic targets 224 – trigeminal afferents 234–235 – trigeminal sensory nuclei complex 235–237

– caudal subnucleus of spinal trigeminal nucleus 236, 237 – interopolar subnucleus of spinal trigeminal nucleus 235 – mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus 235 – oral subnucleus of spinal trigeminal nucleus 235 – principal sensory trigeminal nucleus 235

Trigeminal neuralgia 231, 238–240Trochlear nerve 9, 10, 22, 314, 315, 318–320, 381, 703Trochlear nucleus 23, 30, 272, 311, 316, 318, 327–329Tuber cinereum 9, 101, 102, 714, 715

UUncal herniation 19, 292Uncinate fasciculus 848, 850, 866, 901Uncus 8, 9, 20, 55, 57, 76, 292, 609, 748, 761, 762, 795Upper brachial plexus lesions (Dejerine-Klumpke

paralysis) 191Urbach-Wiethe disease 768, 770, 771

VVagus nerve

– branchiomotor component 30 – inferior (nodose) ganglion 358 – parasympathetic component 321, 701 – superior (jugular) ganglion 358 – viscerosensory fibres 358

Vagus nerve lesions 358Vascular imaging

– computed tomographic angiography (CTA) 82 – computerized tomographic perfusion measurement 82 – duplex Doppler imaging 82 – magnetic resonance imaging (MRA) 85 – transcranial Doppler (TCD) imaging 82

Venous drainage – brain stem 120 – cerebellum 120 – cerebrum 120 – development 122 – spinal cord 122

Venous sinuses – cavernous sinus 12 – confluens of sinuses (torcular Herophili) 14 – inferior petrosal sinus 115 – inferior sagittal sinus 115 – intercavernous sinuses 115 – marginal sinus 115 – occipital sinus 117 – petrosquamous sinus 115 – sigmoid sinus 117 – sphenoparietal sinus 115 – straight sinus (sinus rectus) 115

– superior petrosal sinus 115 – superior sagittal sinus 115 – transverse sinus 115

Ventral pallidum, see Basal gangliaVentral spinothalamic tract, see Spinothalamic tractsVentral striatum, see Basal gangliaVentral tegmental area of Tsai (VTA) 603

– caudal linear nucleus 603 – interfascicular nucleus 603 – paranigral nucleus 603 – pigmented parabrachial nucleus 603 – rostral linear nucleus 603

Ventral thalamus, see PrethalamusVentricular system

– aqueductus cerebri 31 – central canal of spinal cord 31 – fourth ventricle 31 – intraventricular foramen of Monro 20 – lateral ventricle 20 – third ventricle 20

Ventromedial hypothalamic syndrome 671Verrucae hippocampi 57, 61, 777Vertebral venous plexuses

– anterior external vertebral venous plexus 123 – anterior internal vertebral venous plexus 122 – basivertebral veins 123 – posterior external vertebral venous plexus 123 – posterior internal vertebral venous plexus 123 – suboccipital venous plexus 123

Vertebrobasilar system – basilar artery 96 – vertebral artery 96 – vertebrobasilar stroke syndrome 97

Vestibular cortical areas 353Vestibular connections

– primary vestibular afferent fibres 351 – vestibulocollic reflexes 352 – vestibulo-ocular reflexes 330 – vestibulo-oculomotor pathways 330 – vestibulospinal pathways 492 – vestibulothalamic projection 353

Vestibular nerve 351–353, 381Vestibular nuclei

– lateral vestibular nucleus of Deiters 35 – medial vestibular nucleus of Schwalbe 31 – spinal (inferior) vestibular nucleus 35 – superior vestibular nucleus of von Bechterew 35

Vestibular system damage – central vestibular disorders 354

– cerebellar infarction/haemorrhage 354 – ischaemia AICA territory 354 – lateral medullary infarction (Wallenberg syndrome) 354 – lesion posterolateral thalamus 354 – multiple sclerosis 354 – posterior fossa tumours 354 – vertebrobasilar transient ischaemic attacks 354

– peripheral vestibular disorders 354 – acute vestibularneuritis 355 – benign positional paroxysmal vertigo 355 – Ménière disease 355 – Ramsay-Hunt syndrome 355 – vertigo 355

Vestibular thalamic area 112Vestibulospinal pathways 487Vestibulocochlear nerve 22, 110, 322, 343, 350–351, 375, 376, 380, 381Villaret syndrome 361Viscera

Index

981 T–Z

– afferent visceral fibres 676 – ascending viscerosensory projections 685–686

– cortical targets 224 – insula 224 – nucleus of solitary tract 222 – parabrachial nucleus 223 – thalamic targets 681

– autonomic innervation of viscera 681–682 – cardiac plexus 681 – inferior hypogastric plexus 681 – superior hypogastric plexus 681 – vagus preganglionic fibres to head 681

– enteric nervous system (see Enteric nervous system) – referred pain 676 – viscerosomatic convergence 676

Visual association cortices, see Extrastriate corticesVisual cortex

– magnocellular pathway 432–433 – ocular dominance columns 432 – orientation columns 432 – parvocellular pathway

– blob system 433 – interblob system 433

– primary visual cortex 438 – striate cortex 433 – visual stria of Gennari 431

Visual field defects – central blindness 433 – horizontal or altitudinal hemianopsia 439 – lesions geniculocalcarine tract 439

– contralateral lower quadrantanopia 439 – contralateral upper quadrantanopia 439

– lesions optic chiasm 438 – bitemporal hemianopia 438 – lower bitemporal hemianopia 438 – upper bitemporal hemianopia 438

– lesions optic nerve 438 – complete blindness 438 – scotoma 438

– lesions optic tract 438 – contralateral homonymous hemianopia

– macular sparing 439 – postchiasmatal lesions 438

– homonymous defect 438Visual system

– extrastriate visual cortices (see Extrastriate visual cortices) – lateral geniculate bod (see Lateral geniculate body (LGB)) – optic chiasm 419 – optic nerve 419 – optic radiation 422 – optic tract 420 – retina (see Retina) – retinogeniculocortical pathway (see Retinogeniculocortical

pathway) – visual cortex (see Visual cortex) – visual field defects (see Visual field defects)

Visuomotor ataxia 205, 212, 434, 523, 524Vomeronasal system, see Rhinencephalon

WWakefulness 279, 283Walking, see LocomotionWallenberg syndrome 329, 354Watershed infarction 94Weigert-Pal technique 129White matter disorders

– Binswanger disease 882 – CADASIL 882 – metachromatic leukodystrophy 882 – periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) 882 – vascular dementia 882

Writing 204, 396, 467, 891, 906–907

ZZona incerta 21, 43, 272, 276, 277, 564, 610, 613, 614, 727

Index