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ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCIES REQUIRED BY TECHNICAL COLLEGE DRAFTING GRADUATES FOR ESTABLISHING SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE
ENTERPRISES IN PLATEAU STATE.
BY
LIDIMMA, BEN GOLKWI
PG/M.ED/08/48893
DEPARTMENT OF VOCATIONAL TEACHER EDUCATION
(INDUSTRIAL TECHNICAL EDUCATION) UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA
SUPERVISOR: DR. (MRS) T. C. OGBUANYA
NOVEMBER, 2012
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TITLE PAGE
ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCIES REQUIRED BY TECHNICAL COLLEGE DRAFTING GRADUATES FOR ESTABLISHING SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE
ENTERPRISES IN PLATEAU STATE.
BY
LIDIMMA, BEN GOLKWI
PG/M.ED/08/48893
A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF
VOCATIONAL TEACHER EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA IN PARTIAL
FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTERS DEGREE IN EDUCATION (M.ED)
(INDUSTRIAL TECHNICAL EDUCATION)
NOVEMBER, 2012
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APPROVAL PAGE
THIS THESIS HAS BEEN APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF
VOCATIONAL TEACHER EDUCATION, FACULTY OF EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA
Approved
_________________________ ___________________ Dr. (Mrs) T.C. Ogbuanya Internal Examiner Supervisor
_____________________ _____________________ Prof. (Mrs) C.A. Obi External Examiner Head of Department
________________________ Prof. S. A. Ezeudu
Dean, Faculty of Education
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CERTIFICATION
LIDIMMA BEN GOLKWI, a Post graduate student in the Department of
Vocational Teacher Education with Registration Number PG/M.
ED/08/48893 has satisfactorily completed the requirements for masters
Degree (M.ED) IN INDUSTRIAL TECHNICAL EDUCATION (MECHANICAL).
The work embodied in this thesis is original and has not been submitted
in Part or in full for any other diploma or degree of this or any other
University.
___________________ __________________ Dr. (Mrs) T.C. Ogbuanya Lidimma, Ben Golkwi
Supervisor Student
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DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to my beloved wife Hanatu Ben Lidimma and my
Children: Dohnen, Chinnen, Zuhumnen and RinNen for their Patience
and Sacrifice.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I am immensely indebted to Almighty God who made it possible for me to
start and accomplish this study to this stage. My deep appreciation goes
to my Supervisor Dr (Mrs) Ogbuanya, T.C. for her motherly disposition,
encouragement and for spending a lot of her time reading and making
necessary corrections.
I am also grateful to my Lecturers: Prof. O.M. Okoro, (Sir) Prof.
S.C.O.A. Ezeji, Prof. B.A. Ogwo, Prof. E.C. Osuala, Dr. E.O. Ede, Prof.
E.C. Osinem, and Mr. Wale Olaitan among many others for their
encouragement and academic contributions at different stages of this
study.
My thanks also go to Dr. I. S. Haladu, Dr. E.K. Ezema, Dr. A.G.
Udofia, Mrs N.P. Guwal, Mr. G. Nimmyel, Mr. E. Aluwong, Engr (Mrs)
Okazu, Ms. I. Esther, Mrs.V.P. Garba, Mr. S.B. Fittoka Deacon, H.
Bitiyak for their encouragement, prayers and support.
My appreciation also goes to the entire Lidimma’s family for their
encouragement and support. Lastly I thank Mr. Jimoh Bakare for writing
the computer programe for the data analysis.
LIDIMMA BEN GOLKWI
PG/M.ED/08/48893
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE -------------------------------------------------------------- i
APPROVAL PAGE--------------------------------------------------------- ii
CERTIFICATION --------------------------------------------------------- iii
DEDICATION ------------------------------------------------------------- iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ------------------------------------------------- v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ------------------------------------------------- vi
LIST OF TABLES --------------------------------------------------------vii
ABSTRACT ----------------------------------------------------------------viii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study ------------------------------------------------- 1
Statement of the Problem ------------------------------------------------ 8
Purpose of the Study ------------------------------------------------------ 9
Significance of the Study ------------------------------------------------- 10
Research Question -------------------------------------------------------- 12
Hypotheses ----------------------------------------------------------------- 13
Delimitation of the Study ------------------------------------------------ 14
[CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Conceptual Framework ------------------------------------------------- 15
Technical College Drafting Graduates --------------------------------- 20
Technical Competencies ------------------------------------------------- 21
Managerial Competencies ------------------------------------------------ 26
Financial/Marketing Competencies------------------------------------- 31
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General Personal Attributes Competencies ---------------------------- 37
Small and Medium scale Enterprises ----------------------------------- 39
Theoretical Framework ------------------------------------------------- 42
Models to Identify Competency- Models in an Enterprise ----------- 50
Competency- Bases Model ----------------------------------------------- 51
Review of Related Empirical Studies -------------------------------- 53
Summary of Literature Review ---------------------------------------- 57
[CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
Design of the Study ------------------------------------------------------- 59
Area of the Study --------------------------------------------------------- 60
Population of the Study -------------------------------------------------- 60
Instrument for Data Collection ----------------------------------------- 60
Validation of Instrument ------------------------------------------------- 61
Reliability of the Instrument --------------------------------------------- 62
Method of Data Collection ----------------------------------------------- 62
Method of Data Analysis -------------------------------------------------- 63
CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
Research Question 1-------------------------------------------------------64
Research Question 2-------------------------------------------------------65
Research Question 3-------------------------------------------------------67
Research Question 4--------------------------------------------------------68
Hypothesis 1-----------------------------------------------------------------70
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Hypothesis 2----------------------------------------------------------------71
Hypothesis 3-----------------------------------------------------------------73
Hypothesis 4-----------------------------------------------------------------75
Findings from the Study---------------------------------------------------77
Discussion of findings -----------------------------------------------------81
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Restatement of the Problem------------------------------------------------85
Summary of the Procedure Used ------------------------------------------86
Major Findings----------------------------------------------------------------87
Implication of the Study----------------------------------------------------88
Conclusion--------------------------------------------------------------------88
Recommendations-----------------------------------------------------------89
Suggestions for further Study---------------------------------------------89
REFERENCES ------------------------------------------------------------- -91
APPENDICES
Appendix A Request for validation of instrument--------------- 96
Appendix B Latter to Respondents----------------------------------97
Appendix C Questionnaire on Entrepreneurial Competencies required
by Technical College Drafting graduate for Establishing
Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in
Plateau State.-------------------------------------------------98
Appendix D Population Distribution-------------------------------- ---105
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Appendix E Reliability of the Instruments -------------------------------106
Appendix F Result of the Analysis ----------------------------------------108
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1. Mean Responses of the Respondents on the Technical
Competencies required by Technical College Drafting Graduates for
Establishing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises -------------- 64
2. Mean Responses of the Respondents on the Managerial
Competencies required by Technical College Drafting Graduates for
Establishing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises -------------- 66
3. Mean Responses of the Respondents on the financial/Marketing
Competencies required by Technical College Drafting Graduates for
Establishing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises -------------- 67
4. Mean Responses of the Respondents on the General Personal
Attributes Competencies required by Technical College Drafting
Graduates for Establishing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises ---
----------- --------------------------------------------------------------------69
5. The t-test Analysis of the Mean Responses of the Respondents on
the Technical Competencies required by Technical College Drafting
Graduates for Establishing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises ---
----------- --------------------------------------------------------------------70
6. The t-test Analysis of the Mean Responses of the Respondents on
the Managerial Competencies required by Technical College
Drafting Graduates for Establishing Small and Medium Scale
Enterprises -------------- -------------------------------------------------72
7. The t-test Analysis of the Mean Responses of the Respondents on
the financial/Marketing Competencies required by Technical
College Drafting Graduates for Establishing Small and Medium
Scale Enterprises -------------------------------------------------------- 74
8. The t-test Analysis of the Mean Responses of the Respondents on
the General Personal Attributes Competencies required by
Technical College Drafting Graduates for Establishing Small and
Medium Scale Enterprises -------------------------------------------- 76
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Abstract
This study was designed to identify the Entrepreneurial competencies required by Technical College Drafting graduates in the area of Technical, Managerial, Financial/Marketing and general Personal attributes
competencies for establishing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Plateau State. The study sought answers to four research questions and tested four null hypotheses. The population of the study consisted of 89
comprising 11 Teachers of Drafting for the three Technical Colleges in Plateau state and 78 Draftsmen of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises. No sampling was carried out since the population was of manageable size. The instrument was validated by five experts and Cronbach Alpha
Reliability Coefficient was used to determine the internal Consistency of the instrument. The instrument yielded a reliability Coefficient of 0.83. Mean statistic and standard Deviation, were used to answer the four
research questions while the four null hypotheses were tested using t – test at 0.05 level of Significance. The major findings of the study were that: Technical College Drafting Graduates Required Eighteen technical competencies twenty managerial competencies, Nineteen
Financial/marketing competencies and Sixteen general personal attributes competencies for establishing Small and Medium Scale enterprises in plateau state. It was recommended that Government and administrators of technical Colleges should organize Seminar and
workshop for Teachers of Drafting so as to enable them effectively teach the required competencies to students. Also it was recommended that the identified competencies should be integrated into the curriculum of
technical Colleges.
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Drafting is one of the Technical College trades that can offer means
of business opportunity to Craftsmen or Technicians. Drafting in the view
of Fredrick (1997) is a graphic representation of a real thing, an idea, or a
proposed design for construction. It may take many forms, but the
graphic method of representation is a basic natural form of
communication of ideas that is universal and timeless in character.
According to Oakey (2007), drafting is the art and science of translating
data and sketches of engineers, architects and scientists into detail
drawings that are used in manufacturing and construction. Drafting
therefore is the accurate preparation and interpretation of graphic
representations and plans by a draftsman which are used by production
and construction workers to build everything from microchips to
skyscrapers. A draftsman is a person who prepares technical drawings
and plans to provide visual guidelines and show how to construct a
product or structure.
According to the United States Department of Labour, drafting is
grouped with a professional, technical and managerial occupations. This
category includes occupations concerned with the theoretical and
practical aspects of such fields of human endeavours as architecture,
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pipe drawing, jig and fixtures design, schematic diagrams, printed circuit
boards, block and logic diagrams.
Drafting contains many economic enterprises through which people
can earn income. Drafting occupies a vital position in income generation
because of its multiple areas of specialization like: Landscaping,
electronic schematic, architectural, and mechanical drafting enterprise.
An enterprise in the view of Dabson and Malkin (2003) is an organization
with partially overlapping objectives working together with the rules and
regulations guiding them for some period of time in order to achieve the
stated objectives.
Entrepreneurship in drafting is a veritable tool in socio economic
and industrial development and in fact as a means of self-actualization
for the individuals concerned. The term entrepreneurship according to
Hisrich and Peters (2002) is the process of creating something new of
value by devoting the necessary time and effort, assuming the
accompanying financial, psychic and social risks and receiving the
resulting rewards of monetary and personal satisfaction and
independence. While Timmons and Spinelli (2004) viewed
entrepreneurship as a way of thinking, reasoning and acting that is
opportunity-based, holistic in approach and leadership balanced.
Entrepreneurship, therefore, involves innovation which can be thought of
as a process of change comprising identification, evaluation and
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exploration of an opportunity, management and creation of value through
the successful exploration of a new idea by an entrepreneur.
An entrepreneur according to Ihekwoaba (2007) is any person who
uses his skill to discover hidden business opportunity and exploits it for
a profit. His skill may be vocational, technical, science, agricultural,
technology education, etc. Ihekwoaba further stated that entrepreneurs
start new business ventures and do all of the planning, organizing,
leading and controlling necessary to kick-start the business. The
entrepreneur is a giver of employment, provider of infrastructures and
valuable services to the community. For an entrepreneur to be
successful, he/she should poses the following characteristics according
to Aminu (2009): determination, leadership quality, creativity, self-
nurturing, self-discipline, energetic, future oriented, etc. If the above are
strictly adhered to, it will lead to a number of benefits as enumerated by
Stokes and Wilson (2002): self-employment, employment for others,
income generation, development of new markets, ability to have great
accomplishment, healthy competition, thus encourage higher quality
products of the available small and medium enterprises in drafting when
the draftsmen are competent.
Competency as explained by Gove (1993) is a quality or state of
being functionally adequate or having sufficient knowledge, judgments,
skills or strength (as for a particular duty or in a particular respect).
According to Olaitan (2003), to be competent means that the individual
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has acquired the knowledge, skills, attitude and judgments which is
required in other to perform successfully at a specified proficiency level in
a given work. Competency comprises knowledge, skills, novelty and
experience needed to perform a particular job or series of jobs.
Entrepreneurial competencies according to Hisrich and Peters
(2002), for establishing small and medium scale enterprises include
mainly managerial, technical, financial/marketing and general
competencies. Denga (2002) noted that with the acquisition of
competency, individuals can be engaged in self-employment and other
useful projects, thus reducing the present high rate of un-employment.
Denga further stated that acquisition of the necessary competencies is a
must for entry into the world of work, most especially the technical
competencies.
Technical competencies according to Edward (2007) is the ability of
draftsmen to listen, see, and interpret graphic ideas. Edward further
stated that draftsmen must be technically skillfull in the use of the
pencil. Kwame (2007) in agreement with Edward, listed some technical
competencies expected of graduates of drafting to include: Application of
computer Aided Design (CAD) software, drawing organization, free hand
sketching, mechanical reasoning, dimensioning technique, scaling,
proper use of tools and materials and ability to read and interpret
drawings.
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Management is the art of getting thing done through people; it is a
process of achieving an organization's goal through coordinated
performance of five specific functions namely: planning, organizing,
staffing, directing, and controlling (Osuala 2001). Alio (2006) stated that
for prospective entrepreneurs in Small and Medium Scale Enterprise
(SME) to be successful, the following managerial competencies are
expected: Regular inspections of tools, sensitivity to feeling of others,
planning ahead of schedule of programme, ability to produce demanded
items before collection date, evaluation of personal skills, communicate
effectively, set goals for the organization, and should have and in-depth
knowledge of the choosing career. Olabiyi, Keshinro, Oluwa and
Bashorun (2009) also outlined some managerial competencies required of
technical college graduates to include: Foster relationship among
organization staff, create an open door policy, create long term vision for
the organization, and develop interest and implement policies. According
to Olabiyi e' tal, lack of managerial competencies by technical college
graduates has resulted to a situation whereby most of the graduates
hope solely on paid employment which are not forth coming.
Elobuike (1998) stated that financial competencies involve
identifying, procuring, allocating and evaluating financial resources as
they relate to expenditures made on capital and recurrent expenditures.
While Hisrich and Peters (2002) outline some financial / marketing
competencies required of entrepreneurs to include: Ability to determine
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selling price, advertising products, sales promotion, proper and prudent
money management, keep proper records of all transactions,
identification of target market and customer, identify channel of
distribution and above all be aggressive towards profit making. Hirich
and Peters further stated that marketing competencies are critical to a
venture's continued success.
Chell (1999) discussed 'Big five' attributes associated with
entrepreneurial behaviour. Chell outlined personal attributes
competencies as: innovative, determined, external focus and a team
leader. Also Ezeji (1993) outlined as follows the personal attributes of an
entrepreneur; punctuality to work, initiative of a good work judgment,
cooperation and dependability, respect of the rights of other workers, and
resourcefulness and attention to detail.
Small and medium scale enterprise (SMEs) according to United
Nations Organization (1984) is that enterprise with a minimum of five
and maximum of hundred employees. Small and medium enterprises
vary from one country to another, depending on whether it is developed
or developing. Small and Medium scale Enterprises in the context of this
study are drafting enterprises with minimum assets base between fifty
thousand and hundred thousand Naira, excluding land and working
capital with a minimum of five and maximum of fifty number of
employee. According to Oakey, (2008) enterprises in drafting field
include: sheet metal layout, electronic schematic, structural steel
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detailing, landscaping, electrical, civil, mechanical, plumbing, automotive
design drafting and architectural drawing. For an SME to be established
and managed successfully, it must be done by competent graduates of
technical colleges.
Technical colleges according to Okoro (2006) are the principal
vocational institutions in Nigeria which give full vocational training
intended to prepare students for entry into various occupations such as
drafting among others. One of the primary goals is to give training and
impart the necessary skills to individuals who shall be self-reliant
economically. Unfortunately many drafting and other technical education
graduates who suppose to posses drafting skills in Nigeria remain
unemployed, because they lack the required competencies. Edward
(2007) noted that some drafting graduates join the world of
unemployment because they lack adequate saleable competencies for
entrepreneurship. He further stated that this will reduce their marketa
bility and competitiveness in the labour market.
It is only when these graduates acquire competency in drafting
that they can set up and have enterprise and be self –reliant and
relevant. Thus, the goal of technical education in general and drafting
technology in particular can be achieved. It is in the light of these that
the study tends to determine the entrepreneurial competencies required
by technical college drafting graduates for establishing small and
medium scale enterprises in Plateau State.
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Statement of the Problem
Every society needs efficient and well trained workers. A well
trained technical college drafting graduate should be able to be
competent in studio organization, graphic interpretation, handling of
equipment and instruments, setting out, use of Computer Aided Design
(CAD) software among others accurately (Kwame,2007).Kwame further
listed some of the opportunities that exist for drafting entrepreneurs to
include :Product design, electronic schematic, sheet metal layout,
formwork, architectural drawing, setting out of buildings, landscaping,
and environmental drafting.
The primary objective of technical college programme is to produce
at craft level, graduates who should either take up skilled job
opportunities in industries or be self – employed. Ogwo (2004) stated that
lack of entrepreneurial competencies has resulted to failure of most
enterprises set up by technical college graduates. Olabiyi, Keshino,
Oluwa & Bashorun (2009) also stated that lack of entrepreneurial
competencies by technical college graduates has resulted to a situation
whereby most of the graduates hope solely on paid employment which is
not forthcoming; but could establish and manage drafting enterprises if
they possess entrepreneurial competencies.
Despite the importance of producing skilled and competent
personnel for economic and technological advancement, establishment of
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drafting enterprises in Plateau state appear not to have been impressive.
Chikan(2007) stated that both the students in school and those who have
graduated were noted to have some deficiencies in establishing drafting
enterprises inspite of Plateau state government efforts in providing
numerous attractive incentives like credit scheme, light and heavy
industrial layouts serviced with asphalt roads, electricity and water for
prospective small scale entrepreneurs. Chikan further listed some of the
areas of deficiencies to include: graphic interpretation, setting out, use of
Computer Aided Design (CAD) software, e.t.c. Due to lack of
entrepreneurial competency by technical college drafting graduates, they
are being restricted in skillfulness, efficiency, proficiency and
productivity. Hence, the rate at which unemployment is increasing is very
alarming. The problem of this study therefore is that technical college
drafting graduates lack entrepreneurial competencies to set up SMEs in
plateau state.
[
Purpose of the Study
The purpose of the study was to determine the entrepreneurial
competencies required by technical college drafting graduates for
establishing small and medium scale enterprises in Plateau State.
Specifically, the study intends to determine the:
1. Technical competencies required by technical College drafting
graduates for establishing small and medium scale enterprises.
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2. Managerial competencies required by technical College drafting
graduates for establishing small and medium scale enterprises.
3. Financial/marketing competencies required by technical college
drafting graduates for the establishment of small and medium scale
enterprises.
4. General personal attributes required by technical college drafting
graduates for the establishment of small and medium scale
enterprises
Significance of the Study
The findings of the study would benefit the state science and
technical education board, National Board for Technical Education
(NBTE), National Business and Technical examination Board (NABTEB),
Federal and State Ministries of Education, Parents and Society, Teachers,
Students and Researchers. Findings from the study of entrepreneurial
competencies required by technical college drafting graduates are
expected to be of benefit to science and technical education board by
serving as a reference material to the board during inspection and
supervision by ensuring and insisting that those identified competencies
are taught. By so doing, the students will be equipped with competencies
for establishing small and medium scale enterprises after graduation.
Meanwhile, the National Board for Technical Education (NBTE) as a
quality control body could use the findings from this study to in
cooperate suitable programmes/modules that can enhance
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entrepreneurial competencies of graduates of drafting to enable them to
establish SMEs. Findings of the study would be of importance to
NABTEB as an examining body to suggest to NBTE to incooperate those
areas that require acquisition of competencies in the curriculum
especially those aspects of technical and managerial competencies for
entrepreneurial ventures. The findings of this study will be made
available to National Board for Technical Education by the researcher.
The findings from the study could readily be used by the Federal
Ministry of Education and Plateau State Ministry of Education in
particular, as a guide on the type of directives required to be given to skill
acquisition centers administrators for the training of the unemployed
youths for jobs in drafting enterprises. The findings could be useful to
the ministry as a reference material during refresher courses for teachers
of drafting by officials of the ministry.
The findings of the study would be of importance to parents and
the society because it will serve as reference materials to parents on how
to guide and encourage their wards towards attainment of those
competencies, and the society as they stand to benefit from the
competent services rendered by the technical college drafting graduates.
The findings of the study would be of immense benefit to the
teachers and students of drafting because, it will serve as a reference
material to the teachers and technical college graduates on the
competencies they would require for teaching drafting concepts and the
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entrepreneurial competencies needed for establishing drafting
enterprises respectively. Lastly, the findings could also serve as a source
of reference to researchers by filling the gap this study could not filled.
Research Questions
The study seeks to answer the following research questions.
1. What are the technical competencies required by Technical College
drafting graduates for the establishment of small and medium scale
enterprises?
2. What are the managerial competencies required by Technical College
drafting graduates for establishing small and medium scale
enterprises?
3. What are the financial/marketing competencies required by
Technical College drafting graduates for the establishment of small
and medium scale enterprises?
4. What are the general personal attributes required by Technical
College drafting graduates for the establishment of small and
medium scale enterprises?
[
Hypotheses
The following null hypotheses were formulated to guide the study
and will be tested at 0.05 level of significance.
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H01 There is no significant difference between the mean responses of
teachers of drafting and draftsmen of small and medium scale
enterprises on technical competencies of Technical College
drafting graduates for establishing small and medium scale
enterprise.
H02 There is no significant difference between the mean responses of
teachers of drafting and draftsmen of small and medium scale
enterprises on managerial competencies of technical college
drafting graduates towards the establishment of small and
medium scale enterprises.
H03 There is no significant difference between the mean responses of
teachers of drafting and draftsmen of small and medium scale
enterprises on the financial/marketing competencies required by
technical College drafting graduates for establishing small and
medium scale enterprises.
Ho4 There is no significant difference between the mean responses of
teachers of drafting and draftsmen of small and medium scale
enterprises on the general personal attributes required by
technical college drafting graduates for establishing small and
medium scale enterprises.
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Delimitation of the Study
Entrepreneurial competencies are very wide as a result of that, the
researcher has delimited the study to only four aspects of entrepreneurial
competencies required by Technical College drafting graduates for
establishing small and medium scale enterprises namely: Technical,
managerial, financial/marketing, and general personal attributes. The
study will involve teachers of drafting in the three technical colleges and
some draftsmen of small and medium scale enterprises in Plateau State.
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CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The review of related literature for this study is presented under the
following sub-headings:
1. Conceptual framework
Technical college drafting graduates
Technical competencies
Financial/marketing competencies
Managerial competencies
General personal attributes competencies
Small and Medium scale Enterprise
2. Theoretical framework
Problem solving theory
Skill acquisition theory
3. Review of Related Empirical Studies
4. Summary of Literature Reviewed
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Concept is a distinctive meaning of a term, word or phrase that
symbolizes several ideas. Nnadi (2007) define concept as a medium of
organizing knowledge about the world to categorise information. He went
further to state that a concept may mean tangible things such as table,
chair, house, stone, rock, book, man, woman, boy, girl etc. Eboh (2009)
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stated that concept is an idea, thought or devolution of abstract system
of thoughts, by which science investigates, interprets and understands
particular segments of reality or phenomena. It is a distinctive meaning
of a term, that is, whatever is meant by word or phrase. However a
concept is a word or phrase that symbolizes several interrelated ideas
which may mean tangible things.
According to Hornby (2006), a framework is the structure of ideas
and how they are arranged to give a functional meaning to an event.
Conceptual framework as explained by Robinson and Davidson (2004) in
Okonkwo (2009) involves the definitions of various terms associated with
a particular study. However, conceptual framework, as used in the
context of this study involves the explanation of the new terminologies
that are used in a special way for the purpose of a study. The concepts in
this study include: Entrepreneur, Entrepreneurial competencies,
technical college drafting students, small and medium scale enterprises
(SME), drafting teachers, draftsmen of small and medium scale
enterprises (SME). These concepts will be explained one after the other in
order to substantiate and give meaning to the study as follows:
Entrepreneurship according to Busenitz and Barney (1997) is the
practice of starting new organizations, particularly new business
generally in response to identified opportunities. Entrepreneurship in the
view of Hisrich and Peters (2002) is the process of creating something
new of value by devoting the necessary time and effort, assuming the
20
accompanying finances, psychic and social risks, and receiving the
resulting rewards of monetary and personal satisfaction and
independence. Similarly, Timmons and Spinelli (2004) refer to
entrepreneurship as a way of thinking, reasoning and acting that is
opportunity- based, holistic in approach and leadership balanced.
Entrepreneurship results in the creation, enhancement, realization and
renewal of value not just for the owners, but for participants and stake
holders. Entrepreneurship however, in the context of this study can be
regarded as the innovation which can be thought of as a process change
comprising identification, evaluation and exploitation of an opportunity,
management and creation of value through the successful exploitation of
a new idea by an entrepreneur.
An entrepreneur according to Bird (1992) is a mercurial person
that is prone to insights, brainstorms, deceptions, ingeniousness and
resourcefulness, they are cunning, opportunistic, creative, and
unsentimental. Akinola (2001) sees the entrepreneur as a person of very
high aptitude who pioneer change, processing characteristics found in
only a very small fraction of the population. Datol, Danwanzam,
Nyapson, Padung, Udo, Bentu and Okwori (2004) explain that an
entrepreneur is “one who undertakes tasks”. A task is usually a duty that
must be done not minding whether it is difficult or not. He/she is a risk
taker who likes to take an adventure into the unknown and unfamiliar
territories, which with determination and courage wishes to explore and
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conquer. Therefore, an entrepreneur in the context of this study is
someone who takes the initiative to establish his own business from
scratch and nurtures it to growth and profitability, brings new ideas or
innovations into it so that he makes it better.
Entrepreneurial competency on the other hand according to Aliyu
(2008) comprises of knowledge/know-how required for job occupation;
skills in the application of the knowledge successfully in one’s sphere of
work in order to accomplish occupational roles. Achilike and Okwuanaso
(2004), defined entrepreneurial competencies as the abilities of powers
and authority of skills, knowledge, attitudes that are needed to
accomplish tasks (cited in Aliyu 2008). Entrepreneurial competency
therefore, as used in this study are the skills, novelty, and experiences
combined to yield proficiency in drafting trades while;
Technical colleges according to Okorie (2001) are school
programmes designed to last for three years with entrants drawn from
the holders of junior secondary school certificates (JSSC) on evidence of
possession of technical aptitude and successful passing of examination.
Okoro (2006) defined technical colleges as principal vocational
institutions in Nigeria which give full vocational training intended to
prepare students for entry into various occupations. According to Oakey
(2007) defined drafting as a professional course in technical and
managerial occupations which include: Architecture, engineering, and
recreation.
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Small and Medium scale Enterprises (SME) as stated by stokes and
Wilson (2002) is a small and medium firm managed by its owner(s) in a
personalized way, having a relatively small share of the market in
economic terms. He further states that it is independent in the sense that
it does not form part of a large enterprise and its ownership is relatively
free from outside control in its principal decisions. Center for Advance
Zonal Studies (2004) stated that SME has no universally accepted
definition; however, the various definitions normally contain the following
criteria.
The size and amount of capital invested in productive assets.
The total turnover, and
The number of employees.
Small and medium scale enterprise according to Aminu (2009) is any
enterprise with a maximum asset base of N200 million, excluding land
and working capital; and the number of staff employed by the enterprise
not less than 10 and not more than 300. Small and Medium scale
Enterprise in the context of this study involves those enterprises that
have a capital base less than N100, 000, excluding land and working
capital depending on the aspect of drafting venture. Drafting teachers are
those teachers who are trained in various drafting areas in higher
institutions to teach drafting in technical colleges and some senior
secondary schools. They are called drafting teachers because they have
acquired the necessary knowledge and skills to impart to the students.
23
The concepts identified and discussed above will serve as a guide
for better understanding of this study, since it will provide clear links
from literature to research purpose, research questions, research
hypotheses, research designs, and methodology and data analysis. It will
also serve as a reference point for discussions and contribute to the trust
worthiness of the study.
Technical College Drafting Graduates
Technical colleges according to Okorie (2001) are school
programmes design to last for three years with entrants drawn from the
holders of junior secondary school certificates (JSSC) on evidence of
possession of technical aptitude and successful passing of examination.
Okoro (2006) defined technical colleges as principal vocational
institutions in Nigeria which give full vocational training intended to
prepare students for entry into various occupations.
Technical college drafting graduates in the context of this study are
those group of technical college students who have graduated with
specialty in graphic design in building construction, Electrical
Installation and Maintenance work, Radio and Television repairs,
plumbing and pipe fitting, motor vehicle mechanic, painting and
decoration, welding and Fabrication, Furniture making, Refrigeration and
Air conditioning, and carpentry and joinery which can establish SMEs for
self-reliant.
24
Technical Competencies
Drafting in the view of Fredrick (1997) is a graphic representation
of a real thing, an idea, or a proposed design for construction later. It
may take many forms, but the graphic method of representation is a
basic natural form of communication of ideas that is universal and
timeless in character. He further stated that men have not been able to
get together on a world language of words and sentences, but
communication of thoughts from one person to another by means of
pictures occurred to even the earliest cave-dwellers, and there are
examples still in existence to prove it.
Fredrick, grouped drawings along two distinct lines according to
their purpose (a) Artistic, and (b) Technical. He stated that from the
beginning of time, artists have used drawing to expressed aesthetic,
philosophic, or other abstract ideas. In ancient times, people learned by
listening to their superiors, and by looking at sculptures, pictures, or
drawings in public places. Stokes and Wilson (2002) saw the above as
drafting competencies when they listed out series of competencies
required by any entrepreneur to include listening, seeing and interpreting
graphic ideas among others. Everybody understand pictures and they
were a principal source of information. In museums and in ruins of
antiquity are thousands of examples of storytelling or teaching by means
of drawing.
25
The other line along which drawing has developed as stated above
by Fredrick (1997) has been technical (drafting) from the beginning of
recorded history, man has used drawings to represent objects to be built
or constructed. He stated that in the Bible, the statement is made that
Solomon’s temple was “built of stones made ready before it was brought
thither”. Each stone and timber was carved or hewn into shape brought
to the site that was a high level of drafting competencies exhibited, it
noiselessly fitted together. From this statement, it is evident that
accurate drawings were used, showing the exact (accurate dimension)
shapes and sizes of the components parts.
Edward (2006) stated that the first written evidence of the use of
technical drawing was in 30.B.C.when the Roman Architect Vitruvius
wrote a treatise on architecture in which he said, “The draftsman must
be skillful with the pencil and have a knowledge of drawing so that he
readily can make the drawings required to show the appearance of the
work he proposes to construct”. He went on to discuss the use of the rule
and compasses in geometric constructions, in drawing the plan and
elevation views of a building, and in drawing perspective. He concluded
by stating that technical drawing has become highly specialized with the
particular branch of the engineering sciences to which it applies. No
draftsman can prepare accurate and complete drawings of machines,
bridges, or buildings who is not thoroughly familiar with the construction
of those structures. However, drafting is the art and science of describing
26
structures and structural details completely and accurately by graphical
means.
According to Oakey (2007), the design drafter is a skilled technician
who starts with a design and develops the working drawings required to
guide the production of machines or products. Industrial drafters and
designers are concerned with the development and drawing of machines,
casting, tooling jigs and fixtures, piping and structural details, sheet
metal layouts and pictorial drawings. They are also concerned with the
development and drawing of fluid power, kinematics, electrical and
electronics schematics. The college went further to state that a
mechanical drafter should be competent in interpreting engineering
information in the form of sketches, plans and detailed drawings to be
used in manufacturing and construction. A drafter may also work under
engineers. As a graduate of technical college in drafting, competencies
are expected in the following areas (Kwame, 2007)
Computer aided Design (CAD) software
Mechanical reasoning
Abstract and spatial concepts
Industry standards for drafting
Free hand sketching as meaning rapid communication
Drawing organization
Proper line work
Dimensioning techniques
27
Scaling
Studio organization and graphics
Neatness and accuracy
Understand shop processes
Drawing layout
Understanding of mathematics
Acquainted with the tools, materials and equipment.
Edward (2006) stated that the effective means of communication in
the industry is characterized by precision and standardization. He
further stated that drafting competencies are used by the printer in
planning layouts, by the geographer and civil engineer in map making, by
teachers as they help the students learn to read drawings, family in
planning for a new house. He concluded by stating that sketching is a
basic drafting skill. The draftsman must be able to sketch both as a
means of expression and as a means of visual communication.
Portland Community College (2009) concluded that there is high
demand for skilled design drafters and growth is predicted in the field.
Opportunities available to drafters among others include product design,
electronic schematic, sheet metal layout, structural steel detailing,
machine design, landscaping, topography. For this, high demand,
competencies are required of drafters in the following area.
Product knowledge
Ability to communicate
28
Read and interpret drawings
Selection of appropriate drawing instruments
Knowledge of computer design
Continued education, and
Enthusiasm.
Ihekwoaba (2003), in Ihekwoaba (2007) describes a drafter as a
craftsman, as a technical labour, who possesses practical skills and can
apply them to solve problems in his trade. The emphasis on what
constitutes a crafts man is the ability to perform duties in his trade,
occupation or profession and not necessarily in exhibiting theoretical
knowledge. According to Ihekwoaba, craftsmen entrepreneurs establish
their own shops, laboratories, training centres and along the streets,
roads, inside the markets and at strategic places in the rural and urban
towns. The craftsmen are welders, typists, motor mechanics, spray
painters, block molders, fitters, turners, Iron benders, etc. others are
brick layers, radio mechanics, furniture makers, etc with competencies in
interpreting drawings, accurate dimensioning, knowledge of scales,
technical sketching and the like.
Oakey (2007) stated that drafting craftsmen can translate data and
sketches of engineers, architects and scientists into detailed drawings
that are used in manufacturing and construction only when they are
competent. Their duties may include interpreting directions given to
them, making sketches, preparing drawing scale, and specifying details.
29
Managerial Competencies
According to Okorie (2000) an important issue of workforce
development in Nigeria is to ensure that human resources are developed
to such an extent that the achievement of desired rate of technological
changes will not be impeded through lack of personnel with suitable
managerial skill and competencies. Thus establishment of small and
medium scale enterprises (SME) in Nigeria have implication for workforce
development in technical colleges. One of the implications is the rising
demand for skill artisan, craftsmen and master craftsmen required to
manage an enterprise.
Entrepreneurship training according to Ayedudu (2004) is a
specialized training given to the students of technical college to acquire
skills, ideas and managerial abilities and capacities for self employment
than being employed for pay. According to Richard, Gary and Larry
(1991) entrepreneurship is the willingness and ability of an individual to
make an investment, opportunities, establishes and run an enterprise
successfully. The management structure and independence of small and
medium scale enterprises-(SMEs) put the entrepreneur in the most
critical position in running of the enterprises. Thus the success and
failure of business depend largely on the entrepreneur-competence.
According to Nzelobe (1996) the technical requirement of getting out a
product or rendering a service should be understood in considerable
details by entrepreneurs before embarking on business enterprise.
30
Lankard (2003) stressed that entrepreneurial skills must be nurtured
through proper education so that it can be directed to responsible and
enriching small business endeavour that will benefit the individual and
the communities in which entrepreneurs live. Small and medium
enterprises (SMEs) is an enterprises with a minimum asset base between
N1, 000, 000 - N200 millions, excluding land and working capital, with
the number of staff employed by the enterprise not less than 5 and not
more than 300. One of the common features of SMEs is that they are sole
proprietorship or partnership and have centralized management
structure (Udechukwu, 2003). In most cases, the operational and
administrative management is usually the owner (s)/ manager(s) who are
responsible for making the major decision concerning the enterprise.
The level of industrial development expected to be generated
through development of SME compared to the need of the country has
never been achieved. Aminu (2009) observed that there has been high
mortality rate of SMEs in the country due to lack of managerial
competencies required by small and medium scale entrepreneurs.
According to Aminu inadequate managerial competencies has resulted
into reluctance of banks to extend credit to SMEs entrepreneurs. In the
same vein, most technical college graduates are expected to acquire
entrepreneurial competencies for self-reliance and join the pool of
entrepreneurs for industrial development of the country do not have the
required managerial competencies.
31
Management is the art of getting things done through people; it is a
process of achieving an organization’s goal through coordinated
performance of five specific functions namely; planning, organizing,
staffing, directing and controlling (Osuala, 2001). An organizations'
success depends on how well its management is able to plan. According
to Olagunju (2004) one of the roles of management in a business
enterprise is to ensure the constructive coordination management efforts
at all levels into an effective instrument for achieving cooperate
objectives. Competency is the ability of an individual to perform a task
using his/her knowledge, skills, and experience. Competency deals with
specific tasks required to perform successfully in a given position.
Competencies of management will lead to individual and enterprises
growth, and help enterprises meet future demand:
Alio (2006) outlined some managerial competencies to include:
Effective feedback from customers
Ability to produce demanded item before collection date
Appraisal of apprentices performance
Planning ahead of a schedule programme
Regular inspection of tools
Evaluation of personal skills
Effective advertisement
Sensitivity to the feeling of others
Ability to handle difficult customers
32
Anyakoha (2009) outlined some managerial competencies to
include:
Ability to communicate effectively using oral and written skills.
Knowledge of method of conducting effective meetings
Ability to make long and short term planning
Acquisition of management and supervisory skills
Ability to manage time and meet job schedules
Ability to conduct personal evaluation
Knowledge of need for employee growth and development
Knowledge of factors involved in overhead control
Newer approaches to managerial skills according to George (2007)
have been built upon the technical, human, and conceptual skill
classification, but are slightly different. Aliyu (2001) outlined three
domains of managerial skills, purely technical skills, cognitive abilities,
and competencies that demonstrated emotional intelligence.
In spite of the fact that the Nigerian government has put in place
monetary, fiscal and industrial policy measures to promote and develop
SMEs in Nigeria, it has been observed that majority of technical college
graduate who are expected to have acquired skill for self-reliance to join
the pool of entrepreneurs for SMEs do not have managerial
competencies. Olabiyi, Keshinro, Oluwa and Bashorun (2009) outlined
some managerial competencies required of technical college graduates to
include.
33
Depth of knowledge in chosen trades
Develop interest and implement policies
Communicate effectively
Foster relationship among organization staff.
Set goals for the organization
Create long term vision for the organization
Create an open door policy
According to Olabiyi etal, lack of managerial competencies by
technical college graduates has resulted to a situation whereby most of
the graduates hope solely on paid employment which are not forthcoming
in view of the economic situation of Nigeria. Technical colleges are
expected to give training and impart the necessary competencies to
individual who shall be self-reliant economically (FRN 2004).
It is only through the acquisition of right managerial competencies
that technical college drafting graduates (entrepreneurs) can successfully
establish and manage the enterprises and contribute to the industrial
development of Plateau state and Nigeria as a whole. Having adequate
management knowledge and competencies helps entrepreneurs to
progress in their enterprises. However, one of the intricacies which
entrepreneurs identify as problem and a silent killer of entrepreneurial
development is lack of managerial know-how.
[
34
Financial/Marketing Competencies
Uzodinma (1991) perceived that the level of education in the
technical college has potential to equip persons to the best of their
abilities for a comfortable place in the society and the world of work. It is
necessary to note that the role of school in the process of competency
development is to provide knowledge and skills that are appropriate and
relevant to rapid technological development. Elobuike (1998) also opined
that an operator of a workshop with adequate competencies will stand
the test of time in meeting the desires and expectations of his customers.
The ability to keep records by drafting entrepreneurs would be an
advantage in analyzing performances. One of the main reasons in
management deficiencies which can cause business to fail is the inability
to keep adequate records.
Akamobi (2001) pointed out that a good book keeping record
should at least fulfill the following purposes:
Preserve intact the assets of a business
Show the liabilities of a business at any given time
Provide useful information for management control and decision.
Present, when necessary, a fair and correct view of the state of
business at any given time.
facilitate auditing
Confirm with statutory requirement
35
Give effects to the terms of agreement of partners and association of
persons doing business together.
Provide information for the completion of tax.
Alio (2006) stated that the recording of business is usually
performed by the book-keeper but since the craftsmen runs small-and
medium scale enterprises, the size of record may be kept by the manager
which may not warrant a book-keeper. According to Alio, the information
recorded by the manager would be useful to him in the following ways:
Making available information to the manger for decision making
Helping in the area of performance evaluation both to the manger
and other categories of work-force.
Helps in the costing of projects and other business ventures.
It helps in the maintenance of accountability.
Ihekwoaba (2007) stated that financial competencies is similar to
management, but it lays emphasis on financial resources, money,
cheques, postal orders, money order, letters of credit, bonds, shares, etc.
The competencies are needed by drafting entrepreneurs to assist them
take control of money, which is wealth. The competencies require
prudence in spending, control of inflow and outflow of funds, debt
management, credit management and hire purchase management.
However, financial competencies required by drafting entrepreneurs for
establishing SMEs include: proper and prudent money management,
36
control of in-coming and out-going finances, keep proper records of all
transactions and above all be aggressive towards profit making.
A market is a place where buyers express their demands for a good
or service and sellers provide their supplies of such goods or services.
Marketing, according to Hornby (2006) is the theory and practice of
buying and selling of goods and services. Marketing according to Dow
and Hendon (1991) in Okonkwo (2009) is the sum total of all business
activities that direct the flow of sales of products and services from
producers to consumers. Hisrich and Peters (2002) stated that marketing
competencies are critical to a venture’s continued success. As the
company grows, it will need to develop new products and services to
maintain its distinctiveness in a competitive market. According to Hisrich
and Peters many often blame lack of finances or poor management for
the failure of business, but a closer look will often reveal that the real
problems relate to marketing issues such as: Identifying the customer,
defining the right product and service to meet customer needs, pricing,
distribution, promotion, identifying the target market, characteristics of
the customer, and buying situation.
Financial / marketing competencies as outlined by Anyakoha
(2009) include the following:
Knowledge of accounts
Knowledge of costing
Ability to interpret financial statement
37
Ability to acquire the skill of preparing financial statement
Knowledge of factors involved in decision to grant loan by financial
houses
Knowledge of business laws
Ability to understand pay roll and various deductions
Knowledge of seasonal fluctuation of goods
Ability to budget and forecast
Ability to determine current and future trends in sales of products
Ability to determine availability of goods/raw materials for
production and storage of finished goods
Ability to determine and interpret factors which indicates extent and
strength of competition
Ability to determine what customers need
Stokes and Wilson (2002) stated that marketing competency is the
gathering of information, and making judgments based on it, is a key
entrepreneurial competency. A competent marketing manager according
to stokes and Wilson should possess the necessary qualities and skills to
ensure an effective performance of an enterprises marketing activities.
The following were outlined as marketing competencies: Judgment,
experience, knowledge, communication, motivation, planning, and vision.
They concluded that successful entrepreneurial marketing often
relies on the competency of the owner-manager in these key areas.
38
Aminu (2009) observed that in term of market, entrepreneurs are
reluctant to identifying the appropriate market for their
products/services. Most entrepreneurs do not actually know the right
market for their products and how to take advantage of market for
possible profit and capture the market share. According to Aminu, many
entrepreneurs have myopic view of the market due to lack of marketing
education to market their goods. Therefore, for a drafting entrepreneur to
overcome this market problem, an entrepreneur requires marketing
competencies to articulate the entire necessary marketing programme
that may lead the entrepreneur to success and acceptability of their
products in the market.
Aminu (2009) went further to state that marketing is the process of
bringing awareness to customers about the enterprise products or
services, and therefore entrepreneurs requires or services, aggressive
marketing to sale its products. Aggressive marketing of entrepreneur’s
product/services requires: Advertising, sales promotion, effective
distribution system, and right price for the products/services.
In drafting marketing however, there is a kind of market
arrangement where buyers and sellers are in contact with one another.
Drafting marketing enterprises involves the movement of drawings and
other useful products after they have been produced, into the possession
and ownership of final users. Thomas and Onah (1993) in Okonkwo
(2009) noted that two activities usually take place where a market
39
manifest itself namely; communication and exchange of goods and
services. They explained that in a simple market, this will be done by
direct face to face communication, but in sophisticated ones, an
elaborate system of communication may exist. A number of factors
according to the author determine the selection of a market, and they
include distance, transportation problem, handling, selling charges and
price quotations.
Therefore, for drafting entrepreneurs to succeed, they need an
aggressive marketing competency in the area of advertisement, sales
promotion, effective price system, and channel of distributing their
products/services to the consumers.
[
General Personal Attributes Competencies
Chell (1999) discussed “Big five” attributes associated with
entrepreneurial behaviour. Such attributes are manifested in a variety of
different ways in any one individual. However, it is worth stressing that
entrepreneurs are both determined to get their own way but also
competent in managing others through appropriate leadership. Chell,
outlined the personal attributes competencies as innovative, determined,
external focus and a team leader.
Hisrich and Peters (2002) classified entrepreneurial competencies
into three main areas: technical, business management and personal
attributes. The personal entrepreneurial competencies which
40
differentiated an entrepreneur from a manager include: inner control/
disciplined, risk taker, innovative, change oriented, persistent, visionary
leader and ability to manage change.
Ezeji (1993) outlined as follows the good work habit (attributes) of
an entrepreneur thus: Punctuality to work, good personal appearance
and neatness, care of tools, machines, equipment and materials,
initiative of a good work judgment, cooperation and dependability,
interest in work and workers, acceptance of instruction and correction,
respect of the rights of other workers, confidence in one’s ability,
resourcefulness and attention to details and ability to apply practices at
work and outside work. Every entrepreneur irrespective of how the
person is trained should adopt this work personnel attributes identified
by Ezeji in order to manage their enterprises effectively and efficiently.
Ihekwoaba (2007) stated that people have different opinion about
the entrepreneur which depend on their education, orientation,
understanding, belief and interest, in general, entrepreneurs should
possess all or some of the following attributes: Discover, explorer of
opportunities, a profit taker and profit maximizer, a philosopher, risk
taker and risk bearer, an adventurer, profit oriented, action-oriented,
anticipates possibilities, task-oriented, friend of the community, a leader,
Rational and take rational decision and above all a role model.
McCelland (1961) in Okonkwo (2009) stated that entrepreneurs are
most likely to do well if they are: Reasonable risk taker, self-confident,
41
hard workers, goal setters, accountable, and innovative. However,
drafting entrepreneurs can only succeed when they are ready to take
reasonable risk, have confidence in themselves of what they can do,
resilient in their endeavors, set attainable goals and be innovative enough
to meet up with the challenges of technological advancement.
Aminu (2009) stated that competencies of entrepreneurs varied
from the way society view them, because different countries and society
have their perception of what competencies should an entrepreneur
possess. Among the competencies of entrepreneurs that has been
accepted by many scholars according to Aminu, and studies conducted
include: perception, Boldness, persistence, persuasion, and ethics.
According to Aminu, entrepreneurial attributes (traits) include
independence, self discipline, concentration, persistence, creativity, hard
work, Business like attitude, motivation, confidence, willingness to take
risk, human-relation and ability to take decision.
Therefore, personal attributes required of drafting entrepreneurs for
success in establishing small and medium scale enterprises, has to do
with the totality of the individual entrepreneur’s disposition to the
enterprise as it relates to the growth of the business. Such dispositions
as punctuality to work, friendliness, trustworthiness, reliable, pleasant
looking, polite, and dependable. These attributes can be acquired
through training and experiences of the individual entrepreneur.
[[[
42
Small and Medium Scale Enterprise
Small and medium scale enterprise according to United Nations
Organization (1984) is that enterprise with a minimum of five and
maximum of hundred employees. Small and medium enterprises vary
from one country to another, depending on whether it is developed or
developing. CAZS (2004) stated that SME definitions normally contain
the following criteria: The size and amount of capital invested in
productive assets, the total turnover, and the number of employment.
According to Datol, Danwanzam, Nyapsen, Padung, Udo, Bentu & Okwori
(2004), Small and Medium Scale Enterprise is a form of business
organization which is usually set up by entrepreneurs who shall provide
all the needed capital, take decisions as well as shoulder the
responsibility for the management and administration of the business.
The authors further stated that the capital needed for SME is not more
than one (N1m) million Naira, excluding land premises. SME in the
context of this study are drafting enterprises with minimum assets base
between fifty thousand and hundred thousand Naira, excluding land and
working capital with a minimum of five and maximum of fifty number of
employee. Small and medium scale enterprises in drafting field include:
sheet metal layout, electronic schematic, structural steel detailing,
landscaping, electrical, civil, mechanical, plumbing, automotive design
drafting and architectural drawing. (Oakey, 2007). For a small and
medium enterprise to be established and managed successfully, it must
43
be done by someone in possession of entrepreneurial competencies.
Entrepreneurial competencies therefore refer to the sufficient knowledge,
novelty and skills required towards enhancing successful performance in
drafting enterprises for self reliance by graduate of technical colleges.
Figure 1: conceptual framework of the entrepreneurial competencies
required by technical college drafting graduates for establishing SMEs in
Plateau state (developed by the researcher).
The researcher represented the conceptual framework of the study
with six (6) blocks A, B, C, D, E and F. block A represents the
competencies expected of the graduates. Block B represents the
Competencies
Technical
Computer aided design
Technical sketching
Read and interpreted
drawings
Mechanical reasoning
Managerial
Supervision
Planning
Create open door policy
Financial/ marketing
Costing
Auditing
Procuring etc
General Attributes
Team leader
Focus driven etc
NBTE
Fed./state ministries
of education
NABTEB
Technical
colleges
Drafting
graduates of
technical
colleges
Landscaping
Plumbing
Electronic schematics
Structural steel
detailing
Sheet metal layout etc
Unemployment
Crime rate
Poverty etc.
World of work
(SMES)etc
A
B
C D
F
E
44
regulating, examining and inspecting bodies. Block C represents
technical college drafting teachers who are responsible for training the
students. Block D represents the technical colleges drafting graduates.
Block E and F represent situation of the technical college drafting
graduate s when the competencies are acquired and not acquired
respectively.
Theoretical Framework of the Study
A theory is a set of reasoned ideas intended to explain facts.
Ezeji (2001) stated that theories are more than collections of testable
hypotheses and concepts. They included more than abstractions
translated into words, which facilitate communication pertaining to
human behaviours. Rather, theories are representative of systems of
belief about the nature of people, objects and phenomena since they
contain assumptions about the extent to which human beings and
phenomena can be modified through experiences, and the limits that
have to be placed upon human aspirations.
Theory refers to ideas and suppositions in general. It is also known
as a set of statement that are systematically arranged, which may take
the form of a descriptive or functional definitions, operational construct,
assumptions, propositions, hypotheses, generalization, laws and theories
that give a functional meaning to an event or a series of events (Okonwo,
2009). Eboh (2009) stated that theory is a unifying and self-consistent
explanation of fundamental natural processes or phenomena that is
45
totally constructed of corroborated hypothesis. Theory therefore, is the
foundational basis upon which belief about the nature of people, events,
situations that concern them can be modified through experiences with
passage of time.
Framework in the view of Robinson and Davison (2004) is a
structure of ideas or related concepts and their methods of organization.
Bullon (2006) refer to framework as a system of thought that is organized
to give a practical meaning to the analysis of reality. Theoretical
framework therefore is a broad umbrella made up for understanding and
analyzing a reality or phenomena under study. Theoretical framework as
used in the context of this study, however, comprise of the study of
theories and principles which are related to the identification of skills and
competencies required for a successful establishment and management
of small and medium scale enterprises in drafting ventures. The
theoretical framework of this study is thus based on the theory of
problem-solving and skill acquisition theories. Several theories have
already been postulated to guide certain research studies and one of
such theories is the theory of problem-solving and skill acquisition.
Problem according to Nnachi (2007) is a difficult situation that
creates some worries in the individual. In actual sense, a problem is an
unsettling intellectual challenge (Ogbonnaya and Onwuegbuche, 2001).
He went further to state that problem exist only when there in a goal and
at the same time there is an obstacle to realize the goal. If there is no
46
goal, there is no problem. A problem therefore, may be defined as a
hindrance to the attainment of a stated and targeted goal which an
individual, organization or nation set to attained. If the goal of a school is
to ensure that every student is neat, there is bound to be a problem if
there is no water for the students to bath and wash their cloths. Two
major types of problem exist: well defined and ill defined problem.
Well defined problem is a type of problem whose initial state,
operators and goal state are easily determined and possibly well defined
while the ill define problem is shrouded in complexity like social
problems (Nnachi, 2007).Problem-solving is one of the main objectives of
education. An individual is educated to help him solve pressing problems
directly or indirectly. Problem-solving refers to the elimination of the
obstacles to the attainment of a goal. It involves movement from a
current, unsatisfactory state to a state in which the problem is
eliminated (Westen, 1996). This theory is taught to students so as to
prepare them to solve problems if they encountered fresh (Agulana and
Nwachukwu, 2001) which involve the formulation of new answer that
may extend the previously learnt principles and rules.
In establishing small and medium scale enterprises by technical
college drafting students, the type of competency required for effective
management of the enterprises is the problem-solving and skill
acquisition. Nnachi (2007) refer to skill as the ability to perform well in a
task as a result of exposure, training or practices, and problem as a
47
hindrance to the attainment of a goal. Okorie (2000) also stated that the
ability of individual to choose a particular occupation depends upon the
extent to which the individual’s abilities, experiences and training match
the recommendation/ requirements of that given occupations. Okorie
further noted that problem-solving and skill acquisition as an input into
the establishment of small and medium scale enterprises involves the
implementation of some practical and functional work-competencies
such as the ability to read and interpret drawings, accurate
dimensioning, technical sketching, managing and marketing among
others.
For successful establishment of small and medium scale
enterprise, therefore, technical college drafting graduates and other
interested members of the society need training in entrepreneurial
competencies required for establishing SMEs. The competencies which
they will acquire through training will enable them to successfully
establish and managed SMEs for maximum profitability, when adequate
capital is made available. Capital is an aid provided by man to enhance
SME operations. Capital in the opinion of Owoke, Ohuche, Agudozie,
Mackins and Oruta (2002), is a sum of money invested in a business
enterprise. Obi (2002), similarly identifies capital as a store of
accumulated wealth contributed to a firm by its owners. It is also
investment by the owners. It is also investment in the form of loans.
48
Capital can be fixed or circulatory. Fixed capitals are more durable
such as machines and buildings, while the circulating capitals are cash,
semi-finished goods or raw materials. These capitals can solve a problem
and skills are needed in its management. This is because SME requires
some capital investment in area of workshop, tools and equipment and
the needed materials to be properly managed by a competent
entrepreneur.
Entrepreneur is a problem-solver and a skilled person who
organizes and undertakes the risk of an enterprise Datol (2004) explained
that entrepreneurs are those “who undertakes risk”. Asuguo (2005) noted
that a good entrepreneur must be acquainted with efficient managerial
skill such as planning/management of an enterprise, organization, risk
bearing, searching out and exploiting, new business opportunities and
organization of other people’s work. Ihekwoaba (2007) also affirms that
an entrepreneur is any person who uses his skills to discover hidden
business opportunity and exploits it for a profit.
For a successful establishment and managing of SME, the
prospective entrepreneurs should constantly seek for more profitable and
efficient ways of combining and utilizing resources to maximize profit.
However, of all the theories reviewed, problem-solving and skill
acquisition are the relevant theories of learning because problem solving
and skill acquisition are aspects of learning. According to Gagne’s
hierarchy of learning, problem-solving is of the highest level. This will
49
guide the conduct of the study. In SME establishment and management,
problem-solving and skill acquisition are highly required in all the
aspects of entrepreneurial competencies. Technical college drafting
graduates therefore, required training in the necessary competencies for
establishing SME. These students when they have acquired the
competencies will avail themselves in the areas of translating graphic
design, building, setting out, landscaping, electronic schematic general
management, and marketing of the products. These students that will
supply these competencies must have acquired the competencies ever
before they can be competent in establishing SME. Therefore, with
reference to this study, the theory of problem-solving and skill
acquisition is very essential for a successful setting up of SME in that the
students will serve as a source of problem-solving and skill persons when
they might have acquired the necessary entrepreneurial competencies
required in establishing SMEs. They will become employers of labour.
This study uses therefore, problem-solving and skill acquisition
theories as an aspect of entrepreneurial competencies to identify the
necessary competencies required by technical college drafting graduates
in plateau state for establishing small and medium scale enterprises.
Skill according to Agulana and Nwachukwu (2001) is that ability to
perform well in a task as a result of stored up experience, knowledge and
novelty gain as a result of practice. Nnachi (2007) define skill as the
ability to practice, one can be skilled in writings, sewing, drawing,
50
reading, cooking, and so on. Skill persons in certain jobs are the
individuals that have undergone some extensive training in such jobs
and have thus mastered the activities that lead to successful
performance in the jobs. Skills; therefore, involve mastery due to training,
exposure or practice. Skills acquired by human beings can be of different
types. People are differently endowed in terms of behaviour, which is to a
great extent determines the skills to be acquired in a task. Skills could be
of four (4) types: Motor skill, affective skill, language skill, and cognitive
skill.
For the purpose of this study, the author tends to look at only the
motor skill because it involves the use of body organ or parts such as
hands, legs, head and so on to carry out physical activities in a normal
way. Such physical activities could be drawing, welding, building,
repairing a radio or car, and so on. Motor skill is achieved through
training involving contraction and straightening of skeletal muscles of a
person. A skilled, person according to Nnachi (2001) is the one that has
mastered the activities leading to a successful performance on a job or in
a task after receiving some training followed by practice.
A person is said to be skilled for jobs or activities that need some
training. A teacher is a skilled worker. One cannot be a qualified teacher
without undergoing some training. Thus a person is said to be skilled if
the person be a qualified teacher without undergoing some trainings.
Thus a person is said to be skilled if the person has the ability to perform
51
well due to training (Nnachi, 2003). He went further to state that skill
acquisition is a form of learning in which the individual obtains and
stores information about a task in his/her memory system in such a
manner that the retrieval of such information is unconsciously carried
out.
Drafting enterprises like any other small and medium scale enterprise
utilizes the acquisition of a lot of competencies. Competencies are
required in the use of scales, dimensioning, technical sketches,
interpretation of graphics, personal attributes, managerial/marketing
,among others. When these competencies are identified and incorporated
into the technical curriculum for the training of the students will equip
them for jobs in drafting enterprises for a worth while living, especially
when they could not gain admission for higher education or secure paid
employment meant for their levels. Hoffinan, Paris, Heal and Schell
(2008) noted that a number of people including graduates of technical
colleges establishes drafting enterprises for various purposes which
include, source of income, social stimulation, creativity and employment
among others. This aggresses with the problem-solving and skill
acquisition theories of acquiring competencies. Drafting entrepreneurship
has competencies which students and other idle youths could be
successfully trained on for gainful employment for a living. Drafting
enterprises also has information which can provide knowledge
concerning the establishment of small and medium scale enterprises
52
which can be engaged in by the technical college drafting graduates who
may not wish to further their studies on graduation or gain paid
employment meant for their level for a living.
Evident from the work of Hoffman, et al (2008) revealed that
drafting enterprises which is a form of work occupies a considerable
position of the adult lifespan, and its influence touches almost every part
of human lives. It defines his position in society, and, if fortunate, gives
meaning to his life and provides satisfying activity as an outlet for
creativity, and a source of social stimulation. This is in conformity with
the problem-solving and skill acquisition theories of learning. Small and
medium scale enterprises management is a drafting activity whereby
individuals acquired knowledge and competencies to transform technical
graphics and other resources into different finished products like an
installed house, well landscaped environment, well painted and
decorated house, and others. These activities require certain
competencies that should be identified and mastered for success in small
and medium scale drafting enterprises. Problem-solving and skill
acquisition theories of learning will guide the study in the identification
of those competencies that must be acquired for occupational success in
drafting enterprises.
Models to Identify Competency – Models in an Enterprise
Olaitan, Nwachukwu, Igbo, Onyemachi and Ekong (1999) define
work-skills as practical activities which can help an individual to acquire
53
saleable skills. They further stated that work-skills are a total away of
responsibilities within an activity which an individual performs for work
to have been done.
Two models were identified by Olaitan et al (1999) as keller and
competency-based. Only the competency based model will be discussed
as it is the model that suits this study.
[
Competency - Based Model:
Olaitan (2003) stated that to be competent means that the
individual has acquired the knowledge, skills attitudes and judgement
which he requires in order to perform successfully at a specified
proficiency level in a given work. Achilike and Okwuanaso (2004) stated
that competency is the abilities of powers and authority of skills,
knowledge, attitudes that are needed to accomplished tasks.
To execute a job or task successfully, requires certain
competencies. According to Okoro (2006), competency comprise of
knowledge/know-how required for job occupation; skills in the
application of knowledge, selecting and applying the knowledge
successfully in ones sphere of work in order to accomplish occupational
roles. However, competencies are the state or quality of being adequately
or well qualified, having the ability to perform a specific role.
Olaitan, et al (1999) before outlining the steps in using
competency-based model stated that it is synonymous with learning to
54
do. It is a process of designing and delivering strategies which can help a
student to acquire knowledge, skills and attitudes (competencies needed
for successful entry into employment) it involves arranging skills,
knowledge and attitudes to be learnt in hierarchy of difficulty. The
outlined steps include:
Identification of all tasks to be learnt.
Determination of what one need to know and do in order to perform
the identified tasks or jobs.
Arrangement of tasks and jobs in appropriate courses
Knowledge and skill for each task or job should be in hierarchy.
What one needs to know for mastery should be determined.
The Strength of this Model Helps to:
Assure educators that are providing appropriate vocational
education
Make teachers take decisions relative to what to teach, when to
teach it and how much time should be spend on it.
The authors further identified the following as constraints of
competency-based model:
For success to be achieved, learning tasks must be arranged
sequentially.
Learner must master specific skill before going on to another.
It is characterized by rigorous reliance on objectives.
55
This study will adopt the competency-based model because all the
steps and activities involved in establishing small and medium scale
drafting enterprise will be carried out by identifying the competencies to
be learnt, determination of what drafting students need to know in order
to perform the identified tasks like: personality attributes, drafting,
financial/marketing, and managerial. The knowledge and competencies
for these identified will be in hierarchy for achieving success in an
enterprise.
Review of Related Empirical Studies on Entrepreneurial
Competencies of Drafting Graduates
Anyakoha (1994) cited in Alio (2006) conducted a study on
enhancing the entrepreneurial skills of operators of Home Economics
related businesses and its implication for entrepreneurship education.
The sample of the study consisted of 200 entrepreneurs in Home
Economics in Enugu state. Questionnaire was the instrument used for
data collection.
The data collected was analyzed using mean statistics. The
following findings were made from the research.
Some entrepreneurial skills were needed by operators of Home
Economics related enterprise.
The entrepreneurial skill needed included knowledge of factors
involved in overhead control knowledge of inventory control, and
turnover ability manage time and meet job schedules, acquisition of
56
management and supervisory skills, knowledge of importance and of
job demands at home and family life, maintenance of appropriate
open channels of communication.
The following recommendations based on the findings of the study
were made.
That entrepreneurship education should be made part of the Home
Economics education of various levels of education, since graduates
from programmes often strive for self employment and self reliance.
That Entrepreneurship education should be encouraged through
mass media. Anyakaho’s study is related to this study in content and
design.
Alio (2006) conducted a study on strategies for enhancing the
competencies of electronics craftsmen in the informal sector of the
economy of Enugu state. The sample of the study consisted of 426
electronics craftsmen drawn from the seven local government area of
Enugu state. Questionnaire was the instrument used for data collection.
The data collected was analyzed using frequency counts,
percentage mean, standard deviation, ANOVA, test and scheffe multiple
comparism test. The following findings were made in the research.
That 70% of electronics craftsmen who operate small and medium
enterprises have never worked in any industries.
Most electronics craftsmen are in the age levels of 21-40 years.
They occupy permanent structure well-built workshops.
57
It was recommended from the study thus:
That since the education level of electronics craftsmen is low,
measures should be taken to update and broaden their knowledge
and competencies urgently.
Any retraining programme for improvement of the craftsmen skills
should be short in terms of duration, bearing in mind that they are
self-employed. The programmes should also be cost effective. It
should be affordable and attractive considering their background.
Government should mount electronics maintenance and service
oriented model electronics w/shops in some strategic places in
urban centres of Enugu state purposely to update the skills and
knowledge of electronics craftsmen.
Any government /non-government organization interested in
enhancing the competencies of electronics craftsmen in the informal
sector of the economy should always involve the owners of the
electronics workshop in the programme planning. Alio's study is
related to this work in content while the difference is in the use of
statistical tools.
Eliozor (2005) carried out a research work to determine
employability skills required by University Business Education students
in Enugu state. A survey research design was adopted for the study.
Mean, standard deviation and t-test statistics were used for data
analysis. Findings of the study revealed that 99% of the skills were rated
58
required while 1% as not required. This study is related to the present
study because of it focused on employability skill which is needed in
entrepreneurship, research design, instrument for data collection and
method of data analysis are all similar to that of the present study.
Ezeobele (2006) was another work on finding out the appropriate
skills needed for improved entrepreneurship in family poultry. The study
adopted a survey research design. A structured questionnaire was used
for data collection from 55 respondents. The data collected was analysis
using mean and standard deviation to answer the research questions,
while t-test statistics was used to test hypothesis. Major findings from
the study revealed that 42 skills were needed for improved
entrepreneurship in family poultry production. The study is related to the
present study because it also focuses on required skills for employability
which is what is needed for entrepreneurship.
Allu (2006) further carried out a study on work competencies
needed by technical college metal work graduates for entrance into
private enterprises in Nasarawa state. The study adopted a survey
research design. A structured questionnaire was also used for data
collection from 104 respondents. The data collected were analyzed using
mean and standard deviation to answer the research questions, while t-
test statistics was used to test null hypotheses. Major finding from the
study revealed that 101 competencies were identified as important work
59
competencies, needed for entrance into private enterprises. The study of
Allu is related to this work in content and design.
Wambutda (2008) carried out a research on competencies required
by technical college furniture craft students in furniture making
enterprise in F.C.T. the study adopted a survey research designs.
Structured questionnaire was used for collection of data from 242
respondents. The data collected were analyzed using mean and standard
deviation to answer the research questions, while t-test statistics were
employed to test hypotheses. Findings from the study revealed that 37
competencies are needed by youths for furniture making. Furthermore,
all the studies cited above are similar to the present work because their
method of research design and instrument for data collection are all
related to that of the present study.
However, the study on identification of entrepreneurial
competencies required by technical college drafting graduates for
establishing small and medium scale enterprises in Plateau state was
among the few on-going research in drafting enterprises to make the
graduates of technical colleges function effectively in small and medium
scale drafting enterprises.
[Summary of Literature Reviewed
The review of literature related to this study revealed that small
and medium scale drafting enterprises have made tremendous
contributions in the area of employment, income generation, training and
60
provision of social services that government somehow neglected to
provide. The small and medium scale enterprises in drafting is beset with
several problems, most of which revolve around lack of capital for growth
and poor competencies to catch up with technological knowledge in the
trade.
The review also showed that most technical college graduates do
not have the knowledge and skills that will enable them to take up
available jobs or be self-reliant. Some of the deficiencies attributing to the
failure of the graduates in establishing and sustaining their enterprises
are in the area of technical, interpersonal, financial, and marketing
competencies. Related empirical studies to the present study have
specially revealed that information gap exists with respect to acquisition
of saleable competencies required by the draftsmen for effective and
efficient running of their enterprises. The study also revealed that
draftsmen’s efficient operations in their workshops are hampered as a
result of level of competency they attained during their initial training.
Several studies that have been carried out in Nigeria concentrated
on strategies for enhancing the competencies needed by technical college
students for self-employment on graduation, none of such studies known
to the researcher was carried out on the entrepreneurial competencies
required by technical college drafting graduates for establishing SMEs.
However, the strategies identified by these researchers, although useful
cannot claim to be the competencies required by technical college
61
drafting graduates for establishing SMEs and that is the gap this study
tends to filled.
62
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
This chapter describes the following subheadings: Design of the
study, Area of the study, Population for the study, Instrument for data
collection, validation of instrument, reliability of the instrument, method
of data collection, and method of data analysis.
Design of the Study
This study adopted a survey research design in which information
relating to entrepreneurial competencies of technical college drafting
graduates were sought. A survey research design as explained by Olaitan
and Nwoke (1988) is one in which the entire population or representative
sample is studied by collection and analysis of data from a group of
respondents through the use of questionnaire. Also Nworgu (2006)
defined survey research design as that design that centres on people,
their beliefs, opinion, attitudes and behavior. The survey research design
is considered most appropriate and suitable since the study solicits for
information from drafting teachers and draftsmen of small and medium
scale enterprises on the entrepreneurial competencies required by
technical college drafting graduates for establishing small and medium
scale enterprises (SMEs).
59
63
Area of the Study
The study was carried out in Plateau State. The state has three
technical Colleges namely: Government Science and Technical College
Bukuru, Liberty Institute of technology Jos, and Kuru trade Centre kuru.
Population for the Study
The population for the study was 89 comprising of 11 drafting
teachers in the three technical colleges in plateau State and 78
draftsmen of small and medium scale enterprises. This information was
obtained from Plateau state ministry of Education and ministry of
Commerce Industries and Tourism respectively. No sampling was carried
out since the population was of manageable size.
[
Instrument for Data Collection
The instrument for data collection in this study was a structured
questionnaire. The same instrument was used as an Interview guide for
the less literate respondents. The questionnaire items were made up of
two sections namely: section one soliciting information on personal data
of the respondents, while section two is structured into four parts (A, B,
C,& D). Part A deals on Technical competencies with 18 items, Part B
deals on Managerial competencies with 19 items, Part C deals on
Financial/marketing competencies with 20 items, while, Part D deals on
General Personal attributes with 16 items respectively required by
Technical College drafting graduates for establishing SMEs. A five-point
response modes of Highly required (HR), Required (R), Moderately
64
Required (MR), Slightly Required (MR),and Not Required(NR) with a
corresponding numerical value of 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1, was assigned to the
response scales for the competencies items as represented below.
Highly Required (HR) = 5
Required (R) = 4
Moderately Required (MR) = 3
Slightly Required (SR) = 2
Not Required (NR) = 1
[ Validation of Instrument
The Instrument was face validated by five experts, two of these
experts are from the department of Vocational Teacher Education,
University of Nigeria, Nsukka, one from Department of Technical
Education Federal College of Education Pankshin and two registered
Draftsmen from Plateau North and Plateau South senatorial districts.
The experts were requested to assess the items in the instrument in
terms of clarity and appropriateness in addressing the problem of the
study and research questions under investigation. The validates',
criticism, advice and suggestions were incorporated in the final draft of
the instrument. The impute of the validates really made the instrument
to the present standard.
65
Reliability of the Instrument
To establish the reliability of the instrument, the questionnaire was
trial tested on 3 drafting teachers and 10 draftsmen of SME. Teachers
and draftsmen were randomly drawn within Government Science and
Technical College Asakio, and Lafia town respectively, all in Nasarawa
state. Nasarawa State was chosen because it was carved out from
plateau State, therefore, Nasarawa State has the same level/Pattern of
work organization as Plateau State.
The Data obtained from the trial testing was analyzed using
Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient to determine internal consistency of
the instrument. Section B of the instrument yielded .824, section C .837,
section D .826, and section E .814 given a total reliability of .825.
Cronbach Alpha was considered adequate because it is a generalized
formula that is used for multiple scored response items (Ogbazi and
Opkala, 1994). The result of the trial test helps predict the outcome of
the responses of the respondents.
Method of Data Collection
The questionnaire was administered to respondents by the
researcher and three research assistants. The research assistants were
briefed on how to administer the instrument in order to enhance the
return rate of the instruments. Information on the proper completion of
the instrument was explained to the research assistants who helped in
gathering the data for this study. A total of 89 copies of questionnaire
66
were distributed; out of which 11 was for teachers of drafting and 78 for
draftsmen of SMEs. The instrument was with the respondents for about
four to five hours to ensure 100% return rate.
Method of Data Analysis
Data collected from the respondents were analyzed using mean and
t-test. Mean statistics and standard deviation was used to answer the
research questions 1-4. The cut off point for taking decision on each item
was 3.00. Any item whose mean is 3.00 and above were regarded as
required while any item whose mean is less than 3.00 were regarded as
not required.
The four null hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance
using t-test. The calculated t-test (t-cal) was compared with the table
value (t-tab) at 0.05 level of significance. This t- test of significance helps
to determine the degree of difference in the responses of the respondents
where the calculated value is less than table value, the null hypotheses
indicates that there is no significant difference in the responses of the
two groups of the respondents, therefore, the hypothesis (H0) of no
significant difference were upheld for that item. For an item with a
reverse value from the above, a hypothesis of no significant difference
were rejected for that item.
67
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