Superficial Bladder Cancer- TCC · & NMP22 Test (10/11) (74/79) Cystoscopy 55% 86% alone (6/11)...
Transcript of Superficial Bladder Cancer- TCC · & NMP22 Test (10/11) (74/79) Cystoscopy 55% 86% alone (6/11)...
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Superficial Bladder Cancer-TCC
Barry Stein, M.D.Professor Emeritus
Alpert Medical School ofBrown University
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2009 data
Total of 70,980 new cases52,810 males18,170 females
Prevalence
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Total is 14,300Men: 10,180Women: 4,150
Mortality
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70,980 new pts annually
56,784 pts will have superficial tcc
39,750 will have a recurrence
7950 pts will upgrade or upstage
4,000 pts will develop metastases or die
Year 2 there would be 56,784 + 39,750 pts in the poolThis continues on ad infinitum
Plus any pts with upper tract tumors + bladder tumor
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Breakdown of cases
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Cause of TCC
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Genetic Issues
• Genetic changes ie oncogenes play a role• Suppressor gene mutations ie
– P53- Ch 17– Rb- Ch 13q– 9p21 region of Ch 9
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Patient Presentation
• Gross Hematuria in 85%• Microscopic hematuria• Pain on voiding• UTI• Incidental finding on CT or US study
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The Hematuria “Tattoo”
Upper tract imagingCystoscopyCytologic exam
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Work Up
• Upper tract imaging– CT scan – IVU
• Cystoscopy– Flexible– rigid
• Some type of “cytology” test• Then, after dx a tumor, a TURBT is
performed
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CT Scan shows papillary lesion
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CT Scan of Bladder Ca- solid
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Upper Tract Tumor
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Office Flexible Cystoscope
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Rigid Cystoscopes
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Superficial TCC- 80%
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CIS (Flat Lesion)- 1-2%
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Invasive Cancer- 20%
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Let’s Talk About “Cytology”
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AUA Guidelines 2001
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Risk Factors
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What’s the Trouble with Cytology?
• The following slides with comments on what’s the trouble with cytology are taken from a recent editorial in the Journal of Urology written by William Murphy
• Reference JU 176: 2343-2346, 2006
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What’s the Trouble with Cytology?
• in my opinion the decades long dissatisfaction with UC as a method for detecting urothelial neoplasms can be condensed into the 3 somewhat related themes of
• 1) inaccurate histological classification and terminology
• 2) inappropriate clinical approach to urothelial neoplasms
• 3) lack of confidence among pathologists in general and cytopathologists in particular.
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What’s the Trouble with Cytology?
• Many urological pathologists do not claim to have proficiency in cytology and many cytopathologists have not been specifically trained in urinary cytopathology.
• When assessing a urinary specimen, it is not uncommon for cytopathologists to attempt an extrapolation of criteria learned for uterine cervical lesions.
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Urology 66, supplement 1, 35-63, 2005
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• This paper studied:– 93 pts with known bladder cancer– 42 pts with benign disease– 50 normal volunteers– And compared BTA, NMP 22 and standard
urine cytology
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Results:
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Results- levels vs grade
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32Compared: NMP22, BTA, telomerase activity, hgb dipstick and voided cytology
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Results- compared to cysto and bx findings
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Gupta et al – recurrence rates
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Dogs trained to smell bladder cancer in urineMan's best friend could help fight disease,
scientists say
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New Lab Test in development
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Diagnosis DemographicsTotal Tested Population (1331) vs Patients with TCC (79)
TCC 79 / 1,331 (6%)
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Sensitivity for Detecting TCC: Diagnosis
Cytology = 16%NMP22 Test = 57%
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Improved Detection withNMP22 BladderChek Test and Cystoscopy
Muscle Invasive All Cancers
Cystoscopy 91% 94%& NMP22 Test (10/11) (74/79)
Cystoscopy 55% 86%alone (6/11) (68/79)
Cancers not seen by cystoscopy but detected by NMP22 Test:Bladder CIS, T2, T3; Ureter T2; Renal Pelvis T1, T3
P=0.014
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Monitoring (Surveillance) Demographics
Total population = 668Patients with tumors = 103 (15%)
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Sensitivity for Detecting Cancer: Monitoring
Cytology = 12%NMP22 Test = 50%
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Improved Detection withNMP22 BladderChek Test and Cystoscopy
Muscle Invasive All Cancers
Cystoscopy 91% 99%& NMP22 Test (10/11) (102/103)
Cystoscopy 64% 91%alone (7/11) (94/103)
Cancers not seen by cystoscopy but detected by NMP22 Test:Ta G1, 2 Cis G3, T1 G3, 2 T2 G3, 2 T4 G3
P=0.005
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Relative Risk- High Grade
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Relative Risk- Low Grade
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Bladder Cancer Detection AlgorithmResult: >99% Negative Predictive Value
Action: Standard SurveillancePathway
#1NMP22 Test(NEG)
Cystoscopy (NEG)
Pathway #2
NMP22Test (POS)
Cystoscopy (NEG)
Result: Potential for undetected cancer
Action: - More intensive investigation- Review/Schedule upper tract tests- Follow up within shorter interval
Pathway #3
NMP22Test (POS)
Cystoscopy (POS)
Result: - Up to 99% of cancers detected;- Elevated risk of muscle invasive
and/or high grade cancer
Action: Prioritize for biopsy
Pathway #4
NMP22 Test(NEG)
Cystoscopy (POS)
Result: Greater likelihood nonmuscle invasive and low grade cancer
Action: Standard biopsy
Pathway #2
NMP22Test (POS)
Cystoscopy (NEG)
Result: Potential for undetected cancer
Action: - More intensive investigation- Review/Schedule upper tract tests- Follow up within shorter interval
Pathway #3
NMP22Test (POS)
Cystoscopy (POS)
Result: - Up to 99% of cancers detected;- Elevated risk of muscle invasive
and/or high grade cancer
Action: Prioritize for biopsy
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TreatmentSuperficial TCC
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Initial Treatment
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Staging
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WHO Classification
Urology 66, supplement 1, 4-34, 2005
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Papillary UN of LMP
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Papillary Carcinoma LG
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High Grade TCC
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Progession Rates
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Treatment Paradigm-IWhat is the risk of dying of this?
• Low risk of progression- 10%
• Ta- Grade 1• Ta- Grade 2• T1- Grade 1
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Treatment Paradigm-II
• Moderate risk of progression- 25%
• Ta- Grade 3• T1- Grade 2
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Treatment Paradigm-III
• High risk for progression- 50%
• T1- Grade 3• CIS
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Intravesical Chemotherapy
• Indications:– Ablation– Prophylaxis– Prevent progression– CIS
• Agents:– BCG– MMC– Adriamycin– Interferon
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At the end of the day…
• ~80% 5 yr survival rate for superficial ca– Most of the deaths are from Grade 3, T1
• ~60% 5 yr survival rate for invasive ca– We need earlier diagnosis and better
chemotherapy
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Thank you for joining me.