SuperDARN in Poland – SuperDARN in Poland – study of potential scientific benefitsstudy of potential scientific benefits

B. Popielawska (1), A. Odzimek (2), I. Stanislawska (1), M.Kubicki (2),A. Wernik (1), G. Góral (1), M. Grzesiak (1), M. Pożoga (1)

1. Space Research Center of the Polish Academy of Sciences2. Institute of Geophysics of the Polish Academy of Sciences

both at Warsaw, Poland

(1)(2)

SuperDARN Workshop 2011, Hanover, SuperDARN Workshop 2011, Hanover, NHNH

Who we are:

• Plasma Physics Dpt. of Space Research Center PAS (SRC), space weather lab. (I. Stanislawska – head) and radiophysics group (prof. A.Wernik & his co-worker dr

M. Grzesiak) +2 PhD students (G.Góral and M.Pożoga)

• Atmospheric Physics Dpt. of Institute of Geophysics PAS (IGF), Laboratory of Atmospheric Electricity - dr Anna Odzimek & eng. Marek Kubicki (head)

1. Atmospheric electricity - observations

Atmospheric electricity observation stations

Mid-latitude

- Geophysical Observatory Swider, Poland (21.25°E, 52.12°N, geom ~48°N), since 1920, originally geomagnetic obs., ground-level electric data records since 1958

• DC electric field and conductivity, electric current (not continuously), • full meteorology• aerosols: cloud condensation nuclei, PM10 aerosol (<10m)• other: AWESOME VLF receiver (Stanford University), optical TLEs (new)

High-latitude

- Polish Polar Station Hornsund, Svalbard (15.50°E, 77.00°N, geom ~74°N) • DC electric field, electric current (sporadically), data records since 1989• full meteorology• lidar measurements (new)

Plans to establish atmospheric electricity measurements at Henryk ArctowskiPolish Antarctic Station, South Shetland Islands, (62.16 S, 58.47 W, geom ~47°S)

The Institute runs 11 observation stations over Poland area and the Polish polar station in Hornsund, Svalbard, all performing various geophysical measurements in • Geomagnetism (Belsk, Hel, Hornsund -> INTERMAGNET, IMAGE, MM100)• Atmospheric physics, incl. atmospheric electricity (Belsk ->AERONET, EARLINET, Swider, Hornsund)• Seismology

Electric field measurentsat Swider and Hornsund

2. Atmospheric electricity data analysis and modelling

Global atmospheric electric circuit (GEC)

-High-resolution GEC modelA model version including lower atmosphere generators, developed at the University of Leicester (Odzimek et al., 2010)

- Lower atmosphere generators in GEC• thunderclouds and lightning• shower clouds (new project)

- Magnetospheric-ionospheric effects on GEC• effects of sudden magnetospheric disturbances on the ground-level electric field Ez (case studies)

Nikiforova et al., 2006; Michnowski et al., 2007; Kleimenova et al., 2008; 2010

• role of the ionospheric convection in GECMean Hornsund overhead ionospheric convection potential and fair-wether external component of the electric field Ez (normalised); based on 31 selected days from Nov 2004-Jun 2009

Hornsund in the field of view of SuperDARN radars, as of 1 Nov 2004

HRN

Recent work :

SRC Space Weather Forecast Laboratory runs the ISES Regional Warning Center

Theme: Information and Communication Technologies

-Action 271: Effects of Upper Atmosphere on Terrestrial and Earth-space Communications (Chair: Bruno ZOLESI, end date: May 2005) – I. Stanisławska

-Action 296: MIERS – Mitigation of Ionospheric Effects on Radio Systems Chair: Alain Bourdillon (Chair: Alain BOURDILLON, end date: February 2009) – I. Stanisławska and H. Rothkaehl

European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program - participation in research supported by Polish grant

Theme: Earth System Science and Environmental Management

-Action 724: Developing the Basis for Monitoring, Modelling and Predicting Space Weather (Chair: Jean LILENSTEIN, end date: November 2007) - I. Stanisławska and H. Rothkaehl

-Action 803: Developing Space Weather Products and Services in Europe (Chair: Dr. Anna BELEHAKI, end date: June 2012) – A. Krankowski and R. Rothkaehl

Research activity in ionospheric physics

- models of the local ionosphere with trough (Ne(h, , ) , foF2, TEC and other parameters)

- methods of validation of nowcasting using Polish ionosonde in Warsaw and Spitsbergen with vertical (and oblique) sounding

- theory and observations of scintillation of high-frequency radio waves – MISTECS experiment

- natural and man-made radio and plasma wave environment in the ionosphere (prof. H. Rothkaehl and Co.)

- ionosphere plasma and wave modification due to tectonic activity (data from CNES Demeter satellite - prof. J. Blecki)

GPS data

CBKA coord: (X=3654410.034, Y=1407752.520, Z=5017576.933), Reference system: EUREF-89

Ionospheric Vertical Sounding & GPS Warsaw

Ionosonda dataAuxiliary parameters :NmF2, hmF2, NmE, hmE and slant and vertical TEC

MISTECS - Monitoring Ionospheric Scintillation

and Total Electron Content on Spitsbergen

LocalizationPolish Polar Stationin Hornsund

Scientific aims●to measure drifts in the ionosphere● to compare measured scintillationcharacteristics with W-A-M model● study the turbulence in theionosphere●monitoring S4 – scintillation index●monitoring phase variance●monitoring TEC

3 Silicon Valley’s GSV4004B GPS Ionospheric Scintillation and TEC Monitors(GISTM) (van Dierendonck et al. 1993) connected to Novatel GPS-533 antennas

SRC team in Hornsund(from left M. PozogaA. Rokicki, L. Tomasik)

Occurrence frequency of phase scintillations

Results of MISTECS

Mariusz Pozoga

Results of MISTECS - PhD Thesis of Mariusz Pożoga:Convection velocity of ionospheric irregularities (arrows) and their axial ratio (color coded)

Spectral index p (1-20 Hz) Intensity of scintillations T

Kp>3+ Kp<+3+

Kp>3+

I

GRZESIAK M, WERNIK A W, Dispersion analysis of spaced antenna measurements, ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE, 27, 2843-2849, 2009

New method of analysis of spaced receivers data- the windowed Fourier transform (WFT) to take care of possible nonstationarity of data, and Radon transform (RT) that can capture

characteristic linear dependence of the cross-spectrum phase on frequency, provided the scintillation pattern on the ground is drifting. The advantage of the method is that it allows to

obtain frequency variations of the drift velocity even for non-stationary data.

Phase-frequency distribution for two pairs of receivers - upper for S-N pair and lower for E-W pair respectively.

Radon transform of the phase-frequency

distributions

dr Marcin Grzesiak

Why we would like to build SuperDARN in Poland?

• Aurora over Poland in 2003 and 2004 - only magnetic records available !

• Inner magnetosphere least known even if dramatic phenomena occur there at high activity (radiation belts, strong E-field,.....)

• Studies of convection electric field in the magnetosphere based on Cluster data by BP and M. Bojanowska - first e-mails to UK about Polish participation in the European StormDARN project after publication of initial results

from Wallops Island

• Support of satellite mission with our input (RELEC, Taranis, ASIM on ISS, Russian ionospheric satellites) and cooperation with ERG, RBSP and ESA Swarm

Images from GUVI aboard TIMED satellite – aurora over Poland about 22:10 UT(GUVI data courtesy of A. B. Christensen)

1216 A , proton precipitation

1672-1812 A, LBH2 – N2 , electron precipitation

o

Weimer model predicted the nightsideconvection throat over Poland

SD scientific subjects of our interest

– Ionospheric plasma drifts, convection electric field – SRC

– Ne irregularity occurrence – SRC

– TIDs and atmospheric gravity waves –SRC & IGF– Mesospheric neutral winds- IGF– Polar Mesospheric Summer Echoes – PMSE - IGF– planetary atmospheric waves - IGF– oceanic surface structure (Geoplanet partner Institute of

Oceanology)– meteor trails – SRC planetology group & Institute of

Geological Sciences (Geoplanet) – ULF waves (Pc5, Pi2) – SRC & IGF– sub-second turbulence in the auroral zone - SRC

Applications of SuperDARN in Poland

• Monitoring of ionosphere for European Galileo system

• Monitoring of local ionoshere for Polish LOFAR stations

• Better space weather service for Poland

• Input to ESA Space Situation Awareness system

What has been done?

• First proposal of „SuperDARN in Poland” on Polish RI Road Map submitted by BP (with support of IGF partners) in December 2009 – unsuccessful

• Space weather group in SRC expressed their vital interest in „SuperDARN in Poland” this year.

• Space Situation Awareness program of ESA started - it is a frame of European activity giving chances for financial support in Poland

What has been done more?• Very important step – PhD student (extern) Grzegorz Góral

started to work on ray tracing for the future SuperDARN in Poland.

G. Góral

Looking for the appropriate field

• Following OSU team I used Google Earth tool to select several fields fullfiling criteria listed by U of Leicester experts (M. Lester, S. Milan)

• As for today the best field seems to be near Wierzbowa in the Lower Silesia region

• It is huge forest region (Bory DolnoslaskieBory Dolnoslaskie), no so densely populated (but acitive parents want to have school in smallest villages)

Site is good for -40o boresite

Preferred scanning boresite?-40 deg from geomagnetic north - overlap with Azores field

+30 deg from geomagnetic north – crossing with field of view of Finland and planned Arctic stations

Some obstacles

• SRC mission is space research - satellite projects have absolute priority; experienced engineering manpower is limited, so ......

• IGF has many observatories all over Poland; one more infrastructure at the remote site is a headache for the administration, but..... we have some extra funding for yearly maintenance of Large Research Infrastructure

• SuperDARN as a medium scale infrastructure is not listed on the European Research Infrastructure Roadmap (EISCAT3D is there), so no preferences to enter the National RI Roadmap.

• In SRC among scientists there is some competition with LOFAR – plans to build one LOFAR site at our Boroviec Astrogeodynamics Observatory. LOFAR project in Poland is quite realistic due to strong lobby of astronomers

Polish National RI Roadmap(as decided on February 2011)

Large research infrastructure on the winner list in astronomy and physics, e.g.:

• 90m radiotelescope in Poland• Cherenkov Telescope Array – Polish contribution• POLFAR – LOFAR in Poland

Projects on the Roadmap have priority in funding.

SuperDARN too cheap to be taken into review procedure

Loop of formal impossibilities

• The requirement to start the administrative procedure of radar approval is the description of a specific field

• To talk with the owners of the field about the radar and to sign the rental agreement one should have the official warranty that the radar is not harmful

• Moreover, all travels and talks need some financial perspective

• No chance for money if in your project you have not presented all official permissions and signed agreements for the ground needed to build the required equipment

• Some preparatory grant would be useful, but such path of financing in Poland does not exist

Future steps anyway

• Next proposal for preparatory science and works will be submitted on 15 June 2011

• Next proposal for the New Research Infrastructure call will be submitted to the end of August 2011

• Looking for the international partners?• Joining others for some European project

in other country (Ukraine?)

• Next solar maximum is soon, RBSP, ERG and Swarm also soon, so we should intensify efforts.

What to do to be successful?

• Prove that middle latitude SuperDARN as a global network opens new areas of research?

• Show connections to Global Change studies?

• ...............................

Thank you!

General conditions for measurements of scintillation of the GPS signals at Hornsund

Map displaying the location of the Polish Polar Station (HOR). Continuous lines show the CGM latitudes at 350 km. Blue circle indicates the ionospheric (350 km altitude) intersection of the raypath at 10 elevation from HOR.

Propagation angle (angle between the propagation path and magnetic field) for Hornsund. In the semi-transparent area GPS satellites are not visible. Azimuth is magnetic.