Superconductivity: Power in the Fast Lane Paul M. Grant EPRI Lead, Tech Forecast Strategic Science &...
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Transcript of Superconductivity: Power in the Fast Lane Paul M. Grant EPRI Lead, Tech Forecast Strategic Science &...
Superconductivity:Power in the Fast Lane
Paul M. GrantEPRI Lead, Tech Forecast
Strategic Science & TechnologyIEEE Power Engineering Winter
Meeting4 February 1998
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
Fathers of Electricity
DiscoverersDiscoverers
PractitionersPractitioners
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
Fathers of Cryogenics
Dewar Kammerlingh-Onnes
CH4 112 KO 90N2 77Ne 27H2 20He 4.2
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
(((
Models of Electrical ConductivityThe First Idea:R
T
Just Goesto Zero!
(((
(((
(((
• •e-e-
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
Models of Electrical ConductivityThe Most Popular:R
T
Freezes Out!e-
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
Models of Electrical ConductivityReality:R
T
Limited byImpurities!
•e-
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
Thus the mercury at 4.2 K has entered a new state, which, owing to its particular electrical properties, can be called the state of superconductivity
H. Kamerlingh-Onnes (1911)
A Big Surprise!
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
Physics of Superconductivity
+ +
+ +•e-
•e-
Electrons Pair Off!
)/1exp( 14.1 DCT
BCS Equation
(Niobium) K 5.9
,28.0
,K 275
C
D
T
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
TC vs. Year: The Past
0
5
10
15
20
25
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980Year
Te
mp
era
ture
(K
)
Hg
Pb
NbN V3Si
Nb3Sn
Nb3Ge
Cubic Metals
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
Superconductivity:What’s It Good For?
MRI Surgical UnitGeneral Electric
TevatronFermi National Laboratory
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
Superconductivity:High-Tc Surprise!
Bednorz and MuellerIBM Zuerich, 1986
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 0
50
100
150
200
Tem
perature, T
C (K
)
Year
Low-TC
High-T
C
164 K
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
1987:“The Prize!”
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
Type II Superconductivity
IrreversibilityLine
Meissner
Mixed
Normal
Mag
net
ic F
ield
Temperature
-M
HHC2HC1
1/4
TC
HC1
HC2
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
H
J
FLorentz Defects (pin sites)
LorentzForce
Abrikosov Vortex Lattice
Vortices
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
BSCCO OPIT/Ag Process
ASC Wire Forming Process
Oxide Powder Mechanically Alloyed Precursor
A. Extrusion
B. Wire DrawC. Rolling
1. PowderPreparation
Billet Packing& Sealing
Deformation& Processing
Oxidation -Heat Treat
2.
3.
4.
Wire is the electrical commodity
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
BSCCO OPIT/Ag TapeGeneration I Wire
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
Power Applications:Wire for Cables
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
Y-123 Bi-2223
Layered CuO Perovskites
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
• Biaxially Oriented Y-123
• Out of Japan, LANL, ORNL
• EPRI/ASC Alliance to Commercialize
Coated HTSC ConductorsGeneration II Wire
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
“The SokPlot”
1000 100 10 1 0.11
10
100
1000
10000
Y-123 IBAD
EURUS
Bi-2223
77K, 0T
Siemens
Target
Bi-2223
77K, 0T
NKT Target
"Sokolowski Plot" of HTSC Wire Performance and Cost
NbTi
4.2K, 2T
Bi-2212
4.2K, 0T
IGC
Nb3Sn
4.2K, 12-15 T
Bi-2223
77K, 0T
IGC
$1,000
$100$10 $1 /kAm
Op
era
tin
g C
urr
en
t, Ic
(A
)
Cost ($/m)
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
Wire C/P Market Entry Thresholds
Time
C/P
($/
kA
×m
)
Substation Elimination
SMES/FCL/Transformers
70% New UG Cables
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
Electricity & SC:Weakest Scenario
• Fuel Types & Location– Gas, Renewables Dominate - No More Nukes– Distributed Generation Grows
• Geopolitics– Regional Instability– Economic Gap between Nations Continues
• Environment– Carbon Sequestration Successful– Risk Abatement Deferred
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
Electricity & SC:Strongest Scenario
• Fuel Types & Location– Nukes, Hydro, Non-Transportables Dominate– Centralized Generation Grows
• Geopolitics– Regional Stability Achieved– Economic Gap between Nations Shrinks
• Environment– Risk Abatement Implemented – Global Climate Change Proven/Perceived
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
Global Electrification:A Superconductivity Solution
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
The SuperconductingElectricity Pipe!
I
-V
Ground
Structural Support
SuperconductingElectricityPipeline
ThermalInsulation
ElectricalInsulation
Superconductor(-V)
Superconductor(+V)
+VI
LiquidNitrogen
• Total Cryo System
• Power: 5 GW dc
• Cost: < Gas, HVDC > 500 Miles
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
Gas/HVDC Comparison
Marginal Cost of Electricity (Mid Value Fuel Costs)
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
2.20
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Miles
c/kW
h
LVDC ($5.5/kA-m @ 65K)
LVDC ($10/kA-m @ 77K)
HVDC
gas pipeline
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
EdisonMaybe he was right after all!
TeslaInventor,
Polyphase ac System
Electricity DeliveryIs Its Future dc?