Superconductivity & Particle AcceleratorS · 2 Welcome The conference Superconductivity & Particle...

Superconductivity & Particle AcceleratorS

27-29 November 2018, Cracow, Poland

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27-30 November 2018, Krakow, Poland

Abstract Book

http://spas.ifj.edu.pl

[email protected]

(+48) 12 662 8114



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Welcome

The conference Superconductivity & Particle Accelerators is held in Kraków at The Henryk Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences (IFJ PAN) on November 27-29, 2018.

The conference is devoted to research in the domain of superconductivity

and its applications in science, as well as on research in the field of particle accelerators, conducted in Polish research institutions as well as by Polish scientists working in the international laboratories. It is a continuation of the previous conferences, held at the IFJ PAN in 2014 and 2016. The objective of this conference is to identify current and potential areas of research in superconductivity and particle accelerators, developed and possible to develop in Poland and to determine the needs in the infrastructure to support this research.

Local Organizing Committee



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Content

Welcome ............................................................................................................................................... 2

Content ................................................................................................................................................. 3

Committees .......................................................................................................................................... 4

Agenda .................................................................................................................................................. 6

Tuesday, November 27th ............................................................................................................. 6

Wednesday, November 28th ........................................................................................................ 7

Thursday, November 29th ............................................................................................................. 9

Session I: Physicist in large accelerators ................................................................................... 10

Session II: Special Session HL-LHC .............................................................................................. 16

Session III: Superconductors ......................................................................................................... 22

Session IV: Challenges in Large Scientific Facilities ................................................................ 29

Session V: Poster Session ............................................................................................................... 35

Session VI: Special Session ESS .................................................................................................... 48

Session VII: Challenges in superconductivity and accelerators .......................................... 56

Session VIII: SRF ................................................................................................................................ 62

Session IX: Secial session PolFEL ................................................................................................. 67

Session X: Challenges in low temperature engineering ........................................................ 76

Session XI: Smart materials ........................................................................................................... 82

Session XII: Research, Technological Infrastructures and Industry: European and National Coactions ..................................................................................................................... 86



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Committees

Honorary Patronage:

Prof. dr hab. Marek Jeżabek General Director the Henryk Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Science

Scientific Program

Dr Dariusz Bocian (IFJ PAN Krakow, PL) Mr Krzysztof Brodziński (CERN, Geneva, CH) Prof. dr hab. Maciej Chorowski (NCBiR, Wroclaw, PL) Dr Krzysztof Czuba (PW, Warsaw, PL) Dr Sandor Feher (FNAL, Batavia, US) Dr Jarosław Fydrych (ESS, Lund, SE) Dr Marek Gąsior (CERN, Geneva, CH) Prof. dr hab. Artur Kawecki (AGH, Krakow, PL) Prof. dr hab. Tadeusz Lesiak (IFJ PAN Krakow, PL) Dr hab. Monika Lewandowska (ZUT, Szczecin, PL) Dr hab. Dariusz Makowski (PŁ, Łódź, PL) Prof. dr hab. Piotr Malecki (IFJ PAN Krakow, PL) Dr Andrzej Morawski (IWC, Warsaw, PL) Prof. dr hab. Andrzej Napieralski (PŁ, Łódź, PL) Dr Paweł Pęczkowski (IFJ PAN Krakow, PL) Dr hab. Sławomir Pietrowicz (PWr, Wroclaw, PL) Dr Jarosław Poliński (PWr, Wroclaw, PL) Prof. dr hab. Ryszard Romaniuk (PW, Warsaw, PL) Prof. dr hab. Jacek Sekutowicz (DESY/SLAC, Hamburg, DE) Dr Andrzej Siemko (CERN, Geneva, CH) Prof. dr hab. Błażej Skoczeń (PK, Krakow, PL) Dr hab. Marek Woch (AGH, Krakow, PL) Dr hab. Sławomir Wronka (NCBJ, Warsaw, PL) Prof. dr hab. Andrzej Zaleski (INTiBS, Wroclaw, PL)



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Local Organizing

Dr Dariusz Bocian (IFJ PAN, Krakow, PL) Dr Michał Duda (IFJ PAN, Krakow, PL) Mr Artur Krawczyk (IFJ PAN, Krakow, PL) Mrs Katarzyna Kwiatkowska (IFJ PAN, Krakow, PL) Mr Jaromir Ludwin (IFJ PAN, Krakow, PL) Mr Wojciech Marek (IFJ PAN, Krakow, PL) Dr Paweł Pęczkowski (IFJ PAN, Krakow, PL) Mr Jacek Świerblewski (IFJ PAN, Krakow, PL) Mrs Olawia Woźnicka (IFJ PAN, Krakow, PL) Mrs Agnieszka Zwoźniak (IFJ PAN, Krakow, PL) Prof. dr hab. Ryszard Romaniuk (PW, Warsaw, PL)

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Agenda Tuesday, November 27th

08:00 - 08:40 Registration

08:40 - 09:00 Welcome

08:40 - 08:50 Marek Jeżabek (IFJ PAN) Welcome by Director General 08:50 - 09:00 Dariusz Bocian (IFJ PAN) SPAS 2018 - general information 09:00 - 11:05 Session I: Physicis in large accelerators 09:00 - 09:25 Tadeusz Lesiak (IFJ PAN) The day after LHC: e+e- colliders are marching on 09:25 - 09:50 Oliver Kirstein (ESS) Physics at ESS 09:50 - 10:15 Beata Ziaja-Motyka (IFJ PAN / DESY) X-ray free-electron lasers - status and applications 10:15 - 10:40 Wojciech Królas (IFJ PAN) Towards IFMIF-DONES - a fusion-like neutron source laboratory 10:40 - 11:05 Roland Heidinger (F4E) The challenges towards building the IFMIF-DONES neutron source 11:05 - 11:30 Coffe Break 11:30 - 13:00 Session II: Special Session HL-LHC 11:30 - 12:10 Beniamino Di Girolamo (CERN) The High Luminosity LHC Project At CERN: Status, Perspectives, Plans 12:10 - 12:35 Ezio Todesco (CERN) Magnets for HL-LHC 12:35 - 13:00 Amalia Ballarino (CERN) Superconducting cold powering links 13:00 - 14:00 Lunch 14:00 - 14:25 Rama Calaga (CERN) Crab cavities design, fabrication and commissioning 14:25 - 14:50 Marco Garlasche (CERN) Fabrication of the HL-LHC Crab Cavity and cryomodule prototypes at CERN 14:50 - 15:30 Session III: Superconductors HTS 14:50 - 15:10 Hubert Fuks (ZUT) Studies of oxygen supercondators REBa2Cu3O7-x (where RE rare earth) using an EPR method

15:10 - 15:30 Sosnowski Jacek (IE) Modelling of the influence heavy ions irradiation on the current-voltage characteristics of the HTc superconducting tapes subjected to the bending strain process

15:30 - 16:00 Coffe Break 16:00 - 17:40 Session IV: Superconductors MgB2 16:00 - 16:25 Wolfgang Heassler (IFW Dresden) MgB2 wires with high critical current density prepared with nano-sized precursor powders

16:25 - 16:50 Andrzej Morawski (IWC PAN) High densification of the HIP-ed superconductors wire cores applicable for the production of high Jc MgB2, Fe-based and HTc devices

16:50 - 17:15 Tomasz Cetner (IWC PAN) Multifold increase of jc in MgB2 wires caused by an increased material density due to Hot Isostatic Pressing- a quantitative analysis

17:15 - 17:40 Joseph Longji Dadiel (SIT Tokyo) Improved performance of Ag-added nano-diamond doped MgB2

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Wednesday, November 28th

09:00 - 11:30 Session V: Challenges in Large Scientific Facilities

09:00 - 09:30 Marek Scholz (IFJ PAN) ITER Plasma Diagnostics IFJ PAN Contribution to Design of the High Resolution Neutron Spectrometer (HRNS) and Radial Neutron Camera (RNC)

09:30 - 10:00 Dariusz Makowski (PŁ) New Architecture for Large-Scale Data Acquisition and Processing Systems 10:00 - 10:30 Wojciech Grabowski (NCBJ) Polish contribution to final Beam Dynamic calculations for accelerator systems analysis in the Early Neutron Souce project 10:30 - 11:00 Radomir Panek (IPP Prague) Conceptual design of the COMPASS-U tokamak 11:00 - 11:30 David Milstead (SU Stockholm) The HIBEAM Experiment at the ESS 11:30 - 13:00 Session VI: Poster Session 11:30 - 13:00 B. Kołodziej (INTiBS PAN) et all Application of PT-100 Platinum Resistance Thermometers for temperature measurements below -200 11:30 - 13:00 W.M. Woch (AGH) et all Critical Currents and Critical temperatures of oxygenated Tl-2223 bulk superconductor 11:30 - 13:00 A. Zwozniak (IFJ PAN) et all DQW crab cavity performance, preparation and testing @ CERN 11:30 - 13:00 A. Krawczyk (IFJ PAN) et all IFJ PAN’s Contribution to the HL-LHC: Crab Cavities & RF 11:30 - 13:00 P. Zachariasz (ITE) et all Magnetic properties of planar SCTO-C1-xMxFO (0 < x < 0.7) heterostructure 11:30 - 13:00 M. Matusiak (NCBJ) NCBJ participation in GBAR experiment

11:30 - 13:00 P. Pęczkowski (IFJ PAN, ITE) Physico-chemical properties of ceramic high-temperature superconductors with an approximate average radius of rare earth ion(-s) obtained by a solid-phase synthesis reaction

11:30 - 13:00 M. Duda (IFJ PAN) et all Power Test Protection Studies of the Second-generation Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) Nb3Sn Damping Wiggler Short Model 11:30 - 13:00 W. Słysz (ITE ) at all Superconducting single-photon detectors as smart quantum sensors

11:30 - 13:00 B. Prochal (IFJ PAN) et all IFJ PAN’s contribution to the HL-LHC:Construction of the Superconducting Links

11:30 - 13:00 A. Szeliga (IFJ PAN) et all Critical Current Measurements of the Nb3Sn wires for the HL-LHC project 11:30 - 13:00 J. Ludwin (IFJ PAN) et all Warm-up/Cool-down Electrical Insulation Monitoring System for the Superconducting Circuits of the LHC 13:00 - 14:00 Lunch 14:00 - 16:00 Session VII: Special Session ESS 14:00 - 14:30 Henrik Carling (ESS) ESS current status and challenges 14:30 - 14:45 Jacek Świerblewski (IFJ PAN) RF system and powder converters installation. Crymodule test 14:45 - 15:00 Krzysztof Czuba (UW) Status of the phase reference line for European Spallation Source 15:00 - 15:15 Jarosław Poliński (PWr) Status of WUST part of the Polish inkind contribution to ESS project 15:15 - 15:30 Jarosław Szewiński (NCBJ) PEG contribution to ESS LLRF system 15:30 - 15:45 Wojciech Cichalewski (PŁ) Integrated Control System in ESS 15:45 - 16:00 Karol Szymczyk (NCBJ) Gamma blocker system design for the ESS 16:00 - 16:30 Coffee Break

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16:30 - 18:10 Session VIII: Challenges in superconductivity and accelerators 16:00 - 16:50 Jakub Tabin (PK) Discontinuous Plastic Flow in the Low-Temperature Superconductors 16:50 - 17:10 Łukasz Tomków (JINR Dubna) Improvement of magnetic field homogeneity with the application of an open superconducting shield 17:10 - 17:30 Stanisław Bednarek (UŁ) The magnetic and electric field produced by a proton bunch in the storage ring of LHC 17:30 - 17:50 Przemysław Adrich (NCBJ) How to minimize stray X-ray contamination of a therapeutic electron beam

17:50 - 18:10 S. Pavan Kumar Naik (SIT Tokyo) Infiltration growth processing of bulk YBa2Cu3O7-x/REBa2Cu3O7-x superconductors: Nano metal oxides and rare earth elements effects on crystal growth and physical properties

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Thursday, November 29th

09:00 - 10:20 Session IX: SRF

09:00 - 09:20 Paolo Pierini (ESS) SRF and ESS 09:20 - 09:40 Frank Gerigk (CERN) SRF at CERN 09:40 - 10:00 Denis Kostin (DESY) Progress towards continuous wave operation of the SRF linac at DESY 10:00 - 10:20 Marco Garlasche (CERN) Advanced simulations for forming of SRF cavities 10:20 - 10:40 Coffee Break 10:40 - 13:10 Session X: Secial session PolFEL 10:40 - 11:05 Krzysztof Kurek (NCBJ) PolFEL, Polish free electron laser facility 11:05 - 11:20 Paweł Krawczyk (NCBJ) The PolFEL Consortium and the organizational aspects of the project 11:20 - 11:40 Karolina Szamota-Leandersson (NCBJ) Scientific application of PolLFEL radiation 11:40 - 12:00 Karol Janulewicz (NCBJ) PolFEL, design of the user stations 12:00 - 12:20 Robert Nietubyć (NCBJ) All superoconducting electron gun for PolFEL free electron laser 12:20 - 12:35 Paweł Czuma (NCBJ) Optical laser system for generation of the PolFEL electron beam 12:35 - 12:55 Marcin Staszczak (NCBJ) Electron beam dynamics in PolFEL supercondating accelerator 12:55 - 13:10 Jarosław Szewiński (NCBJ) PolFEL LLRF Control, synchronization and data acquisition 13:10 - 14:00 Lunch 14:00 - 16:00 Session XI: Challenges in low temperature engineering 14:00 - 14:20 Sławomir Pietrowicz (PWr) Superfluid helium-4 film boiling under microgravity conditions 14:20 - 14:40 Krzysztof Brodziński (CERN) Design and operation of superfluid helium cryostates for superoconducting RF cavities 14:40 - 15:00 Dariusz Bocian (IFJ PAN) Cryogenic infrastructure at IFJ PAN: present & future 15:00 - 15:20 Monika Lewandowska (ZUT) Thermal-hydraulic analysis of the improved Eu-DEMO CS1 coil 15:20 - 15:40 Artur Iluk (PWr) Cryogenic Distribution System of SIS 100 FAIR Accelerator 15:40 - 16:40 Session XII: Smart materials 15:40 - 16:00 Kamila Kluczewska-Chmielarz (UP) The influence of technological conditions on the properties of bismuth sodium titanate NBT 16:00 - 16:20 Piotr Czaja (UP) Lead-free ferroelectric ceramics KBT obtaining, properties and perspectives 16:20 - 16:40 Krzysztof Pomorski (UC Dublin) Towards modelling and implementation of superconducting and semiconductor classical and quantum mind 16:40 - 17:00 Coffee Break 17:00 - 18:05 Session XIII: Research, Technological Infrastructures and Industry: European and National Coactions 17:00 - 17:25 Andrzej Napieralski (PŁ) DMCS recent activities and projects in area of large scale facilities 17:25 - 17:45 Dariusz Bocian (IFJ PAN) Development of Accelerator Science and Technology in Europe - key research projects 17:45 - 18:05 SPAS wrap-up 19:00 - 22:00 Conference Dinner



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Session I: Physicist in large accelerators

(Tuesday, November 27th, 9:00 - 11:00)

Tadeusz Lesiak (IFJ PAN) - The day after LHC: e+e- colliders are marching on

Oliver Kirstein (ESS) - Physics at ESS Beata Ziaja-Motyka (IFJ PAN / DESY) - X-ray free-electron lasers - status

and applications Wojciech Królas (IFJ PAN) - Towards IFMIF-DONES - a fusion-like neutron

source laboratory Roland Heidinger (F4E) - The challenges towards building the IFMIF-

DONES neutron source



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The day after LHC: e+e- colliders are marching on

Tadeusz Lesiak, IFJ PAN, Kraków, Poland

A new giant electron-positron collider, operating at energy frontier is would be natural

continuation and extension of the successful research at the LHC, crowned with the discovery of Higgs

boson. The four projects of such accelerators: two linear (ILC and CLIC) and two circular (FCC-ee and

CEPC) are currently in various stages of development. The next few years will be critical as far the

decisions about the construction of such colliders, in particular in view of the update of European HEP

strategy and expectations of important decisions from Japan, China and USA.

The talk will discuss the motivation and very attractive physics program for new e+e- colliders,

spanning in particular perspectives in Higgs, electroweak and flavour sectors together with expectations

of searches for New Physics. The relevant aspects and challenges of the accelerators together with the

proposed schedules of construction and operation will be discussed.



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Physics at ESS

Oliver Kirstein, Head – Instrument Technologies Division, Science Directorate

European Spallation Source ERIC

ESS will have a unique ability to study a broad range of structures and time scales due to its

long, high-intensity neutron pulses. ESS will offer neutron beams of unparalleled brightness, delivering

a peak flux which is higher than the world’s most powerful reactor-based neutron source, and up to five

times more power than any accelerator-based spallation source. Its high brightness will provide an

unprecedented ability to probe weak signals and systems that change over time, or to measure within a

small volume. This last ability is particularly useful for real-world heterogeneous samples or for

materials for which only small sample quantities are available.

The neutron scattering instruments at ESS offer a unique combination of high sensitivity and

high penetration as they monitor structure and motion at a molecular level. They address today’s cutting

edge research questions, and will be even more important to meet tomorrow’s technological challenges.

Their impact spans many scientific disciplines including physics, chemistry, biology, materials science,

engineering and archaeology. Neutrons can probe magnetism and superconductivity, guide the

development of new materials, “look inside” an operating car engine, or illuminate an old master’s

painting technique without damaging his priceless masterpiece. These techniques further industrial and

technological progress, contributing to advances in fields ranging from pharmaceutical development to

fuel cell technology.



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X-ray free-electron lasers - status and applications

B. Ziaja-Motyka, IFJ PAN, Kraków, Poland & CFEL, DESY, Hamburg, Germany

In my presentation I will give a concise overview of the present status of the research with X-

ray free-electron-lasers (FELs). First, I will discuss the basics on the interaction of X-ray radiation with

matter that has implications for all X-ray FEL applications. As next, I will explain the operating principle

of a FEL. Finally, I will discuss potential applications of X-ray FELs to imaging of biosamples and time-

resolved studies of ultrafast dynamics in atomic, condensed matter, plasma physics and in materials

science, in particular, in the context of the experiments performed and planned at the European XFEL

facility.



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Towards IFMIF-DONES - a fusion-like neutron source laboratory

W. Królas1, A. Ibarra2, F. Arbeiter3, D. Bernardi4, M. Cappelli4, U. Fischer3, A. Garcia2,

R. Heidinger5, F. Martin-Fuertes2, G. Micciche4, A. Munoz2, F.S. Nitti4, M. Perez2, T. Pinna4,

K. Tian3

for EUROfusion Work Package Early Neutron Source (WPENS)

1 IFJ PAN, Poland, 2 CIEMAT, Spain,

3 KIT, Germany, 4 ENEA, Italy,

5 Fusion for Energy

The need of a neutron source for the qualification of materials to be used in future fusion power

reactors has been recognized in the European fusion program since many years. The construction and

operation of such facility are essential for the design of DEMO, the demonstration power reactor planned

to follow ITER. Recently, the construction of IFMIF-DONES neutron source laboratory has been

endorsed by the European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures (ESFRI) as one of the key new

projects filling the gaps in the exciting European science infrastructure.

The activities for the design and engineering of the IFMIF-DONES (International Fusion

Materials Irradiation Facility – DEMO-Oriented Neutron Source) are presently taking place in the

framework of a work package of the EUROfusion Consortium in collaboration with the Fusion for

Energy Organization. They take profit from the results obtained in the IFMIF/EVEDA (Engineering

Validation and Engineering Design Activities) project conducted as part of the EU-Japan bilateral

agreement on the Broader Approach to fusion.

The reference design of IFMIF-DONES is based on neutron production using 125 mA of D+

ions accelerated to 40 MeV and impinging onto a jet of liquid lithium. The resulting neutron flux

intensity and spectrum will have effects on irradiated test materials similar to the ones of a fusion reactor.

In this contribution the principle of operation and the main characteristics of the IFMIF-DONES

neutron source will be presented. The engineering decisions and results included in the recently released

IFMIF-DONES Preliminary Engineering Design Report will be shown and discussed with the emphasis

on the critical issues. The availability of IFMIF-DONES for complementary research experiments not

connected to the irradiation of materials for the fusion program will also be presented.

This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has

received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014-2018 under grant agreement

No. 633053. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European

Commission, Fusion for Energy, or the authors’ home institutions or research funders.



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Achievements and challenges of the LIPAc accelerator heading for an IFMIF-

type neutron source

R. Heidinger, P. Cara, K. Sakamoto and M. Sugimoto

for the IFMIF/EVEDA Project

A fusion neutron source is a facility which is essential for qualifying and licensing high

performance fusion materials for the next generations of plasma machines, such as DEMO. The

production of a fusion typical neutron spectrum using D+ ions accelerated to 40 MeV and impinging

onto a jet of liquid lithium has been recognized as reference method. A joint project in the framework

of the Broader Approach (BA) Agreement between EU and Japan called IFMIF/EVEDA produced the

Intermediate IFMIF Engineering Design Report and provided validation of the feasibility of the

designed Lithium Target System and the Test Facility System by prototyping the EVEDA Lithium Test

Loop and the High Flux test Module.

The prototyping for validating the IFMIF accelerator design is further ongoing with LIPAc

(Linear IFMIF Prototype Accelerator) focussed to demonstrate the technically specially challenging low

energy section up to 9 MeV consisting among others of the D+ ion source, two accelerator stages (RFQ

and superconducting RF linac operated at 175 MHz) and a high power beam dump. The LIPAc facility

is under construction and staged commissioning in Japan at the QST Rokkasho Fusion Institute. The

injector commissioning for pulse operation was completed in summer 2017 and the latest results of the

beam characteristics showed good emittance acceptable for RFQ injection. The installation and checkout

of 5 MeV deuteron RFQ, beam transport & instrumentation, low power beam dump and RF power

system were finished in early 2018 including the RF conditioning of RFQ for low duty cycle operation

mode. At the initial beam commissioning of RFQ in June 2018, the 50 keV proton beam with <30 mA

and 0.3 ms pulse was used for simulating the 100 keV deuteron beam acceleration in RFQ and transport

up to a low power beam dump, without a risk of activation. The good transmission around 93% was

observed for input beam current of 8–30 mA. The installation work for the final configuration of LIPAc

with a superconducting RF linac and the High Power Beam Dump has been started with the objective

to have a first deuteron beam accelerated to 9 MeV by March 2020.

The particular challenges on the way to demonstrate stable and reliable operation under continuous

wave operation will require additional operation phases including enhancement steps of several key

elements of LIPAc in a follow-up activity proposed for 2020 till 2025. The presentation will therefore

also show the expected enhancement plans for the D+ ion source and the RF power system.



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Session II: Special Session HL-LHC

(Tuesday, November 27th, 11:30 - 14:50)

Beniamino Di Girolamo (CERN) - The High Luminosity LHC Project at CERN: Status, Perspectives, Plans

Ezio Todesco (CERN) - Magnets for HL-LHC Amalia Ballarino, (CERN) - Superconducting cold powering links Rama Calaga (CERN) - Crab cavities design, fabrication and

commissioning Marco Garlasche (CERN) - Fabrication of the HL-LHC Crab Cavity and

cryomodule prototypes at CERN



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The High Luminosity LHC Project at CERN: Status, Perspectives, Plans

Beniamino Di Girolamo, for the HL-LHC Project, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) is a novel configuration of the Large Hadron

Collider, aiming at increasing the luminosity by a factor five or more above the nominal

LHC design, to allow increasing the integrated luminosity in the high luminosity

experiments ATLAS and CMS from the 300 fb-1 of the LHC original design up to 3000

fb-1 or more. For this reason around 1.2 km of the current LHC accelerator will be

modified with a bigger aperture and higher focusing power magnets. This contribution

will discuss the present status of the project, the perspectives, the baselin e configurations

and the few options still possible for the project construction and implementation,

likewise the roadmap for meeting the deadline defined by the CERN research plans.



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Magnets for HL-LHC

Ezio Todesco, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

We will give an overview of the magnet required for the HL LHC project, including the 11 T

dipoles, required for improving collimation, and the interaction region magnets around ATLAS and

CMS. The main parameters, the status of development of each magnet, and the plan from now up to

installation will be outlined.



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Superconducting cold powering links

Amalia Ballarino, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The powering of the HL-LHC magnets relies on superconducting transfer lines

(Superconducting Links) based on high-current MgB2 cables cooled by forced flow of helium gas. The

presentation reports the results of the R&D activity performed during the last years at CERN on MgB2

wires, MgB2 cables and MgB2 based cold powering systems. The future activity, that aims at

completing the design and the industrialization of the cold powering systems for final integration in the

LHC underground areas in 2024, is also presented and discussed.



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Crab cavities design, fabrication and commissioning

R. Calaga, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The design, development and challenges of the fabrication of the DQW crab cavity cryomodule

is outlined. The successful installation and beam tests with protons in the SPS machine are presented

along lessons learned and future plans for the HL-LHC series manufacturing



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Fabrication of the HL-LHC Crab Cavity and Cryomodule Prototypes at CERN

M. Garlaschè, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

In the framework of the High Luminosity upgrade project for the LHC (HL-LHC) at CERN,

large sections of the accelerator will be modified [1]. One of the core enhancements are the so called

crab cavities. These are novel SRF systems aimed at increasing integrated luminosity via reduction of

the beam crossing angle.

Two different cavity designs are being developed - one for horizontal (RF Dipole, RFD) and

one for vertical (Double Quarter Wave, DQW) interaction. Such systems will be installed on each side

of both the ATLAS and CMS experiments [1]. In order to validate the correct operating principle of

each cavity type, specific tests are foreseen in the SPS accelerator at CERN [2].

For such tests, two DQW cavities have been successfully produced at the CERN Main

Workshop between beginning of 2016 and first quarter of 2017; these have been subsequently

assembled in a dedicated cryomodule, consisting of all equipment for safe operation and live

diagnostics during tests. Manufacturing of two RFD cavities is currently ongoing. Topics inherent to

the design and fabrication of the mentioned equipment will be discussed.

DQW Crab Cavity Crab Cryomodule RFD Crab Cavity

[1] http://hilumilhc.web.cern.ch

[2] R. Calaga “Crab Cavities for the High –luminosity LHC”, THXA03, Proceedings of SRF 2017, Lanzhou (China), 2017



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Session III: Superconductors

(Tuesday, November 27th, 14:50 – 18:00)

Hubert Fuks (ZUT) - Studies of oxygen superconductors REBa2Cu3O7-x (where RE rare earth) using an EPR method

Sosnowski Jacek (IE) - Modelling of the influence heavy ions irradiation on the current-voltage characteristics of the HTc superconducting tapes subjected to the bending strain process

Wolfgang Heassler (IFW Dresden) - MgB2 wires with high critical current density prepared with nano-sized precursor powders

Andrzej Morawski (IWC PAN) - High densification of the HIP-ed superconductors wire cores applicable for the production of high Jc MgB2, Fe-based and HTc devices

Tomasz Cetner (IWC PAN) - Multifold increase of jc in MgB2 wires caused by an increased material density due to Hot Isostatic Pressing - a quantitative analysis

Joseph Longji Dadiel (SIT Tokyo) - Improved performance of Ag-added nano-diamond doped MgB2



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Studies of oxygen superconductors REBa2Cu3O7-δ

(where RE rare earth) using an EPR method

H. Fuks1, P. Pęczkowski2,3, S. M. Kaczmarek1

1 West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland

2 IFJ PAN, Kraków, Poland

3 ITE, Warsaw, Poland

The samples of well oxidized REBa2Cu3O7-δ materials, with different trivalent RE (rare earth)

ions were studied with use of EPR method, above the temperature of liquid nitrogen (77 K). The

measured sample were obtained by the solid phase synthesis method. It was expected that samples

possess the HTSC transition at about 90 K. The aim of these measurements was to find and describe the

relation between critical temperature, critical magnetic field and the shape of the resonance signal.

For most samples both a non-resonant absorption and emerging of HTSC state was visible in

EPR experiment. The evolution of these signals allowed to determining the critical temperature, as well

as the evolution of the critical magnetic field as a function of temperature.

Additionally, EPR signal of Cu (II) ions was detected and connected with insufficiently oxidized

samples or the existence of contaminated phases.



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Modelling of the influence heavy ions irradiation on the current-voltage

characteristics of the HTc superconducting tapes subjected to the bending strain

process

J. Sosnowski, Electrotechnical Institute, Warsaw, Poland

In the paper has been theoretically analyzed the influence of the nano-sized defects created in

HTc superconductors, for instance through the irradiation in the nuclear accelerators, on the current-

voltage characteristics and critical current of the HTc superconducting tapes, subjected to the bending

strain process. Theoretical model of these characteristics has been proposed basing on the analysis of

interaction of the magnetic pancake type vortices with nano-sized defects for various types of capturing

the vortices, in the initial state. The change of the bending strain acting on the superconducting filament

and film for the second generation composite tape, in the comparison to the applied bending strain,

following from the elasticity properties of superconducting tape and geometrical factor has been

proposed. The positive experimental verification of the model has been made basing on the current-

voltage characteristics measurements performed on the HTc superconductor in the liquid nitrogen

temperature.



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MgB2 wires with high critical current density prepared with nano-sized

precursor powders

W. Häßler, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research

Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany

MgB2 wires are produced meanwhile at relatively low cost in long length for coils or cables

operating at around 20 K. An overview is given of the state of the art of the preparation technology of

MgB2 precursor powders and their application in wires or bulks. The main focus is placed on the

mechanical alloying approach for the preparation of nanocrystal line MgB2 precursor powders.

Appropriate milling parameters are important to find a reasonable compromise between fine grain size

for improved grain boundary pinning and good deformability of the wires. PIT-wires made of such

precursors show a dense microstructure and high critical current densities at low and medium fields

based on distinct grain boundary pinning. MgB2 bulk samples prepared with such precursors by uniaxial

hot pressing and spark plasma sintering are characterized by high trapped fields and can be used as

permanent magnets in the superconducting state.



26

High Densification of the HIP-ed Superconductors Wire Cores Applicable

for the Production of High Jc MgB2,

Fe-based and HTc Devices

A. Morawski1, T. Cetner1 , D. Gajda2, G. Gajda3, A. Zaleski3, R. Diduszko4, M. Tomsic5, M.

Rindfleisch5, W. Haßler6, K. Nenkov6, P. Przysłupski7, A. Yamamto8

1 Institute of High Pressure Physics PAS, Unipress, Warszawa, Poland 2 Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research PAS, Wroclaw, Poland

3 Frakoterm Inc., Toruń, Poland 4 Tele and Radio Research Institute, Warszawa, Poland

5 Hyper Tech Research, Inc., Columbus, OH43228, USA 6 Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, Dresden, Germany

7 Institute of Physics PAS Warszawa, Poland 8 Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan

The high pressure and especially hydrostatic processes (CIP or HIP); have a wide potential to

modify microstructure of materials. It is very important to use the possibilities provided by high pressure

for improving the MgB2 density in in situ materials. They can change the thermodynamic properties

during synthesis. The microstructure can be modified by promoting the nano-grains growth stabilization.

The grain elongation process, occurring during wire drawing, can be stabilized leading to creation of

lamella type structures of the core. The effective increase of the connectivity between the fine grains is

seen especially in MgB2 after applying HIP in temperatures below Tm (melting) of Mg, leading for high

densifications of the soft core material structure before the final transformation to the hard MgB2. HIP

can be used for controlling the kinetic of the nano grain growth in which soft in situ material is

transformed to the long and hard MgB2 grains. The hot high pressure annealing have been used mainly

to the MgB2 family wires pristine and doped by carbon and also for Fe-122,Fe 1144 and KFe2Se2

materials. We show the comparison between the results of samples annealed at ambient pressure and at

high pressure (up to 1.4 GPa) of either eutectic salts liquids, liquid glasses or at argon gas media.

The HIP treated family of new superconductors as: FeAs-122 or FeAs 1144 reach Tc of 40K

and Jc slightly lower to MgB2. The Hc2 up to 80T were found (applicable in near future for high energy

SMES-s). All of these superconductors require HIP technology and nano grains of substrates of (20-30

nm), high compaction during synthesis and annealing, for obtaining great improvement of pinning force

density (Fp) of the vortices within grains by intra grain dislocations.

For MgB2, material the Jc over 120 A/mm2 were obtained: at 13T in the 4,2 K and at 5,5 T in

20K on the HIP ameliorate wires made by US HyperTech Inc. The maximal Fp of 8 GN/m3 at 8 T/4,2

K was achieved.

Acknowledgment

This work is financially supported by National Science Centre, Poland, project no. 2015/19/D/ST3/02409



27

Multifold increase of jc in MgB2 wires caused by an increased material density

due to Hot Isostatic Pressing – a quantitative analysis

T. Cetner1, A. Morawski1, D. Gajda2, A. J. Zaleski2, W. Häßler3, K. Nenkov3,

M. A. Rindfleisch4, M. Tomsic4, P. Przysłupski5

1 IWC PAN, Warszawa, Poland

2 INTiBS PAN, Wrocław, Poland

3 IFW Dresden, Germany

4 Hypertech Research, Columbus OH, USA

5 IF PAN, Warszawa, Poland

One of the main challenges in development of high jc MgB2 wires and bulks is to improve

packing factor and grain connectivity of the superconducting material, while keeping the grains small.

This is often realized through sample pressing that leads to material densification. Such process can be

conducted before (cold pressing) or during material synthesis (hot pressing). In the past years our group

has investigated the synthesis of MgB2 superconductor under high isostatic pressure, up to 1.4 GPa,

mainly using in situ route.

We report a quantitative analysis of jc increase of MgB2 material caused by an increase of

superconductor mass density due to Hot Isostatic Pressing. High isostatic pressure of 1.1 GPa was

applied during sintering to multifilamentary, undoped MgB2 wires manufactured by HyperTech.

Reference samples sintered under normal pressure were also prepared. We show that sintering under

high pressure leads to a measurable reduction of volume of superconducting material inside the wires.

It is expressed as the reduction of surface area of superconducting cores at wire cross section images, as

the length of the wires does not change due to sintering. With varying time of sintering, we have obtained

a series of samples with varied surface area of MgB2 material and correlated those values with transport

properties of each sample. We show that both critical current Ic and critical current density jc increase

exponentially with reduction of the volume of MgB2 material. For the best sample, we have obtained a

3-fold increase of Ic and 5-fold increase of jc thanks to a 40% reduction of MgB2 volume as compared

to sample sintered under normal pressure.



28

Improved performance of Ag-added nano-diamond doped MgB2

J. Longji Dadiel, M. Muralidhar and M. Murakami

Superconducting Materials Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering,

Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5 Toyosu, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan

The performance improvement of disk-shaped bulk MgB2 superconductor by means of a

nanoscopic diamond powder have been investigated in our previous studies, using a single-step solid-

state reaction process. To further improve the critical current density, we added Ag with varied

compositions of 3.5, 4.0, 4.5 wt% and synthesized in pure Ar atmosphere. All samples were sintered at

775oC for 3 hours. X-ray diffraction patterns conformed to the main phases of MgB2 samples with

additional phases observed in the Ag-added samples. Microstructures were observed with high

magnification in SEM and indicated AgMg nanoparticles are embedded in the MgB2-nanodiamond

matrix. The 4.0 wt% sample showed the highest Jc of 389kA/cm2 at 20 K. The present result showed

that Ag addition to MgB2-nanodiamond is an effective pinning medium for bulk MgB2 and might thus

be attractive for a further performance improvement of the bulk MgB2 material.



29

Session IV: Challenges in Large Scientific Facilities

(Wednesday, November 28th, 09:00 – 11:30)

Marek Scholz (IFJ PAN) - ITER Plasma Diagnostics IFJ PAN Contribution to Design of the High Resolution Neutron Spectrometer (HRNS) and Radial Neutron Camera (RNC)

Dariusz Makowski (PŁ) - New Architecture for Large-Scale Data Acquisition and Processing Systems

Wojciech Grabowski (NCBJ) - Polish contribution to final Beam Dynamic calculations for accelerator systems analysis in the Early Neutron Source project

Radomir Panek (IPP Prague) - Conceptual design of the COMPASS-U tokamak

David Milstead (SU Stockholm) - The HIBEAM Experiment at the ESS



30

ITER Plasma Diagnostics:

IFJ PAN Contribution to Design of

the High Resolution Neutron Spectrometer (HRNS)

and the Radial Neutron Camera (RNC)

Marek Scholz, Dariusz Bocian, IFJ PAN, Poland

The ITER project (1) is intended to generate (and sustain for several hundreds of seconds)

thermonuclear fusion reactions based on either deuterium-deuterium or deuterium-tritium fusion

reactions in the plasma producing neutrons of 2.5 and 14 MeV, respectively. Neutron measurement

systems, called neutron diagnostics, will be installed on ITER to collect information on the neutron

emission from the plasma and to derive a number of plasma parameters.

Among of different neutron diagnostics, the primary role of a High Resolution Neutron

Spectrometer (HRNS) is to determine the fuel ion ratio in the plasma core, while Radial Neutron Camera

(RNC) provides time- and space-resolved measurements of the neutron emissivity profile. It means, that

they play an important role for machine protection, basic and advanced plasma control as well physics

study.

HRNS is dedicated to measure a time resolved neutron spectra for both DD and DT plasmas,

providing mainly determination of the fuel ion ratio in the plasma core for a full range of ITER operating

scenarios in fusion power (neutron yield) including spectroscopy measurements in the initial deuterium

phase. The supplementary functions of the HRNS are to provide information on the ion temperature,

confined alpha particles and fast ions.

The HRNS is a one channel collimator system able to perform neutron measurements providing

data integrated over the instrument’s field-of-view, where the recorded signal is an integral over local

plasma conditions.

In turn, The Radial Neutron Camera (RNC) is a multichannel neutron collimator intended to

characterize fusion plasma neutron source. The RNC is composed of two fan-shaped collimating

structures: In-Port and Ex-Port.

Both diagnostics will be installed in the Equatorial Port Cell #1, where HRNS will be placed

behind the RNC and Radial Gamma-ray Spectrometer (RGRS).

This paper describes the contribution of IFJ to conceptual design of a HRNS and its role in the

set of the neutron diagnostics on ITER. Furthermore, the accelerated thermal fatigue test of the CVD

diamond detectors, which proposed to use in RNC system, will be presented.

The work leading to this publication has been funded partially by Fusion for Energy under Grant

Agreement F4E-GRT-403 and partially funded by Polish Ministry of High Education under Grant no

3196/F4E/2014. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and Fusion for Energy cannot

be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

The HRNS project was implemented by a Consortium led by IFJ PAN, Poland and Uppsala

University, Sweden.

The RNC project was implemented by a Consortium led by ENEA, with participation IFJ PAN.

REFERENCES

[1] ITER_D_27ZRW8_v4.6 Project Requirements.



31

New Architecture for Large-Scale Data Acquisition and Processing Systems

D. Makowski, Łódź University of Technology,

Department of Microelectronics and Computer Science, Łódź, Poland

The document describes a new hardware architecture suitable for large-scale data acquisition

and processing systems based on the high-speed PCI Express (Peripheral Component Interconnect

Express) standard.

In the case of systems used in physics research, data acquisition systems (DAQ) could collect

signals from a few tens of thousands of digital and analogue detectors or hundreds of vision detectors.

The design of scalable, complex control and data acquisition systems is a challenging task and

requires the application of various devices processing data in real-time, such as FPGA (Field

Programmable Gate Array) circuit, GPU (Graphics Processing Unit), CPU (Central Processing Unit)

and an elastic hardware platform. The hardware platform should assures low overhead and high

performance during data transmission. It is extremely important during processing of data stream

reaching terabits per second. Therefore, it is profitable to process data in the same memory space. Data

can be directly transmitted from the sensor to data processing unit.

The Author proposed a new scalable hardware platform suitable for distributed DAQ systems.

The PCI Express endpoint is integrated with the sensor such as camera or digitiser. The architecture

allows to transfer data directly from the sensor to data processing unit, and therefore avoid multiple

copying. Such a solution has various advantages including low overhead, high performance and

scalability. The developed architecture and initial measurements for imaging system are presented and

discussed in the paper.



32

Polish contribution to final Beam Dynamic calculations for accelerator systems

analysis in the Early Neutron Source project

W. Grabowski1, K. Kosiński1, M. Maćkowski1, M. Staszczak1, A. Wysocka-

Rabin1 and R. Heidinger2

1 NCBJ, Andrzeja Sołtana 7, Otwock-Świerk, Poland 2 Fusion for Energy, BA-IFMIF, Boltzmannstrasse 2, Garching, Germany

Keywords: DONES, linear accelerator, beam dynamics

ABSTRACT

The DEMO Oriented Neutron Source (DONES; DEMO – DEMOnstration Power Station) is a

component of the Early Neutron Source (ENS), one of the EUROfusion work packages. The DONES

system is designed to provide an accelerator-based D-Li neutron source that produces high energy

neutrons at sufficient intensity to simulate the first wall neutron spectrum of future nuclear fusion

reactors. The DONES plant will produce a 125 mA deuteron beam, which can be accelerated up to 40

MeV, and shaped to have a nominal cross section of 100 mm x 50 mm that impinge on a liquid lithium

curtain. The stripping reactions generate a large number of neutrons that interact with material samples

located behind the lithium target.

The DONES Accelerator System includes an injector, a low energy beam transport section, a

Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) accelerator, a Medium Energy Beam Transport (MEBT), a

Superconducting Radio Frequency Linear Accelerator (SRF-L) and a High Energy beam transport Line

(HEBT).

The aim of this work was to optimise the SRF-L to meet two requirements at the same time: (a)

beam energy of at least 40 MeV at the end of the linac, (b) energy losses of less than 1 W/m in the worst

region. To obtain reliable results, we used two calculation codes: TraceWin and GPT (General Particle

Tracer) to simulate the accelerator facility from the exit of the RFQ to the entrance of the HEBT. Based

on technical data provided by CEA (French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), we

investigated 66 variants of the accelerating system. The results were not satisfactory, so the design of

the accelerator was changed and subsequently we calculated 13 variants of the new system.

Calculation results for beam energy losses, statistical parameters of the beam and beam density

in analysed phase spaces were obtained and compared in both codes. At present, the best result obtained

is a beam energy of 40.4 MeV with no losses.



33

Conceptual design of the COMPASS-U tokamak

R. Panek1, J. Havlicek1, M. Hron1, R. Dejarnac1, M. Komm1, J. Urban1, V. Weinzettl1,

J. Adamek1, P. Bilkova1, P. Bohm1, A. Casolari1, O. Ficker1,2, O. Grover1,2, J. Horacek1,

M. Imrisek1,3, F. Jaulmes1, M. Peterka1,3, L. Kripner1,3, T. Markovic1,3, M. Tomes1,3,

J. Varju1, P. Vondracek1,3 and the COMPASS team

1 Insitute of Plasma Physics of the CAS, Za Slovankou 3, Prague, Czech Republic

2 Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in

Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

3 Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

The Institute of Plasma Physics of the CAS in Prague has recently started construction of new

COMPASS-U tokamak. It will be a medium-size (R = 0,89 m, a = 0,3 m), high-magnetic-field (5 T)

device. COMPASS-U will be equipped by a flexible set of poloidal field coils and capable to operate

with plasma current up to 2 MA and, therefore, high plasma density (~ 1020 m-3). The device is designed

to generate and test various DEMO relevant magnetic configurations, such as conventional single null,

double null, single and double snow-flake. The plasma will be heated using 4 MW Neutral Beam

Injection (NBI) heating system with future extension by at least 4 MW Electron Cyclotron Resonant

Heating (ECRH|) system.

COMPASS-U will be equipped with lower and upper closed, high neutral density divertors. Due

to high PB/R ratio COMPASS-U will represent a device which will be able to perform ITER and DEMO

relevant studies in important areas, such as the plasma exhaust or development of new confinement

regimes. The divertors will use conventional materials in the first stage, however, in the later stage, the

liquid metal technology, which represents a promising solution for the power exhaust in DEMO, will be

installed into the lower COMPASS-U divertor. The metallic first wall will be operated at high

temperature (approx. 300 °C) during plasma discharge, which will enable to explore the edge plasma

regimes relevant to ITER and DEMO operation. The first plasma is scheduled for 2022.

In this contribution, we will present the conceptual design of the COMPASS-U tokamak as well

as the main tokamak components.



34

The HIBEAM Experiment at the ESS

David Milstead, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

The European Spallation Source (ESS) offers an opportunity for a fundamental physics program

with a unique reach which is complementary to that at other facilities. In this talk, the HIBEAM project

is described. The HIBEAM collaboration has proposed a suite of searches and measurements which

would use the Large ESS Beam Port with a high cold neutron flux. The program includes searches for

conversions of free neutrons to antineutrons and to mirror neutrons with regeneration, as well as

precision measurements of parity violation in nucleon-nucleon interactions. The high cold neutron

intensity at HIBEAM would provide a higher sensitivity for the searches and measurements than was

achieved at earlier experiments. The physics program addresses some of the central unresolved questions

in particle physics and cosmology such as the energy scale and mechanism for baryon number violation,

the origin of the baryon-antibaryon asymmetry of the universe, the composition of dark matter, and the

mechanism for neutrino mass generation. HIBEAM would take data following ESS commissioning in

the mid- to late 2020s. HIBEAM will also serve to prototype technologies towards enhancing the

sensitivity of HIBEAM's search program by several orders of magnitude.



35

Session V: Poster Session


B. Kołodziej (INTiBS PAN) et all - Application of PT-100 Platinum Resistance Thermometers for temperature measurements below -200

W.M. Woch (AGH) et all - Critical Currents and Critical temperatures of oxygenated Tl-2223 bulk superconductor

A. Zwozniak (IFJ PAN) et all - DQW crab cavity performance, preparation and testing @ CERN

A. Krawczyk (IFJ PAN) et all - IFJ PAN’s Contribution to the HL-LHC: Crab Cavities & RF

P. Zachariasz (ITE) et all - Magnetic properties of planar SCTO-C1-xMxFO (0 < x < 0.7) heterostructure

M. Matusiak (NCBJ) - NCBJ participation in GBAR experiment P. Pęczkowski (IFJ PAN, ITE) - Physico-chemical properties of ceramic high-

temperature superconductors with an approximate average radius of rare earth ion(-s) obtained by a solid-phase synthesis reaction

M. Duda (IFJ PAN) et all - Power Test Protection Studies of the Second-generation Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) Nb3Sn Damping Wiggler Short Model

W. Słysz (ITE) at all - Superconducting single-photon detectors as smart quantum sensors

B. Prochal (IFJ PAN) et all - The construction of the superconducting links for the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider

A. Szeliga (IFJ PAN) et all - Critical Current Measurements of the Nb3Sn wires for the HL-LHC project

J. Ludwin (IFJ PAN) et all - Warm-up/Cool-down Insulation Monitoring System for the Superconducting Circuits of the LHC



36

Application of PT-100 Platinum Resistance Thermometers for temperature

measurements below -200°C

B. Kołodziej, A. Kowal, H. Manuszkiewicz, L. Lipiński, J. Dobosz,

INTiBS PAN, Wrocław, Polska

Powszechnie używane w zakresie temperatury od -200°C do 600°C przemysłowe platynowe

termometry rezystancyjne (PRT) typu Pt-100 charakteryzują się parametrami, które określone są w

normie IEC 60751:2008. Zastosowanie ich w zakresie niskich temperatur (poniżej -200°C) wymaga

dokonania dodatkowej weryfikacji ich podstawowych parametrów termometrycznych takich jak

odtwarzalność, długoczasowa stabilność wskazań oraz wielkość samonagrzewania prądem

pomiarowym. Wymienione parametry ściśle wiążą się z własnościami zastosowanych materiałów i

technologią wykonania termometrów. Spośród dostępnych na rynku termometrów Pt-100 można

wyselekcjonować takie, które spełniają kryteria wymagane do pomiaru temperatury z dokładnością nie

gorszą niż 0,01°C w wymienionym zakresie.

W pracy przedstawione zostaną metody takiej selekcji opracowane przez Laboratorium Wzorca

Temperatury INTiBS PAN. Badania przeprowadzono dla miniaturowych PRT typu Pt-100. Dla

wybranych termometrów zostało opracowane równanie kalibracyjne R(T) zapewniające dokładność

wzorcowania nie gorszą niż 0,01°C w zakresie -250°C do 30°C. Termometry te zostały zastosowane do

monitorowania temperatury w systemie dystrybucji cieczy kriogenicznych współpracującym z

liniowym akceleratorem cząstek.

Zastosowanie powszechnie dostępnych termometrów platynowych po ich przebadaniu,

indywidualnej weryfikacji parametrów i wzorcowaniu pozwala na znaczne obniżenie kosztów budowy

aparatury pomiarowej w stosunku do systemów wykorzystujących specjalizowane czujniki innych

typów.



37

Critical Currents and Critical temperatures of oxygenated Tl-2223 bulk

superconductor

M. Giebułtowski, W.M. Woch, R. Zalecki, M. Kowalik

AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer

Science, Solid State Physics Department, Kraków, Poland

Three step dry method was applied to prepare bulk Tl2Ba2Ca2Cu3Oy superconductor. Than the

pellet was heated in flowing oxygen two times in 740 oC for 20 h. A set of a.c. susceptibility

measurements, in magnetic field reaching 10.9 Oe, was carried out after the synthesis and after each

oxygenation. The critical current and the critical temperature were determined at each stage of the

thermal treatment. The critical temperature raised 13 K during the first oxygenation and 4.3 K during

the second oxygenation. The critical current density raise was more spectacular. It was determined to be

from 19 A/cm2 before oxygenations to 1310 A/cm2 after the oxygenations. After the first oxygenation

the critical current density reached 400 A/cm2. During the second oxygenation also a mass loose process

was observed.



38

DQW crab cavity performance, preparation and testing @ CERN

A. Zwozniak1,2, S. Barriere2, J. Bastard3, I. Ben-Zvi4,

R. Calaga2, A. Castilla2,5, M. Coly2, B. Frere-Bouniol3,

K. Hernandez-Chahin2,6, A. Krawczyk1,2, A. Macpherson2, T. Mikkola2, P. Minginette2,

B. Prochal1,2, N. Shipman 2,5, N. Stapley2, K. Turaj2, M. Wartak1,2


2 CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

3 Consortium Air Liquide/40-30 for CERN/BE/RF/SRF

4 Brookhaven National Laboratory BNL, New York, USA

5 Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom

6 Universidad de Guanajuato, Leon, Mexico

The Double Quarter Wave (DQW) Crab Cavity was designed to rotate the colliding bunches

and increase the luminosity of the LHC machine. Prior to launching series production, full RF validation

tests, both without and with beam, were performed at CERN. For the cavity preparation and RF

performance validation prior to installation in a cryomodule, a full programme of RF surface preparation

and cavity performance evaluation in liquid helium temperatures was carried out. Due to the unusual

geometry of the DQW cavity there were a number of challenges both in preparation and RF testing that

had to be addressed. The results and observations of the preparation process and cavity performance in

the vertical test cryostat are discussed here.



39

IFJ PAN’s Contribution to the HL-LHC: Crab Cavities & RF

A. Krawczyk, B. Prochal, M. Wartak, A. Zwoźniak

IFJ PAN, Cracow, Poland

CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) Project is an upgrade program of the Large Hadron

Collider focused on increasing the luminosity, thus significantly augmenting the potential to discover

new physics from rare events [1]. Among many activities ongoing in this framework, implementation

of novel superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities — specifically Crab Cavities — is foreseen

for compensation of the bunch crossing angle. Two different crab cavity designs have been developed:

the Double Quarter Wave (DQW) and the Radio Frequency Dipole (RFD). A prototype cryomodule,

hosting two DQW cavities [2], has been fabricated and assembled [3] for validation tests, which are

currently ongoing in the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) at CERN.

Since 2016 the engineering team from IFJ PAN has been contributing to the Crab Cavities & RF

project (Work Package 4 of the HL-LHC Project). This contribution includes activities such as

mechanical, electrical and vacuum preparation of DQW crab cavities for cold tests in a vertical cryostat,

as well as the assembly process of the fully-dressed DQW cavities. After successful RF cavities

qualification, the assembly of the DQW cryomodule and its preparation for the tests was also performed

with the participation of the IFJ PAN team.

DQW Crab Cavity DQW Crab Cryomodule

[1] R. Calaga, “Crab Cavities for the High–luminosity LHC”, in Proc. SRF’17, Lanzhou, China, (2017),

paper THXA03;

[2] C. Zanoni, et. al. “The Crab Cavities Cryomodule for SPS Test”, in Proc. IPAC’17, Copenhagen,

Denmark, (2017), paper MOPVA096;

[3] M. Garlaschè, et al. “Assembly of the DQW Crab Cavity Cryomodule for SPS test”, in Proc.

IPAC’18, Vancouver, BC, Canada (2018), paper WEPMF078.



40

Magnetic properties of planar SCTO-C1-xMxFO (0 < x < 0.7) heterostructures

P. Zachariasz1, P. Konieczny2, E. Drzymała2, P. Pęczkowski2,3

1 ITE, Kraków, Poland



Magnetoelectric materials belong to a large family of multiferroics (also named “smart”,

“intelligent” or “multifunctional” materials), which simultaneously exhibit at least two kinds of physical

states: ferroelectricity, magnetism or ferroelasticity. In that manner, magneto-electrics are materials with

a coexistence of magnetic and ferroelectric orderings and provide an efficient route for the control of

magnetism by applied external electric field and vice versa.

In recent years, there is a surge in the research of magnetoelectrics due to their potential

applications. The optoelectronics, spintronics, sensor and solar energy devices technology,

as well as medicine are examples of scientific domains, where magnetoelectrics are introduced as

inductors, actuators, switches, magnetic field sensors, etc.

The natural magnetoelectrics exhibited a multiferroicity being a single-phase compounds,

however the intrinsic magnetoelectric effect was rather weak for this type of materials. Nowadays, one

can consider all binary composites or self-assembly nano-structures based on piezoelectrics

(ferroelectricity) and magnetically hard components, which are characterized by increased of

magnetoelectric coupling.

This research explores the local microstructures and magnetic characterization

of SrCu0.33Ta0.67O3-Co1-xMnxFe2O4 (SCTO-Cx-1MxFO) electroceramic materials. The multi-layered

composites of (2 – 2) type were prepared by LTCC technology (low temperature

cofired ceramic) using ceramic powders synthetized by solid-state reaction method. The planar

heterostructures SCTO-C1-xMxFO (0 < x < 0.7) consisting of SCTO relaxor and cobalt ferrite C1-xMxFO

modified by Mn were examined by SEM imaging and measuring the spontaneous magnetization. The

different layer configurations (f–m; f–m–f; m–f–m; f–m–f–m–f; m–f–m–f–m), where f and m stand for

ferroelectric and magnetic regions, have been taken into consideration for the investigation of

microscopic nature of multiferroicity and magneto-electric coupling.



41

NCBJ participation in GBAR experiment

M. Matusiak, NCBJ, Otwock-Świerk, Poland

GBAR experiment, currently under preparation, is one of the smaller, but very interesting

activities at CERN. The main goal of GBAR is to measure the time of antihydrogen natural free-fall in

Earth gravity. This is of course multi-step challenge. One of the main components in the experiment is

the positron line, consisting of already delivered electron linac as a strong positron source.

This unit was designed and manufactured at NCBJ. The construction and parameters of the linac

will be presented.



42

Physico-chemical properties of ceramic high-temperature superconductors with

an approximate average radius of rare earth ion(-s) obtained by a solid-phase

synthesis reaction

P. Pęczkowski1,2, P. Konieczny1, E. M. Dutkiewicz1,

C. Jastrzębski3, P. Zachariasz4, A. Maximenko1, E. Drzymała1,

M. Parlińska-Wojtan1, A. Zarzycki1 and D. Bocian1



3 Faculty of Physics WUT, Warsaw, Poland

4 ITE, Kraków, Poland

The REBa2Cu3O7-δ (where 0 < δ < 1) superconductor (also called „RE-BCO” or „1:2:3”)

is produced by calcination of a mixture of copper (II) oxide (CuO), barium carbonate (BaCO3) and

yttrium (III) oxide (Y2O3) powders. The aim of the research was to study similarities and differences in

physico-chemical properties for ceramic samples of high-temperature superconductors slightly differing

in the average radius of RE3+ ion(-s). For this purpose, a reference sample YBa2Cu3O7-δ was prepared

for which the average radius of the ion Y3+ is 90.00 pm and two samples with approximate to that average

radii RE3+: HoBa2Cu3O7-δ and Er0.5Dy0.5Ba2Cu3O7-δ, where the average radius of the ion is 90.10 pm.

The physicochemical properties of samples were studied and the microstructure of samples was

characterized. The structural and phase homogeneity analysis was carried out using Raman

spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) technique. The

granulation analysis of the mixture substrates powders after a first and

a second calcination was performed using a Low-Angle Laser Light Scattering (LALLS) method.

The magnetic and electric properties of the obtained samples were measured with a SQUID

interferometer. The dependence of magnetic AC susceptibility in function of temperature for different

frequencies was studied and the temperature of transition to the superconducting state (critical

temperature Tc) was determined. AC susceptibility measurements were performed for different field

amplitudes of 0.01÷3.90 Oe on the basis of which critical currents Jc were determined. The

magnetization curve in function of the external magnetic field as well as DC susceptibility was

measured.



43

Power Test Protection Studies of the Second-generation Compact Linear Collider

(CLIC) Nb3Sn Damping Wiggler Short Model

M. Duda, IFJ PAN, Kraków, Poland

F. Mangiarotti, M. Bajko, V. Desbiolles, P. Ferracin, J. Feuvrier, J. Mazet, J. C. Pérez, D.

Schoerling, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland A.

Bernhard, KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany

L. Garcia Fajardo, LBNL, Berkeley, USA

In the frame of the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) project, a high-field short-period

superconducting damping wigglers will be required to reduce the emittance of the electron and positron

beams. The use of Nb3Sn as superconducting material is being investigated, as a valid option for its

smaller size and increased working margin. At CERN, a second Nb3Sn damping wiggler short model

has been developed, assembled, and tested. In this paper, the cold power test of that magnet is discussed

in terms of training, quench detection, protection, endurance, and other tests.



44

Superconducting single-photon detectors as smart quantum sensors

W. Słysz, M. Guziewicz, R. Kruszka, A. Klimov, M. Węgrzecki, J. Bar, M., A.

Panas, and R. Sobolewski

ITE, Warsaw, Poland

We present a new type of a quantum detector, namely, superconducting single-photon detectors

(SSPDs) and demonstrate that they can be implemented in various single-photon counting applications

in the optical range from visible light to near-infrared telecommunication wavelengths. We briefly

describe the physics of the photoresponse of a superconducting nanostripe to a flux of single optical

photons and present the operation principle of SSPDs, stressing that, currently, they significantly

outperform any competing, research or commercial devices in terms of their quantum efficiency,

counting rate, jitter, and dark counts. SSPDs integrated with a cryogenic HEMT read-out circuit can

provide, in addition, some level of both the energy and number resolution of an unknown incident photon

flux, making them uniquely suitable for photon sensing applications. Overall, SSPDs are the devices-

of-choice in high-value applications, e.g., in quantum networks for quantum information applications,

including high data rate quantum key distribution networks, as well as in classical data transmission

channels for ultra-efficient laser communications and LIDAR systems.



45

IFJ PAN’s contribution to the HL-LHC:

Construction of the Superconducting Links

B. Prochal, A. Krawczyk

IFJ PAN, Kraków, Poland

CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

New superconducting transfer lines known as Superconducting Links (SC Links) are being

developed at CERN for the remote powering of upgraded superconducting insertion magnets in the

framework of the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) project [1].

The purpose of the SC Links is to transfer current from power converters located in radiation-

free areas to magnets located in the vicinity of the LHC interaction points via shorter REBCO High

Temperature Superconductor (HTS) current leads. HTS current leads, connecting the superconducting

link to the conventional cables of the power converters, allow very high current densities to be carried

with reduced thermal conductance, significantly reducing the required cooling power. The expected

length of the superconducting lines can reach 130 m, depending on the location, spanning a vertical

distance of about 80 m. The links, each containing an assembly of MgB2 cables [2] supplying

different systems, will transfer a total current exceeding 150 kA.

MgB2 cables and the SC Links will be crucial enabling technologies for realizing the stable,

long-term operation of the HL-LHC magnet system.

In order to validate the selected technical solutions and materials as well as to confirm the

design reliability and robustness of the SC Links, the construction of a fully functional 60 m long

demonstrator (DEMO1) of the 18 kA circuit of the SC Link is ongoing, and a test will be performed

by the end of 2018.

Since 2018, the engineering team from IFJ PAN has been contributing to the Cold Powering

activity (Work Package 6a of the HdswL-LHC project).

The main scope of this contribution includes preparing assembly procedures for the system, producing

components for the demonstrator, assembling the demonstrator and participating in tests.

[1] A. Ballarino, 2014 Supercond. Sci. Technol. 27 044024; “Development of superconducting links for the

Large Hadron Collider machine”;

[2] A. Ballarino, 2011 IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 21 980-4; “Alternative Design Concepts for Multi-Circuit

HTS Link Systems”;

[3] http://www.superpower-inc.com/content/2g-hts-wire.



46

Critical Current Measurements of the Nb3Sn wires

for the HL-LHC project

A. Szeliga, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland and IFJ PAN, Kraków, Poland, A.

Ballarino, B. Bordini, A. Cattabiani, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

In the framework of the High Luminosity upgrade project for Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC),

CERN is developing a new Nb3Sn high field accelerator magnets to replace some of currently used NbTi

ones. The coils in these new magnets are made of high-Jc, state-of-the-art, Nb3Sn wires cabled at CERN

and LBNL in Rutherford layout. CERN has already acquired hundreds of km of wire divided in spools.

The critical current (Ic) measurement per spool was required and it has been performed in order to verify

conformity with the HL-LHC specifications. Additionally, such measurements have been performed on

extracted strands (from the Rutherford cables before a heat treatment) to assess critical current

degradation due to cabling. In this paper , we present results of study on the reproducibility, the accuracy,

and the systematic error analysis of the critical current measurements carried out at CERN on Nb3Sn

wires. The relevance of proper sample preparation for high-Jc, state-of-the-art, Nb3Sn wires is also

discussed.



47

Warm-up/Cool-down Electrical Insulation Monitoring System for the

Superconducting Circuits of the LHC

J. Ludwin , D. Wojas, IFJ PAN, Kraków, Poland

M. Bednarek, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Each of eight sectors of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) contains 2.7 km long continuous

cryostat, which houses numerous superconducting electrical circuits. During every thermal transition,

the circuits are subjected to significant mechanical stresses and movements, which can lead to the

electrical insulation damage. In case of insulation fault during cool-down or warm-up process, It is

crucial to detect the failure as early as possible in order to effectively localise it and limit the impact on

overall machine availability and reliability.

In this paper, we describe a dedicated measurement system for cyclic monitoring of leakage

current of up to 20 circuits, introduced in place of solution described in [1]. The system is designed with

particular emphasis on safety and reliability. Additional software layer was developed in order to

monitor the status of the measurement system, and raise alarm condition in case of insulation fault

detection or in case of the measurement system malfunction.

The final solution consists of hardware device for leakage current measurement at 48 VDC, NI

LabVIEW based control software, central database which gathers data from multiple monitoring

systems operating at the same time, web based user interface, system state monitoring software running

on independent server, and email notifications.

[1] D. Bozzini et al., Automatic System for the D.C. High Voltage Qualification of the Superconducting

Electrical Circuits of the LHC Machine, EPAC 08, 23-27 June 2008.



48

Session VI: Special Session ESS


Henrik Carling (ESS) - ESS current status and challenges Jacek Świerblewski (IFJ PAN) - RF system and powder converters

installation. Crymodule test Krzysztof Czuba (UW) - Status of the phase reference line for European

Spallation Source Jarosław Poliński (PWr) - Status of WUST part of the Polish in-kind

contribution to ESS project Jarosław Szewiński (NCBJ) - PEG contribution to ESS LLRF system Wojciech Cichalewski (PŁ) - Integrated Control System in ESS Karol Szymczyk (NCBJ) - Gamma blocker system design for the ESS



49

Status and progress of the ESS project

Henrik Carling, Head of Integrated control systems division

European Spallation Source ERIC

ESS will offer neutron beams of unparalleled brightness, delivering a peak flux which is higher

than the world’s most powerful reactor based neutron source, and up to five times more power than any

accelerator based spallation source.

The ESS construction project is now close to 50% complete and will shortly be reaching

maximum effort intensity when it comes to integration of systems delivered from in-kind contribution

projects. A major adjustment of the construction project schedule was made earlier this year, retaining

overall, high level goals but rearranging internal activities.

As the construction project now prepares to phase over into initial operations with a goal towards

operations, the landscape for commercial and in-kind contributions to ESS changes. The presentation

will introduce the remaining ESS construction timeline with a focus on the neutron source and some

specific initiatives for academic and commercial community interaction.



50

ESS system and power converters installation - cryomodule test

J. Świerblewski, IFJ PAN, Kraków, Poland

ESS is in installation phase currently, means lot of teams works each day in order to install all

necessary devices to run the machine. IFJ PAN is involved in this process as well, installing RF system

and subsystem as well as all support structures required to install RF systems in the Gallery. The test of

the cryomodule is the task in which we also are involved. Installation to the test stand, leak check as

well as several different inspection of the modules will be done by us. Currently we are working on

developing procedures and inspections templates. The team from IFJ PAN is established at Lund, and

each day almost 20 people work for the installation of the components as well as cryomodule test. This

presentation will show in more details how we are organized and what we are doing.



51

Status of the Phase Reference Line for European Spallation Source

K. Czuba1, J. Berliński1, Ł. Czuba1, E. Fistek1, M. Kalisiak1,

T. Lesniak1, M. Mielnik1, K. Oliwa1, R. Papis1, D. Sikora1, A. Sunesson2, W.

Wierba1, R. Zeng2, M. Żukociński1

1 Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, Warsaw,

Poland 2 European Spallation Source, ERIC, Lund, Sweden

The European Spallation Source (ESS) requires precise phase synchronization of LLRF and

Beam Diagnostics systems operating at frequencies of 352.21 MHz and 704.42 MHz. The required

phase accuracy at both frequencies is 0.1° for short term (during 3.5 ms pulse) and 2.0° for long term

(hours to days) between any two points in the 600 m long accelerator tunnel with LINAC.

The Phase Reference Line (PRL) is based on a passive synchronization scheme with

a single 1-5/8” coaxial rigid line suspended under the ceiling of the tunnel along the LINAC being a

main reference distribution line [1]. The PRL distributes both reference frequencies (352.21 MHz and

704.42 MHz) from the Master Oscillator located in the Klystron Gallery to 58 Tap Point devices in the

tunnel. Each Tap Point consists of a 1-5/8” coaxial rigid line based directional coupler together with a

passive splitting and filtering module. Tap Points provide multiple, frequency-selective outputs, each

with 352.21 MHz or 704.21 MHz reference signal. Signals from Tap Points are transported to the

electronics devices located in the Klystron Gallery via coaxial cables that are paired and length-matched

to corresponding pick-up cables from the RF cavities and other instruments of the accelerator. This is

done to minimize phase drift errors between these two cables and to enable precise synchronization of

electronics located in the Klystron Gallery out of the harsh tunnel environment.

The total length of the PRL is 580 meters and the total number of signal outputs is nearly 300.

The entire rigid line and Tap Points are temperature stabilized (to +/- 0.1 oC) and filled with a dry

Nitrogen to minimize phase drifts.

This contribution describes the design and installation status of the project including the main

rigid line and Tap Points in the tunnel, the link from Master Oscillator to the main line and the gas

pressure stabilization system.

[1] Czuba Krzysztof et. al.: Concept of the Phase Reference Line for the European Spallation Source, w: Proc.

MIKON 2018, 2018, Fundacja Mikrofal i Radiolokacji MIKON, ISBN 978-83-949421-0-6, ss. 512-514.



52

Status of WUST part of the Polish In-Kind contribution to ESS project

J. Polinski, M. Chorowski, J. Skrzypacz, B. Chomiuk,

M. Bieganowski, WUST, Wrocław, Poland

P. Grzegory, M. Matkowski, K. Zawada, Kriosystem Ltd., Wrocław, Poland

The European Spallation Source (ESS) will be a high-power spallation source dedicated for

scientific investigations of the molecular building blocks of matter. ESS as an accelerator-driven neutron

source will use a linear accelerator (linac) to create a high-energy proton beam. The superconducting

portion of the linac will contain 146 superconducting radiofrequency cavities immersed in liquid helium

at a nominal temperature of 2 K. The first superconducting section will consist of 13 spoke cryomodules,

each with two double spoke cavities. This section will be followed by two sections of elliptical cavities,

called medium-beta and high-beta sections that contain 9 and 21 elliptical cavity cryomodules

respectively, with 4 cavities per each module.

All the linac cryomodules will be supplied with cold helium from the accelerator cryoplant

(ACCP) via the linac cryogenic distribution system (CDS). The CDS for the elliptical linac (CDS-EL)

is dedicated to distributing cooling power to 21 high beta and 9 medium beta elliptical cryomodules as

well as to transferring cooling power to the CDS for the spoke linac (CDS-SL). The cooling power will

be delivered to the cryomodules by means of the constant flow of supercritical and cold gaseous helium.

For this purpose the system connects the ACCP cold box to all the cryomodules and includes a number

of valve boxes with branch cryolines (so-called jumper connections).

Prior to the installation of the cryomodules in the linac tunnel the series production cryomodules

will be subjected to site acceptance tests. The elliptical cavity cryomodules will undergo their tests in a

dedicated test stand at the ESS site, called Lund Test Stand 2 (LTS2), that will comprise a cryogenic

transfer line, one valve box and four auxiliary process lines.

Within the Polish In-Kind Contribution to ESS Wroclaw University of Science and Technology

(WUST) is responsible for design, production, delivery and installation of the CDS-EL and CDS-LTS2

systems. The talk presents details of the CDSs design as well as provides information concerning the

current status of the project and future plans



53

PEG contribution to ESS LLRF System

Z. Gołębiewski1, M. Gosk1, J. Kopeć1, P. Krawczyk1, D. Rybka1,

J. Szewiński1, A. Abramowicz2, K. Czuba2, M. Grzegrzółka2,

I. Rutkowski2, K. Sąpór2, W. Cichalewski3, D. Makowsk3,

A. Mielczarek3, A. Napieralski3, P. Perek3

1 NCBJ, Otwock, Poland

2 Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland

3 Łódź University of Technology, Łódź, Poland

This contribution will present the contribution of Polish Electronic Group (PEG)

a consortium of three institutes, National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), Warsaw University of

Technology (WUT) and Łódź University of Technology (LUT), to the European Spallation Source

(ESS) in the area of LLRF Control.

LLRF Systems at ESS will be based on the MTCA.4 technology, where each system will be

made of both, commercial of the shelf (COTS) and custom designed devices. This contribution will

mainly focus on the designed MTCA.4 devices designed by PEG for ESS, and their role in the ESS

LLRF system.

The following major components will be presented:

RTM Carrier – a low cost AMC for supporting RTM units

LO RTM – RTM unit for clock generation and distribution

Piezo RTM – RTM for cavity resonance control by driving and sensing piezo components

Except description of custom designed major hardware components, this contribution will cover

PEG participation in firmware development, delivery of other components, such as Piezo Power

Supplies, Cavity Simulator, Electron-Pickups, PIN-Diodes, PSS Switches and RF Split-boxes.



54

ESS Integrated Control System Support in Low- and High-Level Software

for MTCA.4 Hardware Platform and Beam Instrumentation Tasks.

W. Cichalewski1, G. Jabłoński1, W. Jałmużna1, R. Kiełbik1, A. Mielczarek1, A. Napieralski1,

P. Perek1, W. Fabianowski2, S. Farina2, I. Dolenc-Kittelmann2, H. Carling2

1. Department of Microelectronics and Computer Science, Lodz University of Technology

2. European Spallation Source,

Department of Microelectronics and Computer Science (DMCS) of Lodz University of

Technology is involved in many international projects in the area of high energy physics. It is

participating in activities performed by Integrated Control System group of European Spallation Source

since the first half of 2017. In scope of this cooperation three main work-units have been identified.

Main contribution of DMCS is dedicated to neutron Beam Loss Monitor (nBLM) and ionization

chamber Beam Loss Monitor (icBLM). Both protection systems are managed by the Beam

Instrumentation group and are responsible for fast detection and reaction to proton beam acceleration

errors that results from particles deviation from their desired trajectory. Accurate, instantaneous and

reliable detection of undesired situations determines overall machine and personal safety. That is why

each hardware and software component of these systems can be critical for facility operation. Main

responsibility of our contribution is to provide firmware for chosen hardware platform FPGA chips that

will execute proposed detection and interlock triggering algorithm. In case of the icBLM systems also

higher-level software (up to the GUI level) will be delivered by DMCS.

Other work is dedicated to EPICS framework support for Intelligent Platform Management

Interface (IPMI). ESS-ICS group is responsible for hardware and software integration of different

components for various subsystems in whole facility and some of these solutions are based on the MTCA

platform. That is why it is essential to work out common support for IPMI that will facilitate integration

of various subsystems and, what is more important, their management and configuration.

Additionally, parts of dedicated software are being developed for RTM Carrier module

delivered by NCBJ. The RTM Carrier, an AMC board in MTCA.4 form factor, is one of the fundamental

parts of ESS superconducting linac LLRF system. Currently, firmware components are being developed

to provide cooperation between the board and other hardware components, like Local Oscillator

reference distribution board and Piezo Control Device RTM. At the same time other levels of software

are prepared in order to provide full support package for future users.

The talk presents the status of our contribution and discusses efforts of all the cooperation

partners.



55

Gamma Blocker design for European Spallation Source

K. Szymczyk, S. Wronka, M. Wojciechowski

NCBJ, Warsaw, Poland

The construction of European Spallation Source (ESS) at Lund, Sweden was begun. ESS

consists of a linear accelerator that delivers a 2 GeV, 5 MW proton beam to a rotating tungsten target.

The final High Energy Beam Transport (HEBT) region is some 50 m long, keeping the possibility open

for upgrades, and the proton beam travels through it at full energy.

The estimation of residual dose rates is an important task for operational radiation protection,

e.g. for the work and dose planning of interventions in an accelerator facility.

During the radiation dose simulations, special attention was paid to the gamma radiation

problem. Backward gamma radiation, from the target as well as from the beam dump has been observed.

Thus, the special element (Gamma Blocker) to stop the gamma radiation were designed.

The gamma blocker is foreseen in the accelerator to target the (A2T) region, in the line of sight

of a target wheel, and in the beam dump. The main Gamma Blocker function is to absorb residual

activation from the activated target and tuning beam dump, in order to allow maintenance work. The

gamma blockers will only be used during beam off mode.

The purpose of this speech is to present the conceptual, design, and fabrication Gamma Blockers

(GB) design for the A2T and dump line sections (DmpL). One gamma blocker is foreseen in the

accelerator to target the (A2T) region, in the line of sight of a target wheel, and the second in the dump

line region, in the line of sight of the tuning beam dump.



56

Session VII: Challenges in superconductivity and accelerators


Jakub Tabin (PK) - Discontinuous Plastic Flow in the Low-Temperature Superconductors

Łukasz Tomków (JINR Dubna) - Improvement of magnetic field homogeneity with the application of an open superconducting shield

Stanisław Bednarek (UŁ) - The magnetic and electric field produced by a proton bunch in the storage ring of LHC

Przemysław Adrich (NCBJ) - How to minimize stray X-ray contamination of a therapeutic electron beam

S. Pavan Kumar Naik (SIT Tokyo) - Infiltration growth processing of bulk YBa2Cu3O7-x/REBa2Cu3O7-x superconductors: Nano metal oxides and rare earth elements effects on crystal growth and physical properties



57

Discontinuous Plastic Flow In The Low-Temperature Superconductors

J. Tabin and B. Skoczeń,

Institute of Applied Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,

Cracow University of Technology,

al. Jana Pawła II 37, 31-864 Cracow, Poland

e-mail: [email protected]

Low-temperature superconductors (LTS) consisting of a copper matrix and filaments (e.g.

Cu/NbTi, Cu/Nb3Sn) are used in elements which work at near to 0K temperatures. The

thermomechanical effect, the so-called the discontinuous plastic flow (DPF) is observed independently

in a matrix and in filaments during a plastic deformation at extremely low temperatures. DPF is

attributed to the mechanism of local catastrophic failure of lattice barriers (including Lomer–Cottrell

locks), under the stress fields related to the accumulating edge dislocations. Failure of lattice locks leads

to massive motion of released dislocations, accompanied by step-wise increase of the strain rate, and a

drastic drop of stress. Moreover, the plastic power dissipated in the slip band is partially converted to

heat, which results in a drastic increase of temperature promoted by the thermodynamic instability [1].

Thus, DPF is a potential factor leading to the loss of superconductivity in the magnet.

In order to investigate the behaviour of LT superconductors during plastic deformation at

cryogenic temperatures, a custom built experimental set-up was used [2]. A cryostat equipped with

tested specimen and the relevant transducers was mounted between traction machine grips. The cryogen

(liquid helium, 4.2 K) was fed into the cryostat by means of a transfer line, until the specimen with the

transducers was immersed in the bath. The level of the cryogen inside the cryostat was indicated by a

dedicated thermistor. The kinematically controlled tests were carried out. During each test, the time

responses of extensometers, force transducer and thermistor were recorded. Based on the experimental

results, the physically based model of DPF was proposed. The model allows us to reproduce the

observed serrations in the LTS, which can be crucial for its application in the design of components

operating at extremely low temperatures.

Acknowledgments This work has been supported by the National Science Centre through the

Grant No UMO-2016/21/N/ST8/02368.

[1] B. Skoczeń et al., International Journal of Plasticity, 55 (2014), 198-218.

[2] J. Tabin et al.., Mechanics of Materials, 110 (2017), 44-58.



58

Improvement of magnetic field homogeneity with the application of an open

superconducting shield

Ł. Tomków , The United Nuclear Research Institute in Dubna, Dubna, Russia

Magnetic field homogeneity is an important property for multiple applications. It affects the

resolution of the magnetic resonance imaging machines and the efficiency of electron cooling system

for particle beams in accelerators. The magnetic field generated by any magnet contains

inhomogeneities. In order to combat them the multiple methods are applied, often connected with the

careful changes of a magnet geometry or the application of the correction coils. The application of the

superconducting tapes formed into an open magnetic shield allows to easily obtain a large improvement

of homogeneity.

In this work the experimental and numerical results are presented. Magnetic field is generated

by a long solenoid. A superconducting shield is placed coaxially with the electromagnet. Two

components of the magnetic field are measured - axial along the axis and radial close to the surface of

the shield. The numerical model is used to find the distribution of magnetic field in the entire considered

region and to calculate shielding currents in the shield. Experimental and numerical agree well.

Significant improvement of homogeneity is observed. After the application of the shield, the radial

component of the magnetic field is radically decreased in the shielded cavity. The region in which axial

component is close to maximum becomes longer and the entire curve is flattened. The effect weakens

with the increase of the strength of the shielded field.

Short pieces of HTS can be used to produce the open shields. Therefore both production and

usage of the shields are low. The application of proposed devices is simpler than the other methods of

improvement of the magnetic field homogeneity. The obtained numerical results suggest the possibility

for interesting modifications of the magnetic field distribution by the proper placement of a shield.



59

The magnetic and electric field produced by a proton bunch in the storage

ring of LHC and project of the chamber for investigations in these fields

S. Bednarek, J. Płoszajski,

Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, University of Łódź, Poland

The estimation method of the spatial distribution of magnetic field induction and electric field

intensity produced by a relativistic beam of charged particles is presented. The method is applied to

estimation of this field distribution in surroundings of proton bunches which are moving inside the

storage ring of Large Hadron Collider (LHC) [1, 2].

It is demonstrated that such bunches generate pulsed high magnetic fields with induction from

a few dozen to a few hundred T within the space of a few cm3. The fields are relevant to the

successful application of research of materials properties in time intervals in the order of fs, which

have not been available until now [3-5].

Additionally a design for the special chamber allowing easy introduction of samples into the

accelerator, remote measurement and data acquisition is presented [1].

[1]. Bednarek S., Płoszajski J., The magnetic and electric field produced by a proton bunch from the LHC and

project of the chamber for investigations in these fields, „Bulletin de la Société des Sciences et des Lettres de

Łódź, Série: Recherches sur les Déformations”, LXVII, 1 (2017) 91.

[2]. Bednarek S., Płoszajski J., Wytwarzanie silnych impulsowych pól magnetycznych przy użyciu cząstek z

akceleratorów i pierścieni akumulacyjnych, „44 Zjazd Fizyków Polskich, Wrocław (2017), Streszczenia”, s. 184,

Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej.

[3]. Siegmann et al., Magnetism with picosecond field pulses, J. Mag. Mag. Mater. 151 (1995) L8.

[4]. Back C.H., Siegmann H.C., Ultrashort magnetic field pulses and elementary process of magnetization

reversal, J. Mag. Mag. Mater. 200 (1999) 774.

[5]. Siegmann H.C., Magnetism in the pirosecond time scale with electron accelerators, Europhys. News 31, 6

(2000) 24.



60

How to minimize stray X-ray contamination of a therapeutic electron beam

P. Adrich, NCBJ, Otwock Świerk, Poland

In this work, we address an issue of deeply penetrating stray X-ray contamination of a

therapeutic electron beam. The issue is of particular importance in the Intraoperative Electron Radiation

Therapy (IOERT) - one of the most modern and promising ways to treat cancer. In a typical IOERT

treatment, the irradiation is performed in a regular, nonshielded operating room thus reduction of stray

X-ray radiation is of great importance.

The sources of stray X-ray contamination are located within the beam forming system. This

system is responsible for formation and delivery of a therapeutic beam of uniform spatial dose

distribution over entire target area. The beam is formed by scattering in metallic foils what inevitably

leads to considerable production of stray X-ray radiation.

Until recently, due to limited computing resources and lack of adequate methods, designing of

an electron beam forming system was to a large extend an art of trial and error guided by extremely

simplified physics models and a small set of empirical rules of thumb that have an unknown range of

applicability. Most often this resulted in a much higher than otherwise achievable levels of unwanted

beam contamination.

Here we consider the so called Kozlov and Shishov rule [1] for selection of the primary

scattering foil. This foil is one of the major sources of stray X-ray contamination. The Kozlov and

Shishov rule dates back to an empirical observations made in 1970s in a context of a long obsolete

device. Using a comprehensive new method developed in our earlier works [2,3] we put, for the first

time, the Kozlov and Shishov rule to scrutiny. We demonstrate, on an example of a mobile accelerator

for IOERT that is currently under development at NCBJ, that the simple recipe of [1] does not in fact

lead to an optimal solution. We present a new approach capable of finding a solution of beam forming

system that truly minimizes therapeutic beam contamination.

[1] A. P. Kozlov, V. A. Shishov, Acta Radiol. 15 (1976) 493–512

[2] P. Adrich. Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A 817 (2016) 93–99

[3] P. Adrich, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A 817 (2016) 100–108



61

Infiltration growth processing of bulk YBa2Cu3O7-x/REBa2Cu3O7-x

superconductors: Nano metal oxides and rare earth elements effects

on crystal growth and physical properties

S. Pavan Kumar Naik1,4, *, K. Nagaveni2, P. Missak Swarup Raju3,

M. Muralidhar1, M.R. Koblischka1, A. Koblischka-Veneva1,

T. Oka1, Hiraku Ogino4, Hiroshi Eisaki4 and M. Murakami1

1Superconducting Materials Laboratory, Graduate School of

Science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Tokyo

135-8548, Japan

2 Dept. of Physics, Government College, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India

3 Dept. of Physics, GITAM, Hyderabad, India

4 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST),

1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan

*[email protected]

The REBa2Cu3O7-x (REBCO/YBCO) based high-temperature superconductors are promising

materials for high magnetic field and energy applications due to their effective flux pinning abilities [1].

The superconducting properties of these materials are strongly depending on the microstructure which

could be engineered by the fabrication methods and incorporating various dopants. The first successful

experiment leading to high current density in the YBCO superconductor was the Melt Growth (MG),

which is accompanied by shrinkage of up to ~22% due to liquid phase oozing out, systematically

occurring macrodefects, irregular growth of large RE-211 particles and distortions in the final products

which are undesired and limiting the practical applications [2].

Infiltration growth (IG) process is currently evolving and superior to the MG technique

addressing the problems as mentioned above [2]. However, the IG technique is complex as compared to

conventional MG technique, and for high reproducibility, many parameters need to be optimized for

every system. In this presentation, we discuss the engineering of the final microstructure with various

nanometric metal oxides to the bulk YBCO/REBCO materials aiming to improve the superconducting

properties for various high field applications. A novel technique of “Nano-dispersive Sol-Casting” was

employed for synthesis and uniform dispersion of nanoparticles in the preform powders bulk sample for

IG processing. The effect of introducing various RE elements in IG processed YBCO/GdBCO bulk

superconductors, and the evolution of microstructures supported by thorough elemental analysis and

their effect on superconducting properties will be discussed. Emphasis will be given to the problems

involved in the growth of single grain REBCO products in the IG process and to the microstructural

properties at various stages of processing the bulk samples.

[1] M. Tomita and M. Murakami, Nature 421 (2003) 517.

[2] R. Cloots et al., Supercond. Sci. Technol. 18 (2005) R9.



62

Session VIII: SRF

(Thursday, November 29th, 09:00 – 10:20)

Paolo Pierini (ESS) - SRF and ESS Frank Gerigk (CERN) - SRF at CERN Denis Kostin (DESY) - Progress towards continuous wave operation of the

SRF linac at DESY Marco Garlasche (CERN) - Advanced simulations for forming of SRF

cavities



63

SRF and ESS

P. Pierini, European Spallation Source ERIC, Lund, Sweden

The European Spallation source is deploying the world most powerful neutron spallation source,

with capabilities to reach 5 MW proton beam power in steady state operation of all its SRF equipment.

SRF components for the ESS linac are provided by the project in-kind partners in France, Italy

and the United Kingdom, which are responsible for the design and procurement of 13 cryomodules

equipped with two double spoke cavities (IPNO), 9 cryomodules equipped with four medium beta

cavities (INFN, IPNO and CEA) and 21 cryomodules equipped with four high beta cavities (STFC,

IPNO and CEA), for a nominal energy reach of 2 GeV at the proton target when all cryomodules will

be installed and powered in the linac.

This presentation gives an overview of the SRF linac components contributed by the ESS by the

in kind partners and of the plans for their testing, installation and commissioning at ESS in Lund.



64

SRF at CERN

F. Gerigk, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

CERN’s involvement with superconducting (SC) Radio Frequency (RF) cavities started in the

80’s and was targeted at the Large Electron Proton Collider (LEP). At that time Niobium on Copper

provided superior performance for the 352 MHz cavities und thus CERN set up the infrastructure to test,

assemble and install a series of 72 cryomodules in LEP. With a total of 3.6 GV of accelerating voltage

this made LEP the largest installation of SC cavities worldwide at that time.

LHC was much less demanding in terms of required accelerating voltage, so the LEP technology

of using Niobium films on Copper cavities was re-used almost “as is” and 4 cryomodules - plus one

spare - with 4 single-cell 400 MHz cavities per module, were prepared and installed in the LHC for

beam in 2008.

Since then CERN has increased and diversified its SRF infrastructure and established the

technology to produce, assemble, and test elliptical bulk Nb cavities, coated Quarter-Wave Resonators

for HIE-ISOLDE, and bulk Nb Crab cavities of unusual shape for the High Luminosity LHC project

(HL-LHC).

The last of the 4 HIE-ISOLDE cryomodules was successfully installed and commissioned in

2018, while the first Crab Cavity prototype cryomodule is undergoing tests in the SPS. The series

production of the Crab Cavities has been launched and 8 cryomodules will be installed in the Long

Shutdown 3 in 2024/2025.

Preparing for the cold testing and potentially the assembly of the crab cavity series modules

requires further upgrades of the SRF infrastructure, which presently put into place. Furthermore CERN

is engaged in cavity developments for FCC, R&D on superconducting films with Niobium or A15

materials, like Nb3Sn or V3Si, new resonators for material qualification, coated crab cavities, and some

work on bulk Nb elliptical cavities.

This talk gives an overview of today’s SRF activities, the ongoing SRF projects and the

challenges of future projects.



65

Progress towards Continuous Wave Operation of the SRF Linac at DESY

D. Kostin, DESY, Hamburg, Germany.

Continuous Wave (CW) mode is the origin of the SRF accelerator technology. European XFEL

project [1] was based on the Linear Collider (LC) technology (TESLA) operating in the pulsed RF power

mode (10Hz / 650μs beam pulse). Many FEL user experiments will get an advantage (or become

possible) with CW mode operation. European XFEL SRF accelerator recently reached its project goal

of 17.5 GeV electron beam energy. Possible CW mode linac operation scenario with 17 modified

injector section cryo-modules (CM) may reach ~50% of that energy with 25μA (100pC and 250kHz)

CW beam in European XFEL. A Long Pulse (LP) mode (duty factor < 100%) may provide even higher

beam energies and still long enough FEL radiation pulses [2], [3].

Some very encouraging results have been obtained at DESY on Cryo Module Test Bench

(CMTB) during CW/LP tests of XFEL prototype CMs. The possibility to run an E-XFEL accelerating

module in CW/LP mode was clearly shown together with reaching higher unloaded Q-factor of the

cavities in the CM [4].

[1] The European X-Ray Free Electron Laser Technical Design Report, http://xfel.desy.de.

[2] J. Sekutowicz et al., “Feasibility of CW and LP operation of the XFEL linac”, Proc. of FEL’13, New York,

USA, Aug. 2013.

[3] J. Sekutowicz et al., “Research and development towards duty factor upgrade of the European X-ray Free

Electron Laser linac”, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams, vol. 18, p.050701, 2015.

[4] J. Branlard et al., “Highlights of the XM-3 Cryomodule Tests at DESY”, Proc. of LINAC’18, Beijing, China,

Sep. 16-21 2018.



66

Advanced Simulations for Forming of SRF Cavities

M. Garlaschè1, A. Astarita2, O. Capatina1, A. Carvalho1,

A. Dallocchio1, S. Giorgini2, M. Narduzzi1, L. Peroni3,

L. Prever-Loiri1, M. Scapin3

1 CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

2 Universita Federico II, Naples, Italy

3 Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy

In the framework of the High Luminosity upgrade project for the LHC (HL-LHC) at CERN, large

sections of the accelerator will be modified [1]. One of the core enhancements are the so called crab

cavities. These are novel SRF systems aimed at increasing integrated luminosity via reduction of the

beam crossing angle [2].

To fabricate these cavities, niobium sheets are formed into complex geometries entailing very tight

tolerances, which are needed to comply with design and manufacturability requirements.

Numerical simulations have proven to be a useful tool for optimization of the forming processes [3].

Simulations have allowed to gain insight on the physical phenomena involved and on the material

response to shaping. This has helped to steer manufacturing choices, and has allowed a faster iteration

in the design of the fabrication tools via estimation of the expected shape outcome and thickness

distribution.

The implemented numerical models, material characterization and benchmark with fabricated pieces

are discussed.

DQW Crab Cavity Numerical Model for Deep Drawing

of DQW Subcomponent [1] http://hilumilhc.web.cern.ch

[2] R. Calaga “Crab Cavities for the High –luminosity LHC”, THXA03, Proceedings of SRF 2017, Lanzhou

(China), 2017

[3] A. Amorim Carvalho et al. “Simulation of Niobium Sheets Forming for Accelerating Cavities”

14th LS-DYNA Forum, Bamberg (Germany) 2016

http://hilumilhc.web.cern.ch/



67

Session IX: Secial session PolFEL


Krzysztof Kurek (NCBJ) - PolFEL, Polish free electron laser facility Paweł Krawczyk (NCBJ) - The PolFEL Consortium and the organizational

aspects of the project Karolina Szamota-Leandersson (NCBJ) - Scientific application of PolLFEL

radiation Karol Janulewicz (NCBJ) - PolFEL, design of the user stations Robert Nietubyć (NCBJ) - All superoconducting electron gun for PolFEL

free electron laser Paweł Czuma (NCBJ) - Optical laser system for generation of the PolFEL

electron beam Marcin Staszczak (NCBJ) - Electron beam dynamics in PolFEL

supercondating accelerator Jarosław Szewiński (NCBJ) - PolFEL LLRF Control, synchronization and

data acquisition



68

PolFEL Polish Free Electron Laser Facility

K. Kurek, NCBJ, Otwock-Świerk, Poland for the PolFEL team

The Polish Free Electron Laser, PolFEL was proposed more than decade ago and shortly after

that time was accepted for to the Polish Roadmap for Research Infrastructures. The facility was proposed

to be built in two stages, at first, with fewer accelerating sections and lower beam energy and the second

one, more expensive, with more accelerating sections, delivering 600 MeV electrons to VUV undulator,

generating in the Self Amplified Spontaneous Emission process coherent radiation at wavelength of 27

nm and 9 nm in the first and third harmonic mode respectively.

The project has recently received funds from the POIR program Action 4.2 Modern Research

Infrastructure Development of the Scientific Sector, and is currently in a preparation phase of the

construction which will begin in 2019. The funding, together with a significant NCBJ own contribution,

will allow to construct PolFEL according to the first stage specification adjusted to the current technical

capabilities and research needs: over past decade new experimental methods have been proposed and

developed, delivering interesting results obtained with significantly lower energy coherent and non-

coherent photon beams, for example with IR-UV and THz radiation. In effect, the first stage PolFEL

will be a self-contained Free Electron Laser facility delivering the electron beam with energy up to 180

MeV and equipped with THz, IR, VUV and Inverse Compton Scattering experimental stations. The

facility will be built around a fully superconducting electron accelerator, including an innovative cold

electron gun which will allow the exploitation of the device in the continuous wave mode. PolFEL at its

first stage will explore the coherent radiation in the range from 100 nm to 0.3 nm.

In this presentation the current version of the first stage PolFEL facility will be discussed. After

an introduction, the scientific motivation, budget and schedule, PolFEL Consortium and the facility

layout and main components, will be briefly presented. The details of both the Consortium and technical

features of the PolFEL facility will be also the subject of the following presentations in the session.

The presentation will be concluded with the vision of the future development of PolFEL in the

subsequent stage. This vision has been formulated for the purpose of the Polish Roadmap for Research

Infrastructures actualization. It assumes the transformation of PolFEL into a versatile research facility

delivering photon, electron, positron and neutron beams. The originally planned electron energies and

FEL parameters will be reached by means of the Plasma Wakefield Acceleration method.



69

The PolFEL Consortium and the organizational aspects of the project

P. Krawczyk, NCBJ, Otwock-Świerk, Poland

The concept of the Polish Free Electron Laser PolFEL was introduced to the Polish Roadmap

for Research Infrastructures almost 10 year ago. In 2018 the project received a funding from the 2nd Call

for Proposals in the framework of the Smart Development Operational Program (POIR) 2014 – 2020,

Priority IV, Action 4.2: Modern Research Infrastructure Development of the Scientific Sector. The

participation in the Call and the positive decision on funding, in particular, gave the project a new life

and allowed to commence the work on PolFEL construction. Yet, it also determined the project

organizational structure and, to certain extent, also its goals and objectives.

PolFEL will be constructed by a Consortium led by the National Centre for Nuclear Research

(NCBJ) and including 7 other Polish research institutions: Military University of Technology, Warsaw

University of Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and

Technology, University of Zielona Gora, University of Bialystok and Jagiellonian University. Given the

purely investment character of the project, each of the Consortium members will contribute to the

construction of PolFEL within their particular competence areas. NCBJ managed also to receive support

from the industry: PolFEL will receive contributions from RI Research Instruments GmbH, a leading

manufacturer of the SC RF products, and from Kubara Lamina S.A., a Polish company specializing in

the microwave technologies. Both contributions will be of major importance for the success of the

project.

In accordance with the rules of the Call for Proposals in the framework of the Action 4.2, the

infrastructure receiving the funding, after its construction must be used in at least 40% for commercial

purpose. In preparation for this demanding requirement NCBJ entered into the Letter of Intent with a

number of companies interested in employing PolFEL in their R&D activities.

Finally, PolFEL project has promising international connotations. NCBJ introduced it to the

FELs of Europe, the Consortium of European FEL laboratories. Special relationships regarding

PolFEL link NCBJ with STFC Daresbury (UK) who signed a Memorandum of Understanding on the

collaboration in selected FEL technologies. This MoU already resulted in the donation to PolFEL of

valuable FEL components. Already after the positive PolFEL funding decision, NCBJ signed a MoU

with XFEL GmbH.



70

Scientific Application of PolFEL radiation

K.Szamota-Leandersson, NCBJ, Otwock-Świerk, Poland for the PolFEL team

PolFEL, the Polish THz and FEL facility will provide bright radiation with short pulse duration,

below 1ps, that scientists will use in wide range of experiments to probe the matter for time dependent

characteristics. The main beneficent of PolFEL will be Polish research society; however the cooperation

with foreign institutions will attract and allow access for scientists from other countries. The radiation

range from THz to VUV and continuous operation mode will place this facility between presently

functioning FELs in Europe opening new possibilities for users.

The VUV source will be suitable for state-of-the-art experiments in the field of surface science,

such as dynamics of the VUV radiation interaction with matter in sub picosecond resolution, multi-

photon excitation processes particularly examination of the cross sections and the plasma effect on

multi-photon ionizations.

The IR and THz radiation interacting with biological-chemical specimens will allow to measure

dynamics of reaction under influence of radiation. For solid samples the material and optical oriented

studies will be performed. At present, three experimental beamlines for electromagnetic radiation, and

one for experiments with an electron beam are proposed.

The IR and THz beamline will be designed by Military University of Technology (MUT). The

line will allow studies of different samples from wet specimens to solid samples. It will contain

experimental chamber, equipped with 2D-scaner, THz camera, system to measure reflection, absorption

and transmission coefficients. Station will be equipped with a helium cryostat and system allowing

annealing of samples. The state-of-the-art data acquisition system will be also designed by MUT.

The second beamline, dedicated to biological-chemical specimens will be constructed with help

of IBB PAS Institute. The end-station of that line, with manipulator for different kind of specimens, will

be equipped with Raman spectrometer, fluorescence spectrometer and experimental set-up for

measurement of reaction with the stopped-flow method.

The VUV end-station will be equipped with table allowing users to set experimental system for

their own demands. All end-stations will be equipped with a femtosecond IR laser for „pump and probe”

experiments.

In the experimental hall, a radiation protection hutch will be set for experiments radiation

generated by back Compton scattering with 180 MeV electrons. The experimental set-up will be

designed by the Bialystok University.



71

PolFEL, design of the user stations

A. Bartnik, H. Fiedorowicz, K. A. Janulewicz, N. Pałka, P. Wachulak, P. Zagrajek

Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland

The success of the X-ray free electron lasers (XFELS) changed dramatically the landscape of

the available short-wavelength sources and importantly, proved potential of the sources based on the

accelerator technology. Unprecedented parameters of these machines and the successful use of them in

different fields paved the way towards a change in the scientific paradigms. Polish free electron laser

(PolFEL) will generate photons in two important spectral ranges. First, that of the vacuum ultraviolet

(VUV) will emulate the short wavelengths. On the other end, the terahertz beamline will deliver high

quality long-wavelength radiation, much sought-after in many areas of modern diagnostic technique. In

spite of its less spectacular (when compared to the big installations) output parameters set, the facility

will offer access to sources developed by applying the newest accelerators technology and hence it

should deliver the tools for opening new research directions in Poland and enrich some of the existing

ones.

We are going to present the fundamental assumptions formulated for the design of the beamlines

and the experiemntal setups. Starting from the electron beam characteristics, the basic parameters of the

output radiation will be estimated and discussed in the context of the possible future applications. The

discussion will concentrate on such beam features as a level of coherence or the working wavelength

and will be concluded with some recommendations from the user's point of view. Investigation of any

laser-matter interaction process, being a basis for any application, requires full control over the beam

parameters. One of the crucial points is the concept of adjustingthe repetition rate to the needs, i.e. in a

broad range from the single shot regime to the full 250 kHz as well as the determining the means

enabling attenuation within two orders of magnitude. The diagnostic equipment, its arrangement as well

as other supporting ventures will be also briefly presentred.

The presentation will be concluded with the discussion of the scientific activities possible to be

done at the beamlines of PolFEL. The content of these activities will be presented in detail to justify

their choice and place them within the progressing field. This will be supplemented by the prospect and

predictable guidelines of further development.



72

All superconducting electron gun for PolFEL free electron laser

P. Czuma1, J. Lorkiewicz1, R. Mirowski1, R. Nietubyć1,

K. Szymczyk1, J. Sekutowicz1,2

1 NCBJ, Otwock-Świerk, Poland

2 DESY, Hamburg, Germany

Superconducting Radio-Frequency (SRF) electron guns facilitate continuous wave (cw)

operation and thus enable higher number of FEL photon flashes per second than normal-conducting

sources delivering electrons for pulse operation. This is essential for numerous experiments carried out

on free electron lasers.

Any SRF e-gun is still a very demanding device, involving many scientific and technical

difficulties including beam dynamics, SRF performance as well as integration of cathodes in a clean

superconducting environment. Also in the case of PolFEL it will be one of the most challenging

components.

Approach we have chosen at NCBJ is based on a superconducting lead (Pb) photocathode

integrated in a superconducting 1.6-cell niobium cavity. Lead is unique superconducting metal

demonstrating quantum efficiency (QE) sufficient to generate beam current needed for the cw operation

of the PolFEL facility. Attained in many tests QE of 3·10-4 will allow for less than 1W laser power at

257 nm wavelength to generate low emittance electron beam delivered to undulators after acceleration

in the superconducting PolFEL linac.

The emitting Pb film will be deposited on a smooth niobium substrate which roughness will be

below 20 nm. Our goal is to achieve similar smoothness of the Pb-coating to ensure low thermal

emittance of the generated electron beam. Numerous deposition setups have been investigated in order

to eliminate lead micro-droplets occurring in the most promising arc deposition process, demonstrating

the best adhesion of the Pb-film.

Alternative solutions like arc plasma channel filtering during the deposition process or ex- situ

pulsed plasma surface melting have been carefully studied to reach required film surface quality. Many

Pb film samples have been prepared and following film quality investigation was performed including

morphology inspection by means of an electron microscope combined with fluorescence chemical

surface mapping. QE was measured with a dedicated diagnostic setup based on monochromatised Xe

tube light. Additionally, the crystallinity and texture of the films have been studied with X-ray

diffraction. The effect of pulsed plasma flattening on the surface electric field homogeneity was

evaluated for the field distribution close to surface regions for both, the Pb film morphologies as

deposited and after the flattering. Next, the dark current propagation for a single emitting protrusion was

modelled.

Finally, preliminary tests at NCBJ of dark current emission were performed for static electric

fields up to 40MV/m and the lifetime of Pb-cathode was measured at HZDR. The latter showed that

after 550h irradiation with UV laser a marginal change of QE was observed.



73

Optical laser system for generation of the PolFEL electron beam

P. Czuma1, R. Nietubyć1 , J.Szewiński1, J. Sekutowicz1,2

1 NCBJ, Otwock-Świerk, Poland


Polish Free Electron Laser, PolFEL, will be a multi-purpose facility at NCBJ, operating as a

THz source, VUV FEL and source of low emittance electron beams with energy reach up to 170 MeV.

The first section of the PolFEL superconducting linac will consist of an electron SRF gun and

two RI-HZDR type cryomodules each housing 2 TESLA cavities. When operating in the cw mode, that

section will accelerate electrons up to 64 MeV. Electron beam at this energy will be directed either to a

THz undulator or to the second linac section consisting of a bunch compressor and additional two RI-

HZDR cryomodules accelerating beam in the cw mode up 124 MeV. Next, beam will be delivered to

VUV undulator and finally, if required, to experimental station exploiting electron beam. When whole

linac will operate in the long pulse mode at duty factor of 46%, the beam energy can be increased to 83

MeV for the THz line and to 170 MeV for the VUV and electron lines.

The electron beam will be generated in the SRF gun by irradiation of a thin film Pb photocathode

with short optical laser pulses in the range of 1-10 ps at wavelength of 257 nm and energy/pulse up to

20 µJ. The repetition rate of the optical system will be in the first stage set to 50 kHz. The quality of

generating bunches (emittance below 0.5 µm·rad and high peak current) is crucial for the Self Amplified

Spontaneous Emission process efficiency in the VUV undulator. Emittance is less critical for the THz

generation process, however much higher bunch charge, ca. 250 pC; will be required to achieve ca. 100

µJ pulses in the THz undulator.

The PolFEL optical laser system will be also used to perform in situ cathode laser cleaning,

removing oxide layer from the emitting Pb-film, and thus enhancing the quantum efficiency to the

specified value of 3.2·104. The cleaning process requires at least fluence of 60 µJ/mm2, which will be

obtained by strong focusing and sweeping of the laser spot on the cathode surface.

The relatively high margin in the optical laser pulse energy (only 3.7 µJ are needed to generate

250 pC) will allow for the laser pulse shaping process improving emittance of the generating bunches.



74

Electron beam dynamics in PolFEL superconducting accelerator

R. Nietubyć1, M. Staszczak1, J. Sekutowicz1,2

1 NCBJ, Otwock, Poland


Beam dynamics influences many aspects of the PolFEL design, construction and final operation

parameters. The PolFEL superconducting accelerator will consist of SRF gun generating low emittance

bunches, four RI-HZDR type cryomodules, each housing two 9-cell superconducting TESLA structures,

bunch compressor, many beam optics components and diagnostics elements preserving low beam

emittance during transport and acceleration process.

The presentation is intended to illustrate optimization of the electron bunch propagation from

the photocathode through successive elements of the accelerator to the entrance of an undulator.

The modeling of the beam emittance along the beam line will start from the optimization of the

superconducting RF gun geometry, then position and parameters of the solenoid will be discussed. Some

key aspects of accelerating field and bunch itself will be presented too.

One of the essential tasks is to define working point for the injection of bunches into the first

accelerating cryomodule and then keep the emittance growth as low as possible during focusing,

acceleration, bunch compression and transporting the beam between accelerating sections.

After presentation of significant aspects of the beam dynamics and results of calculations

performed so far a plan for the future will be discussed.



75

PolFEL LLRF Control, Synchronization and Data Acquisition

P. Czuma, M. Gosk, D. Rybka, J. Szewiński

NCBJ, Otwock-Świerk, Poland

PolFEL Free Electron Laser will require precise timing and RF field control to achieve best

photon beam parameters. RF accelerating field control will be implemented using digital LLRF feedback

system based on the FPGA devices. In the initial operation phase generator driven resonator (GDR)

control mode will be used, however for the CW operation mode self-excited loop (SEL) will be also

considered.

Generation and distribution of timing and synchronization signals will be based on fiber-optics

with drift compensation when possible. The main source of the synchronization will be the laser system

used for the photo-cathode bunch generation. The laser system will be synchronized with main RF signal

generator.

As a major form factor for the advanced electronic systems such as LLRF or beam

instrumentation, the MicroTCA.4 is foreseen. This technology has been proven in many scientific

projects, including such facilities like X-FEL or ESS. For systems with less demanding requirements,

such as slow control, diagnostics or vacuum control, PLC devices will be used. Non-realtime processes

will be implemented on the middle-layer servers.

Safety systems (Machine Protection System, Personnel Safety Systems and Radiation

Monitoring System) will be implemented separately according to particular needs and safety

requirements of each case.

We plan to use EPICS as a Computer Control System, because it is used in many projects and

research centres such as ESS, ITER or SLAC, where members of the PolFEL Consortium are

participating in the EPICS implementation.



76

Session X: Challenges in low temperature engineering


Krzysztof Grunt (PWr) - Superfluid helium-4 film boiling under microgravity conditions

Krzysztof Brodziński (CERN) - Design and operation of superfluid helium cryostates for superoconducting RF cavities

Dariusz Bocian (IFJ PAN) - Cryogenic infrastructure at IFJ PAN: present & future

Monika Lewandowska (ZUT) - Thermal-hydraulic analysis of the improved Eu-DEMO CS1 coil

Artur Iluk (PWr) - Cryogenic Distribution System of SIS 100 FAIR Accelerator



77

Superfluid helium-4 film boiling under microgravity conditions

K. Grunt, M. Lewkowicz, S. Pietrowicz,

Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland

S.Takada, National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki, Japan

N. Kimura, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan

M. Murakami, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

The presented work was concerned with experimental and analytical research regarding

superfluid helium-4 noiseless film boiling. The empirical data was collected during a campaign

conducted at the ZARM Drop Tower in Bremen. The conditions of microgravity allowed to obtain stable

bubbles of nearly spherical shape, thus facilitating the analysis due to a high degree of symmetry

exhibited by the system. A 0-D, mesoscopic model was developed in order to describe the dynamics of

the bubble growth. The mathematical description bears similarities to the well-known Rayleigh-Plesset

equation while incorporating the features associated with the quantum-mechanical character of

superfluid helium. The most significant difference between the two originates from the inclusion of the

physics of the Knudsen layer in the model. The predictions of the model obtained by means of the

numerical solution of a set of three ODEs were compared with empirical data gathered using the

shadowgraph method, thus providing validation of the proposed analytical approach. A reasonable

agreement observed between the two sets of data confirms the significance of interfacial heat, mass and

momentum transfer for the system's behaviour.



78

Design And Operation Of Superfluid Helium Cryostats

For Superconducting RF Cavities

K. Brodzinski, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The paper presents engineering approach for main aspects related to design of the superfluid

helium cryostats for RF cavities. It will provide methodology for sizing of the cryostat volume and its

proximity infrastructure. The necessary instrumentation and safety equipment with their positioning will

be assessed. The operational approach for transient phases and stable run will be analyzed.



79

Cryogenic Research Infrastructure at IFJ PAN

D. Bocian, M. Duda, W. Maciocha, A. Szeliga, J. Świerblewski

IFJ PAN, Kraków, Poland,

In 2014 the Directory and Scientific council of IFJ PAN accepted the development of the

cryogenic infrastructure to support research in the field of superconducting devices. Since then a number

of key decisions have been taken and executed. This paper will present the emerging of infrastructure

components such as the new experimental hall and the new helium liquefier as well as test stands

specifications.



80

Thermal-hydraulic analysis of the improved Eu-DEMO CS1 coil

A. Dembkowska1, M. Lewandowska2

1West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland

2 X. Sarasola, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center

(SPC), Villigen PSI, Switzerland

The tokamak-based European DEMOnstration Fusion Power Plant (Eu-DEMO) is planned to

be an intermediate step between ITER experimental reactor and a commercial fusion power plant, which

should demonstrate feasibility of grid electricity production, at a level of several hundred MW, from

nuclear fusion reaction. Design and assessment studies on the Eu-DEMO superconducting magnet

system, carried out by the WPMAG team of the EUROfusion consortium, have been initially focused

on several concepts of the winding pack (WP) of the Toroidal Field coil, but recently also first concepts

of the Central Solenoid (CS) and the Poloidal Field coils have been proposed. The Eu-DEMO CS coil

will be composed of 5 modules, positioned vertically one above the other. The central CS1 module will

operate under the most severe conditions (the highest mechanical loads and magnetic field). In the

present work a thermal-hydraulic analysis of the most recent design of the CS1 module, proposed by the

EPFL-SCP team [1], is performed, aimed at the assessment of the minimum temperature margin at

normal operating conditions. The considered WP consists of 10 sub-coils, which are layer-wound using

HTS (Re-123), React & Wind Nb3Sn and NbTi conductors in the high, medium and low field sections,

respectively. Operation of conductors designed for each sub-coil is simulated using the THEA Cryosoft

code. The considered current scenario includes the premagnetization, plasma current ramp-up (PCRU),

burn and dwell phases. A special attention is given to the fast breakdown at the beginning of the PCRU

phase, which features the most rapid changes of the operating current and magnetic field, accompanied

by the largest heat generation due to AC losses.

[1] R. Wesche et al., IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercon. 28 (2018) 4203605.

Acknowledgment

This work was carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and was supported in part by the

Euratom Research and Training Program 2014–2018 under Grant 633053 and in part by the Polish Ministry of

Science and Higher Education within the framework of the financial resources in the year 2018 allocated for the

realization of the international cofinanced project. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily

reflect those of the European Commission.



81

Cryogenic Distribution System of SIS 100 FAIR Accelerator

A. Iluk, WUST, Wrocław, Poland

This paper presents the selected aspects of design of a Cryogenic Bypass Line, a part of the

SIS100 synchrotron device, a part of Facility for Antiproton and Ion (FAIR) research project realized in

an international cooperation in Darmstadt, Germany [1]. Polish in-kind to this project is a design and

manufacturing of the Cryogenic Bypass Line, which will be used to transfer liquid helium and AC

electric power between Cold Arcs - sextants of superconducting magnets of the SIS100 synchrotron [2].

A main innovative feature of the Cryogenic Bypass Line (BPL) is transferring the power and

liquid helium in one vacuum vessel, while in previous solutions those functions have been usually

separated. The coincidence of superconducting bus bars and liquid helium process pipes in one limited

space as well as numerous additional requested features were a source of serious challenges described

in the paper.

The mechanical design of the bypass line is strictly connected with the transfer of electrical

power by the four pairs of the Nuclotron type superconducting bus bars. Design of the bypass line layout

was ruled by electromagnetic cross-talking requirements. Due to transferring of AC power, the

electromagnetic cross-talking on the total length of superconducting bus bar in BPL over 2 km can

significantly influence on the precision of the SIS100 magnet control and on the quality of the SIS100

accelerator beam [3].

Another significant challenge in mechanical design was the support system of the bypass line

cold mass. The space reservation for the bypass line was unfortunately fixed before start of design, and

was very limited. It made impossible to use standard compensation systems between magnets and bypass

line, like a jumper connections or bellow compensators. Simultaneously there were requirement to avoid

exerting any forces to the magnet, because of required magnet positioning precision below 0.1 mm. To

fulfil these requirements, a novel floating suspension system of whole BPL and internal cold mass was

designed. The system is self-compensating and has almost no fixed point except of magnet flanges.

The Cryogenic Bypass Line project is in the final stage, first of 24 BPL modules was

manufactured, delivered to the Darmstadt and successfully tested.

[1] Spiller, Peter, et al. "Status of the FAIR Project." (2018): MOZGBF2

[2] Eisel, T., et al. "Local Cryogenics for the SIS100 at FAIR." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and

Engineering. Vol. 101. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2015.

[3] Mierau, Anna, et al. "Testing of the superconducting magnets for the FAIR project." IEEE Transactions on

Applied Superconductivity 26.4 (2016): 1-5.



82

Session XI: Smart materials


Kamila Kluczewska-Chmielarz (UP) - The influence of technological conditions on the properties of bismuth sodium titanate NBT

Piotr Czaja (UP) - Lead-free ferroelectric ceramics KBT obtaining, properties and perspectives

Krzysztof Pomorski (UC Dublin) - Towards modelling and implementation of superconducting and semiconductor classical and quantum mind



83

The influence of technological conditions on the properties of bismuth

sodium titanate Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3

K. Kluczewska-Chmielarz1, D. Sitko2, J. Suchanicz1, P. Czaja1

1Institute of Technology, Pedagogical University, Kraków, Poland

2Institute of Physics, Pedagogical University, Kraków, Poland

Among the ferroelectric materials, the most common are lead-based materials - the most popular

is the PbZrO3-PbTiO3 (PZT) solid solution. However, due to the toxicity of lead, the European Union

introduced

a Directive, which recommends limiting the use of lead-based ferroelectric materials. Therefore, the

search for lead-free ferroelectrics has started.

One of the most promising materials is sodium bismuth titanate Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 (NBT),

discovered and described in 1960 by Smolensky and others. NBT ceramics are characterized by the fact

that about 200oC, its piezoelectric properties disappear, in the polycrystalline state the remaining

polarization Pr is 25µC/cm2 and the material is easy to obtain. However, it is also characterized by

relatively high electrical conductivity and a high coercive field at room temperature of about 70kV/cm.

Four temperature ranges can be distinguished in the NBT: first to about 200°C, in which there is a

ferroelectric rhombohedral phase, the second from about 200oC to 400°C, where the coexistence of the

rhombohedral and tetragonal phase occurs, the third from 400oC to 520/540oC in which the tetragonal

phase occurs and the fourth from 520/540oC where there is a regular phase. In addition, two

characteristic temperatures can be indicated: depolarization temperature Td ≈ 190°C and temperature at

which there is a maximum of electric permittivity Tm ≈ 320°C.

This study presents the results of research on the influence of technological conditions on the

properties (structural, thermal, electric and ferroelectric) of four NBT samples. These conditions differ

sintering time, amount of sinters and production method (hot pressing).



84

Lead-free ferroelectric ceramics K0.5Bi0.5TiO3 - obtaining, properties and

perspectives

P. Czaja, J. Suchanicz

Institute of Technology, Pedagogical University, Kraków, Poland

The European Union’s Directive prompts searching for new lead-free materials that could

substitute materials containing lead in its composition.

The success could be achieved when the new material’s properties are comparable or better than

the composite PbZrO3-PbTiO3 (PZT).

One of the most prospective lead-free materials investigated in recent years is K0.5Bi0.5TiO3 (potassium-

bismuth titanate) (hereinafter referred to as KBT). This is the perovskite material with tetragonal

structure at room temperature (c/a is about 1.02-1.01).

The potassium-bismuth titanate has two phase transition: from tetragonal to pseudocubic at near

533 K and from pseudocubic to cubie at about 683 K. K0.5Bi0.5TiO3 is characterized by a relatively

high temperature Curie Tc = 653 K. The paper will present the technology of obtaining KBT, its

properties (e.g. SEM and EDS, X-ray, Raman studies, dielectric properties) and possible perspectives

for the use of this material.



85

Towards Modelling and Implementation of Superconducting and

Semiconductor Classical and Quantum Mind

K. Pomorski1, P. Pęczkowski2, P. Prokopow3, A. Fujimaki4, R.B.

Staszewski1

1 University College Dublin, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Dublin, Ireland


3 The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Saitama, Japan

4 Nagoya University, Department of Quantum Engineering, Nagoya, Japan

The usage of RSQF instead of semiconductor electronics allows reduction of energy use up to

6 orders of magnitude. It is reported that 105 Josephson junctions in RSQF architecture have been

implemented on one chip by AIST. Certain steady development of superconducting quantum computer

is observed and it is thus promising implementation of quantum Turing machine. Quantum state is fragile

against decoherence and quantum computing chip is thus small and costly. Therefore big quantum

computer is unlikely and one needs to use both superconducting classical and quantum chips. Flux

superconducting qubit can be integrated with RSQF electronics on one chip. Thus qubit state can be set

and read by RSFQ chips. In that framework we obtain hybrid classical-quantum superconducting

computer on big scale on the same chip. This drives need for mixed classical-quantum computer

algorithms robust against various types of noise. Since Josephson junctions in RSQF architecture can

simulate Spiking Neural network it is possible to represent classical mind in superconductor in analogy

to semiconductor SPINNAKER. Limited tests on hypothesis of quantum features in human brain

become accessible. Therefore it is possible to obtain hybrid classical-quantum mind implemented in

superconductor what can be represented by classical-quantum neural networks. We present the

methodologies necessary to model proposed system and design new experiments that can be conducted

using London, Ginzburg-Landau, Bogoliubov-de Gennes & non-equilibrium Green formalisms

implemented in numerical relaxation method. Execution of quantum algorithms is expected to be traced.

New hardware architectures and various approaches are analysed.

The proposed scheme is to be compared with new scheme of hybrid semiconductor CMOS

quantum computer based on the usage of coupled quantum dots in semiconductor.



86

Session XII: Research, Technological Infrastructures and Industry: European and National Coactions


Andrzej Napieralski (PŁ) - DMCS recent activities and projects in area of large scale facilities

Dariusz Bocian (IFJ PAN) et all - Development of Accelerator Science and Technology in Europe - key research projects



87

DMCS recent activities and projects in area of large scale facilities

W. Cichalewski1 , A. Napieralski1

1 Department of Microelectronics and Computer Science, Lodz University of

Technology, Łódź, Poland,

For almost two last decades the Department of Microelectronics and Computer Science of Lodz

University of Technology have been involved in various scientific activities dedicated to the high energy

physics experiments and large scale facilities. In cooperation with many international partners DMCS

provided systems and components mainly dedicated to superconducting linear accelerators. Thanks to

its expertise and long time experience in digital electronics, all levels software development and

automation DMCS have been involved in development, evaluation, production and installation phase of

Low Level Radio Frequency control systems of free electron lasers (like European X-ray Free Electron

Laser (EX-FEL) Free Electron Laser in Hamburg (FLASH).

As a partner in Polish Electronic Group consortium – DMCS participates in LLRF systems

development for proton superconducting linac of European Spallation Source (ESS) facility. Additional,

ESS dedicated activities are related to beam instrumentation systems especially beam loss monitors and

software development towards MTCA hardware platform.

Department have been realized all this work in the scope of international cooperation

agreements, European framework projects, Polish Ministry of Science grants, as a Polish in-kind

contribution and others.

Current contribution summarizes DMCS previous and recent work related to large scale

facilities. Near future challenges in running projects and new upcoming tasks (eq. in POL-FEL project)

are also discussed.



88

Development of Accelerator Science and Technology in Europe: key research

projects

D. Bocian1, P. Malecki1, R. Romaniuk2

1IFJ PAN, Kraków, Poland , 2Warsaw University of Technology

Currently in Europe are running several projects aimed on development of accelerator science

and technology. The construction of large scientific projects demands technology infrastructures and

industry in order to run all the necessary activities of research, development, fabrication, assembly and

verification. This paper will review the key projects.



89

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