Name :: Supabana Ghosh Class :: X == > D Roll No :: 47 Board Regn Numbr ::

B114084140217

Project on Water

Introduction

Current water shortages and the cost associated with freshwater have made water reuse and recycling of major importance. Reused water is currently used for non-potable purpose , such as agriculture , landscape , public parks and golf course irrigation , industrial process water etc. Benefits of reuse includes protection of ecosystems and reduction and prevention of pollution. This paper focus on the environmental & health considerations related to utilization of treated water.

Waste water recycling and use

1.Waste water recycling helps you get the most from limited water supplies. It's a low-cost, environmentally friendly way to create fresh water for industry and agriculture & offers a wide range of treatment technologies for reclaiming industrial waste water.

2.Waste Water & Process Technologies is on the forefront with a wide range of recycling solutions

3.This also benefits You & Reduced stress on drinking water supplies Flexibility to suit specific applications Affordable cost Low environmental impact.

Different Models for Different Conditions

* The dilution model; where a wastewater collection system exists but is infiltrated by groundwater, rain and sand.

* The digester-dyke-pond model for concentrated effluent; to rebuild or construct a collection system which separates wastewater from rainwater.

* The soil filter model, where large water surfaces are undesirable for social reasons such as houses located very close to the treatment area.Advantages

1. Could stop lots of pollutants to enter the natural process2. Could help nature to be cleaner and not plagued by weeds3. Could remove Chemicals that could have been harmful for environment4. Stops waste water seepage into natural water sources.

Disadvantages

1. Smell .2. Cuts into natural process where every other person's crap is some organism's food.3. Chemicals used could be harmful in long run.4. Requires large area of land that could be permanently damaged.5. Air born pollution and germs.

Inputs, Processes and Outputs

Conclusion

Thus,recycling of waste water has advantages as well as disadvantages but in most cases it is useful like it could remove harmful chemical from the environment etc..

Water Resources

What creates an increased water consumption?

* Population growth.* Economic growth based on agriculture and industry.* Increased standard of living.

How to improve the situation and create a sustainable development.

Rainwater harvesting in arid climates (for agriculture).Wastewater treatment for reuse, particulary in agriculture.Improve methods for watering.Processing and venture in drought tolerance crops.More efficient water use in the industry.Improve the legal protection of water resources.

Hard Water & Soft Water

* Hard water is water containing a substantial amount of dissolved minerals like calcium and magnesium.* Soft water is water where the only ion is sodium.* Hard water has a negative effect on plumbing and makes some cleaning materials less effective.* Soap is ineffective on hard water and reacts with it to form insoluble salt known as soap scum.* Soft water may taste salty and not be safe to drink.

Identifying Hard and Soft Water

*Homes with hard water use more soap!*More soap residue.*Calcium and iron deposits can build up in appliances and on faucets:

-Washing machine -Dish washer-Steam iron*Shortens their life span and adds to landfill problem!

Effects of Hard Water

* Water with very low concentrations of minerals.* Soap lathers easily and is sometimes difficult to rinse off.

Soft Water

*The calcium and magnesium cations need to be removed to soften the water.* This can be done by adding a solution of soda ash (sodium carbonate) Na2CO3 to the water to remove the magnesium.* You can use slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) Ca(OH)2 to remove the calcium.

How Can Hard Water Be Made Soft?

* Ca+2 + Na2 + CO3 + H2O → CaCO3 + Na2 + H2O * Mg+2 + Ca+2 + 2OH + H2O → Mg(OH)2 + Ca+2 + H2O* The sodium in the first equation and the calcium in the second equation are crossed out because they are unaffected by the reaction.

Reactions

mg/L as CaCO3 Degree of Hardness

0-60 Soft water

61-120 Moderately hard water

121-180 Hard water

>180 Very hard water

Water Hardness Rating

Hydro Power

Dam Types

* Arch * Gravity * Buttress * Embankment or Earth

Sizes of Hydropower Plants

* Large plants : capacity >30 MW* Small Plants : capacity b/w 100 kW to 30 MW* Micro Plants : capacity up to 100 kW

Generating Technologies

Generating Technologies

Types of Hydro Turbines: Impulse turbines , Pelton Wheel , Cross Flow Turbines , Reaction turbines , Propeller Turbines , Bulb turbine, Straflo, Tube Turbine, Kaplan Turbine , Francis Turbines , Kinetic Turbines .

Hydroelectric power (often called hydropower) is considered a renewable energy source. A renewable energy source is one that is not depleted (used up) in the production of energy. Through hydropower, the energy in falling water is converted into electricity without “using up” the water. Hydropower energy is ultimately derived from the sun, which drives the water cycle. In the water cycle, rivers are recharged in a continuous cycle. Because of the force of gravity, water flows from high points to low points. There is kinetic energy embodied in the flow of water.

Hydroelectric Power

Hydroelectric Power Plants in India

Baspa II Binwa

Continued …

Gaj Nathpa Jakri

Continued…

Rangit Sardar Sarovar

Popular Struggle & Movements

Supabana GhoshClass X D

Popular struggle & Movements

* Influence politics rather than directly take part in electoral competition* They are loose organisations* Make informal decisions and are flexible* They depend on spontaneous mass participation

Narmada BachaoAndolan Women’s Movement

Bolivia…

Fight against Privatization of Water1) World Bank pressurised Government to give up control of Municipal

Water supply.2) Sale of rights to a MNC for the City of Cochabamba.3) Company raised the price of water 4 times.4) 4 day general strike by Labour and Human Rights and Community

leaders.5) Government agreed to negotiate.6) Power of the people forced MNC to flee & made Government to

concede to all demands.Water supply was restored to municipality at old rates.

Together We Can

Water resources are sources of water that are useful or potentially useful. Uses of water include  agricultural, industrial , household , recreational & environmental activities. The majority of human uses require fresh water .97 percent of the water on the Earth is salt water. However, only three percent is fresh water ; slightly over two thirds of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps.The remaining unfrozen freshwater is found mainly as groundwater, with only a small fraction present above ground or in the air.

Water Resources

Harvesting System

Broadly rainwater can be harvested for two purposes• Storing rainwater for ready use in containers above or below ground • Charged into the soil for withdrawal later (groundwater recharging)

Source: A Water Harvesting Manual For Urban Areas

Why Rain water be harvested

* To conserve & augment the storage of ground water , reduce water table depletion , improve the quality of ground water , arrest sea water intrusion in coastal areas & avoid flood & water stagnation in urban areas .

Rain Water Harvesting (RWH )– Methodologies

• Roof , Land based & Watershed based Rain Water Harvesting

• For Urban & Industrial Environment –

• Roof & Land based RWH

• Public, Private, Office & Industrial buildings

• Pavements, Lawns, Gardens & other open spaces

Rain Water Harvesting– Advantages

1. Provides self-sufficiency to water supply & reduces the cost for pumping of ground water & Reduces soil erosion & flooding in urban areas.

2. Provides high quality water, soft and low in minerals & improves the quality of ground water through dilution when recharged.

3. The rooftop rain water harvesting is less expensive & easy to construct, operate and maintain

4. In deserts , RWH is the only relief

8. In saline or coastal areas & Islands, rain water provides good quality water

Thank You