Internship report

On

Study of Networking Structure at Infocom services, ONGC

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the

requirement for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology

in

Electronics & Communication

By

Sidharth Patnaik

Enrollment No. 11EC001348

Department of Electronics & Communication

Sir Padampat Singhania University

Udaipur 313601 Rajasthan India

Under the supervision of

Mr. Naresh Chandra

Chief Engineer, Infocom Services

ONGC, Ahmedabad Asset

Chandkheda Road, Ahmedabad,

Gujarat - 382424

Submitted to

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly, I would like to thank ONGC Infocom Services; Ahmedabad Asset for

giving me this wonderful opportunity, to undertake my Summer Internship as

an Undergraduate student here. It has been an enriching experience for me.

Secondly and most importantly, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude

to my Mentor & Project Supervisor Mr. Naresh Chandra (Chief Engineer,

Infocom Services, ONGC, Ahmedabad Asset) for his able guidance,

continuous encouragement and cooperation during the course of the training.

Lastly but never the least, I extend my gratitude towards my university, our

HOD Mr. Udayprakash Singh (ECE) and the faculty members for providing

me with this opportunity to come here and accomplish my undergraduate

engineering training.

SUMMARY

Objectives Of the study was to assess theoretical aspects taught at university

with practical knowledge at a company. To know about the different

departments of an organization. To know about Computer systems and

Computer Networking and its application in the MNCs, how SCADA systems

work and their applications. To learn about Information security which is a

major aspect of data protection and security in MNCs as of today. Learn about

satellite systems and their usage in the data transfer. To learn about GPS

tracking. We were also assigned a project regarding the networking of an

offsite settlement and its connection with the head-office.

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………..1

2. COMPANY PROFILE…………………………………………………..2

3. Chapter 1: IT NETWORK IN ONGC………………………………….6

4. Chapter 2: SCADA SYSTEM IN ONGC……………………………10

5. Chapter 3: INFORMATION SECURITY IN ONGC………………..13

6. Chapter 4: GPS BASED VEHICLE TRACKING SYSTEM………16

7. Chapter 5: WELL LOGGING SYSTEM…………………………….17

8. Chapter 6: C-BAND, VSAT, BROADBAND WIRELESS ACCESS

RADIO NETWORK……………………………………………………18

9. Chapter 7: SATELLITE COMMUNICATION………………………21

10. Chapter 8: PROJECT REPORT ON NETWORKING…………….24

11. CONCLUSION………………………………………………………..32

12. BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………..33

1

INTRODUCTION

ONGC (Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited) the flagship company of

India was incorporated on June 23, 1993, is a public sector petroleum

company. It is India’s leading “NAVRATNA” in the Oil & Gas sector and

Fortune 2000 company, the most valuable company in India(by market

capitalization) contributing 77% of India’s crude Oil production and 81% 0f

India’s natural gas production. It is the highest profit making corporation in

India. It was set up as a commission on August 14, 1956.

Company name : Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Ltd.

ROC registration number : 55-54155

Incorporation year : 1959

Ownership : Central Govt. Commercial Enterprises.

Main Activity : Exploration & Production of Oil and Gas

Subsidiary/ies : Mangalore Refinery & Petrochemical Ltd.

ONGC Bonny Brahmaputra Ltd.

ONGC Narmada Ltd.

ONGC Videsh Ltd.

Company’s Vision-: “To be a World-Class Oil & Gas Company integrated in

Energy Business with dominant Indian Leadership and Global presence.”

Motto-: “Provide quality services with efficiency and transparency.”

Quality Objective-: “ONGC is committed to provide quality service at optimum

cost with efficiency and Transparency within time frame.”

2

COMPANY PROFILE

ONGC HISTORY:

1947-1960

1961-1990

After 1990

During the pre-independence period, the Assam Oil Company in the north

eastern and attack oil company in north western part of the undivided India

were the only oil companies producing oil in the country, with minimal

exploration input. The major part of Indian sedimentary basins was deemed to

be unfit for development of oil and gas resources.

After independence, the national Government realized the importance oil and

gas for rapid industrial development and its strategic role in defence.

Consequently, while framing the Industrial Policy Statement of 1948, the

development of petroleum industry in the country was considered to be of

utmost necessity.

Until 1955, private oil companies mainly carried out exploration of

hydrocarbon resources of India. In Assam, the Assam Oil Company was

producing oil at Digboi (discovered in 1889) and the Oil India Ltd. (a 50% joint

venture between Government of India and Burma Oil Company) was engaged

in developing two newly discovered large fields Naharkatiya and Moran in

Assam. In West Bengal, the Indo-Staved petroleum project (a joint venture

between government of India and Standard Vacuum Oil Company of USA)

was engaged in exploration work. The vast sedimentary tract in other parts of

India and adjoining offshore remained largely unexplored.

In 1955, Government of India decided to develop the oil and natural gas

resources in the various regions of the country as part of the Public sector

development. With this objective, an Oil and Natural Gas Directorate was set

up towards the end of 1955, as a subordinate office under the Ministry of

Natural Resources and scientific Research. The department was constituted

with a nucleus of geoscientists from the Geological survey of India.

3

A delegation under the leadership of Mr K. D Malviya, the then Minister of

Natural Resources, visited several European countries to study the status of

oil industry in those countries and to facilitate the training of Indian

professionals for exploring potential oil and gas reserves. Foreign experts

from USA, West Germany, Romania and erstwhile U.S.S.R visited India and

helped the government with their expertise. Finally, the visiting Soviet experts

drew up a detailed plan for geological and geophysical surveys and drilling

operations to be carried out in the 2nd Five year Plan (1956-57 to 1960-61).

Soon, after the formation of the Oil and Natural Gas Directorate, it became

apparent that it would not be possible for the Directorate with its limited

financial and administrative powers as subordinate office of the government,

to function efficiently. So in August, 1956, the Directorate was raised to the

status of a commission with enhanced powers, although it continued to be

under the government. In October 1959, the Commission was converted into

a statutory body by an act of the Indian Parliament, which enhanced powers

of the commission further. The main functions of the Oil and Natural Gas

Commission subject to the provisions of the Act were “to plan, promote,

organize and implement programmes for development of Petroleum

Resources and the production and sale of petroleum and petroleum products

produced by it, and to perform such other functions as the Central

Government may, from time, assign to it”. The act further outlined the

activities and steps to be taken by ONGC in fulfilling its mandate.

4

ONGC OFFICES ALL OVER INDIA:

5

Faculties/department visited

Department Duration of

Visit (From)

(To)

Major Equipment Name of

Official

Infocom 08/06/14 08/06/14 Base station radio

Base station data unit

GPS receiver

Remote station

Subscriber station

Subscriber data

adaptor

Mr.Naresh

Chandra

and

Mr.Anoop

Sharma

SCADA 16/06/14 16/06/14 Rig Station

Asset Centers

RTU(Remote

Terminal Unit)

Mr.PK

Gupta

Well and

Logging

30/6/14 30/06/14 Flow meter

Thermometer

Pressure gauge

Mr. Ashok

Khalkor

6

Chapter 1: IT NETWORK IN ONGC

A network is a hierarchical system of boxes and wires organized by

geographical proximity.

LAN (local area network) spans a building or campus.

Ethernet is most prominent example.

WAN (wide-area network) spans country or world.

Typically high-speed point-to-point phone lines

An internetwork (internet) is an interconnected set of networks.

The Global IP Internet (uppercase “I”) is the most famous example of an

internet (lowercase “i”). In Networking, data is transferred in the form of

packets (a stream of 0’s and 1’s), and the way in which the transfer takes

place, is decided by computer’s “Protocol”. “http” is a kind of Protocol, known

as Hypertext transfer protocol. While surfing on web, when we try to open a

webpage, we indirectly request the server of the concerned webpage by using

protocols.

The Architecture of a Network consists of seven layers:-

• PHYSICAL LAYER

• DATA LINK LAYER

• NETWORK LAYER

• TRANSPORT LAYER

• SESSION LAYER

• PRESENTATION LAYER

• APPLICATION LAYER

The first four layers are data flow layers, which are responsible for handling,

addressing, encoding the data in the network.

7

The last three layers are known as application layers, here the decoding,

transformation of data in required form takes place.

More clearly, the working of various layers is described below-:

• Physical layer – This layer is responsible for moving data bits between

devices. Specifies voltage references, wire speeds and pin out cables.

• Data link layer – This layer combines bits into bytes and bytes into

frames. Accesses media using MAC Address. It can detect errors but cannot

correct them.

• Network layer – This layer provides logical addressing, which routers

use for path discrimination. This addressing is known as IP addressing.

• Transport layer – This layer is responsible for monitoring of the

networking system. Checks for the reliable and unreliable delivery.

Responsible for error correction.

• Session layer – This layer remembers the port number of the session.

• Presentation layer – This layer transforms the data frames/bytes/bits

into the desired format.

• Application layer – This is the final layer, which delivers the data to the

outside world.

8

USAGE OF COMPUTER NETWORK

Resource Sharing- programs, equipment, data & information are

available

• Reliable and up-to-date information

• Communication

• Businesses and customer services

Internet-It is a single network but a network of networks. The internet is a

system of linked networks that are worldwide in scope and facilitate data

communication services such as remote login, file transfer, electronic mail, the

World Wide Web and newsgroups.

Intranet-It is an internal closed network of organizations that is utilizing

Internet-type & protocols.

Firewalls - used to prevent unauthorized communication and secure sensitive

internal data.

Virtual Private Networking (VPN) -- a way to access intranets from public

Internet

NETWORKING ACTIVE DEVICES

Client / Server-This type of network is designed to support a large number of

users and uses dedicated server/s to accomplish this. Clients log on to the

server/s in order to run applications or obtain files. Security and permissions

can be managed by 1 or more administrators which cut down on confusion.

This type of network also allows for convenient backup services, reduces

network traffic and provides a host of other services that come with the

network operating system (NOS)

Workstations and NIC

Switch (& Bridge)

A bridge is a L2 device that divides a network into separate collision domains

while retaining the broadcast domain. It divides a network into segments with

9

each segment having a reduced number of nodes that are competing for

access to the transmission medium. Switches are bridges with multiple ports.

When a packet arrives, the header is checked to determine which segment

the packet is destined for, and then it is forwarded to that segment. If the

packet is destined for the same segment that it arrives on, the packet is

dropped and not retransmitted. This prevents the packet being “broadcasted”

onto unnecessary segments, reducing the traffic.

Nodes which inter-communicate frequently should be placed on the segment.

Switches work at the MAC layer level (L2).

Routers-They work similar to bridges and switches in that they filter out

unnecessary network traffic and remove it from network segments. Routers

generally work at the protocol level (L3).

Hub-A hub is repeater with multiple ports. Each port is RJ-45 connector.

Repeater- A physical layer device that extends the distance of a network by

amplifying and retiming signals. A repeater corrects for attenuation problems.

10

Chapter 2: Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)

SCADA system consists of acquiring information, transferring to a central site,

carrying out necessary analysis and control, and then displaying this data on

operator screen/s.

The SCADA system is used to monitor and control a plant from

a distance.

SCADA systems are used in nearly every industry

The size of such systems range from thousands of input/output

(I/O) channels.

Data acquisition refers to the method used to access information or data from

the equipment being monitored and controlled. The data accessed are then

forwarded onto a telemetry system ready for transfer to the different sites.

They can be analog and digital information gathered by sensors. It can also

be data to control equipment.

The SCADA system is used in two areas of ONGC:-

• Drilling

• Production

Presently, there is no supervision and control at ONGC, here SCADA servers

are used only for data acquisition.

1. Drilling SCADA:

Drilling SCADA system is divided into three tier system, i.e.

• Tier 1: Local drilling or regional (Rig.) stations.

• Tier 2: Asset centre (i.e. Ahmedabad, Mehsana, etc.)

• Tier 3: Corporate office or Headquarter (New Delhi)

At Rig station (Tier 1):

11

Aggregating drilling data from rig servers.

Transmitting drilling data from rig servers to asset centre at

0.2Hz rate.

Receiving drilling data from rig servers at 1Hz rate.

WAN connectivity.

Generate and view plots based on historic drilling data.

View Sort and analyse drilling reports.

Do first line drilling calculations through built in drilling

calculators.

At Asset centre (Tier 2):

Access data from all rig locations of asset centre port-folio.

Receive data in 5 seconds resolution & store database.

Falcon database in Bangalore, store database of third party.

At Headquarters (Tier 3):

Receive, view and analyse drilling parameters from all tier 2

connectivity.

2. Production SCADA:

Production information is required by different organization, from scientific

research as well as business purpose groups and managers.

Information is vital for planning and coordination of all E and P activity.

OPC - OLE for process control

OLE - Object linking and embedding

APPLICATIONS:

• Well testing

• Tank gauging

• Reports

12

INSTRUMENTS:

• Differential pressure transmitter

• Temperature transmitter

• Ultrasonic Meter

• Level transmitter (Storing and testing)

Remote Terminal Unit (RTU):-Collects all digital and analog field signals (FF,

Modbus, hart, etc.). Load data into OPC servers.

SCADA are of two types: -

Primary

Secondary

SERVERS:

• SCADA Servers

• Common Database and Application Servers

• NMS and Web Servers

• Training Simulator

SCADA SERVERS:

• Type A- Intel Xeon, 2 CPU Windows 2003 OS

• Type B- Intel Xeon (64 Bit), 2 CPU Windows 2003 OS

• Type C - Intel Xeon (64 Bit), 2 CPU 400 GB RAID Windows 2003

• Type D - Intel Xeon (64 Bit), 4 CPU400 GB RAID Windows 2003

13

Chapter 3: INFORMATION SECURITY IN ONGC

INFORMATION SECURITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (ISMS)

Information Security:-

Information is an asset that like other important business asset is essential to

an organization business and consequently needs to be suitably protected. In

today’s increasingly interconnected complex business environment it has got

far reaching implications. And because of this complex interconnectivity,

information is now exposed to a growing number and wide variety of threats

and vulnerabilities.

Information security is the protection of information from wide range of threats

in order to achieve business continuity, minimize business risk and maximize

ROI and business opportunities.

ISMS is achieved by implementing a suitable set of controls, including

policies, processes, procedures, organizational structures and software and

hardware functions. These controls are to be established, implemented,

monitored, reviewed and improved, wherever required.

There are three basic tenets of Information Security:-

1. Confidentiality

2. Integrity

3. Availability

It is required by the officials to prevent disclosure of information to

unauthorized individuals and any violation of message is actively modified in

transit.

In case of damage of hardware, the information must be available or

recovered back, because the risk of information lost cannot be tolerated as it

is very crucial.

Some measures taken by ONGC for Information security:-

14

• “Gate Pass” system to enter the premises.

• Only authorized external drives (e.g. Pen drives) are allowed in the

premises.

• Only licensed softwares are installed in PC’s, to ensure cyber security.

ITIMMS (IT Infrastructure Maintenance & Management Systems)

IT Infrastructure Maintenance and Management Services (ITIMMS) contract is

a kind of contract issued by ONGC to fulfil requirements of hardware

management & Maintenance, which has its own terms and conditions.

Recently, this contract is given to TATA TCS, and this contract is revised after

every three years.

There are two categories of services provided under this contract:-

1. Maintenance Support Services (MSS): Comprehensive maintenance

and repair of all IT hardware to keep the system operational. Minimum

number of service engineers are appointed for respective number of

hardware’s to check upon. There are total 4229 number of hardware in

Ahmadabad asset, which are working in proper situation every day by the

help of MSS.

2. Facility management Service (FMS): Complete network and server

management, internet, antivirus, gateway, vendor management. Under this

service, contractors are bounded to perform their work timely.

Under the ITIMMS contract, to fulfil the requirement of above two services

various centres are established i.e.

Network operational centre (NOC): It is set up at Delhi with software like CA

(computer associates) tools.

15

This software includes various features:-

i. Traffic accounting.

ii. Network performance.

iii. Network fault management.

For, Network management, Reporting and analysis of data NOC is

established.

Call Management- 37 locations configure as help desk in service desk. They

are established to attend calls and resolve the problem in required time.

Apart from all this, there is also a provision of penalty over the contractors

under this contract.

There is a provision of SLR (Service Level Requirement), under which overall

quarterly availability is 99%. To insure the calls encountered, they are put

under three categories-:

I. Critical 1:- L3 switch, Router, OFC etc.

II. Critical 2:- Individual user, slowness, etc.

III. Critical 3:- View software upgradation.

The terms Response time and Resolution time are usual among calls, if they

are exceed then there is provision of penalty under Non-performance

Detection (NPD).To avoid penalty standby hardware must be present, i.e.

10% of annual MSS value for spare, minimum 2% of NOS of desktop, Printer,

UPS and 1% laptop for standby

16

Chapter 4: GPS TRACKING SYSTEM-A VEHICLE BASED

SYSTEM

The first class was of GPS based vehicle tracking system. In this class we

have been taught about how GPS system helps ONGC to track and monitor

the Oil containing vehicle. This technology found greater importance for

security purpose, because each and every vehicle tanker contains about INR

9 Lacks of crude oil.

This technology has been implemented on :- (Ahmedabad asset)

• 40 Nos. of oil tanker

• 12 Nos. of fire tenders

• 10 Nos. of security patrolling jeeps

• 40 Nos. of Line walkers

All of the above are meant to patrol 250km Oil trunk lines of Ahmedabad

asset.

-:

Figure 4.1 GPS ARCHITECTURE

17

Chapter 5: WELL LOGGING SYSTEMS

Once a well is drilled, the presence of hydrocarbons and its commercial

viability has to be determined. The first step to this direction is to record geo-

physical parameters such as resistivity, sonic velocity, fluid nature, its

producibility and volume of hydrocarbons present. This activity is known as

log data acquisition and interpretation.

Classification of Well logging Systems:-

• Open hole logging

• Cased hole logging

Basically, open hole logging is carried out to explore the existence of Oil

reservoirs, properties to calculate the diameter of bore hole.

It can be classified as-:

Conventional

Measurement while drilling (MWD)

Tough logging conditions (TLC)

High tech services.

Cased hole logging jobs are carried out when casing is lowered in the well

and it is in static condition.

Important logging tools:-

• Resistivity tools

• Porosity tools

• Selective formation tester (SFT)

• Temperature log

• Dipmeter (FED/SED)

• Gamma rays/SP etc.

18

• Calliper log

• Free point indicator- CCL assembly

• Casing and drilling pipe cutter

• Side wall coring tool

• Flow meter

• Thermometer

• Pressure gauge

• Radio active tracer

• Fluid density tool

Types of Logs:-

• SPLOG – It is one of the simplest log known as Spontaneous potential

log. It is used for boundary resolution, estimation of salinity in the formation

etc.

• GRLOG – It is known as gamma rays log used in measurement of

naturally occurring gamma activities in formation.

• Resistivity

• Porosity & Calliper Log

19

Chapter 6: C-BAND, VSAT & BROADBAND WIRELESS

ACCESS RADIO NETWORK

The C band is a name given to certain portions of the electromagnetic

spectrum, including wavelengths of microwaves that are used for long-

distance radio telecommunications. The IEEE C-band (4 to 8 GHz) - and its

slight variations - contains frequency ranges that are used for many satellite

communications transmissions, some Wi-Fi devices, some cordless

telephones, and some weather radar systems. For satellite communications,

the microwave frequencies of the C-band perform better under adverse

weather conditions in comparison with Ku band (11.2 GHz to 14.5 GHz)

microwave frequencies, which are used by other communication satellites.

The adverse weather conditions, collectively referred to as rain fade, all have

to do with moisture in the air, including rain and snow.

NATO C-band: The NATO C-band is the range of radio frequencies from 500

to 1000 megahertz (MHz) in the system of letter designations for frequency

bands used by the NATO for electronic countermeasure (ECM)

applications.[2][3] This is equivalent to wavelengths between 0.6 and 0.3 m.

VSAT: A Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) is a 2-way satellite ground

station with a dish antenna that is smaller than 3 meters.

Antennas range - 75 cm to 1.2 m

Data rates range-narrowband up to 4 Mbit/s

VSAT was originally intended for store and forward data communication but

has evolved into real-time internet services.

• Much smaller and vastly lower-powered antenna.

• Several return-path channels can co-exist on a single satellite

transponder, which is further subdivided using to serve multiple customers.

20

• VSAT frequency allocation is as follows:

Band C: 3 to 7 GHz

Band Ku: 10 to 18 Hz

Band Ka: 18 to 31 Hz

Applications:

• VSATs are also used for transportable, on the move (with phased-array

antennas) or mobile maritime communications.

• VSATs access satellites in geosynchronous orbit to relay data from

small remote earth stations (terminals) to other terminals (in mesh

configurations) or master earth station "hubs" (in star configurations).

• VSATs are commonly used to transmit narrowband data (point of sale

transactions such as credit card, polling or RFID data; or SCADA), or

broadband data (for the provision of Satellite Internet access to remote

locations, VoIP or video).

Interactive Applications:

In a centralized system, all terminals in the offices operate “on-line” and

communicate intermittently with the host or servers at the data centre. In a

distributed system, each remote office has terminals linked to its local host or

servers. The servers then communicate with each other in WAN.

• VSAT network supports 2-way voice capability for telephone

• File Transfer –use of the TCP/IP File transfer Protocol (FTP) to transfer

files and the printing of large reports

• File Broadcast – IP multicast – send the data to multiple sites in one

transaction

21

Chapter 7: SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

INTRODUCTION:

Communication involves the transfer of information between a source and a

user.

Satellite Communication refers to transmitting a signal from the Earth up to a

satellite and then receiving a signal back to the Earth.

The time to go and bounce back is two seconds is called satellite delay.

The ability to transmit our signal up to such a high relay point and then receive

it again back on the Earth allow us to receive it whenever we are in the world

as long as we can see the relay point. The satellite does not have to be a

huge expensive array of electronics and solar panels.

This wide range broadcasting ability has given rise to a multitude of different

satellites carrying all kinds of information.

SATELLITE EARTH STATION:

A satellite earth station is a communications facility with a microwave radio

transmitting and receiving antenna and required receiving and transmitting

equipment for communicating with satellites (also known as space stations).

ONGC uses ARABSAT-II, each with its own preferred antenna designs, with

C band electromagnetic spectrum.

WORKING:

In a satellite communication system we have a modem (modulator /

demodulator) which takes in the digital information and modulates onto a

signal carrier for transmission and can also demodulate the data from a

received carrier to produce the data or digital TV picture.

22

Then we have a transmitter and a receiver amplifier for two way

communications. If we were only receiving then we would only have the

receive side of the system, this why our satellite TV boxes are small and

affordable. It cheaper to receive than it is to transmit.

Next we have our antenna. We point the antenna at the satellite and we can

receive a signal. We can also now send our signals to the satellite.

The satellite also has an antenna, a receiver, a transmitter and another

antenna. This is to keep our transmit signals separate from our receive

signals.

ADVANTAGES & APPLICATIONS OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATION:

• Mainly used for World Wide Telecommunications

• Used for remote area communication

• To reach isolated planes on Earth

• Long distance, domestic, telephone links

• Cellular phones and Broadcasting services such as TV and Radio

• To make point – to – point communication

• Cyclone warning Dissemination system

• Used in military services

SERVICES:

The services offered by the satellites can be divided in to the following

categories:

Voice Services

• Telephony

• Audio Broadcasting

23

• Voice conferencing

Video and Image Services

• Facsimile

• Graphics

• Full motion video

• Broadcast quality video

• Teletext / videotext

Data Services

• Electronic Mail

• Database services

• File transfer

• Remote data monitoring

• Short message transmission

• Paging

24

Chapter 8: PROJECT WORK-SUMMER TRAINING-JUNE-2014

“A new GGS (Group gathering station) has come at a distance of 25 km from

our asset office at Chandkheda. We have received requirement from the GGS

for providing internet and SAP services connectivity to 25 executives within a

month’s time.”

•Assuming that you have fair idea about computer networking and you

understand ONGC’s network well, prepare a plan for providing network

connectivity to the GGS to meet above requirement.

•Show various steps you will take to conceptualize the total requirement i.e.

time of completion, Architecture of network and total cost.

•Also provide LAN connectivity within 25 executives at GGS.

•Prepare details of networking hardware (switches, routers, hubs, modems,

UTP cable, etc.)

•Is it possible to provide voice connectivity over the same WAN connectivity

you are providing for data? If yes, give details.

•Think out of box and suggest as many alternative plans as you can for

fulfilling the networking requirement within months’ time.

25

Schematic Diagram of Network from Ahmedabad Asset to Group

Gathering Station (GGS)

Figure 8.1

26

Components of Network

• Server: A server is a computer that provides data to other computers. It

may serve data to systems on a local area network (LAN) or a wide area

network (WAN) over the Internet.

• L2 Switch: Layer 2 switching is hardware based, which means switches

use application-specific integrated circuit (ASICs) to build and maintain filter

tables (also known as MAC address tables or CAM tables). One way to think

of a layer 2 switch is as a multiport bridge.

• Router: A router is a device that forwards data packets between

computer networks. This creates an overlay internetwork, as a router is

connected to two or more data lines from different networks.

• Leased Lines: A leased line is a service contract between a provider

and a customer, whereby the provider agrees to deliver a symmetric

telecommunications line connecting two or more locations in exchange for a

monthly rent (hence the term lease).

• Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP) Software Exchange Switch: VoIP

Switch is a platform that allows implementing various types of Voice Over the

Internet Protocol (VOIP) services, with retaining shared, uniform management

interface.

• Modem: Short for modulator-demodulator. A modem is a device or

program that enables a computer to transmit data over, for example,

telephone or cable lines. Computer information is stored digitally, whereas

information transmitted over telephone lines is transmitted in the form of

analog waves. A modem converts between these two forms.

• Printing Device/Printer: In computers, a printer is an output device that

accepts text and graphic output from a computer and transfers the information

to paper, usually to standard size sheets of paper.

27

• UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply): A device that provides battery

backup when the electrical power fails or drops to an unacceptable voltage

level. It is a very useful device when it comes to keeping the data that is

stored in the dynamic memory of a computer which depends upon the power

supply for the storage.

• UTP Cable (CAT-6): (Unshielded twisted pair cable ie:- Category 6

cable):

Cat-6 network cabling is used as the cabling infrastructure for 10BASE-T

(Ethernet), 100BASE-TX (Fast Ethernet), 1000BASE-T (Gigabit Ethernet, or

GbE) and 10GBASE-T (10-Gigabit Ethernet, or 10 GbE) networks. The Cat 6

standard provides performance of up to 250 MHz (500 MHz for the newer Cat

6a standard) and can be used up to a maximum length of 100 meters (55

meters for 10GBASE-T networks).

Working of Network

The network is basically formed between the Ahmedabad Asset Infocom

Services Office (Chandkheda base station) and Group Gathering Station

(GGS) at a distance of 25 km.

At Infocom Services Office (Ahmedabad Asset), Firstly the 5 Servers namely

S1-Antivirus/Firewall Server, S2-ADC/DHCP Server, S3-NOC Server, S4-

Scada Server, and S5-Back-Up Server are connected to the Central Power

Supply which is also connected to the UPS.

Antivirus/Firewall Server: They protect the system/data contained in system

from being corrupt by Malware.

ADC/DHCP Server: An application delivery controller (ADC) is a computer

network device in a data centre, often part of an application delivery network

(ADN) that helps perform common tasks such as those done by web sites to

remove load from the web servers themselves. A DHCP Server assigns IP

addresses to client computers.

28

NOC Server: A network operations centre (NOC) also known as a “network

management centre”, is one or more locations from which network monitoring

and control, or network management, is exercised over a computer.

Scada Server: Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)

communication server. Now, important information from SCADA remote

terminal units is readily available to the control system and desktops of

supervisors and managers throughout the organization enabling them to

make faster, more effective decisions.

Back-Up Server: A server responsible for backing up and restoring files,

folders, databases and hard drives on a network in order to prevent the loss of

data in the event of a hard drive failure, user error, disaster or accident.

48 Port L2 Switch: It is a computer networking device that is used to the 5

servers together on a computer network by performing a form of packet

switching.

Router at Chandkheda is basically used to connect network at

CHANDKHEDA to network at GGS through a Router installed at GGS.

Now these 2 routers shall be ideally connected through Wireless Antenna but

due to its installation duration exceeding one month, we use a common

alternative ie Leased Line having bandwidth of 2 Mbps. And this bandwidth is

sufficient as not all workstations will be switched on simultaneously. As soon

as Wireless Antenna is ready to be used, we will switch to it as it is much

more cost effective.

The Router at GGS is connected to 48 Port L2 Switch over there. If the

workstations are located within 100 m, we directly make a connection from

switch to respective workstation using CAT-6 UTP Cable. Otherwise, if the

workstations are located beyond 100 m, we can’t establish a direct

connection, so we connect using ADSL lines and MODEMS. A link is

established between switch to Modem1 using CAT-6 UTP Cable, which is

further connected to Modem2 using ADSL cable, then again to workstation by

CAT-6 UTP Cable. A common link is established for continuous power supply

at GGS using Power Supply Bus finally connected to UPS.

29

COST ESTIMATION:

Serial No.

Component

Quantity

Cost

Companies

1.

Leased Line

Cover

distance

of 25 km

2.5

lakhs

BSNL

2.

Router

1

2,749

D-Link DSL-2750

Wireless Router

3.

48 Port L2

Switch

1

14,850

D-Link DES-1210-

52

4.

Printer

1

6,000

Canon, hp

6.

Modem

5

4,500

TP LINK TD-8816

ADSL MODEM

7.

UPS

1

10,000 -

25,000

Intex, APC, iball

8.

VoIP

Software

Exchange

Switch

1

4,255

NetGear

FS108PEU

9.

ADSL Cable

74.50

per meter

ADSL Patch Cable

Cord 2M

TOTAL

EXPENDI

TURE

340,000

(Approx. & At

max)

Table 8.1 Cost Expenditure

30

Antivirus Software:

• We will use Server-Client type Antivirus instead of Standalone Antivirus

that is commonly used in our Personal Computers. This is a very important

aspect for providing desktop security and antivirus protection. It is like server

based antivirus updates itself on the server so other clients connected to it ,

just download it and update locally Whereas in client based each would have

to update via the web. Server-based AV usually means the scan processing is

done there.

• Servers that download updates on behalf of clients which are

connected to it are usually called management servers. They let an

administrator use a single central point of control for all the connected clients,

configuring scanning and exception policies, running reports, and checking

client status in one place. All the popular "enterprise" Anti-Virus vendors offer

something like this, often called endpoint suites. It's usually cost effective if

you have more than 20 clients.

IP Addressing & VoIP Scheme

An Internet Protocol address (also known as an IP address) is a numerical

label assigned to each device (e.g., computer, printer) participating in a

computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. Here,

the MAC Address is permanent, whereas the IP address can change. The IP

address thus, assigned here is temporary having 8-day validity. The Dynamic

Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server assigns the IP address

dynamically. The address is valid only till the workstation is switched ON and

for 8-days. The DHCP server checks every 8 days for the ON/OFF status of

the workstation during which if the Workstation is Switched OFF it takes away

the IP address assigned to the workstation. A new IP maybe assigned as

soon as the workstation is ON.

Voice-over-Internet protocol (VoIP) is a methodology and group of

technologies for the delivery of voice communications and multimedia

sessions over Internet Protocol (IP) networks, such as the Internet. Here,

31

voice connectivity over the same WAN connectivity is provided using Voice

over Broadband. It is a branch of Internet Telephony.

The term Internet telephony specifically refers to the provisioning of

communications services (voice, fax, SMS, voice-messaging) over the public

Internet, rather than via the public switched telephone network (PSTN). The

steps and principals involved in originating VoIP telephone calls are similar to

traditional digital telephony and involve signalling, channel setup, digitization

of the analog voice signals, and encoding. Instead of being transmitted over a

circuit-switched network, however, the digital information is packetized, and

transmission occurs as Internet Protocol (IP) packets.

32

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that there are several new technologies but making

correct choice is important which should be secure, fast and profitable. For

communication, now a day’s IP addressing and VOIP scheme is used. An

Internet Protocol address (also known as an IP address) is a numerical label

assigned to each device (e.g., computer, printer) participating in a computer

network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication.

Voice-over-Internet protocol (VoIP) is a methodology and group of

technologies for the delivery of voice communications and multimedia

sessions over Internet Protocol (IP) networks, such as the Internet.

ONGC Ahmedabad is using leased lines from BSNL.A leased line is a service

contract between a provider and a customer, whereby the provider agrees to

deliver a symmetric telecommunications line connecting two or more locations

in exchange for a monthly rent.

It can be concluded that with the increase of new communication and infocom

services, security of information is prime job so various new information

security methods should be used in order to protect them.

To conclude the present scenario in the field of communication has huge

potential to make India one of the leading countries economically and the

youth of India can make their career with specialization in handling new

software in market.

33

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ONGC Reports

Websites:

www.ongcindia.com

www.google.co.in

en.wikipedia.org