Summary of Morphology

8/3/2019 Summary of Morphology

1/26

C

O

M

P

I

L

E

D

BY:

NAME : SURIDA EKASARI

NIM : 340826564

Sem/Jur: V/PBI-1

TARBIYAH FACULTY

STATE INSTITUTE FOR ISLAMIC STUDIES

NORTH SUMATERA

MEDAN

2011


2/26

MORPHOLOGY

1. Definition of MorphologyMorphology is the study of words. Morphology studies all of these different types

of languages and how they relate to one another as well.

2. Identification of Morphemea. Morpheme as minimal unit.

Morpheme as minimal unit Is smallest meaningful into which a word can be

devided.

Example: boy- boyish

Girl- girlish

b. Isolating morpheme by comparing formsExample: beq- mening to walk

Tinbeq- meaning I will walk

Ninbeq- meaning I am walking

3. The principle

Principle 1 is in identification morpheme form with a same meaning and the same

bound shape.

Ex: - walker (the person who walk)

- dancer (the person who dance)

Principle I same in phonetic, same in forms, meaning( agentive ).

The application,

Adv + er = comparison

Verb + er = noun

Principle 2 is form with the same meaning but different sound shape.

Ex: - impossible and intangible


3/26

Tdk mungkin tdk tersedia

Types of phonological environment described in terms of proccess.

1.Assimilation is denotes process by which phonemes are made similar the forms in

Zoque.

Example:

s m pama my clothes = pama clothes

s n tuwi my dog = tuwi dog

(allomorph m and n)

2.Dissimilation same as similarities but different type of phonemes.

Example:

- k usi to put a wedge in = kus wedge

Allomorph

- Surprise - supprise- Lekub to become good = lek good

3.Assimilation of tonemes (Mexico)

Example: A B C D E

-Is idahuu idii intaa inteiyo heenu

Singular to write to make to divide to sew to spay

-Ip idahuunu idiinu itaamu inteiyonu heenunu

Plural to write to make to divide to sew to spay

4. Loss of consonant phonemes

Example:

ornis bird = ornithas of a bird

gigas giant = gigantos of a giant

hris nose = hrinos of a nose

Principle 3

Not all morpheme are segmentals

Ex:

V1 V2 V3

write wrote written

S peak spoke spoken


4/26

drink drank drunk

forget forgot forgotten

Even though the form is different but some meaning.

Application

A. Process allomorph by complementarySingular

-Box = ox suffix

-Oxen = n suffix

Have the same phonologically

Complementary = -ez; -z; -s; -n

Plural = can be called by zero suffix if some plural not

different with singular.

Ex: sheep, trout, elk, salmon(tidak perlu dibuat bentuk plural karena udah

menunjukkan banyak).

B. Basic of complement3 types of plural = -/z - z s/

-/n/

-/ o /

C. Degree / perbandingan

Ex: wife wives (allomorph phonological)

D. 1. Comparison with other similar series in EnglishEx: iz z s

Roses : this book is bigger than Anis

2. Phonological simpler, explain the loss of a

Basic phoneme than the addition of one.

Ex: Roses as additional

basic allomorph

Nonbasic is morphologically define allomorph

Ex: radios

Allomorph as plural

E. Type Zero is no adding from the basic word.Ex: salmon, chicken

Principle 4


5/26

Principle IV is an overt formal difference in a structural series constitutes a

morphemes if in any member of such a series, the overt formal and a zero structural

differences are the only significant features for distinguishing a minimal unit of

phonetic semantic distinctiveness.

Meaning of principle 4

a. An overt formal difference means a contrast which is indicated by difference inphonemes or in the order of phonemes.

Ex: foot/ fut/ singular

Feet/ fiyt/ plural

b. A member of structural seriesEx: feet/ fiyt/plural of foot = sheep/syippluralof sheep

But plural here is covert (hidden)

Principle 5

Definition Of homophonous forms

Ex: pear pare pair

Definition of related forms

Ex: the fish to fish

Types of related areas of meaning

a. Process & Result

to run a run in her stocking

b. Form & Process

a cross to cross

Types of Distributional Differences

- the animals horn- he horned in

- the cars horn

Principle 6

Principle 6 is isolatable if it occurs under the following conditions

A. Condition 1


6/26

is same withfree morpheme

ex: boy, cow, run, jump, up, ect

B. Condition 2Is same with bound morpheme

ex: dancer, worker, jumper, provider, ect.

The prefix con- occurs only in combinations.

Ex: Conceive

Consume

Contain

Condense

But the form dense occurs in isolation. This provides justification for considering

cop- a morpheme. Added evidence is available in the fact that the stem forms

occur in other combinations.

Ex: perceive

Resume

Detain.

C. Condition 3There are some morphemes which occur in only one combination.

Ex: cran- in cranberry

Rasp- in raspberry

Cray- in crayfish

According to condition 3 for isolatability, the morphemes cran-, rasp-, and

cray- are isolatable because the elements berry and fish occur in isolation or in

other combinations.

The descriptive analysis of a language may be extended to include such forms

as hammer, ladder, and otter, but the method of isolating the possible stems and

suffixes is dependent upon two factors:(1)canonicity (2)frequency of occurrence.

In the English series slide, slush, sliurp, slip, slop, slime, slobber, and slick we

can recognize a common phonetic element sl and a common meaningful

relationship which may be defined as smoothly wet.


7/26

7. TYPES of MORPHEMES as DETERMINED by their DISTRIBUTION

A. Bound vs Free Morpheme

Bound morpheme never occure in isolation. Free morpheme those may be uttered in

isolation. Such bound morpheme forms include: prefixes, suffixes, suprafixes, infixes,

replacipes, substractive and some roots.

Ex: Boy, Girl, Man (consist of root)

Stems consists of a root or a root plus some other same as bound.

Ex: ceive receive

A distinction may those be made between:

potential free, ex: boylish actually free, ex: boy

some morphemes are always bound and have a bound allomorph.

Ex: ceive, eybl /able, ability/bility.

B. Roots vs Non roots

1. Roots constitute the nucleus of all words and more than one roots in a single word.

Example: blackbird

2. Some roots may have unique occurrences

Example: cranberry

3. Position occupied by roots.

Example: redberry

root become non roots,example: non roots, ism communism (become full roots communism).

The root like become the bound form ly.example: man like manly reintroducted.

In little phonetic-semantic between like-ly two phoneme.example: disgraceful - root full.

Three allomorphs : 1. /f l/full2. /fil/bucketful

3. /fl/disgraceful


8/26

Combination with allomorph 2 in nouns, ex: handful Combination with allomorph 3 in adjective, ex: careful.

Criteria for Determining Roots, includes:

1) Position of occurrence.2) Occurrence with certain prosodic features.3) Occurrences with different bounding jusctivares.4) Statistical frequency.5) Parallelism of structure.6) Meaning.C. Roots vs Stem. All bound roots are stem, but not all stem are roots. A stem is

composed of:

1) The nucleus = one or more roots .2) The nucleus plus any other nonroot morphemes.

Example: man manly = same time a root and a stem.

Breakwaters =not single root (2 roots).

8. STRUCTURAL RELATIONSHIP of MORPHEME to EACH OTHER

1. Additive Morpheme/Bound Morpheme. Include roots, prefixes, suffixes, infixes,

suprafixes, and reduplicatives.

Additive Morpheme English Indonesia

Prefixes Impossible Terjatuh

Suffixes Dancer Lemparkan

Infixes - Gerigi, gemuruh

Suprafixes record (n) -

record (v) -

Reduplicative Play Bersama-sama

Together Bermain-main

Note: reduplicative is where only a part of the root of step is repeated.

2. Replacive Morpheme, same as Principle 4.

Example: foot (ft) feet (fiyt)


9/26

Run (rn) ran (rn)

There are 3 types of Replacive:

1) /d / = bathe (ba:)teeth (ti:)

2) /v f/ = save (seIv)Serve (s:v )

3) /z s/ = advide (dvIs)House (hus)

3. Subtractive Morpheme (min-)

Example:

Feminine Masculin Meaning

/gras/ /gra/ /fat/

/fos/ /fo/ /false/


10/26

Types of morpheme

1. Free Morpheme, is morphemes that can stand alone as word

Example: 1. Boy (she loves aboy)

2. Walk (I walkto the school)

2. Bound Morpheme, is the additive morpheme that could be attached to a free morpheme to

give paradigmatic relation.

Example: 1. Boy boys (I see those boys)

2.Walk walks (She walks to the campus)

c. The principle first principle up to six principle:

7. TYPES of MORPHEMES as DETERMINED by their DISTRIBUTION

A. Bound vs Free Morpheme

Bound morpheme never occure in isolation. Free morpheme those may be uttered in

isolation. Such bound morpheme forms include: prefixes, suffixes, suprafixes, infixes,

replacipes, substractive and some roots.

Ex: Boy, Girl, Man (consist of root)

Stems consists of a root or a root plus some other same as bound.

Ex: ceive receive

A distinction may those be made between:

potential free, ex: boylish actually free, ex: boy

some morphemes are always bound and have a bound allomorph.

Ex: ceive, eybl /able, ability/bility.

B. Roots vs Non roots

1. Roots constitute the nucleus of all words and more than one roots in a single word.

Example: blackbird

2. Some roots may have unique occurrences


11/26

Example: cranberry

3. Position occupied by roots.

Example: redberry

root become non roots,example: non roots, ism communism (become full roots communism).

The root like become the bound form ly.example: man like manly reintroducted.

In little phonetic-semantic between like-ly two phoneme.example: disgraceful - root full.

Three allomorphs : 1. /f l/full2. /fil/bucketful

3. /fl/disgraceful

Combination with allomorph 2 in nouns, ex: handful Combination with allomorph 3 in adjective, ex: careful.

Criteria for Determining Roots, includes:

7) Position of occurrence.8) Occurrence with certain prosodic features.9) Occurrences with different bounding jusctivares.10)Statistical frequency.11)Parallelism of structure.12)Meaning.C. Roots vs Stem. All bound roots are stem, but not all stem are roots. A stem is

composed of:

3) The nucleus = one or more roots .4) The nucleus plus any other nonroot morphemes.

Example: man manly = same time a root and a stem.

Breakwaters =not single root (2 roots).

8. STRUCTURAL RELATIONSHIP of MORPHEME to EACH OTHER

1. Additive Morpheme/Bound Morpheme. Include roots, prefixes, suffixes, infixes,

suprafixes, and reduplicatives.


12/26

Additive Morpheme English Indonesia

Prefixes Impossible Terjatuh

Suffixes Dancer Lemparkan

Infixes - Gerigi, gemuruh

Suprafixes record (n) -

record (v) -

Reduplicative Play Bersama-sama

Together Bermain-main

Note: reduplicative is where only a part of the root of step is repeated.

2. Replacive Morpheme, same as Principle 4.

Example: foot (ft) feet (fiyt)

Run (rn) ran (rn)

There are 3 types of Replacive:

4) /d / = bathe (ba:)teeth (ti:)

5) /v f/ = save (seIv)Serve (s:v )

6) /z s/ = advide (dvIs)House (hus)

3. Subtractive Morpheme (min-)

Example:

Feminine Masculin Meaning

/gras/ /gra/ /fat/

/fos/ /fo/ /false/


13/26

Words Classification

1. NounA noun is a word usedto name a person, animal, place,thing, and abstract ides.


14/26

Ex: sophan sophian was an actor.

Types of noun

a. Proper nounsA proper noun be written with a capital letter, since the noun represents the name

of a specific person, place, or thing. The name of days of the week, months.

Ex: I had lived in Indonesia for five years before moving to Europe

Eka is a teacher

b. Common nounsA common noun is a noun refering to a person, place, or thing in a general sense. It

is written with a capital letter only when it begins a sentence.

Ex:the chairs was broken

There are some mill and cereal in the refrigerator.

c. Concrete nounsA concrete noun is noun which name anything ( or anyone) that can be perceived

through physical sense. Touch, sight, teste, hearing, or smell.

Ex: the thief was sent to fikhy

Put all the books on my table!

d. Abstract nounsAn abstract noun is a noun which names anything which can not be perceived

through five physical sense.

Ex: everybody pursues happiness in life

Buying that gadget is a total waste.

e. Countable nounsthese nouns refer to people or things which can be counted. Thus they ae called

countable nouns which are the opposite of non-countable nouns and collective nouns.

Ex: two cars were parked and under the big tree

Children like toys and candies

f. Non- countable nouns


15/26

A non- countable noun which does not have a plural form. And which refers to

something that couuld (or would) not be couted.

Ex: water is essential to human life

My father always has bread and tea for breakfast.

2. PronounA modifiers, pronoun is a word or words used in place of a noun. A noun and its

modifiers, or another pronoun. The word pronoun itself stands for (pronoun) or refers to a

noun.

Types of pronoun

a. Personal pronounsA personal pronoun refers to a specific person or thing and changes its form to

indicate person, number, gender, and case.( I, we, you, me, him, her, us , ect)

Ex: I am a teacher ( subjective personal pronouns)

He is talking to me ( objective personal pronouns)

b. Possesive pronounsA possesive pronoun indicates that the pronoun is actIng as a marker of possession

and defines who owns a object or person.( mine, yours, ours, theirs, ect)

Ex:

this is my book ( possesive adjective)This is mine ( possesive pronoun)

c. Demonstrative pronounsA demonstrative pronoun points to and identifies a noun or pronoun. ( this, that,

these, those).

Ex: this is my car ( demonstrtive pronoun)

This car is mine ( demonstrative adjective)

d. Indefinite pronounsAn indefinite pronoun is a pronoun referring to an identifiable but not spedified

person or thing.( other, any, anybody, anyone, anything, each, everybody, everyone,

ect).

Ex: I saw someone there yesterday


16/26

We love each other.

e. Interrogative pronounsA pronoun that forms a question in the sentence is called interrogative pronoun,(

who, whom, which, and what)

Ex: what do you want, John ?

Who teacher you english ?

f. Relative pronounsA relative pronoun is used to link one phrase or clause tp another phrase or clause.(

whom, which, who, and that ).

Ex: the boy who you invited last week is my brather

There is the book that I want to read.

g. Reflexive pronounsA pronoun that refers to a subject and direct the verb action back onto the subject is

reflexive. (myself, itself, himself, yourself, ect).

Ex: I look myself in the mirror

You yourself must go there.

3. Articlesan article is a word that combines with a noun to indicate type of reference being

made by the noun. There are main articles in the english language are and, a and the , which

can be classified as indefinite or definite.

Types of article

a. Indefinite articlesAn and a are the indefinite article in english.

Ex: an apple a day keeps the doctor away

I met a university studen in the pool house.

b. Definite articlesThe is definite article in english.

Ex: the children play happily

He lent me the money needed to pay the fine.


17/26

4. AdjectivesAn adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, or quantifying word.

Types of adjective

a. Des criptive adjectivesA descriptive adjective tells something about the nature of the noun they modify. It

describes felling, quality, origin, age, size, and ect.

Ex: they are honest people

Eka wore a red shirt.

b. Possesive adjectivesA possesive adjective used ti modifies a noun or a noun phrase. ( my, your, his, her,

our, their ).

Ex: that is his book and this is mine

This is my car.

c. Demonstrative adjectivesDemonstrative adjective used to modify nouns or noun phrases. (this, these, that,

those)

Ex:

this car is yoursThat man is my father

d. Interrogtive adjectiveAn interrogative adjeictive is used to modifies a noun or noun phrase that standing

on its own. ( what, which, and whose).

Ex: whose bag is this ?

Which books have you read?

e. Distributive adjectivesA distributive adjective modifies a person or thing one at a time. ( every, either, and

neither.

Ex: he comes here every Sunday.

You can take either bag.


18/26

f. Numeral adjectivesA numeral adjective denotes an exact number of the noun it modifies. (one, two,

first, second and ect).

Ex: that girl is my first sister

She is died on June .

5. Verba verb asserts something about the subject of the sentence and exprress action,

events, ar state of being.

Types of verb

a.

Transitive and intransitive adjectives

Some verbs require an object to complete their meaning. These verbs are called

transitive.

Ex: she made a cake

I have bought a book

Verbs that are do not require objects.

Ex: she is crying

b. Regular and irregular verbRegular verb

Ex: help __ helped__helped

kiss __kissed __kissed

Irregular verb

EX: Do __did__done

Go __went__gone

c. Lingking verbsA lingking verb, sometimes called capulas, connects a subject and its complement.

Ex: I feel great.

This room smell bed


19/26

d. Auxiliary verbsHelpinh verbs or auxiliary verbs are used in conjunction with main verbs to express

shades of time and mood.

Ex: I shall go now

He was swimming in the pool.

6. AdverbsAn adverb can modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a phrase, or a clause.

Ex: I thik this food is too hot for my tongue

Types of adverbs

a.

Adverbs of manner answer the question how.

Ex: She studies hard everyday

The teacher has explained the topic clearly.

b. Adverbs of place answer the question whereEx: come here !

She drinks coffee at home

c.

Adverbs of time answer the question whenEx: he is sleeping in the bed now

He often calls me just to say hai

d. Adverb of degree answer the question how muchEx: the coffee was to hoot to drink

The woman is old enough to deliver a baby.

7. PrepositionA preposition is a word that conveys a meaning of position, direction, time, or other

abstraction. It link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other words in sentence.

Ex: he left without saying goodbye

Types of prepositions


20/26

a. InEx: I wiil come in march

b. OnEx: the book is on the table

c. ToEx: I give it to you

d. AboutEx: he walked about the town.

(the preposition they are:

about, above, across,after, behind, beside, by, in, into,

between, inside, below, near, of, for, and ect.)

8. CONJUCTIONAn conjunction is a part of speech that connects two words, phrases or clauses

together. Conjunctions can be classified as coordinating or subordinating conjunction.

a. C

oordinating conjunctionCoordinating conjunction, also called coordatinators, are conjunction that join two

or more of independent clause. The most common coordinating conjunctions are and,

but, for, nor, or, so,and yet.

Ex: Dion likes to comics and story books

You could come with me or stay here.

b. Subordinating conjunctionSubordinating conjuntions also called subordinators, are conjunctions that introduce

a dependent clause. The most common subordinating conjunction in the english

language include after, although, as much as, as lonng as, as soon as, because, before, if,

in order that, lest, and ect.

Ex: he will stand still until she opens the door

Although Im not rich, I enjoy my life


21/26


22/26

1. Principle 1Peinciple one is morpheme has the same semantic meaning and identical phonemic

in the words.

y Form as es added to verbsEx: read- reader

Dance- dancer

Run-runner

Work- worker

y Comparative adjectiveEx: small- smaller

Tall- taller

y The application of principle 1Ex: nimayana Im hungry

nimayana?-_ I was hungry

nimayanas _ I will hungry

y The application of principle 1 in javaness languageEx: Saya makan aku mangan

Saya akan makan aku arep mangan

Saya sudah makan aku uwes mangan

2. Principle IIPrinciple II is has common semantic meaning but differ in phonemic form.

(in, im, il, ir and ect)

Ex: in- accurate

Im- moral

Ir- regular


23/26

Il- legal

y Sound involved exhebit some phonemic similaitiesEx: kin-kim-ki = me

Kintawa- he treated me

Kimpaski- he loved me

Kiwani- he said to me

3. Principle IIIa. Hunger = kelaparan =kengelean

Ke= allomorph

Ngele= root

An= palatalization

b. Too high = ketinggian = keduwuranKe= allomorph

Duwur= root

An= palatalization

c. Too big = kebesaran = kegedianKe= allomorph

Gedi= root

An= palatalization

d. Too small = kekecilan = kecilikanKe= allomorph

Cilik= root

An= palatalization

4. Principle 4a. An overt formal difference means a contrast which is indicated by differences

in phonemes.

Ex: foot- feet

Tooth- teeth

b. A member of structural series may occur with a zero structural difference and anovert formal difference.


24/26

Ex: foot- feeth = overt formal

Sheep- sheep = zero structural

5. Principle 5Principle 5 is homophonous forms are identifiable as the same or different

morphemes basic of conditions.

a. Definition of homophonous formsHomophonous forms is homophonous are phonemically identical.

Ex: pear

pare

pair

b. Definition of related formsThere are some forms which appear to be obviously related.

Ex: they run and their run

The fish and to fish

c. Types of related areas of meaningThere are a great number of possible semantic relationship between

homophonouns form.

1. Form and function: horn of an animal and horn as instrument for providingsounds.

2.

Process and result:

to run and a run in her stocking3. Process and characteristically assosiated object: to fish and the fish4. Agent and process: the man and to man5. Instrument and process: a spear and to spear6. Object and associated characteristic: it is a pill and he is a pill7. Form and process: a cross and to cross

d. Types of distributional differencesThere is no limitation on the types of distributional differences.

Ex: fish = is a noun

Fish = as the verb

Foul = tha adjective

Foul = the verb


25/26

Types of Morphemes

As determined by their distribution.

The distribution of morphemes differentiates a great many classes of morphemes

and combination of morphemes.they are: a. Bound vs free forms, b. Roots vs nonroots, c.roots vs

stems.

a. Bound vs free formsBound morphemes never occur in issolation, such bound forms include prefixes,

suffixes, suprafixes, infixes, replacives, subractives and some roots.

Ex: recep = reception

Manly = manliness

Formalize = formalizier

Free morphemes are those which may be uttered in isolation, and always consist of

root.

Ex: boy

Girl

Man

Woman

b. Roots vs nonrootsRoots constitute the nuclei (or cores) og all words. There may be more than one root

in a single word.

Ex: black bird

Catfish

Root may have unique occurences. It occurs in the position occupied by roots.

Ex: blue berry

Straw berry

Nonroots

c. Roots vs stemsRoots constitute the nuclei of all words

Ex: boy

Girl


26/26

A stem is composed of the nucleus. Consisting of one or more roots.

Ex: man = manly

Abili = abilitys

Summary of Morphology

Documents

Transcript of Summary of Morphology