Summary of Lectures 1-3 SIT 4011
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Avionics Systems 4S(SIT4011)
A BIG WELCOME
23rd Sep 2013
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BEAUTIFUL GLASGOW
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1) Spaceflight dynamics, by Wiesel. 2nd edition available at SP Popular bookshop. 3rd
edition available on internet.
2) Avionics Navigation Systems, Kayton M., Fried, W. R., Wiley.
3) Introduction to Radar Systems – Third edition, Skolnik, M. I., McGraw-Hill International.
Recommended Texts3
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Coverage
� To understand the science, purpose and principles of aerospace GNC, CNS/ATM and Radar information systems. To provide the broad range knowledge of technology required by the aerospace systems’ engineer. Course syllabus: The advanced signal processes and key equations. Review of Radar theory, radar signals and signal processing, Doppler radar, airborne radar systems. Pulse, compression and matched filters. Radar signal filtering, plot extraction and target modelling. Selected topics from: SSR, Mode-S. GNSS, ACAS/TCAS II and TCAS IV, GPWS, VOR, DME, ILS, MLS.
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Chapter 1
�What is Navigation?
1. The theory and practice of navigating, especially the charting of a course for a ship or aircraft.
2. Travel or traffic by vessels, especially commercial shipping.
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Navigation is a field of study that focuses on the process of monitoring and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another. The field of navigation includes four general categories: land navigation, marine navigation, aeronautic navigation, and space navigation All navigational techniques involve locating the navigator's position compared to known locations or patterns.
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Some basic definitions, notations, nomenclatures
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7Why systems requires constant UPDATES to maintain accuracy. Updates obtained
Conventional ground-based radio navigations aids, or GNSS
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Visual Omni
Range is and
instrument
that receives
high frequency
radio signals
from a
transmitting
station.
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Some definitions
1. Dynamics: It is the study of effect of force system acting on a particle or a rigid body which is in motion. Dynamics is the study of geometry of motion with or without reference to the cause of motion.
2. Particle - a single point, considerable mass but negligible dimension.
3. Rigid Body – no deformation under action of forces and with dimension.
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�Newton's Three Laws of Motion
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THE SOLAR SYSTEM
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Introduction
� A solar system consists of a star and objects that revolve around it.
� Our Solar System consists of the Sun and nine known planets and the moons that orbit those planets.
� The force of gravity keeps planets in orbit around the sun.
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The Nine Known Planets
The Inner Planets The Outer Planets
� Mercury
� Venus
� Earth
� Mars
� Jupiter
� Saturn
� Uranus
� Neptune
� Pluto
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The Orbital Speed of the Planets
� Mercury = 30 miles per second� Venus = 22 miles per second� Earth = 19 miles per second� Mars = 15 miles per second� Jupiter = 8 miles per second� Saturn = 6 miles per second� Uranus = 4.2 miles per second� Neptune = 3.3 miles per second� Pluto = 2.9 miles per second
Therefore, the further away from the Sun, the slower the orbital speed.
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Exercise32
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Avionics Systems 4S(SIT4011)
� Lecture 2: Forces and Acceleration
23rd Sep 2013
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BEAUTIFUL GLASGOW
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Engineering Mechanics, Dynamics, SI UNIT, 13th
Edition, R.C.Hibbeler, Pearson
A Basic Understanding of the Inertial System is important before proceeding to Non-Inertial System.
Recommended Text
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You Try !!!
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Avionics Systems 4S(SIT4011)
� Lecture 3: Pendulum and Accelerometer
23rd Sep 2013
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BEAUTIFUL GLASGOW
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� A pendulum is a weight suspended from a pivot so that it can swing freely. When a pendulum is displaced sideways from its resting equilibrium position, it is subject to a restoring force due to gravity that will accelerate it back toward the equilibrium position. When released, the restoring force combined with the pendulum's mass causes it to oscillate about the equilibrium position, swinging back and forth. The time for one complete cycle, a left swing and a right swing, is called the period. A pendulum swings with a specific period which depends (mainly) on its length.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendulum
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� The period of swing of a simple gravity pendulum depends on its length, the local strength of gravity, and to a small extent on the maximum angle that the pendulum swings away from vertical, θ0, called the amplitude.It is independent of the mass of the bob. If the amplitude is limited to small swings, the period Tof a simple pendulum, the time taken for a complete cycle, is:
where L is the length of the pendulum and g is the local acceleration of gravity.
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You may like to refer to page 4 of “ SpaceFlight Dyanmics”
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Fully Integrated Northrop Grumman AMMC
Courtesy Northrop Grumman
Northrop Grumman
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Navigational Systems
� Radar
� Weather/terrain monitoring
� Air traffic tracking
� GPS
� Inertial reference systems
� i.e. Honeywell Primus Epic INAV and Northrop Grumman LTN-101E GNADIRU
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Inertial measurements
� Accelerometers measure absolute acceleration
� Rate gyroscopes measure angular velocity
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerometer
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Applications:
- crash detector in airbag
• 50g with 100’s bandwidth.• reliability is of vital importance.
=> self-test mechanism is mandatory.
active suspensions
anti-lock braking systems
traction control systems
inertial navigation systems.
• integrate twice to obtain the position.
• resolution ~ mg to ensure the accuracy over a long period of time.
• thermal behavior is extremely important.
Introduction to Accelerometer
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Accelerometers
� Devices that measure linear or translational acceleration along the sensitive axis
� Use the property of inertia to measure absoluteacceleration
� Mechanical or solid-state devices
� Mechanical device model also applicable to solid-state devices
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Accelerometers
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Accelerometers
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Accelerometers
kspring,cdamper,
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Accelerometer - Measurement Devices
� A basic transducer used in vibration measurement is the accelerometer.
� This device can be modeled using the base equations developed in the previous section
F∑ = - k(x-y) - c(�x-�y) = m��x
⇒ m��x = -c( �x − �y) - k(x − y)
( 2.86) and (2.61)
Here, y(t) is the measured
response of the structure
Figure 2.24
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Base motion applied to measurement devices
Piezoelectric Accelerometer
Strain Gauge
Let z(t) = x(t ) − y(t) (2.87) :
⇒
m��z + c�z(t) + kz(t ) = mωb
2Y cosωbt (2.88)
⇒Z
Y=
r2
(1− r2)
2 + (2ζr)2
(2.90)
and
θ = tan−1 2ζr
1− r2
(2.91)
These equations should be familiar
from base motion.
Here they describe measurement!
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Magnitude and sensitivity plots for accelerometers.
Fig 2.27
Fig 2.28
Magnitude plot showing
Regions of measurement
Effect of damping on
proportionality constant
In the accel region, output voltage is
nearly proportional to displacement
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Accelerometers
� The accelerometer will measure the absoluteacceleration by means of a relative displacement
� Construct a free-body diagram of the case mass, apply Newton’s 2nd law
� Repeat for the proof mass
� Two governing equations in 2 unknowns solved simulataneously…
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Accelerometers…UoG
� FBD, case mass
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Accelerometers
� FBD, case mass
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Accelerometers
� Governing equation, case mass
• Note that spring and damper forces are
proportional to relative position of proof and
case masses
• One equation, two unknowns
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Accelerometers
� FBD, proof mass
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Accelerometers
� FBD, proof mass
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Accelerometers
� Governing equation, proof mass
• Now have two equations in two unknowns
• Hence
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Accelerometers
� Or…
• Classical spring-mass-damper system
• Absolute acceleration measure by relative
position
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Accelerometers
� then…
• If…
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Accelerometers
• Steady-state solution is
• Sensitivity of the accelerometer is therefore a function of proof mass and spring stiffness
• Stiffness is usually chosen for a much faster response than data to be measured
• Damper is then selected to give optimum transient response
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Accelerometers
• Errors include
– Scale factor
– Bias
– Time lag
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Scale Factor
The ratio of the change in output (in volts or amperes) to a unit change of the input (in units of acceleration); thus given in mA/g or V/g.