Summary Form 2

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OMEGA TUITION CENTRE, JOHOR BAHRUSTUDENTS

NAME:

.TEACHERS

NAME:MR CHIA CS

SUBJECT: SCIENCE CLASS: 2 SCIENCETOPIC: SUMMARY FOR FORM 2

SCIENCELESSON NO: SPECIAL

EDITIONDATE:TIME:

Chapter 1 THE WORLD THROUGH OUR SENSESPathway from stimulus toresponse

Stimulus receptor nerve brain nerve effector response

Sense oftouchOrgan SkinLayers Dermis, epidermis, fatty

tissuesReceptors( nerve ending)

Pain, touch, heat, cold,pressure

Sensitivity Thickness of epidermis

Number of receptors

Sense of smellOrgan NoseSmell detected At nasal cavity, when mucus dissolves chemicals

Sense of tasteOrgan Tongu

e Taste detected At buds, When saliva dissolves chemicalsTypes of taste Sweet ( tip ) , bitter ( back ) , sour ( side behind) , salty ( side in

front )

Flavour of food Combination of sense of smell and taste

Sense of hearingOrgan EarMechanism Pinna ear canal eardrum ossicles oval window cochlea auditory

nerves brainParts Name FunctionsOuter( gas )

Pinna Collect sound wavesEar canal Direct sound waves to eardrumEardrum Vibrate and transfer sound waves to ossicles

Middle( liquid)

Ossicles Amplify sound waves 20 timesEustachian tube Balancing of air pressureOval window Transfer sound waves from ossicles to cochlea

Inner( liquid)

Cochlea Convert sound waves into nerve impulsesSemicircularcanals

Keep head / body balance

Auditory nerves Transfer nerve impulses to brain

Sense of sightOrgan EyeLayers Sclera ( outer, tough, white )

Choroid ( middle, dark, a lot of blood capillaries)Retina ( inner, a lot of nerves )

PartsSclera Maintain shape, protection

Cornea Allow light to enter, focus light on retinaChoroid Supply oxygen and nutrient

Absorb and prevent internal light reflectionConjunctiva Protect corneaIris Give colour to eye , Control size of pupil

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Pupil Allow light to enterLens Refract and focus light onto retinaCiliary body Changes the thickness of lensSuspensoryligament

Hold lens

Vitreoushumour

Maintain eye shapeFocus image on retinaAbsorb vibration

Aqueoushumour

Refract and focus light

Retina Yellow spot Photoreceptor: Sensitive to lightBlind spot Not sensitive to light, no receptor

Spot where nerves leave theeyeball

Optic nerves Transmit nerve impulse from retina to brain

Mechanism ofsight

Looking at a nearobject

looking at a distantobject

Ciliary body Contract RelaxSuspensoryligament

Relax Contract

Thickness of lens Become thick Becomes thin

Properties of light1. Travels in a straight line formation of shadow2. Can be reflected mirror3. Can be refracted glass block4. Can be dispersed prism

Reflection oflightDefinition light bounces off from the opaque

objectIncident ray Ray that approaches the surfaceNormal line Line that is right angle with the

surfaceReflected ray Ray that bounces off the surfaceImage is Upright

Laterally invertedVirtualSame sizeSame distance from the mirror as theobject

Applications Plane mirror Dressing, combingPeriscope Submarines , objects on the sea

Kaleidoscope Beautiful imagesConvex mirror Produce a wider scope of view.

Security mirrors, wing mirrors of a car, blind cornermirror.

Concave mirror Produce magnified imagesDental mirror, microscopes

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Refraction oflightDefinition bending of light when pass through transparent media with

different densityLight Speed Angle from the normal

lineDenser to lessdense

Faster Further away

Less dense todenser Slower Nearer

Applications

Ponds and swimming pools appear shallower

Drinking straw appears bent in water

Defectivevisions

Problem Factor Corrective lens

Shortsightedness( myopia )

Cant see distantobject clearly

Eye ball too longEye lens too thick

Concave lens

Longsightedness

( hypermetropia)

Cant see nearobject clearly

Eye ball too shortEye lens too thin

Convex lens

Old sightedness( presbyopia )

Cant see distantand near objectclearly

Eye lens less elasticCiliary body loses ability to relax andcontract

Bifocal lens

Astigmatism Object can seesome parts clearlyonly

Irregular surface ofcornea or lens Cylindrical lens

Colour-blindness Certain colour cantdifferentiate

Problems of cone photoreptors in retina No way to correct( inherited )

Limitations of sight Cause

Optical illusion Wrong interpretation of brainBlind spot Image falls on blind spot

Stereoscopic and monocular visionStereoscopic vision monocular vision1. Overlapping vision 1. No overlapping2. Eyes in front of

head2. Eyes at each side of the

head3. Smaller field of

vision3. Wider field of vision

4. 3 dimensional 4. No 3 dimensional5. Can judge distance

well5. Cannot judge distance well

6. Mostly predators 6. Mostly preys

SoundProperties1. Is a form of energy2. Produced by

vibrations3. Need medium ( gas, liquid, solid )4. Cannot travel through

vacuumReflection of sound Hard and smooth

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surfaceAbsorption of sound Soft and rough surfaceEchoes e.g. caves, halls, tunnels,

valleyCan be reduced by 1. Cover floor with

carpet2. Hang thick curtains3. Line walls with soft board or

sponge

4. Use chairs and sofa sets with softcushionsDefective hearing DeafnessCauses 1. Aging

2. Accident

3. Infection

4. Exposure to loudsound

Correction Hearing aidLimitation of hearing 20-20 000

hz

Stereophonichearing

Two ears to listen

Benefit Determine direction ofsound

Stimuli and responses inplantsStimuli 1. Light

2. Gravity3. Water4. Touch5. Temperatu

re6. Chemicals

Types Stimuli Shoots RootsResponses

Tropisms( depends ondirection ofstimuli )

Phototropism Light + -

Geotropism Gravity - +Hydrotropism Water - +Thigmotropism

Touch e.g. tendrils ( cucumber )

Nastic movement(Does not dependon the direction ofstimuli )

Seismonastic Touch e.g. Mimosa ,Venus fly trap

Chapter 2 NUTRITION

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Classes of food 1. Carbohydrates2. Proteins3. Fats4. Vitamins5. Minerals6. Fibres7. Water

Carbohydrates

Components Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen ( ratio H to O : 2: 1 )Basic unit GlucoseTypes 1. Monosaccharid

eGlucose, fructose,galactose

2. Disaccharides Lactose, maltose, sucrose3. Polysaccharide

sStarch, glycogen, cellulose

Sources 1. Starchy Bread, rice, potatoes2. Sugary Honey, fruits, sugar cane3. Cellulose Vegetables.

Function EnergyStorage ( excess) Animals Glycoge

n

Plants StarchFood test Glucose Benedict test ( ) blue to red precipitate

Starch Iodine test ( no heating ) brown to blue blackProteinComponents Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur,

phosphorusBasic unit Amino acids Types Animals Contain all amino acids ( class one proteins )

e.g. fish, eggs, milk, cheese, butter, meatPlants Lack of several amino acids ( class two proteins )

e.g. legumes,cereals

Functions 1. Growth of thebody

2. Formation of new cells3. Synthesis of enzymes, hormones, antibodies4. Provide energy ( when no carbohydrates and fats )

Food test Millon test ( ) no colour to red precipitateFatComponents Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen ratio hydrogen to oxygen more than 2 ( 2: 1)

e.g. 18 : 1Basic unit Fatty acids and glycerolStates Solid Fats

Liquid OilsSolubility Insoluble in water, but soluble in alcoholSources Animals High cholesterol

e.g. Butter, cheese, egg yolk, cod fish oilPlants No cholesterol ( except coconut oil )

e.g. olive oil, palm oil, soya oil.Functions 1. Energy

2. Heat insulator3. Solvent of vitamin A, D, E, and K.4. Prevent loss water from skin surface

Food test 1. Emulsion test ( add ethanol and shake) milk like emulsionproduced2. Filter paper test ,translucent

VitaminsCompou Organic compound ( contain carbon )

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ndEnergy Do not provide energySolubility Water

solubleB , C

Fat soluble A, D, E, K

Types Source Functions deficiency diseasesA Carrots,

tomatoNight visionHealthy skin

Night blindnessDry skin

B Liver,green bean

Formation of red blood cellsNervous systemMuscular system

Anaemia, ( deficiency of red blood cells )Pellagra ( swelling at the tongue andmouth )Beriberi ( swollen legs, ankle etc)

C Citrus fruit( oranges )

Healthy skinPreserve blood vesselsResistance to diseases

Wound heal slowlyScurvy ( gum bleeding )Always sick

D Fish, milk,

eggs, sunlight

Help in absorption of calcium

and phosphorus

Rickets ( brittleness of bones in

children )Dental caries ( children )

E Wheat,butter,eggs

ReproductionFunction of enzymesSlow down aging of cells

InfertilityHair lossAging of skin

K Liver,tomatoes,spinach

Blooding clotting Prolonged bleeding ( internal bleeding innose and intestine )

MineralsCompounds inorganic compoundsEnergy do not provide energy

Majorelements

Potassium ( kalium ) , sodium ( natrium ), calcium, magnesium, iron, iodine,phosphorus

Trace elements Fluorine,chlorine

Types Sources Functions Deficiency diseasesPotassium Fish, grains,

bananasPreserves nervous system Paralysis

Weak musclesSodium Table salt,

salted fishMaintain body fluid balanceControl water content

Muscular crampsAbnormal heart beats

Calcium Milk, grains,cheese

Strong bones and teeth,Blood clotting

Muscles and nerves

RicketsOsteoporosis

Prolonged bleedingHigh blood pressure

Magnesium Soya beans,milk

Muscular system, tissuesfunction

Weak muscles ( fatique )

Ferum ( iron ) Liver, meat,milk

Form hemoglobin to increaseefficiency in transportingoxygen

AnaemiaWeak body and breathing difficulty

Iodine Seafood Production of thyroxine Goitre ( swollen thyroid glands )Phosphorus Milk, nuts,

cheeseStrong teeth and bone Ricket

Tooth decayFluorine Drinking

waterGreenvegetables

Strong teeth Dental caries

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Reabsoption ofwaterOrgan large

intestineOther nutrients to be absorbed Water soluble nutrients ( BC, Minerals )

Defecation

Cause Stimulation of faeces on wall of rectumNutrients help in defecation Fibres ( absorb water ) and waterProblem of defecation Constipation ( faeces too small, dry )

Chapter 3 BIODIVERSITYAnimals

Vertebrates Fish, amphibian, reptile, bird, mammal

Invertebrates

Plants Flowering 1.Monocotyledon2.Dicotyledon

Non-

flowering

Fern, moss, algae, conifer

Vertebrates Fish Amphibian Reptile bird mammal

Blood type Cold Cold Cold Warm Warm

Fertilisation External External Internal Internal Internal

Human digestive systemTypes ofdigestion

1. Physical digestion Cutting with knife, chewing, peristalsis ( contractionand relaxation of muscles )

2. Chemicaldigestion

Enzymes ( amylase, protease, lipase, carbohydrase )

Parts of the digestive systemAlimentary

canal

Enzyme

s

Secretion Digestive action

Mouth Amylase

Saliva Starch maltose

Oesophagus - PeristalsisStomach Protease Gastric juice ( +

hydrochloric acid )Protein amino acids

Duodenum ProteaseLipaseAmylase

Pancreatic juice andbile

Protein amino acidsFats fatty acids and glycerolStarch maltose

Small intestine ProteaseLipaseCarbohydra

se

Intestinal juice Protein amino acidsFats fatty acids and glycerolCarbohydrate ( starch ) glucose

Large intestine - - -Rectum - - -Anus - - -Absorption of nutrients

Organs Small intestine villi microvilli

End product to be absorbed after digestion Glucose, amino acids, glycerol,fatty acids

Other nutrients to be absorbed withoutdigestion

Vitamins, minerals, water

Types of nutrients Nutrients Parts in villi1. Water soluble nutrients Vitamin B , C, Amino acids, glucose,

minerals

Blood capillaries

2. Fat soluble nutrients Vitamin A, D, E, K, glycerol and fattyacids

Lacteal

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Offspring Lay eggs Lay eggs Lay eggs Lay eggs Give birth

Outer

covering

Slimy

scales

Moist skin Dry scaly skin Feather Hair and fur

Breathing Gills Gills ( young )

Lungs & skin

( adult )

Lungs Lungs Lungs

e. g. Golden

fish, shark

Frog,

salamander,

toads, newts

Crocodiles,

tortoises,

lizards, snakes

Pigeons,

eagles,

penguins,

parrots, kiwis,chicken

Whales,

dolphins, tigers,

bats, platypus

Special

features

Slim line

Fins and

tails

Webs on legs Snakes has no

legs

Usually fly

Duck and

penguin can

swim

Beak

Usually live on

land

Whales and

dolphin live in

water

Mammary glands

Platypus lay eggs

Bats have wings

Porcupine with

spines

Flowering

plants

Monocotyledons Dicotyledons

Seedling 1 seed 2 seedsRoot system Fibrous roots Tap rootsLeaf vein Parallel vein Network veinStem Non woody Woodye.g. Grass, paddy, sugar cane, maize,

palm treeRose tree, duriantree

Non floweringplant

Algae Moss Fern Conifer

Habitat In water & dampareas

Damp areas Damp shadedarea

-

True leaf, root,stem

No No Yes Yes

Chlorophyll Yes Yes Yes YesReproduction Spores Spores Spores Seeds ( cone )e.g. Spirogyra, sea

weedClub moss Bird Nest fern,

Staghorn fernPine tree,Cycad

Chapter 4 INTERDEPENDENCE AMONG LIVING ORGANISMS AND THE ENVIRONMENTInterdependenceSpecies Species can breed among

themselvese.g. elephant, durian tree

Population A group of organism ( samespecies)

e.g. a group of goats living in a field

Community

Groups of populations in thesame habitat

e.g. a pond community ( a group of tadpoles,fishes, etc )

Ecosystem

Organisms and non living things Non-living things : gases, sunlight, minerals,water, soil

Interaction

Preypredator

e.g. predator ( tiger ) & prey( deer )

Symbiosis Commensalism

e.g. Commensal ( remora fish ( + ) ) & host( shark ( - ) )

Mutualism e.g. hermit crab ( + ) & sea anemone ( + )Parasitism e.g. parasite ( tapeworm ( + ) ) & host ( human

( - ) )Competition Snake and owl fighting for

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rats

BiologicalcontrolTo control amount of certain organism by using predator ( snake in palm filed to control number ofrats )Advantages 1. low cost

2. no pollution3. no harm to other organisms ( non target organisms )

Disadvantages

1. slow

2. cannot eliminate all thepests3. unpredictable4. require expert supervision and proper control

Food web More than one foodchainProducer primary consumer secondary consumer tertiaryconsumerGrass grasshopper frog snake

Decomposers e.g. bacteria and fungiEnergy flow decreases from main resource sunlight in food chain

PyramidnumberFrom base to the peak of pyramid 1. Energy loss

2. Number of organismsdecreases3. Organisms stronger, larger

PhotosynthesisRequirement

Water

CarbondioxideChlorophyllSunlight

Equation

Water + carbon dioxide * glucose + oxygen ( * sunlight and chlorophyll)

Oxygen cycleOxygen is used in Respiration

DecompositionCombustionRusting

Oxygen is producedin

Photosynthesis

CarboncycleCarbon is used in PhotosynthesisCarbon is produced in Respiration

DecompositionCombustion

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Chapter 5 WATER AND SOLUTIONPhysicalcharacteristics

Pure water Impurities ( e.g. salt )

Boiling point 100 0 C More thanFreezing point 0 0 C Less thanDensity 1 g /cm 3 ( 40C )Thermal

conduction

Poor

Electricalconduction

Poor

Test for thepresence

Cobalt chloride paper Blue to pink

Anhydrous coppersulphate

White to blue

CompositionElectrolysis ( breakdown water into hydrogen and oxygen )Electrodes

Gas produced Ratio Test method Observation

Anode ( +

)

Oxygen 1 Glowing splinter Relight

Cathode( - )

Hydrogen 2 Burning splinter Extinguished and pop sound

*Acid is added because water is weak electric conductor

EvaporationFactors Conditio

nRate ofevaporation

1. Humidity High Low2. Temperature High High3. Surface area Large High

4. Air movement Fast High

Evaporation vsboilingEvaporation BoilingAnytemperature

Boiling point

Slow FastAt the surface Throughout the liquidNot visible Air bubbles

Solution and solubilitySolute A substance that can dissolve in a

liquid.e.g. salt

Solvent A liquid that dissolves a substance. e.g. waterSolution A product of mixture when a solute

dissolves in a solvente.g. sugarsolution

Types 1.Dilute solution Little of solute2.Concentratedsolution

A lot of solute

3.Saturated solution Maximumsolute

Solutions andsuspensionsSolutions SuspensionsContain dissolvedsubstances

Contain insoluble substances

Tiny and homogeneous Large and heterogeneous

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No sediment formed Sediment settle at the bottom / float onsurface

No residue left on filterpaper

Residue left on filter paper

e.g. acids, salt solution e.g. blood, muddy water

Factors that increase the rate of dissolving1. Small solute2. High temperature of

solvent3. Fast stirring4. Large volume of solventUniversalsolvent

Water Minerals, carbon dioxide, vitamin B and C etc

Organicsolvent

Ether Fats, oil, nail varnish

Petrol Tar, paint, candle, greaseAcetone Paint, ink, lipstickAlcohol Iodine, chlorophyll, varnish, shellacKerosene Paint, oil, fats Turpentine Tar, paint, greaseChloroform Plastic

Benzene Rubber, grease

Waterpurification Get rid of Cannot get rid ofFiltration Suspended substances Dissolved substances, microorganismsBoiling Microorganisms Suspended substances, dissolved substancesChlorination Microorganisms Suspended substances, dissolved substancesDistillation Suspended substances, dissolved substances,

microorganisms-

Water supplysystem Function

Storagereservoir

Expose to sunlight, get rid of odour, large particles settle at the bottom

Screening Remove large objectsAeration Oxygen dissolves in water, get rid of unpleasant smell and tasteCoagulation Alum ( small suspended particles stick together ), slaked lime ( reduce

acidity of water )Mixing tank Mix well the chemicals ( alum and lime )Sedimentation Suspended particles settle at the bottomFiltration Remove remaining suspended particlesChlorination Chlorine is added to kill microorganismsFluoridation Prevent tooth decay, promote healthy strong bone

Acids andalkalis Properties

Acids ( H+ ) Alkalis ( OH - ) Taste Sour BitterFeel Watery SoapypH value Less than 7 More than 7Moist litmus Blue to red Red to blueCorrosivenature

Corrosive Corrosive

Example ( in lab)

Hydrochloricacid

Sodium hydroxide

example

( daily )

Vinegar Toothpaste

Acids Alkalis TestTest : Metals Produce hydrogen No effect Burning splinter : flame extinguished and pop

sound

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Test : Carbonates Produce carbondioxide

Noeffect

Lime water : cloudy

Test: Ammoniumsalt

No effect Produce ammonia Concentrated acid : whitefume

Neutralisation

Acid + alkali salt ( neutral ) + watere.g. hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide sodium chloride + water

e.g. sulphuric acid + magnesium hydroxide

magnesium sulphate + watere.g. nitric acid + calcium hydroxide calcium nitrate + water

TitrationBurette Acid ( cannot put alkali )Conical flask AlkaliUniversalindicator

Put into flask, purple ( alkali ), green ( neutral ), yellow ( slight acidic ), red ( acidic )

* when the colour of indicator changes to green, titration stops. Neutralisation completed.*evaporation is for getting salt by evaporate water. Salt will be left.

Indicator Acidic Neutral AlkalineLitmus Red Purple Blue

Phenolphthalein

Colourless Pale pink Pink

Methylorange

Pink Orange Yellow

Chapter 6 AIR PRESSUREIncreaseswhen

Temperature increasesVolume decreases

Application

SiphonRubber suckerSyringeSprayer pump

PlungerGas under high pressure e.g. gas tanks

Chapter 8 SUPPORT & MOVEMENTANIMA

L

LAND 1.Endoskelet

on

Compact bone e.g. humans, elephant

Hollow bone e.g. birds, deer2.Exoskeleton Chitin e.g. insects ( moulting )

Calciumcarbonate

e.g. snails ( no moulting )

3.Hydrostaticskeleton

e.g. earthworm, leech

AQUATIC

Water buoyancy e.g. whales

PLANT NORMAL

1.Woody Tree e.g. durian tree

Shrub e.g. hibiscus shrub

2.Non woody ( herbaceous ) e.g. balsam plant

3.Aquatic(turgidity)

Buoyancy Float on water e.g. Lotus

Chapter 7 DYNAMICSFrictional force- advantages- allow us to hold things, walking, running etc

disadvantages waste fuel ( car), produces heatWork = force( N ) x distance( m )

Power = work done ( J ) / time ( s )

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Live in water e.g. Hydrilla

SPECIAL

1.Woody

1.Buttress roots e.g. durian tree

2.Stilt roots e.g. mangrove tree

2.Non woody ( herbaceous ) 1.Thorns e.g. Bougainvillea

2.Prickles e.g. Rose

3.Tendrils e.g. Cucumber

4.Prop roots e.g. Maize plant5.Clasping

roots

e.g. Money plant

Chapter 9 STABILITYCentre ofgravity

Point of equilibrium

Focus of almost all weightRegularly shape object MiddleIrregular shape object Use plumb line Inside (CG)

Outside (CG)Factors More

stableLessstable

Position of centre of gravity Lower Higher Pls: heavier ( weight ) ,

lowerBase area Larger Smaller

Chapter 10 SIMPLE MACHINE3 classes First class

leverFulcrum is between Load andEffort

Second classlever

Load is in between Fulcrum and Effort

Third classlever

Effort is in between Fulcrum and Load

CHAPTER 1 THE WORLD THROUGH OURSENSES1. Figure 11 shows the areas of taste in a human

tongue. ( PMR 2003 )

Which areas are most sensitive to salt, sugar and vinegar?

Salt Sugar Vinegar

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A 1 4 2

B 1 3 4

C 2 3 1

D 2 4 3

2. Figure 12 shows the light path and impulse in theeye. ( PMR 2003 )

Which of the following parts of the eye are represented by W, X, Y andZ?

W X Y Z

A Cornea Pupil Vitreous humour Optic nerve

B Pupil Vitreous humour Cornea Optic nerve

C Cornea Vitreous humour Optic nerve Pupil

D Pupil Optic nerve Vitreous humour Cornea

3. Figure 14 shows light ray travelling through a glassblock. ( PMR 2003 )

Which angles are represented by P, Q, R and S?

P Q R S

A Angle of incidence

Angle ofrefraction

Angle ofrefraction

Angle ofincidence

B Angle of incidence

Angle ofrefraction

Angle ofincidence

Angle ofrefraction

C Angle of refraction

Angle ofincidence

Angle ofincidence

Angle ofrefraction

D Angle of

refraction

Angle of

incidence

Angle of

refraction

Angle of

incidence

4. The inner wall of a hall is made of soft material sothat( PMR 2003 )

A echoes are producedB the pitch of the sound increasesC sound is reflectedD absorption of sound occurs

5. P and Q in Figure 15 show two types of eye defect.( PMR 2003 )

Which type of lens can be used to correct the defects in P and Q?

P Q

A Convex lens Concave lens

B Convex lens Convex lens

C Concave lens Convex lens

D Concave lens Concave lens

6. Figure 31 shows an arrangement of an experimentto study tropism. ( PMR 2003 )

Figure

31Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from observation ofthe roots and shoots of the seedlings after two days?I The roots show positive geotropismII The roots show positive hydrotropismIII The shoots show positive phototropism

A B C D

I, II and III I and II only II and III only I only

7. The diagram shows a cross section of the human eye. ( PMR 2004)

What is the function of X?A. controls the size of iris B. focuses light raysC. detects light stimulus D. allows light to enter the eye

8. The diagram shows a change in size of the pupil. ( PMR 2004 )

Which of the following actions will cause this change?A. reading a book in a dark roomB. entering a dark room from a bright roomC. taking off sun glasses in a bright place

D. looking at a distant object after looking at a near object

9. The diagram shows the formation of a shadow. ( PMR 2004 )

Which of the following shadows is formed on the screen?

10. The diagram show bottles filled with differentvolumes of water. ( PMR 2004 )When bottles A, B, C and D are blown with the same strength, whichbottle produces the highest pitch?

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11 The diagram shows the path of an impulse after a

stimulus is received by the skin. ( PMR 2005 )

Which of the following represents X, Y and Z?X Y Z

A. Brain Effector Receptor B. Receptor Effector BrainC. Brain Receptor Effector D. Receptor Brain Effector

12 The sense of taste of a person suffering from flu isless sensitive because( PMR 2005 )

A the taste bud cells are damaged.B the nasal hairs are unable to detect the smell of food.C chemicals cannot be detected by the smell receptors.D the sense of taste is more sensitive than the sense of smell.

13 Which of the following figures shows the correctpropagation of light rays from. glass to air? ( PMR2005 )

14 The following information shows a type of responseof a plant due to a stimulus. ( PMR 2006 )

Shoot grows away from the stimulus. Enables the plant to obtain water and minerals Root grows towards gravitational attractionWhich of the following is the response?

A Geotropism B PhototropismC Thigmotropism D Hydrotropism

15 Diagram 6 shows a cross-section of an eye with adefective vision. ( PMR 2006 )

Diagram 6Which of the following causes the defective vision?A The eye ball is too short B The eye lens is too thickC The size of the pupil is too smallD The surface of the cornea is irregular

16 Which of the following sensory organs can detecttouch, pain and pressure? ( PMR 2007 )

A Eyes B Nose C Ears D Skin

17 Diagram 6 shows a section through part of thehuman head

containing a sensory organ. ( PMR 2008 )

Which of the parts labelled A, B, C or D is a sensory cell?18 Which part of a plant shows positive phototropism? (PMR 2008 )

A. RootB. ShootC. StemD. Fruit

CHAPTER 2 NUTRITION1. Table 2 shows the results of food tests done on a

food sample. ( PMR 2003 )

Which of the following food contain the same class of foods as in thetested food sample?A Egg and meatB Bread and jamC Milk and margarine

D Rice porridge and anchovies

2. Figure 17 shows the human digestive system.( PMR 2003 )

Figure 17Which of the following classes of food are digested in the organs M, Nand P?

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Organ M Organ N Organ P

A Protein Carbohydrate Fat

B Carbohydrate Protein Fat

C Carbohydrate Fat Protein

D Fat Protein Carbohydrate

3. A food sample is .taken from organ Q shown inFigure 32. ( PMR 2003 )

After analysis, the pH value of the sample is 3.

Figure 32Which of the following statements explain this condition?I Q secretes hydrochloric acidII Enzymes in Q change fat to fatty acids and glycerolIII Enzymes in Q change starch to maltose

4. Which of the following pairs of food classes andexamples is not correct? ( PMR 2004 )

Food class Example

A Protein Chicken meat

B Carbohydrate Noodles

C Roughage Papaya

D Fat Potato

5. The picture shows samples of food. ( PMR 2004 )

Which group of food samples contains a high content of protein?A. tomato, carrot, milk B. meat, fish, eggC. rice, banana, carrot D. cabbage, egg, tomato

6. The diagram shows a boy who is suffering fromkwashiorkor disease. ( PMR 2005 )

Which of the following is the cause of the disease?

A Drinking too much water. B Lack of protein in diet.C Lack of calcium in the diet.

D Too much carbohydrate in the diet.7. The diagram shows the human digestive system.

( PMR 2005 )

The digestion of potato happens in the parts whichare labelled asA P, Q and T C Q, S and TB P, R and T D Q, R and S

8. The diagram shows a food pyramid guide. ( PMR2005 )

Which of the following food groups provides the highest risk of gettinga heart attack if taken excessively?

A K B L C M D N

9. Diagram 7 shows organs in a human digestivesystem. ( PMR 2006 )

Which of the following are the functions of J, K, L and M?

10. Table 2 shows the calorific value of some food.( PMR 2006 )

A student had his breakfast by taking the food shown below.

Based on Table 2, calculate the calorific value taken by the student forhis breakfast.

A 2 177 kJ B 2 865 kJ C 2 899 kJ D 3 621 kJ11. The calorific value of rice is 15 kJ /g.Calculate the

calorific value in 100 g of rice. ( PMR 2007 )A 15 kJ B 30 kJ C 1 500 kJ D 3 000 Kj

12. Which food pyramid is the best guide to plan abalanced diet? ( PMR 2008 )

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CHAPTER 3 BIODIVERSITY1. The green pea plant can be categorized as a

dicotyledon because it has( PMR 2003 )I a tap root

II net veined leavesIII flowers

A B C D


2. The diagram shows two animals of different classes.( PMR 2004 )

What are the similarities between the two animals?A. have scales and cold blooded B. have dry scales and furry

C. lay eggs and cold blooded D. have ear pinna and warm blooded

3. Which of the following plants is a dicotyledon?( PMR 2005 )

4. Diagram 11 is a chart which shows the classificationof vertebrates. ( PMR 2006 )

Which of the following is true about P?A Has constant body temperatureB Has a smooth and moist skinC Has a segmented body D Has a scaly skin

5. Which of the following animals are cold-blooded?( PMR 2007 )A Pigeon, Elephant, Frog B Gold fish, Snake, FrogC Elephant, Pigeon, Frog D Pigeon, Gold fish, Snake

6. The following information shows the characteristicsof a plant. ( PMR 2008 )

Fibrous root system Parallel veined leaves

One cotyledon in each of theirseeds

Which plants have these characteristics?A. Paddy and grassB. Paddy and balsam plantC. Grass and hibiscus plantD. Hibiscus plant and balsam plant

CHAPTER 4 INTERDEPENDENCE AMONGLIVING ORGANISMS ANF THE ENVIRONMENT1. Figure 6 shows an energy flow. ( PMR 2003 )

Figure 6

Which of the following organisms are represented by W, X, Y and Z?W X Y Z

A Fungi Caterpillar Snake Eagle

B Paddy Rat Eagle Caterpillar

C Fern Goat Eagle Snake

D grass Caterpillar Snake Frog

2. Owls are found in oil palm plantations. Thisincreases palm oil production. What is the role ofthe owls? ( PMR 2003 )

A To help pollinationB To increase organic fertilizerC To control oil palm diseasesD To control pests biologically

3.The information below shows a food chain.

( PMR 2003 )

An increase in the population of sharks will result inI a decrease in the population of sealsII an increase in the population of fishIII an increase in the population of plankton

A B C D


4. Figure 34 shows a food chain in a paddy field.

( PMR 2003 )

Which of the following pyramids is/are suitable for this habitat?

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A B C D


5. Which of the following actions is/are suitable for theconservation of the orang utan? ( PMR 2003 )

I Build more reproduction centresII Establish forest reservesIII Establish more recreational and tourist centres in the forest

A B C D


6. Which of the following activities will not harm theecosystem? ( PMR 2004 )A. building constructions B. tin miningC. conservation of the forest D. usage of insecticide

7. The table shows the populations of organisms in ahabitat. ( PMR 2004 )

Organism Number

S 1000

T 5000

U 2

V 400

Which of the following shows the pyramid of numbers for populationsof organisms in the habitat?

8. The diagram shows organisms in a forest habitat.( PMR 2004 )Which of the following food webs is found in the habitat?

9. The graph shows the number of organisms P,Q, R

and S in a habitat. ( PMR 2005 )

Which of the following pyramid of numbers correctly represents thepopulations of these organisms?

10. The diagram shows fish in jars A, B, C, and D. Inwhich jar would the fish live longest? ( PMR 2004 )

11. The diagram shows the apparatus used toinvestigate a factor necessary in photosynthesis.( PMR 2005 )

After the experiment, the leaves did not show the presence of starch

becauseA fresh air was absent.B carbon dioxide was absent.C the sunlight was not enough.D water and mineral salts were in excess.

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Producer Primary consumer Secondary consumerDiagram 5

12. Diagram 5 shows a food chain. ( PMR 2006 )Which of the following represents the food chain?A FernSnakeEagle B Paddy RatOwlC Grass GrasshopperGoat D AlgaeFishSnail13. Diagram 9 shows a habitat occupied by three

types of organisms, X, Y and Z. ( PMR 2006 )

Which of the following number pyramids correctly represents thehabitat?

14. Diagram 6 shows a pyramid number in a habitat.( PMR 2007 )

Which of the following shows the effect on the habitat if all thesnakes in the habitat are killed?

15. The following is a list of organisms (PMR 2007)-Rat -Paddy -Caterpillar -Cobra -Sparrow

-EagleChoose a correct food web for these organisms.

16. Diagram 7 shows processes P, Q, R and S that occurin the carbon cycle. ( PMR 2007 )

Which of the following are involved in the production and absorption ofcarbon dioxide?

Produce carbon dioxide Absorb carbon dioxide

A P, Q R, S

B R, S Q, P

C P, Q, S R

D Q, R, S P

17.Diagram 7 shows two processes, Q and R, in aplant. ( PMR 2008)

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Which of the following are represented by P, Q, R and S?

P Q R S

A Carbondioxide

Respiration Photosynthesis Oxygen

B Carbondioxide

Photosynthesis Respiration Oxygen

C Oxygen Photosynthesis Respiration Carbondioxide

D Oxygen Respiration Photosynthesis Carbondioxide

18. Diagram 8 shows one of a human activity. ( PMR2008 )

Why should this activity be stopped?A. Causes air pollutionB. Increases the humidity of the airC. Destroys the habitat of flora and faunaD. Reduces the percentage of carbon dioxide

19. Which activity can prevent the hole in the ozonelayer from getting bigger? ( PMR 2008 )A. Replant more treesB. Avoid the burning of fossil fuelC. Stop using pesticides and fertilizer in farmingD. Avoid buying products that contain

chlorofluorocarbon

20. Which of the following is true about the advantagesand the disadvantages of a biological controlmethod? ( PMR 2008 )

Predator prey Advantages Disadvantages

A Frogs-larvae Harmful to theenvironment

Snakes will cometo the area

B Snakes-rats Cheap andeconomical

Snakes aredangerous to theworkers.

C Owls rats Both animalscome out at night

Owls cannot catchthe rats at night

D Fish-larvae A cheap method tocontrol larvae

Number of larvaeincreases

CHAPTER 5 WATER AND SOLUTION1. Figure 5 shows the arrangement of an experiment

on the electrolysis of water. ( PMR 2003 )

Figure 5Which of the following does not occur when the switch is on?A. oxygen is collected at electrode X.B. hydrogen is collected at electrode Y.C. both oxygen and hydrogen are collected at both electrodes X and YD. oxygen is collected at the positive electrode and hydrogen is collectedat the negative electrode

2. Figure 16 shows a liquid being collected in anevaporating dish. ( PMR 2003 )

Figure 16Liquid X can be identified by usingA hydrogen carbonate indicatorB anhydrous copper sulphateC litmus paperD lime water

3. At which stage is alum added in a water treatmentplant? ( PMR 2003 )

A Filtration B SedimentationC Coagulation D Chlorination

4. P, Q, R. and S are stages found in the watertreatment system. ( PMR 2003 )

P- FiltrationQ - CoagulationR - ChlorinationS - water collection at a damWhich of the following sequences is correct?A. QPRSB. QRSPC. SRPQD. SQPR

5. Figure 30 shows an arrangement of apparatuswhere the iron nails do not rust. ( PMR 2003 )

Which of the following substances could be represented by X?I Silica gelII Anhydrous calcium chlorideIII Anhydrous copper sulphate

A B C D


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6. Diagrams A, B, C and D show the mass of 20 g ofsugar in various shapes. Which shapes of sugarwill dissolve the fastest? ( PMR 2004 )

7. The diagram shows the pH of substances P, Q, Rand S. ( PMR 2005 )

Which of the following represents substances P, Q, R, and S?

P Q R S

A Toothpaste Washingsoda

Distilledwater

Vinegar

B Lemon juice Vinegar Distilledwater

Toothpaste

C Washing soda Distilledwater

Vinegar Lemon juice

D Vinegar Distilledwater Toothpaste Washing soda

8. Diagram 3 shows a piece of towel hanging on a rail.( PMR 2006 )

Which of the following factors will cause the towel to dry faster?I Movement of airII Higher temperature of the surroundingsIII Higher humidity of the air

A I and II only B I and III onlyC II dan II only D I, II and III9. Diagram 10 shows a few ice cubes in a glass of

orange juice. ( PMR 2006 )

Which of the following is true about the water droplets?A Have sour taste B Turn blue litmus paper to red

C pH 7 when tested with pH paperD Decolorise acidic potassium permanganate solution

10. Diagram 12 shows the pH value of threesubstances, P, Q and R. ( PMR 2006 )

Which of the following is true about P, Q and R?

11. Diagram 8 shows two methods, P and Q, of waterpurification. ( PMR 2007 )

What is the reason for using methods P and Q?P Q

A. To separate insoluble solids To kill microorganismsB. To remove impurities To remove colourC. To remove sediment To remove impuritiesD. To remove colour To kill microorganisms

12. Diagram 9 shows a beaker of water left on a tablein the laboratory for three days.( PMR 2007 )

After three days, the water level in the beaker decreases.Why does this happen?A Water molecules lose heat and turn into solidB Water molecules absorb heat and turn into gasC Water molecules lose energy and turn into gasD Water molecules vibrate in a fixed position and turn into gas

13. What change takes place to water at its freezingpoint? ( PMR 2008 )A. Liquid to gasB. Gas to solidC. Solid to liquidD. Liquid to solid

14. Diagram 9 shows two methods of water purification,P and Q. ( PMR 2008 )

Which of the following shows the differences between P and Q?

P Q

A Removes suspendedparticles

Produces distilled water

B Kills microorganism Does not kill microorganism

in waterC Produces water suitable for

drinkingDoes not produce watersuitable for drinking

D Removes dissolvedminerals

Does not remove dissolvedminerals

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CHAPTER 6 AIR PRESSURE1. Figure 7 shows a boy using a straw to drink. ( PMR

2003 )

Figure 7Which of the following observations and explanations are true about theair pressure at X, Y and Z?

Observation Explanation

Pressure at X, Y, and Z compared to theatmospheric pressure

X Y Z

A Water can besucked up

Different Same Different

B Water can besucked up

Same Same Same

C Water cannot besucked up

Same different Same

D Water cannot besucked up

Different Different Same

2. Figure 8 shows a student blowing a small piece of

paper into a bottle. The piece of paper is blown outinstead. ( PMR 2003 )

Figure 8This is becauseA. the volume of the air in the bottle remains the sameB. the air pressure in the bottle is higher than that outside the bottle.C. the density of the air in the bottle is higher than that outside the bottle

D. the mass of the air in the bottle is more than the mass of the air brownout by the student

3. Figure 9 shows the change in the size of a balloonwhen hot water is poured into a beaker. ( PMR2003 )

Figure 9What conclusion can be drawn from your observation?A. the size of the balloon increases because the air pressure in theballoon increasesB. the size of the balloon increases because the wall of the balloonbecomes more elasticC. the balloon floats because the kinetic energy of the air in the balloondecreases.D. the balloon floats because the atmospheric pressure increases

4. A container is made of thin metal sheet. Somewater is boiled in the container which is thensealed. Cold water is then poured onto thecontainer. What happens? ( PMR 2003 )

I Steam changes to waterII The container becomes dentedIII The pressure in the container becomes lower

A B C D


5. The diagram shows a hook stuck onto a wall tohang a load. ( PMR 2005 )

What modification could be made to ensure the rubber sucker sticksmore strongly on the wall to support more load?A Use a bigger hook. B Use a smaller hook.C Enlarge the rubber sucker diameter. D Reduce the rubber suckerdiameter6. Diagram 19 shows an experiment on air pressure.

( PMR 2006 )

When the piston is pulled out, the balloon inflates. Inflation of theballoon is due to

A the air pressure at Y higher than the air pressure at XB the air pressure at X higher than the air pressure at ZC the air pressure at Z higher than the air pressure at YD the air pressure at Z higher than the air pressure at X

7. Diagram 10 shows a syringe used to transfer water.( PMR 2007 )

Why does the water enter the syringe when the piston is pulled up?A The air pressure outside and inside the syringe is the sameB The water pressure inside the beaker and inside the syringe is the sameC The air pressure outside the syringe is less than the air pressure insidethe syringeD The air pressure outside the syringe is higher than the air pressureinside the syringe

8. Diagram 11 shows a glass containing water placedupside down on a plastic cover. ( PMR 2007 )The water remains in the glass.

From which direction, A, B, C or D, does the air pressure acts sothat the water does not spill?

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9. Diagram 10 shows the information on the label of ametal container. ( PMR 2008 )

Which of the following shows the characteristics of thecontents of the container?A. Non-flammable liquidB. Corrosive substancesC. Radioactive substancesD. Gas under high pressure

10. Diagram 12 shows a siphon. ( PMR 2008 )

When the clip is opened, the water flows out because ofA. The nature of waterB. The force of gravityC. The water pressureD. The air pressure

CHAPTER 7 DYNAMICS1. A wooden block M is pulled using a spring balance

in four different situation A, B, C and D. In whichsituation will the spring balance shows the highest

reading? ( PMR 2003 )

2. Table 3 shows the extension of a spring when anobject is hung on it. ( PMR 2003 )

Table 3Which of the following graphs represents the data in Table 3?

3. Which of the following factors will increase the workdone? ( PMR 2003 )

I Increase the force

II Increase the distanceIII Increase the time

A B C D


4. Object S is carried vertically from the floor onto thetable top. Then the object is pulled horizontally asshown in Figure 36. ( PMR 2003 )

Figure 36Which of the following statements is/are true about the work done?I The work done in lifting S is against the gravitational force.II The work done in pulling S is against the frictional force.III The work done in pulling S increases when the surface of the table isrougher.

A B C D


5. A student pulls his luggage through distance of 2.0m with a force of 40 N. ( PMR 2004 )

What is the work done by the student?A. 20 J B. 38 J C. 42 J D. 80 J

6. Which of the following activities uses the greatestforce? ( PMR 2005 )

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7. The diagram shows a pupil pushing a box to make itcloser to a wall. He is pushing with a force of 500 N.( PMR 2005 )

How much work is done by the pupil?A 100 J B 250 J

C 500 J D 1 000 J8. The photograph shows worn out shoe soles. ( PMR

2005 )

Shoe soles become worn out when

A gravitational pull attracted the soles.B a magnetic force pulls the soles closer to the road.C a frictional force acts between the soles and the road.D an electrostatic force is produced when walking on the road.

9. The diagram shows polystyrene balls, P, Q, R and Sthat have been charged through friction and hung inpairs. ( PMR 2005 )

What conclusion can be made about the charges of balls F, Q, Rand S?

P Q R S

A. Negative Negative Positive PositiveB. Negative Positive Negative NegativeC. Positive Negative Negative NegativeD. Positive Positive Negative Negative

10.A box of mass 10 kg is lifted from the floor onto atable, at a height of 0.5 m. Calculate the amountof work done. [g = 10 N kg-1] ( PMR 2006 )

A 0.5J B 5.0 J C 50.0 J D 100.0 J

11. Table 4 shows the masses of four students. ( PMR2007 )

The students climb up the stairs to different heights.

Arrange the four students in ascending order starting from the onewith the least work done.A P, S, Q, R B R, Q, P, S C P, Q, S, R D S, P, R, Q

12. Diagram 11 shows a student with a mass of 40 kg

carrying a box with a mass of 5 kg. he walks up thestairs in 10 seconds. ( PMR 2008 )

Calculate the power.( g = 10 N kg -1 )A. 120 WB. 135 WC. 150 WD. 1200 W

CHAPTER 8 SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT1. Figure 20 shows an experiment to study the

support system in plants. ( PMR 2003 )

Figure 20Which of the following plants use the same method of support as theballoon in Figure 20?A Lotus B Moss C Paddy D Mangrove

2. The diagram shows a cross section of the stem of aplant. ( PMR 2004 )

The air spaces in the plant enable itA. to breathe B. to float C. to absorb mineralsD. to transport food

3. Which of the pairs is correct about the animal andits type of skeleton? ( PMR 2005 )

Animal Type of skeleton

A. Lizard ExoskeletonB Whale Hydrostatic skeletonC. Caterpillar EndoskeletonD. Prawn Exoskeleton

4. Diagram 12 shows a support system of an insect.( PMR 2007 )

What supports the insect's body?A Exoskeleton B EndoskeletonC Segmented abdomen D Hydrostatic skeleton

7. Diagram 16 shows the classification of a supportingsystem in animals. ( PMR 2006 )

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8. Which of the following examples can represent an animal in group P?

CHAPTER 9 STABILITY1. The diagram shows a bench. ( PMR 2004 )

Which of the following benches are more stable than thebench shown in the above diagram?

A. I and II only B. I and III onlyC. II and III only D. I, II and III

2. Which of the following actions will

increase thestability of an individual? ( PMR 2005 )

A A jockey straightens up his body while riding a horse.B A boat passenger stand.s up straight while the boat ismoving.C An acrobat stretches his arms widely while walking ona rope.D A painter put the ladder that he uses close to the wallwhile painting.

3. The following shows four objects, A, B, C,and D of the same height. ( PMR 2005 )Which of the following is the most stable?

4. Diagram 1.3 shows four different models,P, Q, R and S, used in an experiment.( PMR 2006 )

Diagram 13Which of the following levers can be classified in thesame class as the lever in Diagram 14?Weights are added to each model until it topples.The readings of the weights are recorded in Table 3.

Table 3Based on Table 3, predict the minimum value of X.A 4.0N B 6.5N C 7.0 N D 7.5N

5. Diagram 13 shows four models, W, X, Yand Z. ( PMR 2007 )

Which of the following shows the correctarrangement of the models in ascending order ofstability?A Z, X, Y, W B Z, Y, X, WC Y, W, Z, X D X, Z, W, Y

6. Diagram 13 shows three regular shapes P,Q, and R. ( PMR 2008 )

Which statement describes the equilibrium point ofP, Q and R?

A. The equilibrium point of a regularshape is at its centre

B. The equilibrium point of a regularshape can be anywhere on the shape

C. Some regular shapes do not have anequilibrium point

D. Some regular shapes have more thanone equilibrium point

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CHAPTER 10 SIMPLE MACHINES1. Figure 19 shows a ruler from which loads X

and Y are hung at different points on it.Each load consists of a number of weightswith equal mass. ( PMR 2003 )

Figure 19In which situation will the metre rule not be inan equilibrium?

2. Figure 35 shows three students P, Q andR sitting on a see-saw with F as thefulcrum. The see-saw is in equilibrium.( PMR 2003 )

Which of the following actions will cause R togo up?I R moves towards FII P moves towards FIII Q moves towards F

A B C D

I, II andIII

I and IIonly

II and IIIonly

Ionly

3. The diagram shows a lever system. Thedistance between each of the points onthe lever is the same. ( PMR 2004 )

At which point A, B, C or D should thefulcrum be, so that the lever is balance?4. The diagram shows a balanced lever

system. ( PMR 2005 )

What is the load of X?A 10 N B 20 N C 40 N D 80 N5. Diagram 4 shows the process of pruning

leaves. ( PMR 2006 )

Diagram 4The tools used can be classified as a firstclass lever because

A the load is between the fulcrum and theforce

B the fulcrum is between the load and theforceC the force is between the load and the

fulcrumD the load is at the same position as the

fulcrum

6. Diagram 14 shows a type of lever. ( PMR2006 )

Diagram 14Which of the following levers can be classifiedin the same class as the lever in Diagram 14?

7. Diagram 20 shows a vegetable sellercarrying two basket, F and G. F has amass of 40 kg and G has a mass of 60 kg.The distance between G and the seller is1.0 m. ( PMR 2006 )

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What should be the distance between theseller and F in order to balance both thebaskets?

A 0.5 m B 1.0 m C 1.5 m D 2.5 m8. Diagram 14 shows the position of a

worker's hands lifting sand using a spade.( PMR 2007 )

What should the worker do in order to lift thesand using his minimum force?A Move both hands to PB Move the right hand to Q and the left handto SC Move the left hand to S without changingthe position of the right handD Move the left hand to R without changingthe position of the right hand.

9. Diagram 15 shows a nail being pulled outusing tools, P and Q. ( PMR 2007 )

Which of the following statements is correctabout the effort that was used?A P needs less effort than Q to pull out thenailB Q needs less effort than P to pull out thenailC The distance of the nail from the fulcrumdoes not influence the effort usedD If the distance of effort is nearer to thefulcrum, the effort used will decreased

10. Which pair of devices does not use theprinciple of a lever? ( PMR 2008 )A. Screw and ladderB. Fishing rod and plierC. Nutcracker and paper cutterD. Wheel-barrow and bottle opener

11. Which crowbar uses the least effort to pullout the nail? ( PMR 2008 )

List down the function of

1. Cobalt chloride paper : to test for the presence of water vapour2. Red litmus paper : alkalinity red to blue3. Blue litmus paper : acidity blue to red4. Filter paper the presence of oil translucent5. Calcium chloride ( solid ) : absorb water vapour6. Silica gel :absorb water vapour ( blue to pink /redish )7. Sodium hydroxide : absorb carbon dioxide8. Lime water : to test for the presence of carbon dioxide :colourless tocloudy9. Burning splinter : test for the presence of hydrogen gas : extinguish the firewith pop

sound10 glowing splinter : test for the presence of oxygen : relight/reflame again11. Universal indicator :pH acidic : red, orange, yellow;

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alkaline: blue, purple12. Hydrogen bicarbonate indicator : acidity -red/purple to yellow13. Iodines solution : presence of starch-brown to dark blue ( no heating )14. Benedicts solution : presence of glucose : blue to red precipitate ( heating )15. Millons solution : presence of protein; colourless to white precipitate( before heating) red

precipitate ( after heating )16. Acidified Potassium dichromate solution : presence of sulphur dioxide

orange to green17. Acidified potassium permanganate solution: presence of suphurdioxide- purple to

colourless18. Iodine solution ( cell ) : to dye plant cells e.g. onion cells19. methylene blue solution : to dye animal cells e.g. cheek cells

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