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CONCERNING LAW IN GENERAL1. Its essence2. Diferent kinds3. Efects o lawo!r "oints o In#!ir$1. W%et%er law is so&et%in' (ertainin' to reason)

2. Concernin' t%e end o law3. Its ca!se*. "ro&!l'ation o law

W%et%er law is so&et%in' (ertainin' to reason) O+,ection 1- No. Ro&. -23- I see anot%er law in &$ &e&+ers. Not%in'(ertainin' to reason is in t%e &e&+ers since reason does not &ake !se o a +odil$or'anRe(l$- Law is a kind o &eas!re t%at can +e seen in two wa$s. /10 %at w%ic%&eas!res and r!les in w%ic% law is in t%e reason alone. /20 %at w%ic% is &eas!redand r!led law is in all t%ose t%in's t%at are inclined to so&et%in' +$ reason o so&elaw. An$ inclination arisin' ro& a law &a$ +e called a law t%!s t%e inclination ot%e &e&+ers to conc!(iscence /stron' desire0 is called t%e law o t%e &e&+ers.4

O+,ection 2- In reason t%ere is not%in' else +!t (ower %a+it and act. 5!t lawis not t%e (ower itsel o reason neit%er is it a %a+it o reason. 6a+its o reason aret%e intellect!al 7irt!es nor is it an act o reason +eca!se t%en law wo!ld ceasew%en t%e act o reason ceases.Re(l$- In t%e acts o reason t%e act itsel &a$ +e considered as reason i.e. to!nderstand and to reason. In s(ec!lati7e reason- /10 de8nition9 /20 (ro(osition9 /30s$llo'is& or ar'!&ent. "ractical reason &akes !se o a s$llo'is& in res(ect o t%ework to +e done9 %ence we 8nd in t%e (ractical reason so&et%in' t%at %olds t%esa&e (osition in re'ard to o(erations as in t%e s(ec!lati7e intellect t%e (ro(osition%olds in re'ard to concl!sions s!c% like !ni7ersal (ro(ositions o t%e (racticalintellect t%at are directed to actions w%ic% %a7e t%e nat!re o law. %ese(ro(ositions are so&eti&es !nder act!al consideration w%ile so&eti&es t%e$ areretained in t%e reason +$ &eans o a %a+it.

O+,ection 3 Law (ertains not to reason +!t to will. %e law &o7es t%ose w%oare s!+,ect to it to act ri'%t. It +elon's (ro(erl$ to t%e will to &o7e to act.Re(l$- Reason %as its (ower o &o7in' ro& t%e will or it is d!e to t%e act t%at onewills t%e end t%at t%e reason iss!es its co&&ands as re'ards t%in's ordained to t%eend. 5!t in order t%at t%e 7olition o w%at is co&&anded &a$ %a7e t%e nat!re olaw it needs to +e in accord wit% so&e r!le o reason. It is in t%is sense t%at t%esa$in' t%e will o t%e so7erei'n %as t%e orce o law.

On t%e contrar$ it +elon's to t%e law to co&&and and to or+id. 5!t it +elon's toreason to co&&and. %ereore law is so&et%in' (ertainin' to reason.Law is a r!le and &eas!re o acts w%ere &an is ind!ced or restrained- le: ;law< isderi7ed ro& li'are4 ;to +ind

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O+,ection 1- No. %e end +elon's to law to co&&and and to or+id.Co&&ands are directed to certain indi7id!al 'oods t%ereore t%e end o t%e law isnot alwa$s t%e co&&on 'ood.Re(l$- A co&&and denotes an a((lication o a law to &atters re'!lated +$ t%e law.Now t%e order to t%e co&&on 'ood at w%ic% t%e law ai&s is a((lica+le to(artic!lar ends. And in t%is wa$ co&&ands are 'i7en e7en concernin' (artic!lar

&atters.

O+,ection 2- Law directs &an in %is actions +!t %!&an actions are concernedwit% (artic!lar &atters t%ereore law is directed to so&e (artic!lar 'oodRe(l$- Actions are concerned wit% (artic!lar &atters +!t t%ose (artic!lar &attersare reera+le to t%e co&&on 'ood not as to a co&&on 'en!s or s(ecies +!t as to aco&&on 8nal ca!se accordin' as t%e co&&on 'ood is said to +e t%e co&&on end

O+,ection 3- I t%e law is +ased on reason w%ate7er is +ased on reason will+e a law. Reason is t%e o!ndation not onl$ o w%at is ordained to t%e co&&on'ood +!t also o t%at w%ic% is directed (ri7ate 'ood. %ereore law is not onl$directed to t%e 'ood o all +!t also to t%e (ri7ate 'ood o an indi7id!al.Re(l$- =!st as not%in' stands 8r& wit% re'ard to t%e s(ec!lati7e reason e:ce(t t%atw%ic% is traced +ack to t%e 8rst inde&onstra+le (rinci(les so not%in' stands 8r&wit% re'ards to t%e (ractical reason !nless it +e directed to t%e last end w%ic% ist%e co&&on 'ood and w%ate7er stands to reason in t%is sense %as t%e nat!re o alaw.

Laws are enacted or no (ri7ate (ro8t +!t or t%e co&&on +ene8t o t%e citi>ens.%e law +elon's to t%at w%ic% is a (rinci(le o %!&an acts +eca!se it is t%eir r!leand &eas!re. ?ince e7er$ (art is ordained to t%e w%ole and since one &an is a (arto t%e (erect co&&!nit$ t%e law &!st re'ard (ro(erl$ t%e relations%i( to !ni7ersal%a((iness. Law is c%ie@$ ordained to t%e co&&on 'ood an$ ot%er (rece(t in re'ardto so&e indi7id!al work &!st +e de7oid o t%e nat!re o a law sa7e in so ar as itre'ards t%e co&&on 'ood.

W%et%er t%e reason o an$ &an is co&(etent to &ake laws)O+,ection 1- It wo!ld see& t%at t%e reason o an$ &an is co&(etent to &ake

laws. Ro& 2-1*- w%en t%e Gentiles w%o %a7e not t%e law do +$ nat!re t%oset%in's t%at are o t%e law t%e$ are a law to t%e&sel7es.4 ?aid in 'eneral t%ereorean$one can &ake a law or %i&selRe(l$- A law is in a (erson not onl$ as in one t%at r!les +$ also +$ (artici(ation as inone t%at is r!led. In t%e latter wa$ eac% one is a law to %i&sel in so ar as %es%ares t%e direction t%at %e recei7es ro& one w%o r!les %i&. %e sa&e te:t 'oeson- W%o s%ow t%e work o t%e law written in t%eir %earts.4

O+,ection 2- %e intention o t%e law'i7er is to lead &en to 7irt!e +!t e7er$&an can la anot%er to 7irt!e.Re(l$- A (ri7ate (erson cannot lead anot%er to 7irt!e eBcacio!sl$ or %e can onl$ad7ise and i %is ad7ice +e not taken it %as no coerci7e (ower.

O+,ection 3- =!st as t%e so7erei'n o a state 'o7erns t%e state so e7er$at%er o a a&il$ 'o7erns %is %o!se%old. %e so7erei'n o a state can &ake laws ort%e state

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Re(l$- As one &an is a (art o t%e %o!se%old so a %o!se%old is a (art o t%e stateand t%e state is a (erect co&&!nit$. %ereore as t%e 'ood o one &an is not t%elast end +!t is ordained to t%e co&&on 'ood9 so too t%e 'ood o one %o!se%old isordained to t%e 'ood o a sin'le state w%ic% is a (erect co&&!nit$. Conse#!entl$%e w%o 'o7erns a a&il$ can indeed &ake certain co&&ands or ordinances +!t nots!c% as to %a7e (ro(erl$ t%e orce o law

A law is an ordinance o t%e (eo(le w%ere+$ so&et%in' is sanctioned +$ t%e Eldersto'et%er wit% t%e Co&&onalit$. A law re'ards 8rst and ore&ost t%e order to t%eco&&on 'ood. %e &akin' o a law +elon's eit%er to t%e w%ole (eo(le or to a(!+lic (ersona'e w%o %as care o t%e w%ole (eo(le since in all ot%er &atters t%edirectin' o an$t%in' to t%e end concerns %i& to w%o& t%e end +elon's.

W%et%er (ro&!l'ation is essential to a law)O+,ection 1- No. "ro&!l'ation is not essential to a law or t%e nat!ral law

a+o7e all %as t%e c%aracter o law. 5!t t%e nat!ral law needs no (ro&!l'ation.Re(l$- %e nat!ral law is (ro&!l'ated +$ t%e 7er$ act t%at God instilled it into&ans &ind so as to +e known +$ %i& nat!rall$.

O+,ection 2- It +elon's (ro(erl$ to a law to +ind one to do or not to doso&et%in'. O+li'ation o !l8llin' a law to!c%es not onl$ t%ose in w%ose (resence itis (ro&!l'ated +!t also ot%ers.Re(l$- %ose w%o are not (resent w%en a law is (ro&!l'ated are +ond to o+ser7et%e law in so ar as it is noti8ed or can +e noti8ed to t%e& +$ ot%ers ater it %as+een (ro&!l'ated

O+,ection 3- %e +indin' orce o a law e:tends e7en to t%e !t!re since lawsare +indin' in &atters o t%e !t!re +!t (ro&!l'ation concerns t%ose w%o are(resent

Re(l$- %e (ro&!l'ation t%at takes (lace now e:tends to !t!re ti&e +$ reason ot%e d!ra+ilit$ o written c%aracters +$ w%ic% &eans it is contin!all$ (ro&!l'ated.

It is laid down t%at laws are esta+lis%es w%en t%e$ are (ro&!l'ated. A law isi&(osed on ot%ers +$ wa$ o a r!le and &eas!re. A r!le or &eas!re is i&(osed +$+ein' a((lied to t%ose w%o are to +e r!led and &eas!red +$ it. In order t%at a lawo+tain t%e +indin' orce w%ic% is (ro(er to a law it &!st +e a((lied to t%e &en w%o%a7e to +e r!led +$ it. ?!c% a((lication is &ade +$ its +ein' noti8ed to t%e& +$(ro&!l'ation. It is necessar$ or t%e la to o+tain its orce.