Sulphur Dioxide And
-
Upload
asyraf-acap -
Category
Documents
-
view
228 -
download
0
Transcript of Sulphur Dioxide And
8/4/2019 Sulphur Dioxide And
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sulphur-dioxide-and 1/27
SULPHUR DIOXIDE AND
ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION
1.Sulphur dioxide is one of the by-product of contact process. Itis a colourless and
poisonous gas with a vary pungent smell.
2.Sulphur dioxide which escape into the air causes air pollution.
3.Sulphur dioxide is an acidic which dissolves in water to form
sulphurous acidic, H2SO3.
In the atmosphere, sulphur dioxide dissolve in water droplets to
form sulphurous acidic.
4.Oxidation of sulphur acid by oxygen produce sulphuric acid,
H2SO4, which falls to the earth as acid rain. Sulphur trioxide is
also easily oxidised in the air to form sulphur trioxide. Sulphur
trioxide dissolve in rainwater to produce sulphuric acid.
USES OF AMMONIA
1.Ammonia that is produce commercially has many uses.
2.It uses:
i.In the manufacture of chemical fertilizers such as ammonium
sulphate, ammonia
8/4/2019 Sulphur Dioxide And
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sulphur-dioxide-and 2/27
nitric, ammonia phosphate and urea.
ii.To manufacture nitric acid and explosive.
iii.In the making of synthetic fibre and nylon.
iv.As a degreasing agent in aqueous form to remove greasystains in the kitchen.
PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA GAS
1.The physical properties of ammonia gas include the following:
i.It colourless and has a pungent odour.
ii.It is vary soluble in water and form a weak alkaline solution.
iii.It less dense then water.iv.It easily liquified (at about 35.5°C) when cool.
2.The chemical properties of ammonia gas:
a) Ammonia gas dissolves in water to form a weak alkali.
NH3(g) + H2O(l)
NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)
b) The presence of hydroxide icon causes the aqueous solution
to become alkaline. Thus
aqueous ammonia solution:
i.
T
urns red litmus paper blue.
ii.
R
eacts with acid to form only salt and waterin neutralization
reaction.
NH3(aq) + HCI(aq) NH4CI(aq)
2NH3 + H2SO4(aq) (NH4)2SO4(aq)
8/4/2019 Sulphur Dioxide And
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sulphur-dioxide-and 3/27
iii.
R
eacts with solution of metallic cations to produce precipitates.
Fe²+(aq) + 2OH(aq) Fe (OH)2(s)
(Form ammonia solution)Dirty green precipitate
MANUFACTURE OF AMMONIA IN INDUSTRY
1. Ammonia is manufacture on a large scale in industry through
the haber process. In this process, ammonia is formed form
direct combination of nitrogen and hydrogen gas in the volume
ratio 1:3.
2. The gas nitrogen obtain form the fractional distillation of
liquefied air. The hydrogen gas is obtained form the cracking of
petroleum or from the catalysed reaction of natural gas, CH4,
with steam.
CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g)
3.The mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen gases is passed over aniron catalyst under
controlled optimum condition as below to form ammonia gas.
i.Temperature: 450-500°C
8/4/2019 Sulphur Dioxide And
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sulphur-dioxide-and 4/27
ii.Pressure: 200-500 atmospheres
iii.Catalyst used: Iron fillings
N2(g) + 3H2(g)
2NH3(g)
4.Under these control optimum condition, only 15% of the gas
mixture turn into ammonia gas. The nitrogen and hydrogen
that have not reacted are then flow back over the catalyst again
in the reactor chamber.
5.The ammonia product is then cooled at a low temperature sothat it condenses into a
liquid in the cooling chamber.
8/4/2019 Sulphur Dioxide And
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sulphur-dioxide-and 5/27
AMMONIUM FERTILIZERS1. Nitrogen is required in large amount by plant to make
proteins which are necessary for growth and cell repair.
2. Most plant are not able to get a nitrogen supply directly from
the air although it is abundant in the air (78%). Plants can only
absorb soluble nitrogen compounds from soil through their
roots.
3. The nitrogen compounds are usually soluble nitric salt,
ammonia and ammonia salt which are manufacture as chemical
fertilizer.
4. Reactions of ammonia with acids produce ammonium
fertilizers.
NH3(aq) + HNO3(aq) NH4NO3(aq)
Ammonium nitrate3NH3(aq) + H3PO4(aq) (NH4)3PO4(aq)
Ammonium phosphate
2NH3(aq) +H2SO4(aq) (NH4)2SO4(aq)
Ammonium sulphate
8/4/2019 Sulphur Dioxide And
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sulphur-dioxide-and 6/27
ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS IN MATELS
1. The atom of pure metals are packed together closely. Thiscauses the metal to have a high density .
2. The forces of attraction between atoms (metallic bonds) are
strong. More heat energy is needed to overcome the metallic
bond so that the atoms are further apart during the melting.
This is why metals usually have hight melting point.
3. Heat energy can be transferred easily from one atom to thenext by vibration. This make metal good conduct of heat.
4. The freely moving outermost electrons within the metal’s
structure are able to conduct electricity. Metal are, therefore,
good electrical conductors.
5. Since atoms of pure metal are of the same size, they are
arranged orderly in a regular layered pattern. When a force isapplied to metal, layer of atom slide easily over one another.
This make pure metals soft, malleable and ductile.
8/4/2019 Sulphur Dioxide And
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sulphur-dioxide-and 7/27
WHAT ARE ALLOYS
1. Pure metal are usually too soft for most uses. They also have
a low resistance to corrosion. They rush and tarnish easily.
2. To improve the physical properties of metal, a small amount
of another element (usually metal) is added to form another an
alloy.
3. An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals (something non-
metal) in a specific proportion. For example:
a. Bronze (90% of copper and 10% of tin)
b. Steel (99% of iron and 1% of carbon)
4.The purposes of making alloys include the following:
a) Increase the strength
i. Pure iron is soft and vary malleable. When a small amount of
carbon is added to iron, an alloy, steal is formed. The more
carbon is added, the stronger the steel becomes.
ii. Pure aluminium is light but not strong. With a small amount of
copper and magnesium are added to aluminium, a strong, light
and durable alloy call duralumin is produced.
b) Improving the resistance to corrosion
i. Iron rust easily but stainless steel which contains 80.6% of iron,
0.4% of carbon, 18% of chromium and 1% of nickel does notrush. These properties make stainless steel suitable for making
surgical instrument and cutlery.
8/4/2019 Sulphur Dioxide And
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sulphur-dioxide-and 8/27
ii. Pure copper tarnish easily. When zinc (30%) is added, the
yellow alloy which is
known as brass develops a high resistance to corrosion.
c) Enhancing the appearancei. Pewter, an alloy of tin (97%), antimony and copper is not only
hard but also has
a more beautiful white silvery appearance.
ii. When copper is mixed with nickel to form cupronickel, an alloy
that has an attractive silvery, bright appearance is formed
which is suitable for making coins.
8/4/2019 Sulphur Dioxide And
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sulphur-dioxide-and 9/27
8/4/2019 Sulphur Dioxide And
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sulphur-dioxide-and 10/27
8/4/2019 Sulphur Dioxide And
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sulphur-dioxide-and 11/27
Alloy
8/4/2019 Sulphur Dioxide And
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sulphur-dioxide-and 12/27
Composition
Properties
Uses
High carbon steel99% iron
1% carbon
Strong,hard and high
wear resistance
• Making of cutting
tools, hammers and
chiselsStainless steel
80.6% iron
0.4% carbon
18%chromium
1% nickel
Do not rust andtarnish, strong and
durable
• Making of surgical
instrument, knives
forks and spoons
Brass70% copper
30% zinc
Hard, do not rust,
bright appearance
8/4/2019 Sulphur Dioxide And
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sulphur-dioxide-and 13/27
• Making of
ornaments,
electrical wiring
and plug.
Bronze
90% copper
10% tin
Hard, do not corrode
easily and durable
• For casting bells,medals, swords
and statues
Pewter
96% tin
3% copper
1% antimony
Ductile and
malleable, white
silvery appearance
• Making of
ornaments,souvenirs and
mugs
Duralumin
8/4/2019 Sulphur Dioxide And
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sulphur-dioxide-and 14/27
93% aluminium
3% copper
3%magnesium
Light, strong and
durable
• Making part of
aircrafts and racing
cars
Cupronickel
75%copper
25%nickel
Attractive, silvery
appearance, hard and
tough
• Making of silver
coins
WHAT ARE POLYMER
8/4/2019 Sulphur Dioxide And
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sulphur-dioxide-and 15/27
1.Molecule that consist of a large number of small identical or
similar units joined together repeatedly are called polymer.
2.The smaller molecules that make up the repeating unit in
polymer are caller monomer.3.The process of joining together a large number of monomers
to form a long chain polymer is called polymerisation.
4.Polymer can be naturally occurring or man-made (synthetic).
Natural polymer are found in plant and in animals for example
of natural polymers are starch cellulose, protein and rubber.
5.Two type of polymerisation in producing synthetic polymerare additional polymerisation.
6.Double bonds between two carbon atoms usually undergo
addition polymerisation.
Some Common Addition Polymers
Name(s)
Formula
MonomerProperties
Uses
Polyethylene
low density
(LDPE)
–(CH2-CH2)n –ethylene
CH2=CH2soft, waxy solid
film wrap,
plastic bags
Polyethylene
8/4/2019 Sulphur Dioxide And
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sulphur-dioxide-and 16/27
high density
(HDPE)
–(CH2-CH2)n –ethylene
CH2=CH2rigid, translucent
solid
electrical
insulation
bottles, toys
Polypropylene(PP) different
grades
–[CH2-
CH(CH3)]n –
propylene
CH2=CHCH3
atactic: soft, elastic
solid
isotactic: hard,
strong solid
similar to LDPE
carpet,
upholstery
Poly(vinyl
chloride)
(PVC)
8/4/2019 Sulphur Dioxide And
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sulphur-dioxide-and 17/27
–(CH2-
CHCl)n –
vinyl chloride
CH2=CHClstrong rigid solid
pipes, siding,
flooring
Poly(vinylidene
chloride)
(Saran A)
–(CH2-CCl2)n –
vinylidene
chloride
CH2=CCl2
dense, high-melting
solidseat covers, films
Polystyrene
(PS)
–[CH2-
CH(C6H5)]n –
styrene
CH2=CHC6H5
hard, rigid, clear
solid
8/4/2019 Sulphur Dioxide And
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sulphur-dioxide-and 18/27
soluble in organic
solvents
toys, cabinets
packaging
(foamed)
8/4/2019 Sulphur Dioxide And
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sulphur-dioxide-and 19/27
WHAT ARE GLASS
1.Glass is one of the most useful but inexpensive materials in
the world. Many products are
made from glass because of its specials properties.
2.Glass is:
a. Transparent, hard but brittle.
b. A heat and electric insulator.
c. Resistant to corrosion.
d. Chemical not reaction and therefore resistant to chemical
attack.
e. Easy to maintain.
Type of glass
Composition
Properties
Uses
Fused glass
SiO2: 100%
• Transparent
• High melting point
• Good heat
insulator
• Lens
• Telescope mirrors
• Laboratory
8/4/2019 Sulphur Dioxide And
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sulphur-dioxide-and 20/27
apparatus
Soda-lime glass
SiO2: 75%
Na2O:15%
CaO: 9%
Other:1%
• Low melting point,
easily molded into
desired shape andsize
• Low resistant to
chemical attacks
• Brittle
• Drinking glass,
bottles
• Electric bulbs
• Window glass
Borosilicate glass
SiO2: 78%
B2O3: 12%
Na2O: 5%
CaO: 3%Al2O3:2%
• Resistant chemical
attack and durable
8/4/2019 Sulphur Dioxide And
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sulphur-dioxide-and 21/27
• High melting point
• Good insulator to
heat
• Cooking utensils• Laboratory
glassware such as
conical flaks and
boiling tube
Lead crystal glass
(flint glass)
SiO2: 70%
Pbo/PbO2:20%
Na2O: 10%
• High refractive
index
• High density
• Attractive
glittering
appearance
• Lenses and prisms
• Decorative
glassware and art
object
• Imation jewellery
8/4/2019 Sulphur Dioxide And
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sulphur-dioxide-and 22/27
C ERA MI C S
1. Traditional silicate ceramics are made by heating
aluminosilicate clay such as kaolin toa vary high temperature.
2. Ceramics have many special properties that make them one
of the most useful materials
8/4/2019 Sulphur Dioxide And
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sulphur-dioxide-and 23/27
in our everyday life. That:
a. Are hard, strong but brittle
b. Have high melting point and remain stable at high
temperaturec. Are heat and electric instrument
d. Are resistant to corrosion and wear
e. Are chemically not reactive
f. Do not readily deform under stress
3. Ceramic play important role in our daily life. They are uses as
a. Construction materials
i. Ceramic are strong and hard, uses to make roof tiles, bricks
cement, sinks, and
toilet bowls.
ii. They are also used to make refractory bricks because high
resistant to heat.
b. Decorative items
i. To make pottery, china plates, and porcelain vases since they
do not tarnish
easily and are durable.
ii. They are used to make bathroom fixture such as floor and
wall tiles.
c. Electrical insulator
i. Ceramic are used to make electrical insulator in electrical
items such as toasters,fridges and electrical plug.
8/4/2019 Sulphur Dioxide And
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sulphur-dioxide-and 24/27
8/4/2019 Sulphur Dioxide And
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sulphur-dioxide-and 25/27
WHAT ARE COMPOSITE MATERIALS
1. A composite materials (or composite) is a structure of
materials that is formed by two
or more different substances such as metal, glass, ceramic and
polymer.
2. Some common composite materials are:a. Reinforces concrete
b. Superconductor
c. Fibre optic
d. Fibre glass
8/4/2019 Sulphur Dioxide And
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sulphur-dioxide-and 26/27
e. Photochromic glass
REINFORCES CONCRETE
1. Concrete is hard, fireproof, waterproof, comparatively cheap
and easy to maintain. It ismore important construction materials.
2. The reinforces is a combination of concrete and steel.
SUPERCONDUCTOR
1. Metal such as copper and aluminium are good conductor of
electricity, but 20% of the
electric energy is lost in the form of heat during transmission.
2. Super conductor are materials that have no resistance to theflow of electricity at a
particular temperature. Hence, 100% electricity transmission is
possible.
3. One of the most dramatic properties of a superconductor is its
ability to levitate a magnet. Superconductor are used to build
magnetically levitate high-speed train (at about 552 km/h).
4. Superconductor are used to make chips for smaller and faster
supercomputer. Superconductor also play an important role in
high speed data processing in internet communication.
FIBRE OPTIC
1. Fibre optic is a composite material that in used to transmit
signals for light wave.2. Fibre optic is used in
a.
Telecommunicate where the telephone substation are liked by
fibre optic cables.
8/4/2019 Sulphur Dioxide And
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sulphur-dioxide-and 27/27
b.
Domestic cable television network
c.
Closed circuit television security system.3. Fibre optic also used in medical fields. It is used in a number
of instrument which
enable the investigation for internal body part without having
to perform surgery.