Sulfur Measurement AdvancedA new 4294 analyzer from a brand you trust.

Sulfur Measurement Advanced

Both Petra analyzers provide ASTM D4294 and ISO 8754 sulfur measurement of hydrocarbons like:

• Crude Oil• Jet Fuel• Refinery Process Streams• Euro IV Diesel and Gasoline• Bunker Fuel• Lubricants

Sulfur Limit of Detection: 5.7 ppm @ 600 s analysis

12 additional elements including sub-ppm analysis of Ni, V, and Fe.

Sulfur Limit of Detection: 2.6 ppm @ 600 s analysis

Traditional Energy Dispersive XRF for ASTM

D4294 and ISO 8754 Sulfur Analysis

Traditional Energy Dispersive XRF (ASTM D4294/ ISO 8754)

1. Sample exposed to beamof polychromatic X-Rays

2. Peak X-ray energy selectedbased on elements of interest

Traditional Energy Dispersive XRF (ASTM D4294/ ISO 8754)

3. Remaining X-Rays are unnecessary and create spectrum background degrading measurement performance.

Traditional Energy Dispersive XRF (ASTM D4294/ ISO 8754)

E

Coun

ts

S Cl

4. Peak energy from x-ray tube ejects electrons in elements of interest in the sample.

5. Electrons move to fill gaps. This process creates a fluorescent x-ray signal that can be used to calculate elemental concentration in the sample.

Traditional Energy Dispersive XRF (ASTM D4294/ ISO 8754)

E

Coun

ts

S Cl

6. Peaks in the energy spectrum are proportional with concentration of elements of interest.

7. Background from X-ray tube reduces precision and sensitivity.

Advanced Sulfur Analysis with HDXRF for ASTM

D4294 and ISO 8754 Sulfur Analysis

HDXRF (ASTM D4294 / ISO 8754)1. Polychromatic X-rays are directed at a doubly curved crystal optic.

2. Doubly Curved Crystal optic selects peak excitation and filters out background causing energies.

HDXRF (ASTM D4294 / ISO 8754)

4. The optic has now eliminated background causing energies.

3. Optic focuses an intense beam of monochromatic X-rays to the sample.

HDXRF (ASTM D4294 / ISO 8754)

6. Background drastically reduced due to monochromatic excitation.

5. Fluorescent X-rays from sample are collected by a high resolution silicon detector.

Advanced Precision

By using focused monochromatic sample excitation, the Petra is able to achieve:• Higher signal-to-background ratio• Improved precision• Lower limits of detection

Element Petra Max Petra 4294

S 5.7 2.6

P 17 N/A

Cl 3 N/A

K 0.7 N/A

Ca 0.4 N/A

V 0.1 N/A

Cr 0.09 N/A

Mn 0.07 N/A

Fe 0.07 N/A

Co 0.07 N/A

Ni 0.04 N/A

Cu 0.1 N/A

Zn 0.1 N/A

Limit of Detection* (ppm)

*600 second measurement time

Advanced Reliability and Robustness

Both Petra analyzers have been designed for the fast-paced environment of modern petroleum laboratories.

• Unique vertical sample introduction ensures spills or leaks are directed to an easy-to-clean drip tray and away from the detector

• All components are field serviceable for rapid service turnarounds• External inkjet or network printing ensures that a broken printer will not

prevent continued analysis

Advanced Software and Data Management

Features for fast, simple analysis:

• Simple, modern touchscreen user interface

• Store up to 30 calibration curves using linear or quadratic settings

• Data transfer over Ethernet or USB

• LIMS integration included

• Space for thousands of measurement files

• Print calibration curve and statistics

Applications

Sulfur in Diesel and GasolineBoth Petra analyzers utilize widely accepted methods such as ASTM D4294 and ISO 8754 for testing total sulfur in diesel and gasoline from 17 ppm to 4.6%.

Sample preparation, analysis, and results in just minutesNo gasses or chemicals needed

In addition, these methods are widely used to monitor sulfur in light and middle distillate process streams that make up the blend pool for automotive diesel and gasoline.

Sulfur in Diesel and Gasoline

Repeats S1 26.622 25.363 26.294 25.335 24.956 26.927 25.618 26.549 24.8510 23.78

Average 25.63

Standard Deviation

0.98

RSD% 3.8%

Petra 4294 Analysis (Results in PPM)

Diesel Fuel Study

Ten samples were prepared of a diesel fuel and analyzed using a Petra 4294 for 300 seconds each to demonstrate the precision achievable in Euro IV compliant fuel.

Crude Oil• Blending of crude oils in order to

maximize value is becoming morecommon amongst producers andthis can introduce metals like:

• Nickel• Vanadium• Iron

• These metals can reduce catalystactivity and cause increased cokeproduction and dehydrogenation inthe Fluid Catalytic Cracker (FCC).

• Petra Max enables simultaneousanalysis of Sulfur, Nickel,Vanadium, and Iron within minutesin crude oil or FCC feedstock

Crude OilPetra Max Analysis (Results in PPM)

Crude Oil Study

Ten samples were prepared of a crude oil and analyzed using a Petra Max for 300 seconds each to demonstrate the capability to rapidly determine Sulfur, Vanadium, Iron, and Nickel in crude oil.

Unused Lubricants• Lubricant manufacturers use EDXRF

method ASTM D6481 to checkelements like Calcium, Phosphorus,Sulfur, and Zinc as indicators forcorrect levels of:

• Detergents

• Dispersants

• Anti-rusting agents

• Extreme pressure additives

• Anti-wear additives

• Anti-oxidants

Unused LubricantsPetra Max Analysis (Results in PPM)

Lubricant Study

Ten samples were prepared of a lubricant standard and analyzed using a Petra Max for 300 seconds per sample to demonstrate the capability to rapidly determine Sulfur, Calcium, and Zinc in crude oil.

Bunker FuelUpdated Regulations

The International Maritime Organization has confirmed the January 1, 2020 enforcement of a global cap on total sulfur at 0.5% (5000 ppm). This is a reduction from the current 3.5% cap.

Both Petra 4294 and Petra Max provide rapid analysis of Sulfur in Bunker Fuel and Marine Diesel using ISO 8217 approved methods.

Bunker FuelOther Elements

In addition to Sulfur, the ISO 8217 bunker fuel specification has limits for other elements that can be measured simultaneously by the Petra Max.

• Vanadium Max 50 – 450 ppm dependingon grade

• Calcium Max 30 ppm

• Zinc Max 15 ppm

• Phosphorus Max 15 ppm

Note: Petra Max cannot measure Phosphorus at spec limit but is suitable for screening

Sulfur Measurement Advanced

Both Petra analyzers provide ASTM D4294 and ISO 8754 sulfur measurement of hydrocarbons like:

• Crude Oil• Jet Fuel• Refinery Process Streams• Euro IV Diesel and Gasoline• Bunker Fuel• Lubricants

Sulfur Limit of Detection: 5.7 ppm @ 600 s analysis

12 additional elements including sub-ppm analysis of Ni, V, and Fe.

Sulfur Limit of Detection: 2.6 ppm @ 600 s analysis