Sukesh . VE

8/7/2019 Sukesh . VE

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Where does the water come from?

New dams - inter-basin transfer

Groundwater - underdeveloped

Demand ManagementWater savings - increase in efficiency,

reduce evaporation.

Water productivity - increases in crop per

drop

Trade (virtual water), import food.


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Part 2:Part 2:WatershedDevelopment & Modelling

Limited water resources,-

more demand.

Watershed is the basic scientific unit.

Need for proper planning andmanagement.

Integrated watershed developmentapproach

Digital revolution

Recent advances in watershedmodellin - use of com uter models,


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WATERSHED Development

WatershedCharacteristics.

Hydrology ofwatershed.

Watershed (ha) Classification

50,000-2,00,000

10,000-50,0001,000-10,000100-1,00010-100

Watershed

Sub-watershedMilli- watershedMicro-watershedMini-watershed


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WATERSHED Development

Parameters of Watershed SizeShapePhysiography

ClimateDrainageLand useVegetationGeology and SoilsHydrology

HydrogeologySocioeconomics


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WATERSHED MODELLING

Watershed modelling steps1. Formulation

2. Calibration/verification

3. Application

Watershed model constitutes

1. Input function

2. Output function

3. Transform function


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WATERSHED MODELLING

General Classification of Models

Broadly classified into three types

Black Box Models: These models describe mathematically the

relation between rainfall and surface runoff without

describing the physical process by which they are related.

e.g. Unit Hydrograph approachLumped models:

These models occupy an intermediate position between the

distributed models and Black Box Models. e.g. Stanford

Watershed ModelDistributed Models:

These models are based on complex physical theory, i.e. based

on the solution of unsteady flow equations.


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Background

Large water resources development projects in India

have adverse socio-economic and environmental consequencesadverse socio-economic and environmental consequences.

The failure of such projects, contributed to indebtednessindebtedness,

raising economic pressureeconomic pressure and jeopardising future development.

Indiscriminate expansion of marginal landsexpansion of marginal lands and over-utilisation

of existing water resources for irrigation.

Traditional water harvesting systems have suffered sever neglect.

This type of development not only called into question the adequacy of water resources schemesadequacy of water resources schemes but triggered the urgent search for more effective and appropriate management strategies.

Major response to follow Integrated Watershed Management Approach.

Part 3: Integrated Watershed Management


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Concepts and Principles of IWM

Objectives:Objectives:

Water hasWater has multiples usesmultiples uses and must be managed in an integrated way.and must be managed in an integrated way. Water should be managed at theWater should be managed at the lowest appropriate levellowest appropriate level.. Water allocation should takeWater allocation should take account of the interests of allaccount of the interests of all who are affected.who are affected. Water should be recognised and treated as an economic good.Water should be recognised and treated as an economic good.

Strategies:Strategies: A long term, viableA long term, viable sustainable futuresustainable future for basin stake holders.for basin stake holders. Equitable access to water resources for water users.Equitable access to water resources for water users. The application ofThe application ofprinciples of demand managementprinciples of demand management for efficient utilisation.for efficient utilisation. Prevention of furtherPrevention of further environmental degradationenvironmental degradation (short term) and the restoration of(short term) and the restoration of

degraded resources (long term). .degraded resources (long term). .

Implementation Programs:Implementation Programs: Comprise an overall strategy that clearly defines the management objectives, a deliveryComprise an overall strategy that clearly defines the management objectives, a deliverymechanisms and amechanisms and a monitoring schedulemonitoring schedule that evaluatesthat evaluates program performanceprogram performance..

Recognise that the development of water resources may require research, to assess theRecognise that the development of water resources may require research, to assess theresource base throughresource base through modelling and development of DSSmodelling and development of DSS, and to determine the, and to determine the

linkage between water resources and thelinkage between water resources and the impacts on environment, socio-economyimpacts on environment, socio-economy..

Ensure that mechanisms and policies are established that enables long term support.Ensure that mechanisms and policies are established that enables long term support.


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Integrated Watershed Approach

IWM is the process of planning and implementing water and natural

resources an emphasis on integrating the bio-physical, socio-economic

and institutional aspects.

Social issues are addressed through involvement of women and minority.

Community led water users groups have led the implementation efforts.

1970 1980 1990 2000

Public

Participati

on

Watershed development program

Low

High

Mainlywat e

r

conservation

Socio-economicwith

waterconse

rvation

Socio-econo m

ic,

waterconse

rvation,

participatio n

Publicparticipation

planning,d

esign,

implementa

tion

Project success


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The four engineering and management tools for effective

and sustainable development of water resources in semi-arid

rural India: -Appropriate technologies Decentralised development system Catchment based water resources planning

Management information system

In past the efforts were more on the soil conservation and

taking measures on the land where as we used to neglect the

welfare of the land users.

For sustainable watershed management there is need to

integrate the social and economic development together with

soil and water conservation


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Part 4: Water Conservation &Harvesting

Total water managementfor sustainable

development?.


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Water ConservationImportant step for solutions to issues of water

and environmental conservation is to changepeople's attitudes and habits

Conserve water because it is right thing todo!.

What you can do to conserve

water?Use only as much water as you require. Closethe taps well after use. While brushing orother use, do not leave the tap running, openit only when you require it. See that there are

no leaking taps.

Use a washing machine that does notconsume too much water. Do not leave thetaps running while washing dishes andclothes.


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Water Conservation

Install small shower heads to reduce the flowof the water. Water in which the vegetables &fruits have been washed - use to water theflowers & plants.

At the end of the day if you have water left inyour water bottle do not throw it away, pour it

over some plants.

Re-use water as much as

possibleChange in attitude & habits forwater conservation

Every drop counts!!!


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Rain Water Harvesting?.Rain Water Harvesting?. Rain Water Harvesting RWH- process of collecting,

conveying & storing water from rainfall in an area forbeneficial use.

Storage in tanks, reservoirs, underground storage-

groundwater

Hydrological Cycle


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Roof Rain Water Harvesting

Land based Rain Water Harvesting

Watershed based Rain Water harvesting For Urban & Industrial Environment

Roof & Land based RWH

Public, Private, Office & Industrial buildings Pavements, Lawns, Gardens & other open

spaces

RWH MethodologiesRWH Methodologies


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Rain Water Harvesting AdvantagesRain Water Harvesting Advantages

1.Provides self-sufficiency to water supply

2.Reduces the cost for pumping of ground water

3.Provides high quality water, soft and low in minerals

4.Improves the quality of ground water through

dilution when recharged

5.Reduces soil erosion & flooding in urban areas

6.The rooftop rain water harvesting is less expensive

& easy to construct, operate and maintain

7. In desert, RWH only relief

8. In saline or coastal areas & Islands, rainwater provides good quality water


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Part 5: Successful Case Study

Catchment Area =1800 km2

Sukesh . VE

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