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SUGGESTED ANSWERS TO THE BARQUESTIONS 2008 POLITICAL LAW

a. The legal yard!"#$ "% de!er&"%"%g 'he!her(age ha )e#*&e #(!*&ary "%!er%a!"*%alla'" e+,reed "% !he &a+"& *,"%"* -(r" "e%e#e"!a!" *r *,"%"* -(r" /*r h*r!. Wha!d*e !he &a+"& &ea% 134). U%der "%!er%a!"*%al la'5 d"//ere%!"a!e 6hard

la'6 /r*& 6*/! la'6.134

SUGGESTED ANSWER:

a. The maxim opinion juris sivenecessitatesor opinion jurisfor short, literallyopinion as to law or necessity, refers to the belief

that the practice in question is rendered obligatory

by the existence of a rule of law requiring it. It isthatpsychologicalelement that comprises one of thetwo factors in the classic formulation in internationallawthat sees those customary rules as binding.(Miares !s. "a!ier, #.$. %o. &'')*, +pril &), )*-

Opinio jurismeans that a rule is being followed bystates because they consider it obligatory to comply

with such rules (harmaceutical and /eath 0are+ssociation of the hilippines !s. /ealth 1ecretary,

#.$. %o. &2''3, 4ct. , )2-

b. The term hard law in international lawrefers tolegally binding obligations demand faithful

compliance from the states. 4n the other hand, softlaw refers to those set of international rules that

lac5 features li5e obligation, uniformity, usticiability,sanctions, and6or an enforcement staff.

1778

http866www.law.wisc.edu6facstaff6trube56/ybridityaper+pril)*.pdf

http866www.accessmylibrary.com6coms)6summary9):;orum.

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The Pre"de%! al*%e '"!h*(! !he #*%#(rre%#e */!he Se%a!e a)r*ga!ed a !rea!y. A(&e !ha!!he *!her #*(%!ry7,ar!y !* !he !rea!y "

agreea)le !* !he a)r*ga!"*% ,r*"ded "!#*&,l"e '"!h !he Ph"l",,"%e C*%!"!(!"*%. I/ a#ae "%*l"%g !he al"d"!y */ !he !rea!ya)r*ga!"*% " )r*(gh! !* !heS(,re&e C*(r!5h*' h*(ld "! )e re*led 1:34

SUGGESTED ANSWER:

The 0onstitution is silent on the abrogation of atreaty. /owe!er, treaties become part of the law of

the land through transformation pursuant to +rt.?II, 1ec. )& of the 0onstitution which pro!ides for

1enate concurrence by at least )6' !otes of all itsmembers (harmaceutical and /ealth 0are

+ssociation of the hilippines !s. /ealth 1ecretary,#.$. %o. &2''3, 4ct. , )2-. +ssuming in the

present case that the treaty in question has beenconcurred in by 0ongress when it was entered into,

such a treaty now becomes part of our laws. Thus,it can only be amended or repealed by a

subsequent law (Ichong !s. /ernande@, #.$. %o. Aorum.

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I% :5 #*%gre ,aed a la' #rea!"%g a

g*er%&e%!7*'%ed #*r,*ra!"*% %a&ed a%"laWar e&*r"al C*&&""*% 1WC45 '"!h !he,r"&ary /(%#!"*% */ *eree"%g !he#*%!r(#!"*% */ a &a"e &e&*r"al "% !hehear! */ a%"la !* #*&&e&*ra!e "#!"& */ !he9 Ba!!le */ a%"laThe WC #har!er ,r*"ded a% "%"!"ala,,r*,r"a!"*% */ P500050005 e&,*'ered !he#*r,*ra!"*% !* ra"e /(%d "% "! *'% %a&e5 a%de! a"de a ,ar#el */ la%d "% ala!e /*r !he&e&*r"al "!e. The #har!er e! !he #*r,*ra!el"/e */ WC a! 90 year '"!h a ,r*"* !ha!C*%gre &ay %*! a)*l"h WC (%!"l a/!er !he#*&,le!"*% */ !he &e&*r"al.

?*r!y7/"e 194 year la!er5 !he &e&*r"al 'a*%ly #*&,le!e a%d !he &e&*r"al "!e "!el/had l*%g )ee% *err(% )y =(a!!er. C*%gree%a#!ed a la' a)*l"h"%g !he WC a%dre=("r"%g !ha! !he /(%d ra"ed )y "! )ere&"!!ed !* !he Na!"*%al Trea(ry. The WC#halle%ged !he al"d"!y */ !he la'5 arg("%g !ha!(%der "! #har!er "! &a%da!e " !* #*&,le!e!he &e&*r"al %* &a!!er h*' l*%g "! !a$e.De#"de '"!h rea*%. 1:34

SUGGESTED ANSWER:

It is a basic principle in administrati!e law that thepower to create necessarily includes the power to

destroy. MCM0 was created by a law passed by0ongress in &;'. It cannot be disputed therefore

that as MCM0 was created by law, it can beabolished by the legislature. This is not withstanding

the pro!ision in its charter that it shall not beabolished until after the completion of the memorial.

The power to abolish is inherent in the power tocreate. This is especially true when the purpose for

which the office was created has not been

accomplished despite the lapse of many years. Thelegislature may exercise its inherent power todestroy an office, which it created in the first place,

if only for the greater good of reducing waste ingo!ernment.

1uggested answers from the =ar 7xams >orum.

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The ,r"%#",al */ ae%a H"gh S#h**l5 a ,()l"##h**l 'r*!e a le!!er !* !he ,are%! a%d

g(ard"a% */ all !he #h**l@ ,(,"l5 "%/*r&"%g!he& !ha! !he #h**l 'a '"ll"%g !* ,r*"derel"g"*( "%!r(#!"*% !* "! Ca!h*l"# !(de%!d(r"%g #la h*(r5 !hr*(gh a Ca!h*l"# ,r"e!.H*'eer5 !(de%! 'h* '"hed !* aa"l */ (#hrel"g"*( "%!r(#!"*% %eeded !* e#(re !he#*%e%! */ !he"r ,are%! a%d g(ard"a% "%'r"!"%g.a. D*e !he *//er "*la!e !he #*%!"!(!"*%al,r*h")"!"*% aga"%! !he e!a)l"h&e%! */rel"g"*% 134

). The ,are%! */ ea%gel"#al Chr"!"a%!(de%!5 (,*% lear%"%g */ !he *//er5de&a%ded !ha! !hey !** )e e%!"!led !* hae!he"r #h"ldre% "%!r(#!ed "% !he"r *'% rel"g"*(/a"!h d(r"%g #la h*(r. The ,r"%#",al5 ade*(! Ca!h*l"#5 re-e#!ed !he re=(e!. A#*(%el /*r !he ,are%! */ !he ea%gel"#al!(de%!5 h*' '*(ld y*( arg(e "% (,,*r! */!he"r ,*"!"*% 134

SUGGESTED ANSWER:

a. %o. 4ptional religious instruction is one of the

exceptions to the nonor this

exception to be !alid, the following requisites must

concur8 (&- written consent of the parents orguardians must be securedG (b- it must be done

within school hoursG and ('- it must be at no

additional cost to the #o!ernment. >or as long asthese requisites are present, then it is !alid (1ec.

'('-, +rt. KI?-.

b. +s counsel for the parents of the e!angelicalstudents, I would in!o5e the right to equal

protection under the laws. The act of the principal

in reecting the request is unreasonablydiscriminatory. /e has no right to draw a distinction

between 0atholics and 7!angelical 0hristians whenit comes to granting optional religious instruction

because the 0onstitution itself does not ma5e such

classification. >or as long as the requisites foroptional religious instruction to be allowed are

present, then there is no reason not to allow thesame, regardless of the particular religious

denomination in!ol!ed.

1uggested answers from the =ar 7xams >orum.

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Na!"*%'"de ,r*!e! hae er(,!ed *er r""%gga ,r"#e5 "%#l(d"%g d"r(,!"ede&*%!ra!"*% "% &a%y (%"er"!"e!hr*(gh*(! !he #*(%!ry. The e!r* a%"laS!a!e U%"er"!y5 a ,()l"# (%"er"!y5 ad*,!eda (%"er"!y7'"de #"r#(lar ,r*h")"!"%g ,()l"#&a de&*%!ra!"*% a%d rall"e '"!h"% !he

#a&,(. O//e%ded )y !he #"r#(lar5 &"l"!a%!!(de%! ,read '*rd !ha! *% !he /*ll*'"%g?r"day5 all !(de%! 'ere !* 'ear )la#$ T7h"r!a a y&)*l */ !he"r ,r*!e! )*!h aga"%!h"gh ga ,r"#e a%d !he (%"er"!y )a% *%de&*%!ra!"*%. The e//*r! 'a *%ly&*dera!ely (##e/(l5 '"!h ar*(%d 03 */!he !(de%! heed"%g !he #all. N*%e!hele5(%"er"!y *//"#"al 'ere *(!raged a%d#*&,elled !he !(de%! leader !* e+,la"% 'hy!hey h*(ld %*! )e e+,elled /*r "*la!"%g !he#"r#(lar aga"%! de&*%!ra!"*%.

The !(de%! leader a,,r*a#hed y*( /*r legalad"#e. They #*%!e%ded !ha! !hey h*(ld %*!)e e+,elled "%#e !hey d"d %*! "*la!e !he#"r#(lar5 !he"r ,r*!e! a#!"*% )e"%g %e"!her ade&*%!ra!*r %*r a rally "%#e all !hey d"d 'a'ear )la#$ T7h"r!. Wha! '*(ld y*( ad"e!he !(de%! 1:34

SUGGESTED ANSWER:

The wearing of blac5 shirts is an exercise offreedom of expression and not necessarily freedom

of assembly. $egardless of the distinction, in both

http://phbar.org/viewtopic.php?t=1311&sid=3c8ba8e3e80b93ca42721bb42d883b74http://phbar.org/viewtopic.php?t=1320&sid=3c8ba8e3e80b93ca42721bb42d883b74http://phbar.org/viewtopic.php?t=1307&sid=3c8ba8e3e80b93ca42721bb42d883b74http://phbar.org/viewtopic.php?t=1311&sid=3c8ba8e3e80b93ca42721bb42d883b74http://phbar.org/viewtopic.php?t=1320&sid=3c8ba8e3e80b93ca42721bb42d883b74http://phbar.org/viewtopic.php?t=1307&sid=3c8ba8e3e80b93ca42721bb42d883b74

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cases, the 0onstitutional guaranty includes freedomfrom prior restraint and freedom from subsequent

liability.

There are three tests to determine whether or notthere was !alid go!ernment interference8 (&-

dangerous tendency ruleG ()- balancing of interesttestG and ('- clear and present danger test. In the

hilippine urisdiction, we adhere to the clear and

present danger test (+=1