SUGAR Klaus Wallmann and Jörg Bialas Submarine Gas Hydrate Reservoirs: Exploration, Exploitation...
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Transcript of SUGAR Klaus Wallmann and Jörg Bialas Submarine Gas Hydrate Reservoirs: Exploration, Exploitation...
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SUGAR
Klaus Wallmann and Jörg Bialas
Submarine Gas Hydrate Reservoirs:Exploration, Exploitation and Gas Transport
CO2 CH4
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Hydrate Structure
Water moleculesWater molecules
Gas moleculesGas molecules
CHCH44 5.7 H 5.7 H22OO
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Methane Hydrate Stability
Tishchenko, Hensen, Wallmann & Wong (2005)Buffett & Archer (2004)
Hydrate
Gas
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Global Methane Hydrate Distribution
Observations
Source: Makogan et al., 2007
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Global Methane Hydrate Distribution
Modeling
Source: Klauda & Sandler (2005)
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Global Methane Hydrate Inventory in the Seabed
Kven.(1999)
Mil.(2004)
Buff.(2004)
Klau.(2005)
Best estimate3000 ± 2000
Gt C
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Global Methane Hydrate Inventory
Coal Oil Gas Hydrate
Source: Energy Outlook 2007, Buffett & Archer (2004)Coal, oil, gas: reserves economically exploitable at current market pricesGas Hydrates: total marine inventory
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Hydrate Exploitation
Methane gas may be produced from hydrate deposits via:
• Pressure reduction
• Temperature increase
• Addition of chemicals (incl. CO2)
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Hydrate Exploitation
Energy balance for Blake Ridge (Makogon et al. 2007)2000 m water depth, two ~3 m thick hydrate layers
~40 % of the potential energy can be used for energy production
~60 % of the potential energy is lost during development, gas production, gas pressurization and transport
Japanese Hydrate Exploitation Program
Hydrate exploitation is economically feasible atan oil price of ~54 $/barrel
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Gas Hydrates at the Chinese Continental Slope, South China Sea
Source: N. Wu (2007, pers. comm.)
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Gas Hydrates at the Indian Continental Slope
Source: M. V. Lall (2007, pers. comm.)
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Safety, Costs
Storage of CO2 below the Seabed
SUGAR
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Phase Diagram of CO2
Risk of leakage decreases with
water depth
Self-sealingat >350 m
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Natural Seepage at the Seafloor-Black Sea Gas Seeps-
Source: Naudts et al. (2006)
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The SUGAR Project
• Funded by German Federal Ministries (BMWi, BMBF)
• Funding period: June 2008 – May 2011
• Total funding: ~13 Mio € (incl. support by industries)
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A: Exploration
A1: Hydroacoustics
A2: Geophysics
A3: Autoclave-Drilling
A4: Basin Modeling
B: Exploitation and Transport
B1: Reservoir Modeling
B2: Laboratory Experiments
B3: Gas Transport
Prospection
Exploration
Quantification
Exploitation/ CO2 Storage
PelletTransport
The SUGAR Project
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Project Academia IndustriesA1 IFM-GEOMAR, University of
BremenL3 Communications ELAC Nautik GmbH
A2 IFM-GEOMAR, BGR Hannover K.U.M. Umwelt- und Meerestechnik GmbH, Magson GmbH, SEND Offshore GmbH
A3 University of Bremen, TU Clausthal
PRAKLA Bohrtechnik GmbH
A4 IFM-GEOMAR IES, TEEC
B1 Fraunhofer UMSICHT, GFZ Potsdam, IFM-GEOMAR
Wintershall, Wirth GmbH
B2 FH Kiel, GFZ Potsdam, Fraunhofer UMSICHT, IOW, IFM-GEOMAR
BASF, CONTROS GmbH, R&D Center at FH Kiel, 24sieben Stadtwerke Kiel AG, RWE Dea, Wintershall, E.ON Ruhrgas AG
B3 IOW, FH Kiel Linde AG, Aker Yards, Lindenau Schiffswerft, Germanischer Lloyd, BASF
SUGAR Partners
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- Hydrate deposits are usually formed by gas bubble ascent
- Multi-beam echo-sounders will be further developed and used for flare imaging and hydrate location
A1: Hydro-acoustic detection of hydrate deposits
Hydrate Ridge off Oregon
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A2: Geo-acoustic imaging of hydrate deposits
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A2: Electro-magnetic imaging of hydrate deposits
Joint inversion of seismic and electro-magnetic data
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A3: Autoclave-drilling technology
- develop autoclave technology for MeBo- develop tool for formation independent drilling
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A4: Basin Modeling
PetroMod3D (IES)
IFM-GEOMAR
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B1, B2: ExploitationReservoir modeling and lab experiments
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Hydrate Stability in Seawater (CO2 and CH4)
Duan & Sun (2006)
CO2 hydrates are thermodynamically more stable than CH4 hydrates
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CH4(g)-Recovery from Hydrates Exposed to CO2
after 200 h in sandstoneCO2(l)Kvamme et al. (2007)
CO2(l)Hiromata et al. (1996)
after 400 h
CO2(g)/N2(g)Park et al. (2006)
CO2(g)Lee et al. (2003)
after 5 h
after 15 h
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B1, B2: Exploitation
Options• Addition of CO2(l), only• Addition of CO2(l) and heat from
- deep and warm formation waters (Schlumberger)- surface water (UMSICHT, mega pump)- in-situ methane burning (GFZ)
• Addition of CO2(l) and polymers (BASF)• Addition of CO2(l) and other gases (IOW)
Exploitation may also be done in two steps1. Step: Hydrate dissociation2. Step: Injection of CO2(l) to refill the pore space
previously occupied by methane hydrates
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B1, B2: Exploitation
Critical issues that need to be addressed:
• Sluggish kinetics of gas swapping• Slope stability (avoid steep terrain)• Integrity of the unconsolidated cap sediments
(overpressure < 10 bar)• Permeability of reservoir sediments (use sands)• Clogging by CO2 hydrate formation at the injection point (add polymers or heat)• CO2 content of the produced methane gas (avoid very high temperatures)
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B3: Gas Transport
Source: Gudmundsson (NTNU Trondheim), Aker Kvaerner, Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding Co.
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B3: Gas Transport
Source: Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding Co.
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SUGAR Technologies
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with India, Brasilia, China, Norway, South Korea, US
• to apply the SUGAR exploration techniques
• to perform a field production test during the second SUGAR phase starting in summer 2011
International cooperation