subtitle Hydrologyan Introduction to Groundwater & Surface...
Transcript of subtitle Hydrologyan Introduction to Groundwater & Surface...
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subtitle
Hydrology...an Introduction to
Groundwater & Surface Water
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1st – General Perspective on the
Hydrosphere
2nd – Groundwater
3rd – Surface water
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General Perspective on the
Hydrosphere
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Classroom Resources Animation “draining the oceans” giving a feel for water in the oceans – largest water reservoir
Cryosphere – 2nd
largest reservoir
of water on Earth
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Groundwater Focus Although groundwater is
not very globally significant
in volume, it is a critical
source of domestic water,
because it is part of the
limited budget of fresh
(non-saline) water.
It can be viewed as a
partially-renewable
resource:
It is possible to withdraw it
faster than nature
recharges it.
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Simplified Hydrologic Cycle
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Hydrological Cycle: More Detail
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Classroom Resource
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WHY HYDROLOGY IS IMPORTANT
• Demand for and use of freshwater has tripled over the past half
century, as world population has grown from 2.5 to 6.45 billion people
Sources: Asian Development Bank; BBC; Earth Observatory; UNEP; UNESCO
• Of the 0.5% useable freshwater, irrigation accounts for 70%, industry
20% and household 10%
• By 2025 global water needs will increase with 40% more required for
cities and 20% for growing crops
• The satellite photos show major freshwater depletion taking place on all
continents, notably in the Dead Sea, the Aral Sea, Lake Chad, the
Mesopotamian Marshlands, the Everglades and other water sources
• According to UNESCO estimates, by 2030 global demands for fresh
water will exceed the supply with potentially disastrous consequences
• Of total world water, 97.5% is salty water and only 2.5% is
freshwater of which useable freshwater accounts for about 0.5%
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• Water withdrawals are causing major rivers—such as the Colorado, the
Nile, the Yellow Rivers—to run dry in sections, lakes to vanish and
groundwater tables and aquifers to drop in many places
• In 2002, around 3.16 billion people (82%) in the Asia Pacific region had
access to improved water supplies, up from 74% in 1990
Sources: Asian Development Bank; BBC; Earth Observatory; UNEP; UNESCO
• Over the next 20 years, average water supply per person is estimated
to drop by a third, potentially endangering human health, agriculture and
the environment
• Water pollution is a serious threat to the world’s water supply
• Water volume in the Aral sea has dropped by about 80% since 1960s,
due to extensive irrigation primarily for cotton production
• Current water levels in Lake Victoria are below normal and the lowest
level since September 1961
WHY HYDROLOGY IS IMPORTANT
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Groundwater Groundwater & surface water
are a most precious natural
resources.
According to U.S. estimates, groundwater provides:
• 34% of agricultural use (mostly for
irrigation)
• 40% of the public water supply
withdrawals
• 53% of all drinking water for the total
population
• 97% of drinking water for the rural
population
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Introduction to Groundwater The zone of
saturation occurs where water
completely fills the open spaces in the soil and rock.
The upper limit of this zone is called the water table.
The zone above the water table is called the zone of
aeration.
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How water
gets into the
zone of
saturation
(well water)
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The Water Table Material
saturated with
water lies below
the water table.
Materials that
conduct water (are porous and
permeable) are
aquifers.
Materials that do
not conduct water (are well-
cemented,
unfractured, etc.)
are aquicludes &
aquitards. One inch of rain on one acre of ground
results in 27,192 gallons of water (~100,000 L).
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Perched aquifers are common, since the geology of the near-surface can be
fairly complex. Parts of an aquifer can become perched as a result of slight
variations in the clay content of sediments.
Clay-rich sediments tend to be impermeable and retard water flow.
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Groundwater: aquifers must be
permeable and porous
• Any geologic unit
through which
water can move
easily (i.e. it’s
permeable)
• Porosity: how
much water a
geologic material
can hold
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Porosity and Permeability
Porosity: volume proportion made up of voids
Permeability: connectedness of voids, dictating
capacity to transmit flow
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Porosity & Permeability for Life
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Used in adult demonstration only
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Gravel – great aquifer
Permeable & Porous
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Opposite of an aquifer? • Aquitard / aquiclude Retards or Precludes the flow of groundwater
– Shale (compressed mud) is the example
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Permeability
Aquicludes
or Aquitard
Aquifers
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Groundwater in a Humid Landscape
• Water infiltrating the ground is recharge.
• Groundwater flowing out from the ground is discharge.
• But water moves slowly (typical range 0.1 to 100 m/day)
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Characteristic US Aquifers
Great Plains: water derived
from the Colorado Front Range
Atlantic Coast: water moves
through young, poorly
hardened sediment
Basin and Range: waters
concentrate in gravels &
sands of alluvial fans
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Great Plains:
Ogallala
Aquifer being
depleted in
most places
as water table
declined 10 to
> 100 ft.
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Water Use in the USA
The blue areas had relatively little water withdrawals in 1990.
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Animated map (gif)
Will play inside a powerpoint presentation,
showing increasing reliance on
groundwater withdrawal
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Natural Recharge
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In arid regions, recharge often
through streams
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Drawdown through Wells Whenever water
is withdrawn
from a well, the
water table
around the well is
lowered. This is
called drawdown.
The conical shape
of the drawdown
region near well
has led to it being
called the cone of
depression.
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Classroom
Resource
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Groundwater Contamination
A. The groundwater
moves too rapidly
through the
cavernous limestone
to be naturally
purified.
B. Groundwater
movement in the
permeable sandstone
aquifer is slow
enough to allow
natural purification.
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Flow direction can change
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What causes
groundwater
contamination?
� Leaky underground
storage tanks
� Poorly constructed
landfills and septic
systems
� Improperly abandoned
mines and wells
� The overuse of
fertilizers, pesticides,
and road salts
� Runoff from livestock
confinement areas
� Careless industrial
and manufacturing
organizations
� From groundwater.org
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Subsidence
Land subsidence due to
groundwater
withdrawal in the San
Joaquin Valley of
California began in the
mid 1920’s and locally
exceeded 8 meters (28
feet) by 1970.
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Classroom Resource
• Animation illustrating
that groundwater
removal allows grains
to compact, and that
compaction causes
subsidence
• Like squishing a moist
sponge – once the
water is gone, you can
compact the sponge
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Arizona Land Subsidence
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Aquifers Susceptible
to Subsidence
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Groundwater returns to surface
as baseflow to streams (in humid areas)
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Perennial is possible, because
Groundwater returns to surface
as baseflow to streams (in humid areas)
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Intermittent Streams:
Wet season raises water table so
base flow feeds stream
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Groundwater returns to surface as springs
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Can return as Artesian Wells Water flows freely out of an artesian
well.
Two requirements must be met:
-The aquifer must be inclined so that it is exposed to
recharge.
-The aquifer must be confined by aquitards above and below so the water does not
escape.
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US Southwest has Artesian
Conditions
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Online Video Resource on
Groundwater
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EPA Lessons
on
Groundwater
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Surface Water – starts with
Infiltration capacity (how much rain can ground absorb before water runs off)
determines what land will look like
HIGH –
water
sinks
in
LOW –
water
runs
off
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High infiltration capacity landscapes
look like this:
Water sinks into ground supports plants & high water table
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Low infiltration capacity
Means that water does not sink in, but runs off
and erodes channels (tiny rills to big gullies)
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Rainsplash ejects particles into flowing
water
Eroding landscapes from overland
flow starts with RAINSPLASH
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Rainsplash Video
• This is a high-speed video sequence of rainsplash. A single raindrop impacts dry sand. Time between individual video frames is 1/240th of a
second. The full video sequence is 0.1 seconds in real time. (Prof. Schmeeckle, ASU Geographical Sciences)
• http://www.markschmeeckle.com/rainsplash.html
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Rainsplash puts smaller pieces into
the flow, leaving behind pedastals
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Overland flow – then concentrates
into tiny channels to erode rills
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Rainsplash
Rill
Larger Rill
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Classroom Resource
Experiment showing how overland flow
starts in a desert (near Tombstone, AZ)
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Rills
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Rills grow into gullies
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Low infiltration capacity means that
water runs off quickly into streams
as flash floods
Gypsum Wash – Near Las Vegas, NV
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Flood deaths – 2nd to
Heat
Idiots on parade – or
Stupidity on summer
vacation
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Why FLASH FLOODS HAPPEN 4
1. Intense Rain
2. Low infiltration capacity of ground (so
water sent quickly to streams)
[there is a threshold that will raise water to
point where stream rises quick & floods]
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2. Low infiltration capacity of ground –
means that there is a high “drainage
density” (lots of channels in an area to
feed water to larger streams)
Why FLASH FLOODS HAPPEN 4
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3. The water collection area combines at
stream junctions at the same time
Why FLASH FLOODS HAPPEN 4
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Why FLASH FLOODS HAPPEN 4
4. Worst in slot canyons, where the
increased water makes height rise
quickly
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Classroom Resource
Flash flooding movies
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Science of
Hydrographs
Q is “Discharge” (cubic volume per second)
Q = width x depth x velocity
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Discharge measured at
Gauging Station
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Hydrograph – how discharge
changes over time (minutes, hours,
month, year, decade)
Example of response to single storm
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Before
Rain
After
Rain &
water
moves
to streams
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Water sinks in
so baseflow feeds
streams slowly
Water runs off fast
so stream
discharge rises
fast
Lag time between rain and stream
rising (long in forest & short in
desert or urban)
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Floods and Urbanization
Surface runoff vs. Infiltration
Natural land cover vs. Urban area
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Classroom Resource
Animation of how urbanization changes a hydrograph – making a forested region behave more like a desert in “shedding water” rapidly causing urban flash floods
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Classroom Resources
Clips: flash flooding in urban settings
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Influent and Effluent
When groundwater flows
into streams they are called
effluent.
When the water table is low,
streams become influent,
and water leaks from the
stream bed into the ground.
- During dry season
- Permanently in deserts
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Core Concept in Surface Water
Hydrology: DRAINAGE BASIN
Synonym:
Watershed
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Drainage Divide separates basins
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The Continental Divide
In North America, the continental divide
separates watersheds that drain to the
west from those that drain to the east
(and the arctic).
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Different sizes of drainage basins
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Policies need to be different for
different types of drainage basins
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Classroom Resource
Animation illustrating Drainage Basin of
Mississippi River (12th order stream)
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Airplane Entertainment & Drainage
Patterns
Question: Is the pattern distributary (flow
splits) or tributary (flow combines)?
Tributary Distributary:
Delta & Alluvial Fan
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Distributary: Alluvial Fan, Tibet
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Alluvial fan
Distributary
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Deltas -
distributary
Ganges,
So. Asia
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Tributary – patterns you see from
the airplane tells you the geology
Dendritic
same rock type
Rectangular
Jointed & faulted
Trellis
Big stream cuts across anticline folds
Radial
Volcano
Out from Center
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Radial – outward from center
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Dendritic Tributary
Pattern
Rectangular
Tributary Pattern
Trellis Tributary
Pattern
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Online Resources
Watersheds and Hydrologic Cycle
http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/visualization/collections/watersheds.html
Groundwater Animations
http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/visualization/collections/groundwater.html
Cryosphere Visualizations (frozen water)
http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/visualization/collections/cryosphere.html