Subtidal Communities Hard Bottom Kelp Forests. Figure 10.22.
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Transcript of Subtidal Communities Hard Bottom Kelp Forests. Figure 10.22.
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Subtidal Communities
Hard Bottom
Kelp Forests
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Figure 10.22
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Subtidal Zone
• The part of the continental shelf that is always covered by water – from the low tide mark to the shelf break
(150m or 490 ft)
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Subtidal Zone
• Temperature varies from place to place due to its shallowness
• Bottom still affected by waves, tides and currents
• Very productive areas – nutrients & light
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Subtidal Zone
• Hard Bottom Communities– Kelp Forests
– Other: Soft Bottom Communities
Seagrass Beds (addressed later)
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Hard-Bottom Subtidal Communities
• Less common than soft-bottom
• Submerged extension of rocky intertidal, hard parts of organisms (oyster shells, calcareous algae)
• Sometimes called “reefs” – not coral
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Kelp
• Kelp = large brown seaweed
• Large holdfast to hold onto the rocky bottom
• Long stipes
• Fronds… 20-30m (65-100ft)
• Go through two stages in their life cycle
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Laminaria
Laminaria
Alaria (edible)
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Geographic Kelp Distribution
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Kelp Communities
• Arranged in distinct layers
• Giant kelp forms in deeper waters– reduced wave action– Forms a canopy
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Kelp Communities
Several species of kelp-community fishes sheltering near giant kelp, Macrocystis.
© Galina Barskaya/ShutterStock, Inc.
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Fig. 13.23
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Figure 13.23
Kelp:Baja, CA
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Figure 13.25
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Kelp Communities
• Below the effects of waves and tides, kelp communities dominate in temperate areas.
General structure of a West Coast kelp forest, with a complex understory of plants beneath the dominant Macrocystis or Nereocystis.
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Fnft
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Kelp Communities
• Many organisms
• Sea Urchins = most important grazers or herbivores
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Fig. nft
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Sea Urchins
• What leads to population explosions?– Absence of their predators– Overfishing, less seals & sea lions, killer
whales eat sea otters, more urchins
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Figure 13.26
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Kelp Communities
Trophic relationships of some dominant members of a southern California kelp community.
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Kelp Communities
Trophic relationships of the common
members of a New England kelp community.
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Fig. 13.20
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Pictoral Food Web ExamplePictoral Food Web Example
PRIMARY PRODUCERS PRIMARY CONSUMERS 2ND LEVEL CONSUMERS 3RD LEVEL CONSUMERS
KELP SEA URCHINS SEA OTTERS KILLER WHALES
MICROSCOPIC ALGAES SMALL FISH LARGE FISH