Substance Use and Abuse

Smoking

Smoking Tobacco:Who Smokes?

Varies with age

Gender differences

Educational differences

Fig. 1: Prevalence of smoking in Canada by selected demographic characteristics. Sources: Health Canada, 2005 Canadian Tobacco Use Monitoring Survey, 2002 First Nations Regional Health Survey, 2001 Aboriginal People's Survey.

McLaughlin, P. (2007). Contraband cigarettes becoming a national norm. Canadian Medical

Association Journal, 176(11): 1567- 1568.

Contraband cigarettes originating on First Nations Reserves

Health implications

Starting to Smoke

Modeling and peer pressure

Personal characteristics

Social image

Becoming a Regular Smoker

Psychological reasons

– Positive affect

– Negative affect

– Habitual behaviour

– Psychological dependence (addiction)

Smoking and Stress Reduction

Correlation between stress and smoking

Smoking reduces stress during social interactions

Stress levels higher between cigarettes

Genetics Factors in Smoking

Indirect routes

Direct routes

Biobehavioural Model of Tobacco Dependence

Emotional regulation explanation

Nicotine as a coping mechanism

Quitting Smoking

Drugs

Behavioural methods

Behavioural Methods: Applications for Stopping Smoking Self-monitoring Stimulus control Response substitution Behavioural contracting

Smoking and Relapse

Stress

Social support

Self-efficacy

Health beliefs

Addiction to Other Drugs

Biological Factors

Psychological Factors

Social Factors

Internet Addiction Disorder

Definition

Research

Treatment