SUBSTANCE ABUSE• (MASHUP OF SLIDES) SECONDARY SOURCED BY CHARMAINE

SUBSTANCE ABUSE• Substance abuse is significant problem for

the society and healthcare system all over the world .

• Substance abuse is a patterned use of a substance (drug) in which the user consumes the substance in amounts or with methods neither approved nor supervised by medical professionals

Why do people abuse drugs?Biopsychosocial Theory

Common Properties of Addiction

• Physical dependence• Tolerance• Withdrawal symptoms• Drug rebound effect

Dependence

• A state of physiological and/or psychological need to take more of a substance after continued use.

• Withdrawal follows if the drug is discontinued

Tolerance

• Reduced responsiveness to a drug, prompting the user to increase the dosage to achieve effects previously obtained by lower doses of the drug

Tolerance

Withdrawal

• The discomfort and distress that follow when a person who is dependent on a drug discontinues the use of the drug

• Withdrawal symptoms are usually the opposite of the drug’s effects – Drug Rebound Effect

Drug Classifications

Depressants

• Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functioning

• Includes alcohol and sedatives

•Alcohol •Barbiturates•Tranquilizers•Ambien•Rohypnol (Roofies)

Stimulants

• Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

• Include: caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine

• All are at least mildly addictive.

•Caffeine•Nicotine•Cocaine •Amphetamines•Bath salts

Alcohol (ethyl alcohol)

• Found in beer, wine, and liquor• The second most used psychoactive

drug (caffeine first)• Slows thinking, and impairs physical

activity

Hallucinogens/Psychedelic Drugs

• Drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

• Include: LSD, Mescaline and Marijuana

•Marijuana (mild)•Mushrooms•LSD•Spice/K2/Synthetic Marijuana

Opiates/Narcotics

• Drugs that depress neural activity, temporarily lessen pain and anxiety and produce feelings of euphoria

• Include: opium, morphine, and heroin

• Morphine• Heroin•Oxycontin• Percoset•Vicodin/hydrocodone

How is it used?

INJECTED

SMOKED

SNORTED

Drugs and Neurotransmission

Neurotransmission

• The process whereby neurons communicate with each other

• Neurotransmission, especially in the brain and spinal cord, helps explain the effects of psychoactive drugs.

• Psychoactive drugs interfere with normal neurotransmission.

Neurotransmitters

• Chemical messengers that cross synaptic gaps between neurons

• When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, setting up the next link in the chain of communication.

Neural Activity

An overview of normal signalling by neurotransmitter

How Cocaine Works

EFFECTS OF DRUGS IN OUR

BRAIN AND BODY

IT RUINS OUR PHYSICAL APPEARANCE

Alcohol’s Affect on the Brain

Alcoholism shrinks the brain

SHORT TERM• Sensory distortion • Panic• Anxiety • Poor coordination of movement• Lowered reaction time• After an initial “up,” the user feels

sleepy or depressed • Increased heartbeat (and risk of heart

attack)

Bones will mature early, growth can be stunted, can cause sever acne,

increased cholesterol, rapid weight gain, liver damage, kidney tumors, heart disease and heart attacks.

Feeling of paranoia,

panic attacks, depression, anxiety and

even suicidal thoughts

Physical Effects of Chronic Drinking

• Peripheral neuropathy• Alcoholic cardiomiopathy• Esophagitis• Gastritis• Pancreatitis• Hepatitis• Cirrhosis• Leukopenia• Thrombocytopenia

What is wrong with being YOUNG?

WHY?

There are many difficult physical and emotional changes that take place when young people move from childhood to the

teenage years, a period often called adolescence.

This is generally the critical time when most young people begin

experimenting with drugs.

RESIST! AND

SAY NO!

“Get High with GOD; Not with Drugs.”

Reference list Dr Manasia. 1 month. Substance – related disorders

Trikochi. 2011. drug education

Scott25gp. 2013. illegal drugs

University of Miami, 2012, substance abuse

Gosrani, P. 6 months. Addictive and Psychotropic drugs