Submitted to the Electrical & ElectronicsEngineeringProgrammeutpedia.utp.edu.my/9504/1/2007 - Design...

DESIGN OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEM FOR OFFSHORE PLATFORM

By

SUHAIDA ABD KADIR ALJAILANI

FINAL PROJECT REPORT

Submitted to the Electrical & Electronics Engineering Programme

in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree

Bachelor ofEngineering (Hons)

(Electrical & Electronics Engineering)

Universiti Teknologi Petronas

Bandar Seri Iskandar

31750 Tronoh

Perak Darul Ridzuan

© Copyright 2007

by

Suhaida Abd Kadir Aljailani, 2007

n

CERTIFICATION OF APPROVAL

DESIGN OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEM FOR OFFSHORE PLATFORM

by

Suhaida Abd Kadir Aljailani

Approved:

A project dissertation submitted to the

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Programme

Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the

Bachelor ofEngineering (Hons)

(Electrical & Electronics Engineering)

Ir. Perumal Nallagownden

Project Supervisor

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS

TRONOH, PERAK

June 2007

111

CERTIFICATION OF ORIGINALITY

This is to certify that I am responsible for the work submitted in this project, that the

original work is my own except as specified in the references and acknowledgements,

and that the original work contained herein have not been undertaken or done by

unspecified sources or persons.

&*£• •Suhaida Abd KAdir Aljailani

IV

ABSTRACT

Design of electrical system is indeed important in many operations not to disregard

the operation for offshore platform. Offshore operations acquire its own generation of

power supplyto support the facilities on the platform. Designing the electrical system

for any operations involves three main elements which are generation, distribution

and protection. Design process involves much analysis. Software simulation is

conducted replacing the manual methods of calculations. This simulation process

reduces error during calculations and time consume in design process. The objectives

of this project are to provide design of the electrical system demand for an offshore

platform and to design the mostoptimum system including the selection of generators

for the system. Studies and research of power system has been conducted. The

network has been designed and modeled. Simulation on the network performance

which includes loadflow and fault analysis has been conducted. The methodology and

scope of study are as follows:

Conceptual design

Gathering ofnecessary power system components and data

Simulating, troubleshooting andanalysis the modeled powersystem

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to take this opportunity to give my warmest gratitude to everyone who

has involved in making my final year project a success. First of all, I would like to

thank my Project Supervisor, Mr. Ir. Perumal Nallagownden who has been willing to

share and spend his tight schedule in guiding me throughout completing the project.

Without his motivation and guidance I will not be able to achieve the main goal of the

project.

Special thanks to Mdm Rosehayati Ahmad (training supervisor), for sharing her

experienced and knowledge as well as her time to entertain my queries and doubts at

the early stage ofthe project.

I would like to give appreciation and thank to the Final Year Project Committee.

Without their management and coordination, the flow of this project might not be as

expected.

Special thank to Ms Siti Hawa, Mr Yaasin and all technicians of Electrical

Engineering Programme for being very helpful.

Lastly to my parents who have help me in many ways. Not to forget to all my friends

and others who have help in the project directly or indirectly.

VI

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES ix

LIST OF FIGURES x

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xi

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background of Study 1

1.2 Problem Statement 2

1.3 Objectives and Scope of Study 3

1.3.1 Objectives 3

1.3.2 Scope of study 4

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5

2.1 System design 5

2.2 Power System Design and Equipment Selection 6

2.2.1 Regulations 7

2.2.2 Hazardous areas 8

2.2.3 Main Power Supply 9

2.2.4 Emergency Power Sources 10

2.2.5 Cable Systems 10

2.2.6 Motors and Transformers 10

2.2.7 Power system studies 11

2.2.8 Power system protection 12

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY / PROJECT WORK 13

3.1 Project flow 13

3.1.1 Simulation tool 13

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 15

4.1 Load analysis 15

4.2 Power generation analysis 17

4.3 Modeling and simulation 18

4.3.1 Single line diagram 18

4.3.2 Loadflow 21

4.3.2.1 Scenariol: normal condition 21

4.3.2.2 Scenario2: one generator set is turn off. 23

vn

4.3.2.3 Scenario3: emergency condition... 25

4.3.2.4 Summary of loadflow results 27

4.3.3 Fault analysis 27

4.3.4 Protection 29

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 30

5.1 Summary 30

5.2 Recommendation 31

5.2.1 Perform other analysis 31

5.2.2Comparison result with other software 31

REFERENCES 32

APPENDICES 33

Appendix A PROCESS FLOW CHART 34

Appendix BLOADLIST 36

Appendix C LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS : SCENARIO 1 38

Appendix D LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS : SCENARIO 2 45

Appendix E LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS : SCENARIO 3 52

AppendixF FAULTSTUDY AND ANALYSIS 59

vm

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Description ofeach scenario 27

Table 2 Summaryofrated MW values ofgenerator set at different scenario 27

IX

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Typical Electrical System Design ofOil Production Platform 6

Figure 2 Project Process Workflow 14

Figure 3 Single Line Diagram 20

Figure 4 Scenario 1 22



Figure 7 Three Phase Fault Analysis 28

EOR

DEG

IEC

CENELEC

IP

CCVT

HVDC

DC

AC

DOL

UPS

GTG

HV

LV

PTS

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Enhance Oil Recovery

Diesel Engine Generator

International Electrotechnical Commission

European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization

Ingress Protection

Close-cycled Vapour Turbogenerator

High Voltage Direct Current

Direct Current

Alternating Current

Direct On Line

Uninterruptible Power Supply

Gas Turbine Genarator

High Voltage

Low Voltage

PETRONAS Technical Standard

xi

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

An oil platform is a large structure that caters machinery needed for drilling

process and accommodation for workers on the platform. Platform may be

attached to the ocean floor or floating. There are few types of structure design

dependson the complexity of the offshore industry itself.

Normally, oil platform are located a few hundreds kilometers away from the

shore. Lately due to reducing amount of oil, many oil companies haveexpand

the drilling process to deepwater region. Platform usually consists of a few

modules such as drilling module, power generation module, gas lift module

and etc. Each module is built to support main operation on the mother

platform.

Offshore installations are complex accommodation and industrial plants

operating in high sulfiirous and humidity environments [1], Offshore

installation demands the highest possible security of supply. Interruptions in

the operation will caused production loss as well as endanger the lives of

personnel. Thus, in system design and operation measurement to raise the

supplysecurityto the highest level is taken into consideration.

Power system should be ensure safe to operate and maintain, reliable which

allow continuity of power supply and energy-efficient. Moreover it is

necessary that power systemare designedto be stableand protectedunder any

conceivable disturbance. Design of power system involves much analysis. In

the past, design processes are tedious and timeconsuming as calculations with

mathematical modeling are required. However with the availability of

computer aided tool now, the design processes are modeled differently.

The electrical system consists of three major components:

i. Generation

ii. Transmission

iii. Distribution

This project involves design of the electrical system for water injection

platform. Water injection and gas injection are most widely used Enhanced

Oil Recovery (EOR) methods. EOR is a method used to artificially increase

reservoirpressure in order to supplement the naturaloil drive mechanism.

1.2 Problem Statement

Offshore platforms have one basic objective that is safe production. Offshore

structures range from simple operation to complex processing centers located in

extremely tough environmental conditions with a large operation and maintenance

workforce. Different operations on a platform require different design of electrical

installation.

Equipment selection and location on offshore platforms is in accordance with the

hazardous area classification and the need to have a safe, reliable and secure

installation requiring minimum maintenance [1]. Unscheduled interruptions to

production caused by equipment failure are costly and its maintenance is complex.

Designing an electrical system for platform requires information from other

disciplines such as the mechanical, structural, instrument and etc. This is because the

electrical system designed shall meet the requirement of equipments planned to be

installed on the platform. With the data of expected load required for the process on

the platform known, will then the size and type of the generator to be used can be

estimated and designed.

In general, design criteria of an optimum generation system are reliability, adequacy

and economically. Whereas in distribution system details of its accessibility to the

load, standardize in voltage and current and the utilities to be supplied should be

taken into consideration. Protection is important to prevent the system from

experiencing fault such as short circuit, overload, undervoltage, lightning and etc.

Fault at the network affects the operation of a platform. Shutting down the operation

will halt the production and affect the cost ofthe project.

Modeling and simulation of the power system is conducted to determine its

performances. Operating characteristics of the equipments, power system behaviour

and acceptable assumptions are required to obtain an accurate implementation of

simulation and interpretation of the results.

Detail studies have to be conducted and analyzed to determine the most practicable

electrical system implementation. Throughout the project, selection of power

generation, distribution and protection will be discussed.

1.3 Objectives and Scope of Study

1.3.1 Objectives

i. Understand the design of electrical system for offshore platform by

conducting feasibility studies on the power generation, power distribution and

protection,

ii. To estimate the load capacities based on the information gathered from the

consultants,

iii. To design a schematic diagram of the overall electrical system using ERACS

software,

iv. To conduct loadflow (power flow), fault analysis using ERACS software.

1.3.2 Scope ofstudy

The scope of study can be summarized as literature review on fundamental of

electrical system installation for offshore platform specifically to cater the demand of

facilities on water injection platform module. Focus will be emphasized on the

generation, distribution and protection consideration. Ultimately, the study will come

out with the most suitable design as intended.

To conduct the simulation study of the network, the author has chosen ERACS

software. Among the analysis conducted with the software are as discussed below:

• Load analysis to determine the capacitiesof the powergeneration and distribution

of the equipment. This analysis verifies whether the steady-state voltage drops

and transient voltage deviations are within the acceptable operating limits of the

equipment.

• Fault analysis is carried out to find out power interrupting ratings and to ensure

that the electrical equipmentwill withstand the short circuit current.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 System design

The purpose of an electrical supply network is to provide continuous supply of power

to meet the requirement of varying load, andto do it with a high degree of reliability.

To ensure that the electrical supply is economical andwitha minimum riskof failure,

a supply network must have:

• Adequate powerto cope with the highestpossible load

• Provision of surpluspowerand distributing equipment capacity

• Switchgear, transformers and cables are capable of continuous operation in the

most rough conditions

• Switchgear, transformers and cablesare rated to carry the maximum short-circuit

fault currents

• A protective system capable of isolating faulty equipment with minimum of

interference to the rest ofthe network and with minimum damage.

• Battery-supported supplies for activities that cannotbe tolerate even a short power

interruption

• For offshore installations some means of starting a platform from cold; which is

usually known as a 'black start'

System design must be based upon the continuous maximum rating. In order for a

system to be designed to carry out its fiinctions as mentioned above, following

information must be available:

• Total electrical connected load

• Nature ofeach item of the load

• Installation of the load

• Diversity of the connected load under various conditions

• Topography of the installation

Figure 1 below shows the power system of a largeoil production platform. There are 3 by 50%

ratedgenerators withactualratings increased to about25MW. The feeders from themain 11 kV

busbar areduplicated radialfeeds viathe transformers to lower voltages.

EmergencyGenerator

11 kV

© Main Generation

3x25MW

3,3 kV

®

•*•

•*•

Sea Water LiftFin: Piinip0.2 - 1.0MW

© <s>

Water InjecUonGas CompressionMain Oil Lino1-8MW

^

DrillingMotors750 kW

—K»

®4i5V

ISI[M) (M) i^LZ^i OTSLoads 1^^ (M)o-250kW

Figure 1 Typical Electrical System Designof Oil Production Platform

2.2 Power System Design and Equipment Selection

In the design of electrical installation few important aspects need to be considered to

comply with good engineering practice.

2.2.1 Regulations

PETRONAS technical standard (PTS) is a guideline used in all PETRONAS offshore

as well as onshore operation. One of the main PTS in electrical is the PTS

33.64.10.10. This PTS gives minimum technical requirements for the design,

engineering and installation of electrical facilities. In this PTS it covers design &

engineering principles, electrical system design, design & selection requirements for

equipment & cables, engineering & installation requirements and design &

engineering requirements for particular installations.

Standards, codes & regulations in PTS 33.64.10.10 is based on the publications of the

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and on the relevant documents

issued by the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC).

Two main considerations are:

• The design and engineering of the electrical installation shall satisfy ail legal

requirements of the national and/or local authorities of the country in which the

electrical installation will be located.

• The electrical installation shall be suitable for the site conditions as specified by

the Principal.

The design of the electrical installation shall be based on the provision of a safe and

reliable supply of electricity at all times. The design of electrical systems and

equipment shall ensure that all operating and maintenance activities can be performed

safely and conveniently and shall permit periods of continuous operation. The

insulating and dielectric materials used in all electrical equipment shall be non-toxic

and shall not contain compounds that are persistent and/or hazardous environments:

contaminants.

PTS 33.64.10.10 also classify protection against explosion and fire hazards:

• The electrical apparatus shall be properlyselect for areas where flammable gas or

vapour risks may arise.

• Area classification and the selectionof apparatus for use in areas where there is a

flammable dust hazard shall be in accordance with IEC 61241.

In general the design of the electrical installation shall correspond to any specific

design criteria, philosophy and objective that may be stated in the project definition

phase. The philosophies to be employed depend on the size and complexity of the

installation. The conceptual designs and philosophies relating to the electrical system

shall be adequately illustrated by a system design description such as a key line

diagram, basic layout drawings and functional/outline specifications. System studies

and protection reports, etc., shall be provided in support of the design. The scope of

the system studies shall be defined.

In this project, the author will followPTS 33.64.10.10 as guideline to design the most

optimum electrical design. Besides this PTS33.64.10.10 there are several sub-PTS to

supportother specific requirements ofelectrical design.

2.2.2 Hazardous areas

The selection and installation of equipment in hazardous areas is generally based on

national and international codes or standards, e.g. IEC 79 and BS5345 [1]. Generator

packages, switchrooms and transformers are usually kept outside the hazardous areas

but not for equipment directly related to the process such as motors driving pumps,

fans and compressors together with process heating, light fittings and instrumentation

devices. In practice most hazardous areas are of the zone 2 classification with small

pockets of zone 1 around vents and larger areas around the drilling facilities [1].

Equipment located in hazardous areas will further be classified by IP model Code of

Safe Practice Part 15. In addition equipment in exposed areas has higher protection

(IP rating) against ingressof solidmaterial and/ormoisture[1].

2.2.3 Main Power Supply

The main power supply usually consists of generators driven by turbine gas engine

prime movers. However depending on the power demand of the facilities operation,

then type of power generation is selected. There are a few types of power generation.

Each of this power generation has its own maximum capacity and advantage as well

as disadvantages. Below are a few ways to generate power:

i. Gas turbine generator

• Power rating: >1MW

ii. Microturbine

« Power rating: 30kW, 80kW, lOOkW

iii. CCVT (close-cycled vapour turbogenerator)

« Power rating: 3kW to 5kW

iv. Submarine cable

• Two main concerns:

- High cost Installation and distance

- Materials to be used

v. Diesel generator

• needs to be re-fuel and produce pollutants

vi. HVDC (high voltage direct current)

• Impractical to be used for large demand application as it will

require massive converter to convert DC to AC. Most

equipment requires alternating. It obliges wider area to be

installed.

vii. Gas engine

viii. Tap power from grid

ix. Solar panel

• Costly to be installed

• Only suitable for small power distribution usage

The cable size and distribution voltage are governed by the load and distance

involved. Centralized power generation and distribution can potentially minimize

maintenance costs whilst improving the safety and the reliability of operations [1].

2.2.4 Emergency Power Sources

In most design emergency power sources consists of diesel driven generators, battery

system or combination ofboth. The main purpose ofhaving Emergency generators is:

• To provide power to essential load e.g. utility pumps, platform floodlights and

etc

• To provide black start operation

• As back-up power supply in the event of power failure at main power

generation

• As platform main power source during planned shutdown period

2.2.5 Cable Systems

In general all cables are flame retardant with higher fire resistant specifications

reserved for high risk areas and critical circuits (i.e. escape route lighting, shutdown

and safety systems including fire alarms, fire pumps, gas detection etc.). All cables

are armoured except in a few cases (control rooms and other clean, internal, non-

hazardous areas with additional mechanical limited to essential services in

accommodation modules [1].

2.2.6 Motors and Transformers

Motors are generally squirrel cage induction type with DOL starting. Transformers

are synthetic liquid sealed types or dry cast resin units [1].

Design of electrical system installation begins with the estimation of the electrical

load capacity. The consumption of electrical loads depends on the facilities installed.

Electrical single line diagram is produced to show the power distribution and the flow

10

of the process involving electrical component. Electrical distribution system starts

from the main power generator and then being step down through distribution

transformers. From step down transformer, power will be flowed to the loads. In

between the line, protection devices such as circuit breaker, bus tie, relays are being

placed. Emergency or back up equipment for instance diesel generator and UPS

system are also installed to ensure a continuous power flow.

Guidelines on the design and selection of the power distribution equipment are

analyzed. Study on the protection requirement for generators, electric motors, feeders

and small power, lightingand etc is considered. Literature review of the facilities on

the platform such as the cabling system, electric motors, lighting and etc is prepared.

2.2.7 Power system studies

Designing power systems involves performing several studies to evaluate the

efficiency of the power delivery in the network. Beside these studies are conducted to

measure the suitability of equipment selected for the network.

Two main studies are conducted throughout the project:

i. Loadflow

This study analyzes system's capability to adequately supply to the connected load.

Real and reactive power flow and bus voltages and currents are determined.

ii. Fault analysis

Fault analysis determines the maximum fault current obtained during system

disturbance. Increasing level of available short circuit current is often due to

expansion of plant and adding larger loads to the network. Dangerous situation will

occurs if the short circuit capacity exceeds the capacity ofprotective device. In power

system, protective device acts to interrupt fault currents during fault conditions.

However high short circuit current may cause violent failure of the device and cause

severe damage to the device and network.

11

2.2.8 Power systemprotection

Electrical system must be protected against damage which may occur during

abnormal conditions. There are two types ofabnormalities:

i. Chronic condition - operation outside the designed ratings due to overloading

or incorrect functioning of the system

ii. Acute condition - fault conditions due usually to breakdown of some part of

the system

Thus to overcome this abnormalities a protection scheme is required in electrical

system design. Principles ofprotection system are:

i. To maintain electrical supplies to the system as possible after a fault has been

isolated

ii. To protect equipments on the plant from damage due to abnormal conditions

and faults

iii. To isolate faulted equipment to limit the risk

iv. To limit damage to the cable system resulting from a fault

The basic principle of protection is to disconnect and isolate the faulty part of the

system. This is to ensure that the fault is not sustained and aggravated by a continuing

flow ofpower into it and to prevent damages to the rest of the system.

No system of protection can be designed without knowing the conditions in the

network which it has to protect. Therefore the level fault currents at various point of

the network must be known first before selecting the best protection system

12

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY / PROJECT WORK

3.1 Project flow

Planning is the most important aspects in conducting a project. Well planned project

ensures a systematical procedure throughout the project and enable the work to be

done within a specified time requirement.

As for this project, the author started off by performing literature review on electrical

system design to familiarize with the system. Next all the necessary data is collected

and the estimated load for the network is calculated and tabulated using EXCEL

software. Then power generation analysis is performed to select the most reliable

generating system for the network. Performances of the network are observed by

conducting power flow and protection analysis using ERACS software. Results from

the simulations are analyzed and last but not least all necessary information is being

documented.

A process flow chart is outlined (refer to APPENDIX A) in order to cater the project

schedule. Time management is important to ensure that the project is feasible and

could be completed within the allocated time frame.

3.1.1 Simulation tool

ERACS software is a PC-based, fully integrated and user friendly. To start simulating

network, data is entered and saved in a central database. This software is able to

predict system behaviour under both normal and abnormal conditions depending on

how the user sets the setting. ERACS helps to reduce error in calculations compares

to normal hand calculations.

13

The procedure ofthe project implementation is illustrated as Figure2 below:

Perform Literature

IIdentified

IData Gathering

Start

n\ Load

ISimulate network

system with ERACS

ILoadflow

Lii

Short-circuit

IProtection

M Analyze and Interpret ?Report

Figure 2 Project Process Workflow

14

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Load analysis

The load analysis is done to establish the running and peak load at the water injection

platform and subsequently size the generator set rating. The analysis is done by

considering the operating scenario of the pumps that required the generator running at

its maximum capacity

Once the information on the load required for each of the equipment is collected,

peak load or the demand for the platform facilities can be estimated. Based on the

data collected from the design department, value of load required for each of the

equipment is entered in a spreadsheet (refer to APPENDIX B). From the spreadsheet,

estimated peak load is determined.

Based on the spreadsheet attached in Appendix B each of the equipment has been

categorized to continuous, intermittent and standby as per PTS 33.64.10.10. These

categories show the performing usage of the equipment. Below briefly explained the

difference between all three loads:

Continuous - All loads that are required continuously or cyclically for normal

operation and which may be reasonably expected to occur simultaneously

(e.g. HVAC, UPS, battery chargers etc).

Intermittent - All process and utility loads required for normal operation but

neither operating continuously nor simultaneously (e.g. Compressor Pre Lube

Oil Pump Motor).

15

* Standby - All loads required during the maintenance or changeover from a

duty to standby or during abnormal circumstances.

According to PETRONAS Technical Standard (Rev 12), electrical loads shall be

classified as performing a service, which is vital, essential or non-essential.

Vital Service

• A vital service is actually a safety matter. The failure of this service during

operation or when failing is called upon can causes an unsafe condition of the

process or installation jeopardize life or cause damage to the installation. The

energy source, lines of supply and the equipment performing a vital service

shall be completely duplicated.

Essential Service

• An essential supply is related to economic matter. Therefore the economics of

partial or complete duplication of the energy source of the lines of supply or

of the equipment performing essential service shall be evaluated in relation to

the consequences of service interruptions that will affect the quality or the

quantity ofthe product.

Non-essential Service

• According to PTS definitions, non-essential service is defined as services,

whichfall underneither vital nor essential category.

Formula to calculate the peak load based on PTS is as shown below:

- Peak load (kW) = (100% oftotal continuous load) + (30% oftotal intermittent

load @ the largest individual intermittent load whicheveris higher) + (10% of

total standby load@ the largest individual standby load whichever is higher)

16

In designpracticeestimating the demandof load shall include the possibility of future

growth of the platform. Roughly the estimation of future growth of a platform is

taken to be 25% of its estimated peak load.

Below is the estimation of the overall load required for the platform including fiiture

growth:

• From the load list, the peak load = 1345.42 kW

• Total estimated load = total peak load x 25% growth

= 1345.42x125%

= 1681.78 kW

= 1.7MW

4.2 Power generation analysis

Based on the load list in APPENDIX B, the most suitable main generator option is the

gas turbine generator. Gas turbine generator has a rotary engine that extracts energy

from a flow of combustion gas. The upstream compressor is coupled to a downstream

turbine, and a combustion chamber in-between. Gas turbine mechanism can be

explained as follow:

• Energy is released when air is mixed with fuel and ignited in the combustor

• Combustion increases the temperature, which in turn increases the pressure

resulting in an increase in the velocity and volume of the gas flow

• The gas is directed through a nozzle over the turbine's blades, spinning the

turbine and powering the compressor

17

There are a few conditions that leadto the selection of the generating system:

• Load demand - Cover all the required load for the process to be carried out on

the platform

" Space

• Weight

• Reliability - Performance of the generator should be taken into consideration.

The most reliable generator shall be the one that can withstand up to the

expected year ofprocess, robust and less maintenance

Based on the load analysis, two gas turbines each rated at 1.175MW are chosen. Both

turbines will be running to cater the platform demand. Each turbine is equally loaded.

Power supply is secured as long as turbines are healthy. With two GTG, platform

loads will have more flexibility to cater for bigger motor load, this can eliminate

future unforeseen problems should there bechanges inthe equipment ratings.

Diesel engine generator is available as back-up power supply, incase of platform

shutdown due to processupset.

4.3 Modeling and simulation

4,3.1 Single line diagram

Based on the information of the equipment planned to be installed on the platform,

single line diagram is drawn. The single line diagram shows the AC electrical

generation and distribution systemofthe plant including all HV feeds, main LV feeds

and sub-distribution boards and etc.

The design andmodel of power system network for the water injection platform is as

shown in Figure 3. Referring to Figure 3, the network consists of 2 main busbarsand

18

2 sub-busbars. Busbar 1 is rated at 6.6kV known as HV (high voltage) busbar

whereas Busbar 2 known as LV (low voltage) busbar, Busbar 3 and Busbar 4 are both

rated at 0.4kV. The network consists of two main GTG each rated at 1.1785MW and

a standby DEG rated at 0.8MW. DEG is connected at Busbar 3. An auto-recloser is

added in between busbar 2 and busbar 3. The auto-recloser is placed on the connector

that connects the two busbar. In normal condition the auto-recloser switch will be in

open position. Once the sensor in the auto-recloser detects voltage level changes from

the utility line, its switch will be closed to allow the standby generator to supply

power to the essential loads. Two transformers are connected in between HV busbar

and LV busbar. These transformer forms a step-down process from 6.6kV of HV

busbar to 0.4kV ofLV busbar. Motors placed at these busbars indicate the machinery

as listed in the load list (APPENDIX B).

19

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agram

20

4.3.2 Loadflow

Loadflow is a study performing the analysis and calculates the steady state conditions

of the power system network. Loadflow calculation can be done manually however it

will be time consuming and impractical to do for a big system. Thus with the help of

ERACS software the tedious calculation can be simplified. ERACS will determine

the network voltage profile, current and real and reactive power flows. Three

scenarios are created to examine the loadflow analysis.

4.3.2.1 Scenario!: normal condition

During normal operation of the platform two turbine generators shall be running in

parallel. The turbine generators are connected to HV busbar. Motors rated 200kW and

above are connected to this busbar.

For the low voltage busbar, two power transformers are connected. Motors rated

below 200kW are connected to the LV busbar. For emergency and black start

purpose, one emergency diesel generator is installed. The emergency diesel generator

is connected to an auto-recloser. During normal operation of the platform the

emergency generator shall not be running and auto-recloser between Busbar 2 and

Busbar 3 will be in OPEN position. On detection of dead bus, Diesel Generator set

will get started automatically and supplies to Busbar 2 and Busbar 4. The network is

as shown ifFigure 4 below. The simulation result is as shown in APPENDIX C.

21

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:0

.00

*

Lo

ad

flo

w

=0:

1.01

.9M

WV

mx:

bu

sb

ar

23

G:

1.7

7M

VA

rpV

mn:

1.0

pu=

L:

1.0

19

MW

Vm

n:

bu

sb

ar

1

DL

:2

.15

5M

VA

rl3

Fm

x:2

47

.98

kA

:>L

O:

0.0

01

MW

3F

mx:

bu

sb

ar

3

3L

O:

-0.3

85

MV

Ar

l3F

rrm

:7

.52

2k

A

3a

se

10

0.0

MV

A3

Fm

n:

bu

sb

ar

1

Hz:

50

,0H

z.h

er:

5D

Vm

x1.

001

puC

on

v:

1.4

30

5E

-6

ir

P:0

.

Q;0

1:0.

1

(GSJ

P:0-

51M

WQ

:0

.88

5M

VA

r

I:0

.08

9k

A

(QS)

P:0.

51M

WQ

:0

.88

5M

VA

r

!:0

.08

9k

A

tfT

V¥

YJ

P:0

.35

MW

Q:

0.3

78

MV

Ar

I:0

.04

5k

A

00

1M

W

12

1M

VA

r

74

kA

w

P;0

.00

3M

W

Q:

0.1

21

MV

Ar

I:0

.17

4k

A

IP:

0.2

8M

W

1Q

:2

.98

MV

Ar

II:

0.2

62

kA

P:0

.2M

W

0:0

.35

6M

VA

r

I:0

.03

6k

A

IP:

0.3

49

MW

1Q

:3

.30

5M

VA

r

11

:0.2

91

kA

R0

.OM

W

Q:

0.0

MV

Ar

I:0

.0k

A

P:

0.2

MW

Q:

0.3

56

MV

Ar

I:0

.03

6k

A

2P

:0

.28

MW

2Q

:2

.98

3M

VA

r

±21

:4.

321

kA2"

LW

T

2P

:0

.34

9M

W

2Q

:3

.30

1M

VA

r

21:4

.78

7k

A

Y>

P:

0.0

2M

W

Q:

0.1

21

MV

Ar

1:0

.17

?k

A

bu

sb

ar

4

pV:1

.001

puV

:0

.4k

V

AV

:0.

001

*K

V

UH

P:

0.04

MW

1Q

:0

.22

6M

VA

r

11

:0.3

31

kA

2R

0.0

4M

W

2Q

:0

.22

6M

VA

r

NJ/2

I,0.

331

kA IT

"

P:

0.0

05

MW

Q:

0.1

21

MV

Ar

I:0

.17

4k

A

P:0

.02

MW

Q:

0.1

13

MV

Ar

,1:0

.16

5kA

,-

P:0

.02

MW

Q:

0.1

13

MV

Ar

I:0

.16

5k

A

Fig

ured

Scer

iafio

A/'

22

,91

R0

.0M

W

1Q

:-0

.39

1M

VA

r

11:0

.56

4k

A

P:

0.0

MW

Q:

0.0

MV

Ar

LO

.Ok

A

bu

sb

ar:

pV:1

.0pu

V:

0.4

kV

AV

0.2

13

*

P:

0.0

MW

Q:

0.0

MV

Ar

l:Q

.0k

A

ats

yP:

0.0M

WQ

:0

.0M

VA

r

kA

Gb

a

2P

:0

.0M

W

2Q

:0

.0M

VA

r

2l:

0.0

kA

4.3.2.2 Scenario2: one generatorset is turn off

During this operation of the platform only one turbine will be running. Since the total

load of the network is still within the capacity of the generator set therefore not much

different is observed in the real and reactive power rated at each of the motor. The

only difference observes during this scenario is the amount of power generated at the

turbine.

During this operation of the platform the emergency generator shall not be running

and auto-recloser between Busbar 2 and Busbar 3 will be in OPEN position. On

detection of dead bus, Diesel Generatorset will get startedautomatically and supplies

to Busbar 2 and Busbar 4. The network is as shown if Figure 5 below. The

simulation result is as shown in APPENDIX D.

23

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4.3.2.3 Scenario3: emergencycondition

During this operation of the platform the emergency generator shall be running and

auto-recloser between Busbar 2 and Busbar 3 will be in CLOSE position. On

detection of dead bus, Diesel Generatorset will get startedautomatically and supplies

to Busbar 2 and Busbar 4. The network is as shown if Figure 6 below. The

simulation result is as shown in APPENDIX E.

25

bu

sb

ar

1

pV:

0.0

pu

V:

0.0

kV

AV

:0

.0°

P:

0.0

MW

Q:

0.0

MV

Ar

I:0

.0k

A

P:

0.0

MW

Q:

0.0

MV

Ar

i:0

.0k

A

P:

0.0

MW

Q:

0.0

MV

Ar

I:0

.0k

A

P:

0.0

MW

Q:

0.0

MV

Ar

I:0

.0k

A

bu

sb

ar

2

pV:

0.9

94

puV

:0

.39

8k

V

AV

:0

.06

8°

Load

flow

|?

G:

0.0

?M

WVm

x:bu

sbar

3j

3G

:0

.31

5M

VA

rpV

mn:

0.9

94

pu3

L0

.06

9M

WV

mn

:b

usb

ar

43

L:

0.7

MV

Ar

i3F

mx

:26

1.6

6k

A>

LO

:0

.00

1M

W3

Fm

x:

bu

sb

ar

33

LO

:-0

.38

5M

VA

ri3F

mn:9

7,373

kAj

3ase:

10

0.0

MV

A3

Fm

n:

bu

sb

ar

4t

-iz:

50

.0H

ztte

r:2

jsV

mx

1.0

pu

Conv

:9.0

897E

-7j

1 (Ml)

P:

0.0

01

MW

0:0

.11

9M

VA

r

I:0

.17

3k

A

(Ml)

\

P:

0.0

02

MW

Q:

0.1

19

MV

Ar

I:0

.17

3k

A

1P

:0.0

MW

1Q

:0

.0M

VA

r

1l:

0.0

kA

P:

0.0

MW

Q:

0.0

MV

Ar

I:0

.0k

A

P:

0.0

MW

Q:

0.0

MV

Ar

I:0

.0k

A 1P

:0.0

MW

1Q

:0

.0M

VA

r

1l:

0.0

kA

A^

P:

0.0

MW

Q:

0.0

MV

Ar

I:0

.0k

A

bu

sb

ar

3

pV:

1.0

puV

:0

.4k

V

AV

:0

.0°

2P

:0

.0M

W

2Q

:0

.0M

VA

r

:2i:

0.0

kA

P:

0.0

MW

Q:

0.0

MV

Ar

I:0

.0k

A

2P

:0

.0M

W

2Q

:0

.0M

VA

r

21:

0.0

kA

P:

0.0

MW

O:

0.0

MV

Ar

I:0

.0k

A

P:

0.0

2M

W

Q:

0.1

19

MV

Ar

I:0

.17

6k

A

bu

sb

ar

4

nH

P:

0.0

4M

W1

G:

0.2

23

MV

Ar

II:

0.3

28

kA

2P

:0

.04

MW

2Q

:0

.22

3M

VA

r

21:

0.3

28

kA

\'

^7

•r

P:

0.0

05

MW

Q:

0.1

19

MV

Ar

i:0

.17

3k

A

pV:

0.99

4pu

TP:

0.02

MW

V:

0.3

98

kV

0:0

.11

1M

VA

r

AV

:0

.06

9°

/T

\!:

0.1

64

kA

IMIJ

P:

0.0

2M

W

Q:

0.1

11

MV

Ar

I:0

.16

4k

A

Fig

ure

6S

cena

rio

3

26

r

IP:

0.0

69

MW

..1

Q:

0.7

MV

Ar

II:

1.0

21

kA

P:

0,0

MW

Q:

0.0

MV

Ar

I:0

.0k

A

ats

(GSJ

P:0,

07M

WQ

:0

.31

5M

VA

r

I:0

.46

5k

A

ba

2P

:0

,07

MW

2Q

:0

.31

5M

VA

r

21:

0.4

65

kA

4.3.2.4 Summary ofloadflow results

Table 1 Description ofeach scenario

Scenario Description

1Two turbine generators are running, ail transformers are in operation, alltie-breakers are closed, auto-recloser is opened.

2Only one turbine generator is running, all transformers are in operation,all tie-breakers are closed, auto-recloser is opened.

3Auto-recloser is closed, only DEG operates, all transformer are notoperating, all tie-breakers to the HV side are opened

Table 2 Summary ofrated MW values ofgenerator set at different scenario

Scenario GEN1 GEN 2 STANDBY GEN

1 0.501 MW 0.501 MW OMW

2 OMW 1.001 MW OMW

3 OMW OMW 0.052 MW

4.3.3 Fault analysis

The fault analysis is done to calculate the perspective fault current at main

switchboard and subsequently size the busbar rating. The network is as shown if

Figure 7 below. The simulation result is as shown in APPENDIX F.

27

bu

sb

ar

1

lp:7

.522

kA

Ip:0

.405

kA

bu

sb

ar

2

ip:1

22.7

3kA

¥ lp:0

.0kA i^

IMI

(fcgj'

lp:2.5

05kA

Ip:

0.40

3kA

T

ip:2

.333

kA

J)Ip

:2.3

33kA

(QS)

ip:2

.505

kA

Ip:0

.452

kAj

Ip:0.

452

kA

lp:0

.4Q

5kA

lp:

0.40

5kA

bu

sb

ar

3

ip:

247.

98kA

ip:5

3.90

5kA

—x—

!p:D

.0kA

ip:5

3.90

5kA

lp:O

.0kA

51? U

p:5.

596

kA.

<)<

i.

Ip:2

.333

kA.

1lp

:0.0

kA9

ats

lp:2

.332

kA

2lp

:ll6

.14

kA

ip:0

.0kA

bu

sb

ar

4

lp:1

21

.74

kA

TV

lp:2

.799

kAn

lp:2

.799

kA

(Ml)

Fig

ure

7T

hree

Pha

seF

ault

Ana

lysi

s

28

(GSj

lp:2

47.98

kA

[]b

a

V

2lp:

0.0

kA

4.3.4 Protection

As the operation of the electrical system involves not only machineries but human

life, safety is certainly an important issue. Any unsafe act is a treat to human, network

and system performance. Therefore protection system is designed to provide a safe

workspace for personnel and minimize damage to the overall system as well as

isolating faultydevices fromthe system.

Protection of a system has the main function to ensure automatic disconnection in

occurrence of short circuit. Some of the protection attributes to select appropriate

protection system ofa network are as listed below:

• Selectivity

• Security

• Sensitivity

• Dependability

• Speed

29

5.1 Summary

CHAPTERS

CONCLUSION

As mention previously, design of electrical power systems involves much

analysis. It is essential to perform these analyses in order to design the most

optimum power systems.

A schematic diagram (refer to figure 1) was drawn based on information

obtained from the load list (refer to APPENDIX B). Once the schematic

diagram is obtained, performance analysis is conducted. First, the loadflow

analysis is conducted. Three scenarios are created and the results are obtained

as shown in FIGURE 4, 5 and 6. A detail result of each scenario is as attached

in APPENDIX C, D and E. From the loadflow analysis conducted the total

load of the whole network is 1.019 MW. Power supplied by the main

generators is equally shared depending on the total network load. Difference

of each scenario is as shown in Table 1 and 2. Fault analysis result is as

obtained in figure 7 and detail result of the analysis as attached in APPENDIX

F.

By conducting the loadflow analysis, it enables sizing of the generator as well

as designing the overall distribution of the network. The fault analysis on the

other hand enables the most appropriate protection scheme for the network.

Both analyses are indeed required in order to have the most optimum design

of an electrical system.

30

It can be concluded that the simulation studies are crucial in design of power

system. Simulation improves the routinedesign and allows easier performance

assessment of the power system. In order to perform the simulation with

ERACS software, it is important to put the right rating and assumption in

order to obtain correct simulation ofthe networks.

5.2 Recommendation

5.2.1 Perform other analysis

ERACS software provides other program modules. Thus the analysis of the network

can be extend by conducting other modules such as harmonic impedance, transient

stability and others in order to have better understanding of the performance of the

electrical design.

5.2.2 Comparison result with other software

There is other software which is also able to perform power performance analysis.

Results of simulation from other software can be compared. This can broaden the

scope of simulation.

31

REFERENCES

1. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel3/1167/7720/00324143.pdf



4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_platform

5. http://www.abb.com/Industries

6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas turbine

7. Mohd Zhafri b Nasaruddin, Final Year Project Final Report, An Integrated

Approach For The Best Selection OfOffshore Power Generation.

8. Tan Yan Choon, 1st edition, Design and Specification of Power Distribution

and Protection Systems in Building, Amos Technologies PTE LTD

9. PETRONAS Technical Standard (PTS) Revl 2

32

APPENDICES

33

APPENDIX A

PROCESS FLOW CHART

34

Set objective and project for FYPpart II

•Q'

Literature review on the powersystem protection

<>

Progress report preparation

•Q"

Select appropriate data requiredfor the simulation

%•>

Work on the designing power system

<>*£.

Progress report II in preparation

p*

Work on the simulation

<**£.

Troubleshooting

<>

Final report preparation

•o*

Oral presentation

Process Flow Chart

35

d

V

7\

APPENDIX B

LOADLIST

36

EQ

UIP

.

NO

.

DE

SC

RIP

TIO

Na

.

(0 o _l

n c 0)

Hi

0)

m

c 0)

w <n

tit

c o z

3 « as

•a CO

s m

LO

AD

RA

TIN

G

rr

FA

CT

OR

A Bre

-

at

load

facto

rC

FA

CT

OR

at

loa

d

facto

rC

Co

nti

nu

ou

s

rr

inte

rmit

ten

tS

tan

d-b

y

RT

kW

kW

ind

ecim

als

ind

ecim

als

co

s(p

kW

kV

Ar

kW

kV

Ar

kW

kV

Ar

1.0

21

.20

2.1

3

17

0.0

0

17

0.0

02

00

.00

17

0.0

0

29

7.5

03

50

.00

29

7.5

03

50

.00

17

.00

20

.00

42

.50

50

.00

42

.50

17

0.0

0

17

0.0

02

00

.00

34

.00

17

.00

20

.00

17

.00

42

.5G

|T

OT

AL

Ap

par

ent

Po

wer

Po

wer

Facto

r

Peak

Lo

ad

10

14

.36

54

7.5

01

7.8

99

.66

53

6.8

42

89

.76

Co

nn

ecte

dL

oad

=S

um

mat

ion

ofm

otor

s/

load

rati

ngs

11

52

.69

20

.33

61

0.0

5

Pea

kL

oad

=T

otal

Co

nti

nu

ou

sL

oad

0.8

80

.88

0.8

8

+0

.3x

To

tal

Inte

rmit

ten

tL

oad

+0.

1x

Tot

alS

tan

db

yL

oad

13

45

.42

kW

Defin

itions

.Ab

sQrbe

d|og

dsb)

Cons

umed

loads

G-"St

and-by

";loa

dsreq

uired

inem

ergen

cieso

nly-f

orpu

mps

shaf

tloa

don

duty

poin

t;E

-"C

ontin

uous

";all

load

sth

atm

ayco

ntin

uous

lyor

thos

eof

norm

ally

not

- for

instr

umen

tatio

nco

mpu

ters

,com

mun

icat

ion,

bere

quire

dfo

rnor

mal

oper

atio

n,in

clud

ing

runn

ing

elec

tnca

llydn

ven

units

,sta

nd-b

yfo

rair

cond

ition

ing,

the

requ

ired

load

durin

gful

llig

htin

g.no

rmall

yru

nnin

gste

am-d

riven

ones

(e.g

.op

erat

ion

ofpl

ant

F-"

Inte

rmitt

enta

ndsp

ares

";th

elo

ads

requ

ired

pum

ps)

-for

light

ing

durin

gda

rkho

urs

fori

nter

med

iate

pum

ping

,sto

rage

,loa

ding

,etc

.-f

orw

orks

hop,

the

aver

aget

otal

load

inno

rmal

and

allel

ectri

cals

pare

sofe

lect

rical

lydr

iven

units

full

op

erat

ion

No

tes:

1N

avig

atio

nal

aid

syst

emis

sola

rpo

wer

ed.

37

APPENDIX C

LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS : SCENARIO 1

38

ERACS

Loadflow

module

By

ERA

Technology

Ltd.

ERACS

Version:

3.5.0.

Loadflow

Version:

3.5.0

Run

on

13-Jun-2007

by

Supervisor

from

data

set

up

on

13-Jun-20Q7

by

Supervisor

Network

Name

Data

State

Name

prac_l

17/4

SYSTEM

STATISTICS

Study

Base

MVA

=100.000

Study

Base

Frequency

(Hz)

=50.000

Number

of

Busbars

=4

Number

of

Shunts

=0

Number

of

Lines

=1

Number

of

Cables

=1

Number

of

Transformers

=2

Number

of

Tap

Changers

=0

Number

of

Synchronous

Machines

=3

Number

of

Induction

Machines

=14

Number

of

Wind

Turbine

Generators

=0

Number

of

Bus

Sections

=0

Number

of

Series

Elements

=0

BUSBAR

DATA

Busbar

Identifier

Nominal

kV

Three

Phase

Fault

MVA

kA

busbar

1

busbar

2

busbar

3

busbar

4

LINE

DATA

6.6

00

0.4

00

0.4

00

0.4

00

150.0

31.0

31.0

31.0

13.122

44.745

44.745

44.745

Single

Phase

Fault

MVA

kA

200.0

45.0

45.0

45.0

17.495

64.952

64.952

64.952

STUDY

PARAMETERS

Load

Power

Multiplier

=Load

Reactive

Multiplier

=Convergence

Tolerance

=Convergence

Control

=Maximum

Iterations

Overload

Flag

Level

Automatic

Tap

Changers

Transf.

Shift

Angle

(deg.)

0.0

30.0

0.0

30.0

Nominal

Bus

Freq.

(Hz)

50.0

50.0

50.0

50.0

1.000000

1.000000

0.000005

=Method

2

25

=100.0%

Of

Rating

OFF

Page

No.

1

First

Second

Line

No.Of

Line

Library

Busbar

Busbar

Identifier

Ccts

Length

Key

Rating

Positive

Sequence

(kA)

R(pu)

X(pu))

B(pu)

Zero

Sequence

R(pu)

X(pu)

B(pu)

0.01000

0.01000

0.00000

Equivalent

Pi

Model

busbar

2busbar

41

21.00

11

1.000

0.01000

0.01000

0.00000

39

Run

on

13-Jun-2007

by

Supervisor

fromdata

set

up

on

13-Jun-2007

by

Supervisor

Network

Name

:prac__l

Data

State

Name

:17/4

CABLE

DATA

First

Busbar

Second

Busbar

Cable

Identifier

No.Of

Ccts

Cable

Length

Library

Key

Rating

(kA)

Positive

R(pu)

Sequence

X(pu)

B(pu)

Zero

Sequence

R(pu)

X(pu)

B(pu)

Equivalent

Pi

Model

busbar

2busbar

3connector

11

1.00

cable1

2.500

0.3821

1.0990

0.0039

0.5382

1.0990

0.0042

CABLE

OPEN

TRANSFORMER

DATA

System

Winding

Rating

Winding

Angle

Pos/Neg.

Sequence

Zero

Sequence

Neutral

Earth

Busbar

No.

(MVA)

Type

(deg.)

R(pu)

X(pu)

R(pu)

X{pu)

R(pu)

X(pu)

Voltage

Off-Nom

Ratio

Tap

(%)

DATA

for

Transformer

with

ID.

trans_a

busbar

11

150.000

D

busbar

22

150.000

YN

DATA

for

Transformer

with

ID.

trans_b

busbar

11

150.000

D

busbar

22

150.000

YN

INDUCTION

MACHINE

DATA

Busbar

Identifier

Motor

Identifier

busbar

1Ml

busbar

1M2

busbar

1M3

busbar

1M5

busbar

1M6

busbar

1M4

busbar

2M8

busbar

2M9

busbar

2motor

7

busbar

2motor

7

busbar

2M10

busbar

1M7

busbar

4m2

No.Of

Library

Units

Key

1motor

1

1motor

1

1motor

3

1motor

3

1motor

1

1motor

1

1motor7

1motor8

1motoric

1motor10

1motor9

1motor

1

1motor22

No.

of

units

1using

library

key

trans_a

30.00

0.0016

0.0158

0.0016

0.0158

0.0000

0.0000

1.0000

0.20

0.00

0.0016

0.0158

0.0016

0.0158

0.0000

0.0000

1.0000

0.20

No.

of

units

30.00

0.0016

0.00

0.0016

1using

library

key

trans_a

0.0158

0.0016

0.0158

0.0000

0.0000

1.0000

0.00

0.0158

0.0016

0.0158

0.0000

0.0000

1.0000

0.20

Motor

Ratings

MVA

MW

kV

Input

Slip

Stator

Magnet.

Standstill

Rotor

Running

MW

(%)

R{pu)

X(pu)

X(pu)

R(pu)

X(pu)

R{pu)

X(pu)

1..080

0.200

6.,600

0.200

0.2778

0,.0050

0.1200

3.0000

0.0250

0..1000

0.0150

0.1500

1. .080

0.200

6..600

0.200100.0000

0,.0050

0.1200

3.0000

0.0250

0.,1000

0.0150

0.1500

NOT

IN

SERVICE

1..080

0.350

6.,600

0.350

0.4861

0,.0050

0.1200

3.0000

0.0250

0..1000

0.0150

0.1500

1. .080

0.350

6..600

0.350100.0000

0..0050

0.1200

3.0000

0.0250

0..1000

0.0150

0.1500

NOT

IN

SERVICE

1.,080

0.200

6.,600

0.200

0.2778

0,.0050

0.1200

3.0000

0.0250

0..1000

0.0150

0.1500

1. .080

0.200

6.,600

0.200

0.2778

0..0050

0.1200

3.0000

0.0250

0,.1000

0.0150

0.1500

0,.405

0.001

0.,415

0.001

0.0048

0..0054

0.1292

3.2292

0.0269

0..1076

0.0161

0.1615

0..405

0.002

0..415

0.002

0.0100

0..0054

0.1292

3.2292

0.0269

0,.1076

0.0161

0.1615

0,.405

0.005

0.,415

0.005

0.0199

0..0054

0.1292

3.2292

0.0269

0,.1076

0.0161

0.1615

0..405

0.005

0.,415

0.005100.0000

0..0054

0.1292

3.2292

0.0269

0,.1076

0.0161

0.1615

NOT

IN

SERVICE

0,.405

0.020

0,,415

0.020

0.0797

0.,0054

0.1292

3.2292

0.0269

0,.1076

0.0161

0.1615

1,.080

0.200

6.,600

0.200100.0000

0..0050

0.1200

3.0000

0.0250

0..1000

0.0150

0.1500

NOT

IN

SERVICE

0..405

0.020

0..400

0.020

0.0741

o..0100

0.1000

3.5000

0.0200

0..1000

0.0150

0.1500

40

Run

on

13-Jun-2007

by

Supervisor

from

data

set

up

on

13~Jun-2007

by

Supervisor

Network

Name

:prac_l

Data

State

Name

:17/4

INDUCTION

MACHINE

DATA

Busbar

Identifier

Motor

:Identifier

No.Of

Library

Units

Key

Motor

Ratings

MVA

MW

kV

Input

MW

Slip

(%)

Stator

R(pu)

X(pu)

Magnet.

X(pu)

Standstill

R(pu)

X(pu)

Rotor

Running

R(pu)

X(pu)

busbar

4m3

1motor22

0.405

0.020

0.400

0.020

0.0741

0.0100

0.1000

3.5000

0.0200

0.1000

0.0150

0.1500

SYNCHRONOUS

MACHINE

DATA

Busbar

Machine

Type

No.Of

Library

Identifier

Identifier

Units

Key

busbar

1Gen

aSLACK

2Gen

a

busbar

1Gen

bSLACK

2Gen

a

busbar

3SLACK

1Gen

b

Generator

Ratings

MVA

BASE

MW

kV

Assigned

V(pu)

MW

Pos.

Sequence

Neg.

Sequence

Zero

Sequence

MVAR

R(pu)

X(pu)

R(pu)

X(pu)

R(pu)

X(pu)

5.000

2.350

6.600

1.000

0.000

0.000

0.0125

0.1800

Neutral

earthing

0.0000

0.0000

5.000

2.350

6.600

1.000

0.000

0.000

0.0125

0.1800

Neutral

earthing

0.0000

0.0000

31.000

0.800

0.400

1.000

0.000

0.000

0.0125

0,1800

41

0.0500

0.2400

0.0000

0.0000

0.0500

0.2400

0.0000

0.0000

0.0125

0.0550

0.0000

0.0000

0.0125

0.0550

0.0000

0.0000

0.0500

0.2400

NEUTRAL

O/C

Run

on

13-Jun-2007

by

Supervisor

from

data

set

up

on

13-Jun-2007

by

Supervisor

:prac_l

Network

Name

Data

State

Name

17/4

AT

STUDY

END

-No

of

iterations

=5

Convergence

=0.1431S-05

VoltageRange

from

l.OOOpuatbusbar1

to

l.OOlpuatbusbar2

AC

BUSBARVALUES

Busbar

Identifier

Merge

Busbar

Type

PU

Voltage

Synch.

Machines

kV

ANG-DEG

MW

MVAr

IndMotor

Load

MW

MVAr

Shunt

MW

Loads

3Phase

Fault

MVAr

kA

X/R

Ph

-E

Fault

kA

X/R

busbar

1SLACK

1..000

6.600

0.000

1.019

1.770

0.950

1.446

0.000

0.000

7.52

18,.384

8.39

8,,413

busbar

3SLACK

1..000

0.400

0.213

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

247.98

14,.400

busbar

2LOAD

1,.001

0.400

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.029

0.484

0.000

0.000

122.73

18,.253

165.95

10.,483

busbar

4LOAD

1..001

0.400

0.001

0.000

0.000

0.040

0.226

0.000

0.000

121.74

16..132

164.03

9.,529

BUSBAR

TOTALS

1.019

1.770

1.019

2.155

0.000

0.000

TOTAL

BUS

LOAD

1.019

2.155

SYSTEM

LOSSES

0.0

01

-0

.38

5

LIN

EV

AL

UE

S

First

Busbar

Second

Busbar

Branch

Identifier

No.Of

Ccts

Rating

kA

First

MW

End

Flow

MVAr

kA

Second

MW

End

Flow

MVAr

kA

Loading

(%)

O/L

FLAG

busbar

2busbar

41_2

11.000

0.040

0.226

0.331

-0.040

-0.226

0.331

33.1

CABLE

VALUES

First

Busbar

Second

Busbar

Branch

Identifier

No.Of

Ccts

Rating

kA

First

MW

End

Flow

MVAr

kA

Second

MW

End

Flow

MVAr

kA

Loading

O/L

FLAG

busbar

2busbar

3connector

11

2.500

0.000

-0.391

0.564

0.000

0.000

0.000

22.5

42

Run

on

13-Jun-2007

by

Supervisor

from

data

set

up

on

13-Jun-2007

by

Supervisor

Network

Name

:prac_l

Data

State

Name

:17/4

TRANSFORMER

VALUES

Transformer

No.Of

Identifier

Units

Winding

Connected

No.

Busbar

Winding

kV

Voltage

Ratio

Off

Nominal

Tap

%Rating

MVA

Flow

From

Busbar

MW

MVAr

Current

kA

Percent

O/L

Loading

Flag

trans

a1

1busbar

16.600

1.0000

0.200

150.000

-0.280

-2.980

0.262

2.0

2busbar

20.400

1.0000

0.200

150.000

0.280

2.983

4.321

2.0

trans

b1

1busbar

16.600

1.0000

0.000

150.000

0.349

3.305

0.291

2.2

2busbar

20.400

1.0000

0.200

150.000

-0.349

-3.301

4.787

2.2

BRANCH

LOSS

SUMMARY

(MW)

SERIES

LOSSES

0.001

SHUNT

LOSSES

0.000

TOTAL

LOSSES

0.001

(MVAr)

0.006

-0.391

-0.385

INDUCTION

MACHINE

VALUES

Busbar

Machine

No.Of

Slip

Terminal

Voltage

Machine

Input

Current

O/L

Identifier

Identifier

Units

%kV

MW

MVAr

kA

Flag

busbar

1Ml

10.30

6.600

0.200

0.356

0.036

busbar

1M2

1MACHINE

DISCONNECTED

busbar

1M3

10.53

6.600

0.350

0.378

0.045

busbar

1M5

1MACHINE

DISCONNECTED

busbar

1M6

10.30

6.600

0.200

0.356

0.036

busbar

1M4

10.30

6.600

0.200

0.356

0.036

busbar

2M8

10.00

0.400

0.001

0.121

0.174

busbar

2M9

10.01

0.400

0.003

0.121

0.174

busbar

2motor

71

0,02

0.400

0.005

0.121

0.174

busbar

2motor

71

MACHINE

DISCONNECTED

busbar

2M10

10.09

0.400

0.020

0.121

0.177

busbar

1M7

1MACHINE

DISCONNECTED

busbar

4m2

10.08

0.400

0.020

0.113

0.165

busbar

4m3

10.08

0.400

0.020

0.113

0.165

43

Run

on

13-Jun-2007

by

Supervisor

from

data

set

up

on

13-Jun-2007

by

Supervisor

Network

Name

:prac_l

Data

State

Name

:17/4

SYNCHRONOUS

MACHINE

VALUES

Busbar

Identifier

Machine

Identifier

No.Of

Units

Terminal

Voltage

kV

Power

MW

Output

MVAr

Current

kA

O/L

Flag

busbar

1

busbar

1

busbar

3

Gen

a

Gen

b

2 2 1

6.600

6.600

0.400

0.510

0.510

0.000

0.885

0.885

0.000

0.089

0.089

0.000

44

APPENDIX D


45

ERACS

Loadflowmodule

By

ERA

Technology

Ltd.

ERACS

Version:

3.5.0.

Loadflow

Version:

J.s.u

Run

on

13-Jun-2007

by

Supervisor

from

data

set

up

on

13-Jun-2007

by

Supervisor

Network

Name

Data

State

Name

prac_l

17/4

SYSTEM

STATISTICS

Study

Base

MVA

=100.000

Study

Base

Frequency

(Hz)

=50.000

Number

of

Busbars

=4

Number

of

Shunts

=0

Number

of

Lines

=1

Number

of

Cables

=1

Number

of

Transformers

=2

Number

of

Tap

Changers

=0

Number

of

Synchronous

Machines

=3

Number

of

Induction

Machines

=14

Number

of

Wind

Turbine

Generators

=0

Number

of

Bus

Sections

=0

Number

of

Series

Elements

=0

BUSBAR

DATA

Busbar

Identifier

Nominal

kV

Three

Phase

Fault

MVA

kA

busbar

1

busbar

2

busbar

3

busbar

4

6.6

00

0.4

00

0.4

00

0.4

00

150.0

31.0

31.0

31.0

13.122

44.745

44.745

44.745

Single

Phase

Fault

MVA

kA

20

0.0

45

.0

45

.0

45

.0

17

.49

5

64

.95

2

64

.95

2

64

.95

2

STUDY

PARAMETERS

Load

Power

Multiplier

=Load

Reactive

Multiplier

=Convergence

Tolerance

=Convergence

Control

Maximum

Iterations

=

Overload

Flag

Level

=Automatic

Tap

Changers

Transf.

Shift

Angle

(deg.)

0.0

30

.0

0.0

30

.0

Nominal

Bus

Freq.

(Hz)

50

.0

50

.0

50

.0

50

.0

1.000000

1.000000

=0.000005

=Method

2

25

=100.0%

Of

Rating

OFF

fage

wo,

LINE

DATA

First

Busbar

Second

Busbar

Line

Identifier

No.Of

Ccts

Line

Length

Library

Key

Rating

(kA)

Positive

Sequence

R(pu)

X(pu))

B(pu)

Zero

Sequence

R(pu)

X(pu)

B(pu)

Equivalent

Pi

Model

busbar

2busbar

41_2

11.00

1_1

1.000

0.01000

0.01000

0.00000

0.01000

0.01000

0.00000

46

Run

on

13-Jun-2007

by

Supervisor

from

data

set

up

on

13-Jun-ZUU7

by

Supervisor

Network

Name

:prac_l

Data

State

Name

:17/4

CABLE

DATA

First

Busbar

Second

Busbar

Cable

Identifier

No.Of

Ccts

Cable

Length

Library

Key

Rating

(kA)

Positive

Sequence

R(pu)

X(pu)

B(pu)

Zero

Sequence

R{pu)

X(pu)

B(pu)

Equivalent

pi

Model

busbar

2busbar

3connector

11

1.00

cablel

2.500

0.3821

1.0990

0.0039

0.5382

1.0990

0.0042

CABLE

OPEN

TRANSFORMER

DATA

System

Winding

Rating

Winding

Angle

Pos/Neg.

Sequence

Zero

Sequence

Neutral

Earth

Busbar

No.

(MVA)

Type

(deg.)

R(pu)

X(pu)

R(pu)

X(pu)

R(pu)

X{pu)

Voltage

Off-Nom

Ratio

Tap

(%)

DATA

for

Transformer

with

ID.

trans__a

busbar

11

150.000

D

busbar

22

150.000

YN

DATA

for

Transformer

with

ID.

trans_b

busbar

11

150.000

D

busbar

22

150.000

YN

INDUCTION

MACHINE

DATA

Busbar

Identifier

Motor

Identifier

No.Of

Library

Units

Key

No.

of

units

30.00

0.0016

0.00

0.0016

1using

library

key

trans_a

0.0158

0.0016

0.0158

0.0000

0.0158

0.0016

0.0158

0.0000

No.

of

units

1using

library

key

trans_a

30,00

0.0016

0.0158

0.0016

0.0158

0.0000

0.00

0.0016

0.0158

0.0016

0.0158

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

0.20

0.20

0.00

0.20

Motor

Ratings

MVA

MW

kV

Input

MW

Slip

(%)

Stator

R(pu)

X(pu)

Magnet,

X(pu)

Standstill

Rotor

Running

R(pu)

X(pu)

R(pu)

X(pu)

busbar

1Ml

1motor

11.080

0.200

6.600

0.200

0.2778

0.0050

0.1200

3.0000

0.0250

0.1000

0.0150

0.1500

busbar

1M2

1motor

11.080

0.200

6.600

0.200100.0000

0.0050

0.1200

3.0000

0.0250

0.1000

0.0150

0.1500

NOT

IN

SERVICE

busbar

1M3

1motor

31.080

0.350

6.600

0.350

0.4861

0.0050

0.1200

3.0000

0.0250

0.1000

0.0150

0.1500

busbar

1M5

1motor

31.080

0.350

6.600

0.350100.0000

0.0050

0.1200

3.0000

0.0250

0.1000

0.0150

0.1500

NOT

IN

SERVICE

busbar

1M6

1motor

11.080

0.200

6.600

0.200

0.2778

0.0050

0.1200

3.0000

0.0250

0.1000

0.0150

0.1500

busbar

1M4

1motor

11.080

0.200

6.600

0.200

0.2778

0.0050

0.1200

3.0000

0.0250

0.1000

0.0150

0.1500

busbar

2M8

1motor7

0.405

0.001

0.415

0.001

0.0048

0.0054

0.1292

3.2292

0.0269

0.1076

0.0161

0.1615

busbar

2M9

1motorS

0.405

0.002

0.415

0.002

0.0100

0.0054

0.1292

3.2292

0.0269

0.1076

0.0161

0.1615

busbar

2motor

71

motorlO

0.405

0.005

0.415

0.005

0.0199

0.0054

0.1292

3,2292

0.0269

0.1076

0.0161

0.1615

busbar

2motor

71

motor10

0.405

0.005

0.415

0.005100.0000

0.0054

0.1292

3.2292

0.0269

0.1076

0.0161

0.1615

NOT

IN

SERVICE

busbar

2M10

1motor9

0.405

0.020

0.415

0.020

0.0797

0.0054

0.1292

3.2292

0.0269

0.1076

0.0161

0.1615

busbar

1M7

1motor

11.080

0.200

6.600

0.200100.0000

0.0050

0.1200

3.0000

0.0250

0.1000

0.0150

0.1500

NOT

IN

SERVICE

busbar

41

motor22

0.405

0.020

0.400

0.020

0.0741

0.0100

0.1000

3.5000

0.0200

0.1000

0.0150

0.1500

47

Run

on

13-Jun-20U7

by

Supervisor

irom

aata

set

up

on

u-jun-zuu/oy

supervisor

Network

Name

:prac_l

Data

State

Name

:17/4

INDUCTION

MACHINE

DATA

Busbar

Motor

Identifier

identifier

No.Of

Units

Library

Key

Motor

Ratings

MVA

MW

kV

Input

MW

Slip

(%)

Stator

R(pu)

X(pu)

Magnet.

X(pu)

Standstill

R(pu)

X(pu)

Rotor

Running

R(pu)

X(pu)

busbar

41

motor22

0.405

0.020

0.400

0.020

0.0741

0.0100

0.1000

3.5000

0.0200

0.1000

0.0150

0.1500

SYNCHRONOUS

MACHINE

DATA

Busbar

Machine

Type

No.Of

Library

Identifier

Identifier

Units

Key

busbar

1Gen

aSLACK

2Gen

a

busbar

1Gen

bSLACK

2Gen

a

busbar

3SLACK

1Gen

b

Generator

Ratings

MVA

BASE

MW

kV

Assigned

V(pu)

MW

Pos.

Sequence

Neg.

Sequence

Zero

Sequence

MVAR

R(pu)

X(pu)

R(pu)

X(pu)

R(pu)

X(pu)

5.000

NOT

IN

SERVICE

1.000

0.000

0.000

0.0125

0.1800

Neutral

earthing

0.0000

0.0000

5.000

2.350

6.600

1.000

0.000

0.000

0.0125

0.1800

Neutral

earthing

0.0000

0.0000

31.000

0.800

0.400

1.000

0.000

0.000

0.0125

0.1800

48

0.0500

0.2400

0.0000

0.0000

0.0500

0.2400

0.0000

0.0000

0.0125

0.0550

0.0000

0.0000

0.0125

0.0550

0.0000

0.0000

0.0500

0.2400

NEUTRAL

O/C

Run

on

13-Jun-2007

by

Supervisor

from

data

set

up

on

13-Jun-2007

by

Supervisor

Network

Name

:prac_l

Data

State

Name

:17/4

AT

STUDY

END

-No

of

iterations

=6

Convergence

=0.3994E-05

Voltage

Range

from

l.OOOpu

at

busbar

1to

l.OOlpu

at

busbar

2

AC

BUSBAR

VALUES

Busbar

Busbar

Voltage

Synch.

Machines

Ind

Motor:Load

Shunt

Loads

3Phase

Fault

Ph

-E

Fault

Identifier

Merge

Type

PU

kV

ANG-DEG

MW

MVAr

MW

MVAr

MW

MVAr

kA

X/R

kA

X/R

busbar

1SLACK

I.000

6.600

0.000

1.019

1.770

0.950

1.446

0.000

0.000

5.10

21.165

5.46

9.101

busbar

3SLACK

1.000

0.400

0.618

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

O.OOQ

0.000

247.98

14.400

busbar

2LOAD

1.001

0.400

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.029

0.484

0.000

0.000

83.54

21.048

116.32

13.365

busbar

4LOAD

1.001

0.400

0.001

0.000

0.000

0.040

0.226

0.000

0.000

83.11

19.151

115.41

12.276

BUSBAR

TOTALS

1.019

1.770

1.019

2.155

0.000

0.000

TOTAL

BUS

LOAD

1.019

2.155

SYSTEM

LOSSES

0.001

-0.385

LINE

VALUES

First

Busbar

Second

Busbar

Branch

Identifier

No.Of

Ccts

Rating

kA

First

MW

End

Flow

MVAr

kA

Second

MW

End

Flow

MVAr

kA

Loading

O/L

FLAG

busbar

2busbar

41_2

11.000

0.040

0.226

0.331

-0.040

-0.226

0.331

33.1

CABLE

VALUES

First

Busbar

Second

Busbar

Branch

Identifier

No.Of

Ccts

Rating

kA

First

MW

End

Flow

MVAr

kA

Second

MW

End

Flow

MVAr

kA

Loading

(%)

O/L

FLAG

busbar

2busbar

3connector

11

2.500

0.000

-0.391

0.564

0.000

0.000

0,000

22.5

49

Run

on

13-Jun-2007

by

Supervisor

from

data

set

up

on

13-Jun-2007

by

Supervisor

Network

Name

:prac_l

Data

State

Name

:17/4

TRANSFORMER

VALUES

Transformer

No.Of

Identifier

Units

Winding

Connected

No.

Busbar

Winding

kV

voltage

Ratio

Off

Nominal

Tap

%Rating

MVA

Flow

From

Busbar

MW

MVAr

Current

kA

Percent

O/L

Loading

Flag

trans

a1

1busbar

16.600

1.0000

0.200

150.000

-0.280

-2.980

0.262

2.0

2busbar

20.400

1.0000

0.200

150.000

0.280

2.983

4.321

2.0

trans

b1

1busbar

16.600

1.0000

0.000

150.000

0.349

3.305

0.291

2.2

2busbar

20.400

1.0000

0.200

150.000

-0.349

-3.301

4.787

2.2

BRANCH

LOSS

SUMMARY

(MW)

1[MVAr)

SERIES

LOSSES

0.001

0..006

SHUT*IT

LOSSES

0.000

-0..391

tot;

LOSSES

0.001

-=

-0,.385

INDUCTION

MACHINE

VALUES

Busbar

Machine

No.Of

Slip

Terminal

Voltage

Machine

Input

Current

O/L

Identifier

Identifier

Units

%kV

MW

MVAr

kA

Flag

busbar

1Ml

10.30

6.600

0.200

0.356

0.036

busbar

1M2

1MACHINE

DISCONNECTED

busbar

1M3

10.53

6.600

0.350

0.378

0.045

busbar

1M5

1MACHINE

DISCONNECTED

busbar

1M6

10.30

6.600

0.200

0.356

0.036

busbar

1M4

10.30

6.600

0.200

0.356

0.036

busbar

2M8

1O.OO

0.400

0.001

0.121

0.174

busbar

2M9

10.01

0.400

0.003

0.121

0.174

busbar

2motor

71

0.02

0.400

0.005

0.121

0.174

busbar

2motor

71

MACHINE

DISCONNECTED

busbar

2M10

10.09

0.400

0.020

0.121

0.177

busbar

1M7

1MACHINE

DISCONNECTED

busbar

41

0.08

0.400

0.020

0.113

0.165

busbar

41

0.08

0.400

0.020

0.113

0.165

50

Kun

on

u-Jun-iiuu/oy

supervisor

trom

data

set

up

on

13-Jun-20Q7

by

Supervisor

Network

Name

:prac_l

Data

State

Name

:17/4

SYNCHRONOUS

MACHINE

VALUES

Busbar

Machine

No.Of

Terminal

Voltage

Power

Output

Current

O/L

Identifier

Identifier

Units

kv

MW

MVAr

kA

Flag

busbar

1Gen

a2

MACHINE

DISCONNECTED

busbar

1Gen

b2

6.600

1.019

1.770

0.179

busbar

31

0.400

0.000

0.000

0.000

51

APPENDIX E


52

Run

on

13-Jun-2007

by

Supervisor

from

data

set

up

on

13-Jun-2007

by

Supervisor

Network

Name

Data

State

Name

prac_l

17/4

SYSTEM

STATISTICS

Study

Base

MVA

=100.000

Study

Base

Frequency

(Hz)

=50.000

Number

of

Busbars

=4

Number

of

Shunts

=0

Number

of

Lines

=1

Number

of

Cables

=1

Number

of

Transformers

=2

Number

of

Tap

Changers

=0

Number

of

Synchronous

Machines

=3

Number

of

Induction

Machines

=14

Number

ofWind

Turbine

Generators

=0

Number

of

Bus

Sections

=0

Number

of

Series

Elements

=0

BUSBAR

DATA

Busbar

Identifier

Nominal

kV

Three

Phase

Fault

MVA

kA

busbar

1

busbar

2

busbar

3

busbar

4

LINE

DATA

6.600

0.400

0.400

0.400

150.0

31.0

31.0

31.0

13.122

44.745

44.745

44.745

STUDY

PARAMETERS

Load

Power

Multiplier

Load

Reactive

Multiplier

Convergence

Tolerance

Convergence

Control

Maximum

Iterations

Overload

Flag

Level

Automatic

Tap

Changers

-1.000000

=1.000000

=0.000005

=Method

2

25

=100.0%

Of

Rating

OFF

Single

Phase

Fault

MVA

lilt

Transf..Shift

Nominal

Bus

kA

Angle

(deg.)

Freq.

(Hz)

17.495

0.0

50.0NOT

IN

USE

64.952

0.0

50.0

64.952

0.0

50.0

64.952

0.0

50.0

200.0

45.0

45.0

45.0

First

Second

Line

No.Of

Line

Library

Busbar

Busbar

identifier

Ccts

Length

Key

Rating

Positive

Sequence

Zero

Sequence

(kA)

R(pu)

X(pu))

B(pu)

R(pu)

X(pu)

B(pu)

0.01000

0.01000

0.00000

Equivalent

Pi

Model

busbar

2busbar

41

21.00

11

1.000

0.01000

0.01000

0.00000

53

Run

on

ij-dun-zuu'

Dy

supervisoi

iromuota

ssl,

up

un

j.j-

Network

Name

:prac_l

Data

State

Name

:17/4

CABLE

DATA

First

Busbar

Second

Busbar

Cable

Identifier

No.Of

Ccts

Cable

Library

Length

Key

Rating

Positive

Sequence

(kA)

R(pu)

X(pu)

B(pu)

Zero

R(pu)

Sequence

X(pu)

B(pu)

0.0042

Equivalent

Pi

Model

busbar

2busbar

3connector

11.00

cablel

2.500

0.3821

1.0990

0.0039

0.5382

1.0990

TRANSFORMER

DATA

System

Winding

Rating

Winding

Angle

Pos/Neg.

Sequence

Zero

Sequence

Neutral

Earth

Busbar

No.

(MVA)

Type

(deg.)

R(pu)

X(pu)

R{pu)

X(pu)

R(pu)

X(pu)

Voltage

Off-Norn

Ratio

Tap

(%)

DATA

for

Transformer

with

ID.

trans___a

busbar

11

150.000

D

busbar

22

150.000

YN

DATA

for

Transformer

with

ID.

trans_b

busbar

11

150.000

D

busbar

22

150.000

YN

INDUCTIONMACHINE

DATA

Busbar

Identifier

Motor

Identifier

busbar

1Ml

busbar

1M2

busbar

1M3

busbar

1M5

busbar

1M6

busbar

IM4

busbar

2M8

busbar

2M9

busbar

2motor

7

busbar

2motor

7

busbar

2M10

busbar

1M7

busbar

4

No.Of

Library

Units

Key

1motor

1

1motor

1

1motor

3

1motor

3

1motor

1

1motor

1

1motor7

1motor8

1motor10

1motor10

1motor9

1motor

1

1motor22

No.

of

units

30.00

0.0016

0.00

0.0016

No.

of

units

30.00

0.0016

0.00

0.0016

1using

library

key

trans^a

0.0158

0.0016

0.0158

0.0000

0.0158

0.0016

0.0158

0.0000

1using

library

key

trans_a

0.0158

0.0016

0.0158

0.0000

0.0158

0.0016

0.0158

0.0000

0..0000

1.0000

0..20

0.,0000

1.0000

0..20

OPEN

AT

SYSTEM

BUS

0..0000

1.0000

0..00

0,.0000

1.0000

0..20

OPEN

AT

SYSTEM

BUS

Motor

Ratings

MVA

MW

kV

Input

Slip

Stator

Magnet.

Standstill

Rotor

Running

MW.

(%)

Rfpu)

X(pu)

X(pu)

R(pu)

X(pu)

R(pu)

X(pu)

1..080

0.,200

6..600

0..200

0.,2778

0..0050

0.,1200

3..0000

0..0250

0..1000

0.,0150

0,.1500

NOT

IN

SERVICE

1..080

0.,200

6,,600

0..200100..0000

0,.0050

0.,1200

3,.0000

0,.0250

0,,1000

0,,0150

0..1500

NOT

IN

SERVICE

1..080

0..350

6.,600

0..350

0..4861

0,.0050

0.,1200

3..0000

0..0250

0.,1000

0..0150

0..1500

NOT

IN

SERVICE

1..080

0..350

6,.600

0,.350100..0000

0..0050

0,.1200

3,.0000

0,.0250

0,,1000

0.,0150

0..1500

NOT

IN

SERVICE

1..080

0,.200

6..600

0..200

0..2778

0,.0050

0..1200

3..0000

0..0250

0..1000

0..0150

0..1500

NOT

IN

SERVICE

1..080

0..200

6,.600

0,.200

0,.2778

0..0050

0,,1200

3,.0000

0..0250

0.,1000

0,.0150

0..1500

NOT

IN

SERVICE

0..405

0..001

0..415

0..001

0..0048

0..0054

0..1292

3..2292

0..0269

0.,1076

0,.0161

0..1615

0..405

0..002

0,.415

0,.002

0,.0100

0..0054

0,.1292

3..2292

0..0269

0,.1076

0,.0161

0..1615

0..405

0..005

0..415

o..005

0..0199

0..0054

0..1292

3..2292

0..0269

0..1076

0,.0161

0,.1615

0..405

0..005

0..415

0..005100..0000

0..0054

0,.1292

3..2292

0..0269

0,.1076

0,.0161

0..1615NOT

IN

SERVICE

0.405

0.020

0..415

0.020

0..0797

o..0054

0,.1292

3.2292

o..0269

0..1076

0..0161

0..1615

1.080

0.200

6..600

0.200100..0000

0.0050

0..1200

3.0000

0.0250

0..1000

0..0150

0,.1500NOT

IN

SERVICE

0..405

0.020

0.400

0.020

0.0741

0.0100

0,.1000

3.5000

0..0200

0,.1000

0..0150

0..1500

54

Run

on

i.j-Jun-<;uu/oy

supervisor

rrom

aata

sei

up

on

ij-juu-^uv/

uy

sufjcivisui

Network

Name

:prac_l

Data

State

Name

:17/4

INDUCTION

MACHINE

DATA

Busbar

Motor

Identifier

Identifier

No.Of

Units

Library

Key

Motor

Ratings

MVA

MW

kV

Input

MW

Slip

(%)

Stator

R(pu)

X(pu>

Magnet.

X(pu)

Standstill

R(pu)

X(pu)

Rotor

Running

R(pu)

X(pu)

busbar

41

motor22

0.405

0.020

0.400

0.020

0,0741

0.0100

0.1000

3.5000

0.0200

0.1000

0.0150

0.1500

SYNCHRONOUS

MACHINE

DATA

Busbar

Machine

Type

No.Of

Library

Identifier

identifier

Units

Key

busbar

1Gen

aSLACK

2Gen

a

busbar

1Gen

bSLACK

2Gen

a

busbar

3SLACK

1Gen

b

Generator

Ratings

MVA

BASE

MW

kV

Assigned

V(pu)

MW

Pos.

Sequence

Neg.

Sequence

Zero

Sequence

MVAR

R(pu)

X(pu)

R(pu)

X(pu)

R(pu)

X(pu)

5.000

NOT

IN

SERVICE

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.0125

0.1800

Neutral

earthing

0.0000

0.0000

5.000

NOT

IN

SERVICE

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.0125

0.1800

Neutral

earthing

0.0000

0.0000

31.000

0.800

0.400

1.000

0.000

0.000

0.0125

0.1800

55

0.0500

0.2400

0.0000

0.0000

0.0500

0.2400

0.0000

0.0000

0.0125

0.0550

0.0000

0.0000

0.0125

0.0550

0.0000

0.0000

0.0500

0.2400

NEUTRAL

O/C

^SL

oadf

low

mod

ule

°*"""

*~

fro

m"d

ata

set

up

on13

-Jun

-'2U

U7

bysu

perv

iso

r'o

n13

-Jun

-200

7by

Supe

rvi*

work

Name

:ff-

1a

Sta

teN

ame

:l'

/*^

on

==

2C

on

ver

gen

ce-

0.9

09

0E

-06

STUD

YEN

D-

Noof

ifc"

*;£0

from

0.99

4pu

atbu

sbar

4to

l.OO

Opu

atbu

sbar

3V

olt

ag

eK

aii

ys

*•*•

VALUES

Busbai

rMerge

Type

BU

SBA

R

tsbar

ientifie

asbar1

iisbar

3usbar

2usbar

4

LINEVALUES

First

Busbar

SLACK

LOAD

LOAD

Second

Busbar

PU

Voltage

kV

ANG-DEG

BUSDISCONNECTED

1000

0.400

0.000

0*994

0.398

0.068

q',994

0.398

0.069

BUSBAR

TOTALS

TOTAL

BUS

LOAD

SYSTEM

LOSSES

Synch.

Machines

MW

MVAr

0.0

70

0.0

00

0.0

00

0.0

70

0.0

69

0.0

01

0.3

15

0.0

00

0.0

00

0.3

15

0.7

00

-0

.38

5

Ind

Motor

Load

MW

MVAr

0.0

00

0.0

29

0.0

40

0.0

69

0.0

00

0.4

77

0.2

23

0.7

00

Branch

No.Of

Rating

First

End

identifier

Ccts

kAMW

MVAr

Flow

busbar

2busbar

41_2

1.000

0.040

0.223

kA

0.328

CABLEVALUES

First

Busbar

bu

sbar

2

Second

Busbar

bu

sb

ar

3

Branch

No.Of

Rating

Identifier

Ccts

kA

co

nn

ecto

r1

2.5

00

First

End

Flow

MW

MVAr

kA

-0

.06

9-0

.70

01

.02

1

56

Shunt

MW

0.0

00

0.0

00

0.0

00

0.000

Second

MW

Loads

MVAr

0,000

0.000

0.000

0.000

Phase

Fault

kA

X/R

261.66

14.406

98.08

4.625

97.37

4.528

Ph

-E

Fault

kA

X/R

1.83-747.767

1.83-283.784

1.83-274.766

End

Flow

MVAr

kA

Loading

O/L

(%)

FLAG

-0.040

-0.223

0.328

32.8

Second

MW

0.0

70

End

Flow

MVAr

kA

0.3

15

0.4

65

Loading

O/L

(%)

FLAG

40

.8

Run

on

ij-jun-i;uu/

by

supervisor

trom

aata

set

upon

u-Jun-zim/by

supervisor

Network

Name

:prac_l

Data

State

Name

:17/4

SYNCHRONOUS

MACHINE

VALUES

Busbar

Machine

No,Of

Terminal

Voltage

Power

Output

Current

O/L

Identifier

Identifier

Units

kV

MW

MVAr

kA

Flag

busbar

1Gen

a2

MACHINE

DISCONNECTED

busbar

1Gen

b2

MACHINE

DISCONNECTED

busbar

31

0.400

0.070

0.315

0.465

58

APPENDIX F

FAULT STUDY AND ANALYSIS

59

ERACS

Fault

module

By

ERA

Technology

Ltd.

ERACS

Version:

3.5.U.

Fault

Version:

3.b.U

Page

No.

IRun

on

13-Jun-2007

by

Supervisor

from

data

set

up

on

13-Jun-2007

by

Supervisor

Network

Name

:prac__l

Data

State

Name

:17/4

Study

Name

:sc

FAULT

IMPEDANCE

VALUES

Rph(pu)

Rph(ohm)

Xph(pu)

Xph(ohm)

Rgnd(pu)

Rgnd(ohm)

Xgnd(pu)

Xgnd(ohm)

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

REACTANCE

SELECTION:

Synchronous

machine

Positive

Sequence

reactance

is

employed

and

asynchronous

machines

are

included

in

the

systemmodel.

60

Run

on

ij-jun-zuu/

ay

supervisor

rrom

aata

set

up

on

u-jun-zuu

/Dy

supervisor

Network

Name

:prac_l

Data

State

Name

:17/4

Study

Name

:Three

phase

fault

at

busbar

busbar

1

FAULT

CURRENTS

Bus

ID

busbar

1

Ip(kA)

7.522

18.384

-86.9

In(kA)

0.000

0.000

0.0

Iz(kA)

0.000

0.000

0.0

Ir(kA)

7.522

18.384

-86.9

Iy(kA)

7.522

18.383

153.1

Ib(kA)

7.522

18.386

33.1

Ires(kA)

0.000

0.000

0.0

BUSBAR

VOLTAGES

Bus

ID

Vp(kV)

Vn{kV)

Vz(kV)

Vr(kV)

Vy(kV)

Vb(kV)

Vres(kV)

busbar

10.000

0.0

0.000

0.0

0.000

0.0

0.000

0.0

0.000

0.0

0.000

0.0

0.000

0.0

MVA

55.986

Magnitude

Angle

(deg)

Magnitude

X/R

Ratio

Angle

(deg)

TRANSFORMER

CURRENTS

Tx

ID

BUS

NO

Wnd

No

Ip(kA)

In(kA)

Iz(kA)

Ir(kA)

iy(kA)

Ib

(k

A)

Ires(k

A)

trans_a

trans

b

busbar

1

busbar

1

INDUCTION

MACHINE

CURRENTS

IM

ID

Bus

ID

Ml

busbar

1

M2

M3

busbar

1

busbar

1

0.4

52

91

.7

0.4

52

91

.7

Ip(kA)

0.405

-91.1

0.0

00

0.0

0.0

00

0.0

In(kA)

0.000

0.0

Machine

disconnected.

0.4

03

-9

2.9

0.0

00

0.0

0.0

00

0.0

0.0

00

0.0

Iz(kA!

0.0

00

0.0

0.0

00

0.0

0.4

52

91

.7

0.4

52

91

.7

Ir(kA)

0.4

05

-9

1.1

0.4

03

-9

2.9 61

0.4

52

-2

8.3

0.4

52

-2

8.3

Iy(kA)

0.4

05

14

8.9

0.4

03

14

7.1

0.4

52

-1

48

.3

0.4

52

-1

48

.3

0.0

00

0.0

0.0

00

0.0

Magnitude

Angle

(deg)

Magnitude

Angle

(deg)

Ib(k

A)

Ires(k

A)

0.4

05

28

.9

0.4

03

27

.1

0.0

00

0.0

0.0

00

0.0

Magnitude

Angle

(deg)

Magnitude

Angle

(deg)

Run

on

u-jun-^uuv

by

supervisor

trom

aata

set

up

on

u-Jun-iiUU/by

supervisor

Network

Name

:prac_l

Data

State

Name

:17/4

Study

Name

:Three

phase

fault

at

busbar

busbar

1

Ip(kA)

In(kA)

Machine

disconnected.

Iz(kA)

ir(kA)

iy(kA)

Ib(kA)

Ires(kA)

INDUCTION

MACHINE

CURRENTS

IM

ID

Bus

ID

M5

busbar

1

M6

busbar

10.405

0.000

0.000

0.405

0.405

0.405

0.000

Magnitude

-91.1

0.0

0.0

-91.1

148.9

28.9

0.0

Angle

(deg

busbar

10.405

0.000

0,000

0.405

0.405

0.405

0.000

Magnitude

-91.1

0.0

0.0

-91.1

148.9

28.9

0.0

Angle

(deg

busbar

1Machine

disconnected.

M4

M7

SYNCHRONOUS

MACHINE

CURRENTS

SM

ID

Gen

a

Bus

ID

Ip(kA)

In(kA)

Iz(kA)

Ir(kA)

Iy(kA)

Ib(kA)

Ires(kA)

busbar

12.505

0.000

0.000

2.505

2.505

2.505

0.000

Magnitude

-85.1

O.O

0.0

-85.1

154.9

34.9

0.0

Angle

(deg)

busbar

12.505

0,000

0.000

2.505

2.505

2.505

0.000

Magnitude

-85.1

0.0

0.0

-85.1

154.9

34.9

0.0

Angle

(deg)

Gen

b

NEUTRAL

EARTHING

VOLTAGES

SCURRENTS

Parent

ID

Synchronous

Machine

with

ID

Gen

a

Synchronous

Machine

with

ID

Gen

b

Vre

s(k

V)

0.0

00

0.0

0.0

00

0.0

Ires(k

A)

0.0

00

0.0

0.0

00

0.0

Magnitude

Angle

(deg)

Magnitude

Angle

(deg)

62

Run

on

13-Jun-2007

by

Supervisor

from

data

set

up

on

l3-Jun-2007

by

supervisor

Network

Name

Data

State

Name

Study

Name

prac_l

17/4

Three

phase

fault

at

busbar

busbar

2

FAULT

CURRENTS

Bus

ID

Ip(kA)

In(kA)

Iz(kA)

Ir(kA)

Iy(kA)

Ib(kA)

Ires(kA)

MVA

busbar

2122.728

18.253

-86.9

0.000

0.000

0.0

0.000

0.000

Q.O

122.728

18.253

-86.9

122.728

18.251

153.1

122.728

18.254

33.1

0.000

0.000

0.0

85.029

Magnitude

X/R

Ratio

Angle

(deg)

BUSBAR

VOLTAGES

Bus

ID

Vp(kV)

Vn(kV)

Vz(kV)

Vr(kV)

Vy(kV)

Vb(kV)

Vres(kV)

busbar

20.000

0.0

0.000

0.0

0.000

0.0

0.000

0.0

0.000

0.0

0.000

0.0

0.000

0.0

LINE

CURRENTS

Line

ID

Bus

ID

12

busbar

2

CABLE

CURRENTS

Ip(kA)

5.596

92.5

In(kA)

0.000

0.0

Iz(kA)

0.000

0.0

ir(kA)

5.596

92.5

ly(kA)

5.596

-27.5

Ib(kA)

5.596

-147.5

Magnitude

Angle

(deg)

Ires(kA)

0.000

0.0

Cable

ID

Bus

ID

lp(kA)

In(kA)

Iz(kA)

Ir(kA)

Iy(kA)

Ib(kA)

Ires(kA)

connector

1busbar

20.000

0.0

0.000

0.0

0.000

0.0

0.000

0.0

0.000

0.0

0.000

0.0

0.000

0.0

63

Magnitude

Angle

(deg)

Magnitude

Angle

(deg)

Run

on

is-Jun-uuuv

by

supervisor

trom

data

set

up

on

u-Jun-zuu/

Dy

supervisor

Network

Name

:prac_l

Data

State

Name

:17/4

Study

Name

:Three

phase

fault

at

busbar

busbar

2

TRANSFORMER

CURRENTS

Tx

ID

Bus

No

Wnd

No

Ip(JcA)

trans__a

trans

b

busbar

2

busbar

2

INDUCTION

MACHINE

CURRENTS

IM

ID

Bus

ID

53.905

93.3

53.905

93.3

Ip(kA)

In(kA)

0.000

0.0

0.000

0.0

In(kA)

Iz(kA)

0.000

0.0

0.000

0.0

Iz(kA)

Ir(kA)

53.905

93.3

53.905

93.3

Ir(kA)

Iy(kA)

53.905

-26.7

53.905

-26.7

Iy(kA)

Ib(kA)

53.905

-146.7

53.905

-146.7

Ires(kA)

0.000

0.0

0.000

0.0

Ib(kA)

Ires(kA)

Magnitude

Angle

(deg)

Magnitude

Angle

(deg)

M8

busbar

22.333

-88.6

0.000

0.0

0.000

0.0

2.333

-88.6

2.333

151.4

2.333

31.4

0.000

0.0

Magnitude

Angle

(deg)

M9

busbar

22.333

-88.7

0.000

0.0

0.000

0.0

2.333

-88.7

2.333

151.3

2.333

31.3

0.000

O.O

Magnitude

Angle

(deg)

motor_7

busbar

22.333

-88.8

0.000

0.0

0.000

0.0

2.333

-88.8

2.333

151.2

2.333

31.2

0.000

0.0

Magnitude

Angle

(deg)

motor

7busbar

2Machine

disconnected.

M10

busbar

22.332

-89.3

0.000

0.0

0.000

0.0

2.332

-89.3

2.332

150.7

2.332

30.7

0.000

0.0

Magnitude

Angle

(deg)

NEUTRAL

EARTHING

VOLTAGES

&CURRENTS

Parent

ID

Winding

2of

Transformer

with

ID

trans___a

Winding

2of

Transformer

with

ID

trans_b

Vres(kv)

0.000

0.0

0.000

0.0

ires(kA)

0.000

0.0

0.000

0.0

Magnitude

Angle

(deg)

Magnitude

Angle

(deg)

64

Run

on

u-jun-^uu/

Dy

supervisor

rrom

aata

set

up

on

u-jun-iiuuv

by

supervisor

Network

Name

Data

State

Name

Study

Name

prac_l

17/4

Three

phase

fault

at

busbar

busbar

3

FAULT

CURRENTS

Bus

ID

Ip(kA)

In(kA)

Iz(kA)

Ir(kA)

Iy(fcA)

Ib(kA)

Ires(kA)

MVA

busbar

3247.984

14.400

-85.8

0.000

0,000

0.0

0.000

0.000

0.0

247.984

14.400

-85.8

247.984

14.399

154.2

247.984

14.401

34.2

0.000

0.000

0.0

171.808

BUSBAR

VOLTAGES

BUS

ID

Vp(kV)

Vn(kV)

Vz(kV)

Vr(kV)

Vy(kV)

Vb(kV)

Vres(kV)

busbar

30.000

0.0

0.000

0.0

0.000

0.0

0.000

0.0

0.000

0.0

0.000

0.0

0.000

0.0

Magnitude

Angle

(deg)

CABLE

CURRENTS

Cable

ID

Bus

ID

Ip(kA)

In(kA)

Iz(kA)

Ir(kA)

Iy<kA)

lb(kA)

Ires(kA)

connector

1On

busbar

busbar

3is

disconnected.

SYNCHRONOUS

MACHINE

CURRENTS

SM

ID

Bus

ID

ip(kA)

In(kA)

Iz(kA)

ir(kA)

Iy(kA)

Ib(kA)

Ires(kA)

busbar

3247.984

-85.8

0.000

0.0

0.000

0.0

247.984

-85,8

247.984

154.2

247.984

34.2

0.000

0.0

65

Magnitude

X/R

Ratio

Angle

(deg)

Magnitude

Angle

(deg)

Run

on

xj-jun-^uu/

Dy

supervisor

rrom

aata

set

up

on

u-dun-zuu

/oy

supervisor

Network

Name

:prac_l

Data

State

Name

:17/4

Study

Name

:Three

phase

fault

at

busbar

busbar

4

FAULT

CURRENTS

BUS

ID

Ip(kA)

In(kA)

Iz(kA)

Ir(kA)

Iy(kA)

Ib(kA)

Ires(kA)

MVA

busbar

4121.738

16.132

-86.5

0.000

0.000

0.0

0.000

0.000

0.0

121.738

16.132

-86.5

121.738

16.131

153.5

121.738

16.134

33.5

0.000

0.000

0.0

84.342

BUSBAR

VOLTAGES

Bus

ID

busbar

4

Vp(kV)

0.000

0.0

LINE

CURRENTS

Line

ID

Bus

ID

12

busbar

4

INDUCTION

MACHINE

CURRENTS

IM

ID

Bus

ID

busbar

4

busbar

4

Vn(kV)

0.000

0.0

Ip(kA)

116.141

93.6

Ip(kA)

2.799

-87.5

2.799

-87.5

Vz(kV)

0.000

0.0

In(kA)

0.000

0.0

In(kA)

0.000

0.0

0.000

0.0

Vr(kV)

0.000

0.0

lz(kA)

0.000

0.0

Iz(kA)

0.000

0.0

0.000

0.0

Vy(kV)

0.000

0.0

Ir(kA)

116.141

93.6

Ir(kA)

2.799

-87.5

2.799

-87.5 66

Vb(kV)

0.000

0.0

Iy(kA)

116.141

-26.4

Iy(kA)

2.799

152.5

2.799

152.5

Vres(kV)

0.000

0.0

Ib(kA)

116.141

-146.4

Ib(kA)

2.799

32.5

2.799

32.5

Magnitude

Angle

(deg)

Ires(kA)

0.000

0.0

Ires(kA)

0.000

0.0

0.000

0.0

Magnitude

X/R

Ratio

Angle

(deg)

Magnitude

Angle

(deg)

Magnitude

Angle

(deg)

Magnitude

Angle

(deg)

Submitted to the Electrical & ElectronicsEngineeringProgrammeutpedia.utp.edu.my/9504/1/2007 - Design...

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Transcript of Submitted to the Electrical & ElectronicsEngineeringProgrammeutpedia.utp.edu.my/9504/1/2007 - Design...