Submarine geology and geophysics

434 C. Submarine Geology and Geophysics OLR(! 979)26(8)

study period to support the growth and reproduction of Appendicularia which occur abundantly in the Wadden Sea. Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, P.O. Box 13687, Savannah, Ga., U.S.A.

location of [worldwide] mineral and energy resources.' Resource assessment methods (areal value, volumetric, abundance, deposit modeling, Del- phi estimation and integrated synthesis) are described in detail. (fcs)

19. Miscellaneous

79".3374 Ivanov, M. V., 1978. SCOPE-UNEP project on bio-

geochemical cycles. Environ. Conserv., 5(4): 304-305.

The Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment and the United Nations Environment Programme are conducting research on the biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen, carbon, sulfur and phosphorus. This international effort involves monitoring efforts and ecological assessments as well as considering the so.cio-economic implications of anthropogenic environmental tampering. Institute for Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms. U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences', 142292 Pushchino on Oka, Moscow Region, U.S.S.R. (izs)

C. SUBMARINE GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS

I. Apparatus and methods

79:3377 Flemming, B. W., 1977. The mm of relative sorting as

a mmmingftg parameter in the imerp~mion of depo~tiomd processes. Tech. Rept, mar. Geol. Progm, Univ. Cape Town, 9: 85-93.

A new relative sorting parameter is argued to be superior to the standard sorting method for characterizing sedimentation processes. The new parameter is independent of particle size, and coefficients are easily calculated from an empirical equation. A new classifii:ation scheme is developed from the relative sorting scale and successful field testing is discussed. Marine Geoscience Group, Department of Geology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. (rio)

79:3378 Gibson, B. S., M. E. Odegard and G. H. Sutton,

1979. N o A i i ~ r l e n s t ~ inversim8 of travel- time data for a IIMm' v~Mctty-detptb relatiombip. Geophysics, 44(2): 185-194.

A nonlinear least-squares regression technique is applied to seismic traveltime data analysis to predict the velocities, velocity gradients and thicknesses of oceanic crust layer I (consolidated and unconsolidated sediments). The method yields statistically more accurate results for refractions than reflections, particularly in areas of irregular bottom and sub-bottom topography. Because this inversion finds meaningful layer parameters for layer 1, it should contribute to models of the underlying oceanic layers, to studies of sedimentary structures and to analyses of the propagation of sound in the ocean basins. Western Geophysical Company, P.O. Box 2469, Houston, Tex. 77001, U.S.A. (drh)

79:3375 Burleigh, Richard (comment), R. E. M. Hedges and

C. B. Moore (reply), 1979. Extending the range of radiocarbon dating. Nature. Lond.. 277(5694): p. 327.

79:3376 Cargill, S. M. and A. L. Clark, eds., 1977/78. The

Intenmtimud Geological Correlation Program (IGCP) Project 98: standards for computer ap#i- cations in resource studies held at Taita Hills. Kenya, November 8-15, 1977. J. int. Ass. math. Geol., 10(5): 405-642; 19 papers.

The goal of IGCP Project 98 is to work toward 'a clear specification of the quantity, quality and

79:3379 Gol'tsman, F. M., 1977. Problems of the statistical

information theory of the interpretation of geophysical observations. Phys. solid Earth (a translation ofFiz. Zemli), 13(12): 873-879.

The statistical information theory is an approach to the interpretation of geophysics data in which the inverse problem is stated, the solution procedure is constructed, and the quality of the solution is determined. Because the theory leads to a rather general and logically consistent interpretation scheme including analysis of its principal elements, it promises to solve many geophysical problems. particularly those involving the computer. A. A. Zhdanov~ Leningrad State University, U.S.S.R. (drh)

OLR(1979)26(8) C. Submarine Geology and Geophysics 435

79:3380 Grakova, I. V. and V. M. Kuptsov, 1978. Rndio-

carbon dating of ocean sediments aboard ship. (In Russian.) Okeanoiogiia, 18(5): 945-949.

A benzol variant method for dating sediments has been successfully applied in 126 determinations aboard ship. Differences between the benzol synthesis scheme and the universally accepted method used in stationary laboratories are discussed.

79".3381 Neprochnov, Yu. P., V. V. Sedov and B. N. Grin'ko,

1978. Experience of computer processing of the bottom seismograph records in deep seismic sounding in the ocean. (In Russian; English abstract. Okeanologiia, 18(5): 939-944.

Ocean Bottom Seismograph (OBS) data, initially recorded in analog form, was converted to digital form and successfully plotted as a seismogram at sea by a computer interfaced to the time synchronization and wow-fluttes noise detection within the original OBS data. These plots are used for analysis of the wave field and interpretation of deep sounding seismic data. (drh)

79".3382 Newman, P., 1978. Water gun fills marine seismic

gap. Oil GasJ., 76(32): 138-150.

The water gun is an alternative marine seismic source which combines the best features of both air guns and sparkers into a powerful implosive device. Its advantages include a clean signal free from radiating (e.g., bubble pulse) noise, a broad frequency spectrum that offers higher resolution at depths greater than existing sources allow and an ease with which large numbers of guns can be combined in synchronous arrays. Representative profiles collected with air guns and water guns demonstrate the fundamental differences between each. S & A Geophysical Ltd., London, England. (drh)

79".3383 Sancetta, Constance, 1979. Use of semiqunntitative

microfossil data for palenceanography. Geology, geol. Soc. Am.. 7(2): 88-92.

Transformation of quantitative data from independent microfossil investigations to semiquantitative (ranked-abundance) format followed by factor and regression analyses yielded results statistically equiva- lent to those produced from the original data. It is, therefore, proposed that semiquantitative data be used for reporting microfossil species distribution because the format represents a viable compromise between the time-consuming preparation of quantitative data and the practice of reporting observations solely in descriptive terms. Dept. of Geology, Stan- ford University, Stanford, Calif. 94305, U.S.A. (izs)

3. Bathymetry and general geology

79".3384 Berthois, Leopold and J.-M. Froidefond, 1978. Relief

du versant Nord de la fosse de la Romanche darts la zone comprise entre 18:26 et 18:31 de longitude Ouest. [Relief of North Versont in the Rounmche Fault in the area between 18:26 and 18".31 W.] Bull. Inst. G~oi. Bassin Aquitaine, 24: 107-117.

79:3385 Collette, B. J., A. P. Slootweg and W. Twigt, 1979.

Mid-Atlantic Ridge crest topography between 12 ° and 150N. Earth planet. Sci. Letts, 42(I): 103-108.

A survey of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between 12" and 15*N shows the flanking topography out to 100 km is not significantly different from the median valley topography, suggesting a recent change in spreading direction has not occurred. A small oblique offset fracture at 13:45 N is probably a 'leaky transform' in a region of otherwise orthogonal spreading. The variability of the median valley topography in cross- section can be explained by near-parallel shifts of several km in the location of the spreading center approximately every 500,000 years. Vening Meinesz Laboratorium, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. (drh)

79".3386 Dingle, R. V., S. W. Goodlad and A. K. Martin,

1977. Bathymetry and stratigraphy of the northern Natal Valley (SW Indian Ocean): a prelimi- oary account. Tech. Rept, mar. Geol. Progm.. Univ. Cape Town, 9: 66-74.

The origin of the Natal Valley, which is located between SE Africa and the Mozambique Ridge, is an important consideration in paleogeographical reconstructions of the SW Indian Ocean. A preliminary synthesis of existing geophysical and sampling data from this valley shows that 8 provinces characterized by well-defined sediment thicknesses and facies discontinuities exist; that sedimentation began at least prior to mid-Cretaceous time; and that large N-S basement highs and currents control sediment dispersion. Figures include a bathymetric map of northern Natal Valley. Marine Geoscience Group, Department of Geology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. (drh)

79".3387 du Plessis, A. and G. F. Birch, 1977. The nature of/he

sea floor south of Cape Seal in a block bounded by the longitudes 23:15 E and 23".35 E and latitudes

436 C. Submarine Geology and Geophysics OLR(1979)26(8)

34:10 S and 34:Y~ S. Tech. Rept. mar. Geol. Progm., Univ. Cape Town, 9: 75-84.

Combined side-scan sonar, continuous high resolution seismic reflection profiles and bathymetric observations near the Agulhas Bank (southern Africa) indicate a weakly reflecting "light coloured" material alternates with a more strongly reflecting "darker coloured" material as the bottom rock type. The darker material may represent Tertiary or Cretaceous phosphatized limestone slabs which have been previously dredged on the bank. Figures include sonographs. Marine Geoscience Group, Department of Geology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. (drh)

79:3392 Zhivago, A. V., 1978. Bottom morphostracture of the

Amtralian-New Zealnud region. (In Russian.) Trudy Inst. Okeanoi., I I 2:193-219.

Deep water echosoundings are made over a 1872-mile course and reveal the complex bottom morphology of this region. Formation mechanisms of different structures are discussed; corrections to existent bottom maps of the Macquarie Structural Complex are presented, and a depth maximum of 6670 m in the Hjort Trench is reported. Includes 2 fold-out maps: bathymetric, geological.

79..33~ Go, Xudong and Wenke Fen, 1978. A study of bottom

geomefphelelly and submarine sediments by somrlrapbl¢ interpretation. (In Chinese; English abstract.) Scientia geol. sin., 4: 373-382.

The results of a side-scan, bathymeter and sampling survey in the South China Sea show three geomorphic regions exist (coral tableland, sandwave field and submarine plain.) Submarine terraces and relict shore zones arc used to infer sea level fluctuations at 7000, 1800 and 800 yr B.P. (drh)

79:33119 Litvin, V. M., 1978. A new rdief amp of the Atlantic

Ocean basement. (In Russian.) Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR. 243(4): ! 002-1005.

79".3390 Lonsdale, Peter and C. D. Hollister, 1979. A near-

bottom traverse of Rocludl Trmqlh: hydrographic and geelqle htf~met~ Ocea~tol. Attn, 2(1): 91-105.

Two profiles collected over the southern Rockail Trough with a deeply towed instrument package show the most important bottom current is a cyclonic loop of northeast Atlantic Deep Water which enters from the northwest and exits to the southwest. Overflow from the Norwegian Sea and erosive currents from Labrador Sea water also control sedimentation rates and the formation of 2 kin-wavelength mud waves. Figures include seismic sections, 25 bottom photos and 1 map of Rockall Trough deep circulation. Marine Physical Laboratory of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, Univ. of California, San Diego, Calif. 92093, U.S.A. (drh)

79:3391 Volokitina. L. P., L. A. Savostin and L. P. Zonen-

shain, 1978. Depeadm~e of the mid-oceanic ridges oa the ee~at widtit. (in Russian.) Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSgR, 243(4): 984-987.

4. Subsurface structure of the ocean bottom based chiefly on geophysical methods

79".3393 Ban'olessy, V. M., Yu. D. Evsyukov, F. R. Korneva,

V. N. Moskalenko and N. G. Prokoptsev, 1978. Geological structure of the Johnston and Mansul banks in the Aegean Sea. (In Russian.) Okeano- logiia, 18(5): 859-863.

Complexes of different generation are established in the Recent vertical section: Hercynian (?) granitoids, a thick transgressive alternation of Paleogene (?) elastic rocks, stratified little-deformed Neogene (?) rocks and fine-stratified series of Upper Pleistocene- Holocene sediments. Main trends of the faults and blocks have been inherited, to a certain extent, from more ancient structural plans.

79'.3394 Gorodnitskiy. A.M. and E. M. Litvinov, 1978. Nature

of the Tuman Fracture Zone a g g o r ~ go gee- nmgmtic data. (In Russian.) Trudy Inst. Okean- oi., 112: 227-231.

Geomagnetic field studies were conducted in the region of the Tasman Fracture Zone and magnetic anomalies were identified according to the Heirtzler scale. The relationship of the fracture zone to the mid- ocean ridge and tectonic patterns in the Australia- Antarctica region were discussed.

79".3395 lnoue, Eiji, ed., 1978. Investigations of the continental

margin of southwest Japan June-July 1975 (GH75-4 Cruise). Geol. Surv, Japan Cruise Rept, 9:88 pp.: 9 papers.

This preliminary report covers continental shelf and slope geology at the northern margin of the Philippine Sea: and includes seismic, gravity, magnetic, paleomagnctic, sedimentological, paleontological and chemical results. It is part of a comprehensive


program, with an economic bent, to fully map Japan's shelf and slope regions. Geological Survey of Japan, Hisamoto, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Japan. (fcs)

5. Gravity, geodesy and magnetism

79".3396 Garanin, V. K., V. A. Zhiliaeva, G. P. Kudriavtseva,

V. I. Trukhin and U. Shefer, 1978. Thermo- magnetic investigation of oceanic basalts. (In Russian.) Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 243(4): 1036-1039.

79".3397 Hall, J. M. and Paul Johnson, conveners, 1979.

Magnetic structure of oceanic basement: Penrose Conference [Cambridge, England, 25-29 Septem- ber 1978] report. Geology, geol. Soc. Am.. 7(3): 156-157.

A five-day Penrose Conference convened to discuss and review the implications of magnetic study of oceanic drill-hole samples included discussions of basement structure, basement alteration, magnetic modelling, inversion of anomalies, oceanic crust formation, and the contribution of layer 3 to linear anomalies. More shallow drilling to study the upper crust and some deep drilling to identify deep sources are necessary to determine the magnetic-anomaly source (drh)

7. Historical geology (also see Biological Oceanography for fossil systematics)

79".3398 AI Vinerie, Jacques, Odette Ducasse, Jacques Gayet,

Monique Labracherie, Louis Pratviel, Claude Pujol et Mauricette Veillon, 1978. Contribution a la connaissance du C~nozoique du Golfe de Gascogne: ~tude du forage off shore d'Antares 101. [Golf of Goseogne Cenozoic: a drilling study offshore at Antares 101.] Bull. Inst. G#ol. Bassin Aquitaine, 24: 179-188.

79".3399 Barbey, Christian, ASEQUA secretary, 1976/77.

Colloque sur los variations des lignes de rivage a I'Holocene. [Colloquium on Holocene shoreline variations, Dakar, Senegal, 6-11 Dec. 1976.] (Spec. iss.) Bull. Liaison, ASEQUA. 50:105 pp.: 7 papers.

Seven papers discuss Holocene sea level changes--their probable causes and observable effects--as they relate to Senegal, Gabon, Congo, Angola, Cameroon and Madagascar. (izs)

79".34O0 Briskin, M. and L. E. Bielak, 1979. Addendum: re-

calibration of core RCll-220--seutheast Pacific central waters, Mar. Micropaleont., 4(I): 101-102.

A discrepancy between observed depth to the Brunhes- Matuyama boundary and depth calculated from sedimentation rate (obtained with "~°Th and ~*C data) indicates core RCI 1-220 is missing 66 cm of sediment at the very top. Revised ages of biostratigraphic datums affected by the missing segment (i.e., younger than the Brunhes-Matuyama boundary) are given. Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 4521 I, U.S.A. (drh)

79",3401 Bujak, J. P. and G. U Williams, 1979. Dineflageilate

diversity through time. Mar. Micropaleont.. 4(1): 1-12.

Updated generic and species diversities (the latter is more sensitive) for fossil dinoflagellates are presented for each Late Triassic to Pleistocene epoch or age. These data may primarily represent cyst-forming species since motile cells did not fossilize. Atlantic Geoscience Centre, Geological Survey of Canada, P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth, N.S., Canada. (mjj)

79".3402 Burckle, L. H., S. R. Hammond and S. M. Seyb,

1978. A stratigraphieally important new diatom from the Pleistocene of the North Pacific. Pacif. Sci., 32(2)" 209-214.

Detailed paleomagnetic and biostratigraphic analysis of three oriented deep-sea cores and DSDP drill site 173 from the North Pacific shows a new fossil marine diatom, Rhizosolenia matuyamai, occurs in middle Pleistocene sediments. The species ranges from just below the top of the Jaramillo magnetic event to the lower part of the Jaramillo and may help resolve problems in biostratigraphy and correlation in high northern latitudes. Figures include 4 micrographs. Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, N.Y. 10964, U.S.A. (drh)

79".3403 Civetta, Lucia, Luigi La Volpe and Lucio Lirer, 1978.

K-Ar ages of the Yemen Plateau. J. Volcanol. geotherm. Res., 4(3/4): 307-314.

In this preliminary report of a project on the geodynamic evolution of the Arabian Plate, stratigraphic dating is used in reconstructing the volcanic evolution of the Yemen Plateau. lstituto di Geologia e Geofisica, Universita di Napoli, Naples, Italy. (rio)

79-3404 Duncan, R. A., 1978. Geochronology of basalts from

the Ninetyeast Ridge and continental dispersion


in the eastern Indian Ocean. J. Volcanol. geotherm. Res., 4(3/4): 283-305.

The geometry, age distribution, paleomagnetism and geochemistry of basalts drilled at five sites along the Ninetyeast Ridge in the eastern Indian Ocean indicate this aseismic ridge probably originated by northward migration of the Indian Plate over a hot spot near Heard Island, southern Indian Ocean. Conventional K-Ar ages supplemented by ~'JAr/:~SAr total-fusion and incremental-heating ages show the rate of movement was close to 9.4 + 3 cm/yr and lasted from Cretaceous to Early Oligocene times. School of Oceanography, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oreg. 97330, U.S.A. (drh)

79".3405 Easton, W. H., T. L. Ku and R. H. Randall, 1978.

Recent reefs and shore lines of Guam. Micro- nesica, 14(I): l-I I.

The Merizo Limestone and sand-gravel deposits are dating references for relative changes of sea level on Guam during the Pleistocene and Holocene. The results are compared with sea level data for Hawaii in order to differentiate effects caused by tectonic movements and those arising from eustatic changes in sea level. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif. 90007, U.S.A. (rio)

79:3406 Ellis, C. H. and W. H. Lohman, 1979. Neogene cal-

careous uannoplankton bio~ratigrapby in eastern Mediterranean deep.~n sediments (DSDP leg 42A, sites 375 and 376). Mar. Micropaleom.. 4(I): 61-84.

Cores (Early Miocene through Holocene) taken west of Cyprus on the Florence Rise reveal an abundant, diverse, indigenous, calcareous nannoplankton assemblage sufficient to recognize all the low-latitude nannoplankton zones described by Bukry (1973, 1975) and to establish an essentially complete biostratigraphic standard of reference for much of the eastern Mediterranean Neogene. Figures include 48 micrographs., Marathon Oil Company, Denver Research Center. Littleton, Colo. 80160, U.S.A. (izs)

indicating the petroleum-bearing capacity of Blake nose are presented. Figures include micrographs. State University of New York, Binghamton, N.Y. 13901, U.S.A. (izs)

79:3408 Evsiukov, lu. D., I. S. Chumakov and V. V. lutsis,

1978. Messinian stage of the Tunis-Sicily Strait. (In Russian.) Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 243(4): 988-990.

79:3409 Hallock, Pamela and A. R. Larsen, 1979. Coiling

direction in Amphistegina. Mar. Micropaleont.. 4(1): 33-44.

Coiling direction in some species of Amphistegina (trochospiral Foraminifera) is influenced by temperature and age. In material from widespread tropical and subtropical localities, A. lessonii and A. bicirculata were predominantly sinistral coiling, A. gibbosa. A. papillosa and A. radiata were predominantly dextral, and A. lobifera shifted geographically. Figures include 12 drawings. University of Texas-Permian Basin, Odessa, Tex. 79762, U.S.A. (mjj)

79:3410 Kammer, T. W., 1979. Paleosalinity, paleotempera-

tare, and isotopic fractimuttton records of Neo- gene Foraminifera from DSDP site 173 and the Centerville Beach section, California. Mar. Micropaleont., 4( I ): 45-60.

Oxygen and carbon isotope records of two planktonic Foraminifera and a benthonic genus yield information on climatic history, glacial melting and runoff, and the local relationship between deep sea and exposed marine records. Results indicate a large influx of isotopically light wa{er during Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene time. The sea surface temperature range in the Early Pliocene is estimated. Ca. 75 references. Shell Oil Company, P.O. Box 60775, New Orleans, La. 70160, U.S.A. (rio)

79".3407 Enos, Paul and Tom Freeman, 1979. Lower Creta-

ceous peritidaJ limestones at 2700-m depth, Blake nose, AUntie Ocean. Geology, geol. Soc. A m.. 7(2): 83-87.

Blake nose (western Atlantic outer continental shelf) stratigraphy is outlined: the apparent degree of Barremian and later subsidence is documented: peritidal sedimentation and diagenesis in carbonate rocks are discussed: and porosity-permeability data

79:3411 Mangerud, Jan, Eivind Sonstegaard and H.-P. Sej-

rup, 1979. Correlation of the Eemian interglacial) Stage and the deep-sea oxygen-isotope stratigraphy. Nature, Lond.. 277(5693): 189-192.

Pollen stratigraphy and marine fossil biostratigraph~ are employed in correlating the continental Eemian Stage with the deep-sea oxygen-isotope stage 5e. This correlation was first suggested by Shackleton (1969) and is now confirmed. Department of Geology, Allegt. 41,5014 Bergen-Universitetet, Norway. (rio)


79".3412 Mankinen, E. A. and G. B. Dalrymple, 1979. Revbed

geomagnetic polarity time scale for the inverval 0-5 m.y.B.P.J, geophys. Res., 84(B2): 615-626.

All available published data for K-Ar dates in the range 0-5 m.y. have been compiled and recalculated using the new decay and abundance constants recommended by the 1977 International Union of Geological Sciences Subcommission on Geochron- ology. A revised Late Cenozoic K-Ar polarity time scale yields ages of 0.73 m.y. for the Brunbes- Matuyama, 2.48 m.y. for the Matuyama-Gauss, and 3.40 m.y. for the Gauss-Gilbert boundaries. U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, U.S.A. (drh)

79"3413 Max, M. D., 1979, Extent and dispo~tion of Gren-

ville tectonism in the Precambrian continental crust adjacent to the North Atlantic. Geology, geol. Soc. Am., 7(2): 76-78.

Grenville tectonism in the North Atlantic region may have occurred in two main belts. The Grenville province of Canada can be traced into northwest Ireland and France, and the Daislandian province of Scandinavia can be correlated with the Carolinidian province of northeast Greenland. This configuration would suggest that little wrench faulting (total displacement less than 200 kin) has occurred within the Caledonian orogen. Irish Geological Survey, 14 Hume Street, Dublin 2, Ireland.

79".3414 Petters, S. W., 1979. Nigerian Pnleocme benthonic

foraminiferal bimtrttigmphy, pa l~-o logy and pel~iogengcaphy. Mar.Micropaleont., 4(I): 85-99.

Late Paleoccne benthonic foraminiferal assemblages occurring in Nigerian shallow water carbonates from a coastal and an interior basin are compared: the northwestern Kalambaina Formation contains a typical 'Tethyan carbonate fauna:' the southwestern Ewekoro Formation, a 'Midway-type fauna.' It is supposed that the cold Bcnguela Current suppressed Tethyan carbonate faunal development in southwestern Nigeria. Figures include 34 micrographs. Department of Geology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. (izs)

79",3415 Pevzner, M. A. and A. A. Chikovani, 1978. Paleo-

magnetic studies of Upper Miocene and Lower Plioeene marine sediments of Tamanskii Penin- sula [Sea of Azov-Black Sea]. (In Russian.) lzv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol., 1978(8): 61-66.

79"3416 Owen, H. G. (comment), J. G. Sclater, Steven Hel-

linger and Christopher Tapscott (reply), 1979.

The paleobathymetry of the Atlantic Ocean from the Jurassic to present. J. Geol., 87(I): 116-118.

79".3417 Schidlowski, Manfred, P. W. U. Appel, Rudolf Eich-

mann and C. E. Junge, 19.79. Carbon isotope geochemistry of the 3.7 x 10%yr-old lsua sediments, west Greenland: implications for the Arehaean carbon and oxygen cycles. Geochim. cosmochim. Acla. 43(2): 189-199.

One hundred twenty-four carbonate samples averaged some 2"/00 more negative carbon than younger marine carbonates, possibly implying a considerabl~ smaller C,,,a/C¢o,~ ratio during Isua times. However, amphibolite-grade metamorphism has probably lowered ~"~C,,,~ values indicating that C,,~ and Ccor~ were present in the ancient carbon reservoir in approximately modern proportions. Max-Planck- Institut fiir Chemic, Saarstr. 23, D-6500 Mainz, F.R.G. (bwt)

79".3418 Siesser, W. G., 1977. Biostratigraphy and micro-

palaenntoiogy of [southern African] continental margin samples. Tech. Rept, mar. Geol. Progm., Univ. Cape Town, 9:. 108-117.

A stratigraphic overview of the pre-Pleistocene South- and Southwest-African continental margin is given. Tables of rock ages, calcareous nannofossils, fossil- frec samples and Quaternary samples are included. Updating within a consistent classification system is scheduled and results will follow in later Technical Reports. Marine Geoscience Group, Dept. of Geol., U. of Cape Town, Cape Town, So. Africa. (web)

79".3419 Stearns, H. T., 1978. Quaternary shorelines in the

Hawaiian Islands. Bull. Bernice P. Bishop Mu~., 237:57 pp.

The compilation of Quaternary shoreline studies from the Hawaiian Islands shows that raised and submerged terraces can be correlated with major Pleistocene interglacial and glacial events respectively. While this correlation suggests Hawaii remained tectonically stable during Late Pleistocene times, the data suggest large and rapid changes in island elevation occurred in Early (pre 600,000 yr B.P.) Pleistocene times, and may have resulted from worldwide tectonoeustacy. Apt. 445, 4999 Kahala Avenue, Honolulu, Hawaii 96816, U.S.A. (drh)

79".342O Tokoyoda, Chiharu and Atsuyuki Mizuno, 1978.

Quaternary calcareous uammplankton in deep sea piston cores off Kii Peninsula [Japan]. Geol. Surv. Japan Cruise Rept, 9: 54-62.

Preliminary analysis of the Quaternary calcareous nannoplankton biostratigraphy from the northern Shikoku Basin (Japan) indicates 12-13 series exist.


While warm and cold water environments are inferred, further consideration of the temperature- dependent morphotypes is necessary to pinpoint the paleoenvironmental changes. Figures include 12 micrographs. (drh)

79".3421 Weissert, Hetmut, Judith McKenzie and Peter

Hochuli, 1979. Cydi¢ anoxic events in the Early Cretaceous Tethys Ocean. Geology, geol. Soc. Am., 7(3): 147-151.

The distribution of euxinic sediments and the sedimentology of cyclic black shales and nannofossil limestone units in the southern Alps are investigated. Results suggest that a drastic climatic change in the Barremian stagnated the thermohaline circulation of the western Tethys Ocean and created cyclically overturned euxinic basins. Geology Department, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland. (rio)

79".3422 Wilks, P. J., 1979. Mid-Holocae .,ma-levei aM wdi-

meatmtm i m m c d o m in the De*ey E m m ~ a m , Wala. Paleogeogr., PateoclimatoL. Paleoetoi.. 260/2): 17-36.

New data on the stratigraphy of a submerged forest in the Dovey Estuary suggest that the 'regression' sequence in the forest beds is the product of increased sedimentation rates rather than sea-level fluctuations. Figures include stratigraphic sections and pollen diagrams. Prior Pursgiove College, Guisborough, Cleveland, U.K. (rio)

79".3423 Zagwijn, W. H. and J. W. C. Doppert, 1978. Upper

Cenozoic of the southern North S u Basin: pala,,~/ima~c and p a l ~ ¢,eimdm. Geologic Mijnb., 57(4): 577-588.

The correlation of Upper Cenozoic marine and continental facies from the southern North Sea Basin indicates Neogene sedimentation occurred principally in a nearshore marine environment whili: Quaternary sedimentation, which showed a dramatic increase in quantity, occurred further west and in areas of earlier Mesozoic basin development. The change in character from Neogene to Quaternary coincides with changes in evolution of large river systems in northern Europe and may be caused by epeirogenetic uplift of the hinterland and subsidence of the adjacent basins. Geological Survey of the Netherlands, Spaarne 17, Haarlem, The Netherlands. (drh)

8. Sedimentation, sedimentary processes and diagenesis

79"3424 Kosyan, R. D., V. I. Pakhomov and N. V. Pykhov,

1978. On the vertical dislftbufion of the concentrations of suspended silt in a wave stream. (In Russian.) Okeanologiia, 18(5): 864-870.

Existing equations for calculating the distribution of relative concentrations of suspended silt through the depth of a wave stream are analyzed. A new variant of the calculation dependence is suggested and compared with experimental results.

79:3425 Shcherbakov, F. A., 1978. Some peculiarilies of sedi-

mmtogmeds on the eoatlnemal margin of the mack Sea. (In Russian.) Okeanologiia. 18(5): 880-885.

When laws governing sedimentation on continental margins are applied to Late Quaternary sediments of the Black Sea shelf, continental slope and continental rise, it appears that hydrodynamic and lithodynamic processes play a significant part in forming sedimentogenetic peculiarities (compositional and distributional) on the Black Sea continental margin.

79:3426 Thomas, R. M., 1979. Size of scallops and ripples

formed by flowing water. Nature, Lond., 277(5694): 281-283.

Flow-induced surface deformations known as scallops and flutes are due to eddy patterns in a turbulent flow near a passive wall. Examples are given for such diverse conditions as laboratory flumes, boiler tubes, water mains, natural formations, river ice, pipe erosion, water drop erosion, and laboratory channels. A mathematical model is developed to determine dimensions of the depressions. Central Electricity Research Laboratories, Kelvin Avenue, Leatherhead, Surrey, U.K. (web)

79".3427 Werner, Friedrich, 1978. Depressions in mud sedi-

ments (Eckemfoerde Bay, Baltic Sea), rdated to sub-bonom and currents. Meyniana, 30: 99-104.

Sonar records of the sediments near a submarine ridge in the Baltic Sea show two morphological depressions exist: a wide shallow depression related to current acceleration near topographic ridges) and 1 m deep narrow troughs (related to peaks in the sub-bottom morphology and possibly caused by ascending methane gas). Figures include sediment echographs.

OLR(1979)26(8) C. Submarine Geology and Geophysics 44 !

Geologisch-Pal[iontologisches Institut und Museum der Universitiit, Olshausenstr. 40-60, D 2300 Ki.el, F.R.G. (drh)

9. Bottom sediments, sedimentary rocks and formations (type, composition, etc.)

79".3428 Bouysse, Philippe, Francois Le Lann and Georges

Scolari, 1979. Les s~iments superficiels des Ap- proches occidentales de la Manche. [Smflclal s e d J ~ of the wetern approaches of the English Channel.] Mar. Geol., 29(i/4): 107-135.

The continental terrace between the western English Channel and the shelf edge is covered by Pleistocene pebbles and sands and Holocene-to-present bioclastic sands whose distribution is governed mainly by tidal currents. A model is described starting at Wtirmian low sea-level and covering the Hoiocene transgression which accounts for subaerial and perigiacial pebble and sand deposition, the productivity of epifauna and the distribution of the organogenic debris. Bureau de recherches ge~ologiques et minieres, d~partement geologic marine, 45018 Orl~,ans, France. (web)

79".3429 Bremner, J. M., ! 977. Preliminary results on the trace

element geochemistry of pbospborite and glauconite from the continental shelf off soathwestern Africa. Tech. Rept, mar. Geol. Progm., Univ. Cape Town. 9: 42-50.

in this area, high biological activity results in the authigenic formation of phosphorite in close proximity to relict phosphorites, providing an opportunity to study possible differences in modes of origin of the series: concretionary phosphorite-- pelletal phosphoritemglauconized pelletal phosphorite--glauconite. Significant differences in trace metal enrichment were measured in the members of this series. Marine Geoscience Group, Department of Geology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. (djh)

79".3430 15rockamp, Olaf, Evaristo Goulart, Hermann Harder

and Annerose Heydemann, 1978. Amorphous copper and zinc sulfides in the metalliferous sediments of the Red Sea. Contr. Miner. Petrology, 68(I ): 85-88.

Chemical and mineralogical analysis of sediments from the Atlantis Ii Deep show that appreciable amounts of copper and zinc are found in X-ray amorphous sulfide phases. In contrast to the findings of Bischoff (1972), little of the zinc and copper is

associated with nontronites, although it comprises 25% to 50% of the Red Sea metalliferous sediments. Sedimentpetrographisches institut der Universitfit, Goidschmidstr. 1, D-3400 G6ttingen, F.R.G. (djh)

79".3431 Carlson, P. R., 1978. H ~ slump on ¢utinmtal

shelf off Malaspiua Glader, Gulf of Alaska. Am. Ass. Petrol. Geol. Bull., 62(12): 2412-2426.

High-resolution seismic reflection lines run across the northeastern Gulf of Alaska between September 1974 and June 1976 show slides and slumps over an area of 1080 km* on a 0.5 ° slope. The slump mass, apparently growing in a landward direction, seems to be progressive along an incompetent zone. Earthquakes are the most probable cause of the disturbance of the undereonsolidated Holocene clayey silt. Figures include sonar profiles. U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, U.S.A. (web)

79".3432 Carlson, R. L. and N. I. Christensen, 1979. Velocity

aulsotropy in s, mi-indwated calcareous deep sea sedimmts.J, geophys. Res., 84(151): 205-211.

Eleven calcareous deep sea sediment samples have higher compressional wave velocities in directions parallel to bedding than perpendicular (i.e., vertical) to it for measurements at confining pressures up to 10 kbar. Alignment of calcite crystals from recrystallization, diagenesis or preferred microfossil orientation may explain the failure of the anisotropy to decrease with increased pressure. Dept. of Geophysics, Texas A& M University, College Station, Tex. 77843, U.S.A. (drh)

79".3433 Dingle, R. V., 1977. The anatomy of a large submarine

slump on a shared ¢ontinestal margin (southeast Africa). Tech. Rept, mar. Geol. Progm., Univ. Cape Town, 9: 51-65.

The structure and morphology of the Agulhas Slump, an enormous submarine slump measuring 750 km long by 106 wide off southeast Africa, appears to be controlled by underlying depositional and topographic features based on 12 kHz, sparker and airgun reflection seismic profiles. This post-Pliocene age feature overlies two major fault zones whose extensions are known to be seismically active. Seismicity along these faults may have triggered the slump. Figures include bathymetric map and stratigraphic sections of Agulhas Bank. Marine Geoscience Group, Department of Geology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. (drh)

79".34M Helmberger, D. V., Gladys Engen and Pat Scott,

1979. A note on velocity, density, and attenuation

442 C. Submarine Oeoto~y and Geophysics OLR(1979)26(8)

models for marine sediments determimd from muitibemce phases. J. geophys. Res., 84(B2): 667-671.

Seismic waves partially trapped between the ocean surface and sub-bottom structure are modelled synthetically in order to derive the reflective properties (velocity, density, attenuation parameters) of the sub-bottom unconsolidated sediments. Applying the technique to a 1 km thick section of mature sediments in the Aleutian Basin yields little evidence of attenuation at 10 Hz, the frequency typically used in refraction work. Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif. 91125, U.S.A. (drh)

79".3435 inoue, Eiji, 1978. P r d i i m t r y study on the sedilmeat

ceres from .the cemiRmal slope aad d~p-sea bottom off the outer zone of seuthwest Japan. Geol. Surv. Japan Cruise Rept, 9: 30-53.

Foraminiferal and patynological analysis of seven piston cores from the continental slope, Nankai Trough and abyssal Shikoku Basin off southwest Japan indicate Pleistocene sediments can be distinguished from Holocene sediments by a distinct change in the temperature zonation. Calculated sedimentation rates in the Shikoku Basin are over five times higher than in the adjacent Daito Ridge region, possibly caused by the effect of the Kyushu-Palau Ridge. Includes species lists. Geol. Survey of Japan, Hisamoto, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Japan. (drh)

79".3436 Nagasawa, Hiroshi, Kazuo Yamakoshi and Tadashi

Shimamura, 1979. Trace dement concentrations in silicate sphendes from oceanic ~Nlimems. Geochim. cosmochim. Acta, 43(2): 26%272.

Four different types of silicate spherules .were separated from oceanic sediments and analyzed by neutron activation for evidence of meteoritic origin. One glassy spherule had an enrichment of refractory elements that suggested an extraterrestrial origin, while the other three had elemental abundances in keeping with oceanic origins. Includes spherule micrographs. Department of Chemistry, Gakushuin University, Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan. (rio)

79".3437 Pautot, G. and J.-Ch. Fontes, 1979. Gyl~mm-e~dte

rosettes in sediments from the Congo deep-sea fan. Oceanol. Acta, 2(I): 13-18.

Carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of calcite rosettes suggests that they were formed pseudomorphicaily as a result of the diagenetic reduction of sulfate by organic carbon in gypsum rosettes. Such gypsum rosettes are usually of salt dome origin, suggesting the presence of deep salt layers off the African coast.

Includes photos and I radiograph of rosettes. Centre Ocl~anologique de Bretagne, 29273 Brest Codex, France. (djh)

79:3438 Silva, A. J. and C. D. Hoilister,'1979. Geoteclmical

properties of eeam ~ recovered with the Giant Pistols Cm'm': ~ l l l 4 t a n t a Outtqr Ridge. Mar. Geol.. 29(I/4): !-22.

Cores taken on the Blake-Bahama Outer Ridge with the Giant Piston Corer on board the R/V Knorr showed a composition of calcareous lutites and a texture of 60% clay. Cores were taken in and between IO-m-deep furrows. One core indicated at least 10 m of sediment had eroded. A mineralogy factor is proposed for relating composition and compressibility parameters. Consolidation appears to be most closely related to consistency and calcium carbonate content. University of Rhode Island, Kingston, R.I., U.S.A. (web)

79"3439 Sugisaki, Ryuichi, 1978. CbuJca l collpmttiaa of

mWalaemm udlmmm ms tit, P a d k mmqlia of Jalpan. Geol. Surv. Japan Cruise Rept.

9: 65-73.

Elemental analysis by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry was performed on seven clay-silt piston cores: analytical results are presented. Possible sources of the deposits are discussed. Department of Earth Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan. (bwt)

79".3440 Svai'nov, V. N., N. S. Skornyakova, T. I. Lin'kova,

O. B. Dmitrenko, G. Kh. Kazarina, N. V. Bal- yaeva and M. !. Raikevich, 1978. L i ~ - s t radgmld~ ~ of ~ oa tim lm~lle from t b Simdlt ArdMipMt ~ to the /.mat Indian R i ~ . (In Russian.) Okeanologiia, 18(5): 871-879.

Based on lithologic, paleomagnetic and micro- paleontologic sediment studies, a division is made of pelagic sediments. Boundaries of the magnetic zones reflect a planetary character of the geomagnetic field changes and do not depend on alternation in sediment composition. Within the East Indian Ridge a redeposition of sedimentary material is widely developed indicating tectonic activity of the ridge during the Pleistocene.

79",3441 Tabat, Walter, 1978. Sedimentologische Unter-

suchungen des Seegrundes westlich yon Amrum, Nordsee. [Sedlmem i m ~ d e m of the sea-

OLR(! 979)26(8) C. Submarine Geology and Geophysics 443

bottom west of Amram, North Sea.] Meyniano, 30: 77-87.

The distribution of sedimentary sand sheets in the vicinity of Amrum Bank is investigated by determining the mean grain size, skewness and relative sorting parameters. Possible transport directions and lag sediments are discussed. Geoiogisch- Paliontologisches lnstitut und Museum der Universitiit, Olsbausenstr. 40/60, D-2300 Kiel, F.R.G. (rio)

79".3442 Tucholke, B. E. and D. J. Shirley, 1979. Comparison

of laboratory lind in-ella comprem~aal wave velocity measuremcots co sedimeat cores from the western North Atlantic. J. geophys. Res., 84(B2): 687-695.

Comparison of in-situ and laboratory measurements of compressional wave velocities from 6 piston cores obtained in the western North Atlantic indicates the average velocities and velocity gradients agree within 1% although the in-situ profilometer does not adequately sample thin, higher velocity beds. The differences in measurement may be caused by a coring disturbance which reduces either the bulk or shear modulus of the sediments, or both. Results from closely spaced cores suggests properties of a single core are potentially representative of a given acoustic and morphoiogic province. Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, N.Y. 10964, U.S.A. (drh)

79".3444 Leatherman, S. P., 1979. Migration of Amteagae

Island, Maryland, by inlet and ovemuh pro- ceases. Geology, geol. Soc. Am.. 7(2): 104-107.

A study of aerial photos indicates that inlet breaching and the formation of flood tidal deltas is more important than overwash in the landward migration of the island. Overwash was found to occur only where the barrier width is less than 122 to 213 m. Vertical growth of dunes, however, is prohibited by frequent overwash because beach grasses cannot maintain stabilizing colonies. Figures include 1 aerial photo. National Park Service, Cooperative Research Unit, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass. 01003, U.S.A. (web)

79".3445 Sallenger, A. H. Jr., 1979. Beach-cusp formation.

Mar. Geol., 29(I/4): 23-37.

Field studies are conducted to document the development of cuspate morphology along a plane foreshore. The edge-wave hypothesis on the uniform spacing of cusps is tested. U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, Calif., U.S.A. (rio)

79".3446 Susman, K. R. and S. D. Heron Jr., 1979. Evelntion of

a barrier iahtnd, Slmckldord Banks, Carteret Cuaty, North Camllaa. Bull. geol. Soc. Am., (1)90(2): 205-215. Includes species lists. 209 Pol- lock St., Beaufort, N.C. 28516, U.S.A.

10. Coasts, beaches and marshes

79".3443 Kesel, R. H. and J. S. Smith, 1978. Tidal creek and

pan fermattoa in Intertidal silt mmnlmt, Nigg Bay, Scotland. Scott. geogd Mag., 94(3): 159-168.

Existing theories of creek and pan formation in intertidal salt marshes emphasize intertidal micro- topography and resultant variation in vegetal colonization as the basic factors controlling their pattern on the mature salt marsh. Morphological studies on certain Scottish marshes suggest that collapse of parts of the mature marsh surface results from sub-surface piping phenomena. The existing theories of creek and pan formation are reviewed and an entirely new theory of formation is advanced. Figures include marsh photos. Geography Department, Louisiana State University. 7

11. Coral reefs

79".3447 Dugas, Franfois et J.-P. Debenay, 1978. Interf6rence

des failles-flexures littorales et de rdrosion karstique sur les constructions corailiennes: le iagon de Nouvelle-Calckioni¢. [Uttoral flexures- f~ l t s and bar i te ermion as faetors governing coral s tmctw~ in the iageoa of New C.Jtledonia. C. i,. hebd. Si~nc. Acad. Sci.. Paris, (D)287(12): 1091-1094.

The coral crown of New Caledonia seems to be controlled by tectonics of periphery flexure faults creating steps. The lagoon shows remnants of a karstic erosion, partially hidden by recent deposits. Includes i seismic reflection profile. O.R.S.T.O.M., 70-74 route d'Auinay, 93140 Bondy, France.

444 C. Submarine Gmlogy and Geophysics O LR(1979)TJ,(8)

79"..3448 Wiedenmayer, Felix, 1978. Modern sponge btoherms

of the Great Bahama Bank. Eclog. geol. Helv., 71(3): 699-744.

Preliminary investigations on non-coral bioherms north of Andros Island (Bahamas) indicate that hadromerid sponges might have been responsible for early lithification followed by serpulid, encrusting coralline algae and bryozoan, scleractinian, alcyonarian and adventitious sponge colonization. Two European Jurassic facies types are suggested as likely analogues of these sponge bioherms. Future research topics are recommended. Includes species lists and bottom photos. Naturhistorisches Museum, Augustinergasse 2, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland. (izs)

79:3451 Molnar, Peter, 1979. Earthquake recurrence inter-

vals and plate tectuics. Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 69(I): 115-133.

Using empirical formulas which relate seismic moment, earthquake magnitude and rate of slip or deformation along fault(s), the frequency of occurrence of earthquakes of different seismic moments and maximum possible seismic moments can be predicted. More seismic and geological data should reduce parameter uncertainties and substantially improve the reliability of this method over current historic-record predictions. The formulas are applied to zones of convergence at island arcs and to the southeastern Caribbean. Department of Earthquake and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. 02139, U.S.A. (drh)

12. Plate tectonics, global tectonics, etc.

79".3449 Clark, M. J., J. M. Hall and J. W. Peirce, 1978. Reck

and paleomapetic evtdelce fec the exJsNece aid nature of a Cayman T r o q b spnadJng center. Can. J. Earth ScL. 15(12): 1930-1~ .

Rock and paleomagnetic measurements made on basalts dredged from seventeen locations within the median valley of the Cayman Trough yield properties that are similar (locally high renmnent intensities, low Curie temperatures) and different (lower remanent intensities and susceptibilities in the youngest basaits) than the characteristics of the median valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Crustal formation in the Cayman Trough is probably a recent occurrence, with slow accretion and considerable small scale tectonic deformation. Dept. of Geology, Daihousie University, Halifax, N.S., Canada B3H 3J5. (drh)

79:345O Kravchinskiy, A. Ya., 1978. Periodicity o f ~ i

d~ft. Geotectonics (a translation of Geotek- tonika), 12(2): 90-96.

Based on data from 8 Phanerozoi¢ continental platform areas, a good correlation exists between periods with stable paleogeographic regions and a stable geomagnetic field, and between epochs of continental displacement and an alternating geomagnetic field. These tectonic cycles are probably controlled by convective transfer of light and hot material from the Earth's liquid core to the asthenosphere, resulting in periodic heating and cooling of the Earth. East Siberian Institute of Geology and Geophysics and Mineral Raw Materials. Irkutsk, U.S.S.R. (drh)

79:3452 Nishenko, S. and W. McCann, 1979. Large thrust

enrtlupmku and tsmmmb: im~Akatiom for the devdopma~ of fore arc basins. J. geophys. Res.. 84(B2): 573-584.

Variations in the seismic-tsunamic source areas around the Pacific can be correlated to variations in the length of earthquake rupture zones and the dimensions of upper slope basins and terraces within the fore arc region. Areas with basins greater than 100 km in length have histories of longer ruptures than areas with basins under 100 km. Examples from Japan, Alaska and the Aleutians show how topographic features are related to the size and distribution of seismic-tsunamic source areas. Ca. 100 references. Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, N.Y. 10964, U.S.A. (drh)

79".3453 Oxburgh. Ron, 1979. Non-ideal plate tectonics.

Nature. Lond., 277(5695): 352-353.

The existence of misfits in plate reconstructions and anomalous internal plate structures (e.g. Tibetan Plateau) indicates that plate models constrained by rigid lithosphere, spreading rates, earthquake slip vectors and transform fault trends are overly simple. The combined analyses of plate motion with surface geology, gravity, and elastic wave attenuation studies may shed light on how stresses are transmitted through the lithosphere perhaps causing the formation, decoupling and interaction of anomalous small-scale crustal and lithospheric blocks. Dept. of Minerology and Petrology, University of Cambridge, England. (drh)

79:3454 Suvorov, A. i., 1978. Recent global kinenmtics of

the lithosphere (on the basis of regional tectonic


pairs). Geotectonics (a translation of Geotek- tonika), 12(2): 79-89.

The study of relief on the continents and in the oceans shows that regional tectonic pairs (arcuate uplift with adjacent troughs) are widespread and similar to observed Phanerozoic pairs. Tangential compression associated with the formation of the uplifts and tangential compression associated with the troughs may be caused by deep-seated outflow of material from under the troughs and its intrusion into the uplifts. Geological Institute, USSR Azademy of Sciences, U.S.S.R. (drh)

79".3455 Zonenshain, L. P., L: M. Natapov, L. A. Savostin

and A. P. Stavsky, 1978. R ~ m t plate t~,~'tomics of north-eastern Asia in relation to opening of the North Atlantic and Arctic basins. (In Russian; English abstract.) Okeanoiogiia, 18(5): 846-853.

The pole of rotation between the Eurasian and North American plates was found from the orientations of strike-slip faults within the Chersky Ridge and slip vectors from two earthquake focal mechanism solutions. Migration of the pole within the last 50 m.y., the evolution of the Momsk Ridge and the cause of discrepancy between this pole position and that found from North Atlantic magnetic anomalies are discussed. (drh)

13. Volcanism and magmatism; igneous rocks, minerals, etc.

79".3456 Dungan, M. A. and J. M. Rhodes, 1978. Residual

glasses and melt inclusions in bnsalts from DSDP legs 45 and 46: evidence for magma mixing. Contr. Miner. Petrology, 67(4): 417-431.

Compositional trends in natural glasses indicate a major role for magma mixing in DSDP legs 45 and 46 (Mid-Atlantic Ridge) basalt genesis. Nature of the liquids that were mixed and parental magma composition are discussed. The 1978 Rhodes et al. magma mixing model for mid-occan ridge volcanism is expanded. Figures include melt irjclusion micrographs. Department of Geological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Tex. 75275, U.S.A. (izs)

79".3457 Huang, T. C., N. D. Watkins and L. Wilson, 1979.

l)eep-sca tephra from the Azores during the past 300,000 years--eruptive dond height and ash

volume estimates: summary. Bull. geol. Soc. Am., (I)90(2): 131-133.

Based on data from 37 piston cores taken east of the Azores, an average rate of ash accumulation of 60 mg/1000yr/cm 2 (about double the 1971 Goldberg estimate for present worldwide volcanic dust load) is calculated. Cloud heights can be expressed as energy released and estimates are about 5.1 × 10 ~: joules for an instantaneous explosion with an energy release rate of about 1.4 × I 0 ~'~ joules/s for a maintained eruption. Graduate School of Oceanography, Univ. of Rhode Island, Kingston, R.I. 02881, U.S.A. (izs)

79".34$8 Macdougail, J. D., R. C. Finkel, J. Carlson and

S. Krishnaswami, 1979. Isotopic m4dm~ee for uramimn exelmnge during Iow-tem~rnture alteration of oceanic bmmlt. Earth planet. Sci. Letts, 42(! ): 27-34.

Uranium concentrations and isotopic ratios in manganese crusts, palagonites, and clay-rich interiors were measured in order to discuss uranium exchange in altering basalts. Difficulties include a lack of information on the uranium source in individual cases and on interactions specific to different phases. All three phases, over a wide range of ages, appear to continuously exchange or take up uranium from seawater. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, Calif. 92093, U.S.A. (rio)

79".3459 Muenow, D. W., D. G. Graham, N. W. K. Liu and

J. R. Dclaney, 1979. The mbldmmee of volatiles in Hawaiian thoiditlc sdDmaril basalts. Earth planet. Sci. Letts, 42(!): 71-76.

Concentrations and distributions are determined for water, carbon, sulfur, chlorine and fluorine in glassy rims of pillow basaits dredged from the cast rift zone of Kilauea Volcano. Analyses are made with high temperature mass spectrometry. Chemistry Department and Hawaii Institute of Geophysics, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, U.S.A. (rio)

79".346O Neef, G. and I. R. Plimer, 1979. Ol~ol i te complexes

on Small Nggda Island, Solomem Islands: faro- mary. Bull. geol. Soc. Am., (I)90(2): 136-138.

The incomplete ophiolite sequence is interpreted as a submarine topological high which separated coarse- grained and fine-grained sediments. Its uitramafic rocks are believed to have been emplaccd during Late Oiigocene-Early Miocene time. Some components such as alkali may have been removed by weathering processes. W.S. & L.B. Robinson University College, University of New South Wales, P.O. Box 334, Broken Hill, New South Wales 2880, Australia. (rio)


79-.3461 Saunders, A. D., John Tarney, C. R. Stern and

I. W. D. Dalziel. 1979. Geochemistry of Mesozoic marginal basin floor igneous rocks from southern Chile. Bull. geol. Soc. Am.. (I)90(I): 237-258.

Geochemical investigations of the Sarmiento ophiolite complex are undertaken to characterize the ocean crust that results from back-arc spreading. A marginal basin origin for ophiolite complexes is held to be more likely than origins from ocean floors or island arcs. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham BI5 2TT, England. (rio)

79".3462 Stebbinso Jonathan and Geoffrey Thompson, 1978.

The nature and petrellonem of iutm-oceami¢ ptate alkalilN enlpCive ~ ~ rocks: g i ~ ' s Trongh, oortlam~ Atlantic. J. Volcanol. geotherm. Res., 4(3/4): 333-361.

Petrography, mineralogy, chemistry and interpreted petrogenesis of extrusive and intrusive alkaline rocks dredged from a mid-plate fracture are presented. The results suggest that differentiation occurred in a large magma chamber beneath a seamount volcano which formed in this off-ridge, intraplate tectonic environment. Department of Geological Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. 02138, U.S.A. (rio)

79-.3463 Ventureili, G., S. Capedri, R, S. Thorpe and P. J.

Potts, 1979. Rare-earth aml other element diatri- botlon in s o n ophtditt¢ meta/baad~ d Corsica, western M ~ . Chem. Geol., 24(3/4): 339-353.

Metabasalts from the Balagne region are chemically and mineralogically different from those of the eastern Mediterranean and from typical ocean-floor basalts. Possible formation mechanisms are discussed. Institute of Mineralogy, University of Parma, 43100 Parma, Italy. (rlo)

79-.3464 Vogt, P. R., 1979. Glolml magmatl¢ episodes: new

evidence and impikafiem for the steady-state ~ c ric~ff. Geology. geol. Soc. Am.. 7(2): 93-98.

independent evidence from paleoclimatic indicators, ash frequncy studies and radiometric age compilations confirm that globally synchronized episodes of increased volcanic activity at island arcs and hotspots have coincided with climatic deterioration since Tertiary times. Because the Quaternary represents one of these episodes, the assumption that existing island arcs, hot spot volcanoes, rift valleys and climate are steady state phenomena should be treated with caution. Evidence

from the Atlantic Ocean is emphasized. Code 8106, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, U.S.A. (drh)

79-.3465 Wood, D. A., J. Tarney, J. Varet, A. D. Saunders,

H. Bougault, J..L. Joron, M. Treuil and J. R. Cann, 1979. Geochcmt~ry of ImMits drilled in the North Atlantic by IPOD leg 49: implications for mantle heterogNelty. Earth planet. Sci. Letts, 42(I ): 77-97.

Recovered basalts are analyzed for petrological and geochemical variations among different regions, within individual regions and within a single drill hole. Unusually large variations in composition are noted for single sites and are attributed to partial melting processes and fractional crystallization. The results conflict with some mantle plume and binary mixing models since they indicate a range of sources with different scales of heterogeneity. Includes 74 references. Laboratoire Pierce-Siie, Groupe des Sciences de la Terre CEN, Saclay, Gif/Yvette, France. (rio)

14. Oil and gas

79:3466 Coltcr, V. S., 1978. Exploration for gas in the Irish

sea. Geologic Mijnb.. 57(4): 503-516.

Seismic and drilling information gathered in the Irish Sea between the Isle of Man and the English mainland confirms the presence of a Permo-Triassic basin containing up to 3000 m of sediments. While gas of Carboniferous origin has been found in the Triassic sandstone sequences, this basin is not entirely analogous to the North Sea Basin. Exploration Department, British Gas Corporation, 59 Bryanston Street, London WIA 2AZ, Great Britain. (drh)

79".3467 Haibouty, M. T., 1975. Mctllods of estinmtlng the

valonm of uadi~overed oil and gas r~onrees-- iatrockmetory rcmactgs. Stud. Geol.. I: 8-10.

The consequence of inaccurate predictions of oil and gas resources will have a deleterious effect on the American public and national energy planning. Current predictions of potential U.S. reserves are probably too low due to inadequate accounting of unknown accumulations, future economic incentive and potential new and better technology. (drh)

79-.3468 Schoil, D. W. and A. K. Cooper, 1978. VAMPSm

possible hydrocarbon-4bearing structures in Bering


Sea Basin. Am. Ass. Petrol. Geol. Bull.. 62(12): 2481-2488.

Velocity-amplitude features (VAMPS) occurring on time-base seismic profiles from the Bering Sea Basin are concave reflecting horizons thought to be velocity pulldowns due to low acoustic velocity in gas-filled formations. The narrow columns are associated with slightly arched overlying beds and underlain by basement relief. Several questions remain unanswered and further study of these features in Bering Sea and other deep-water areas is suggested. Figures include stratigraphic sections. U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, U.S.A. (web)

79-.3469 Tissot, B., 1979. Effects on prolific petroleum source

rocks and major coal deposits caused by sea- level changes. Nature, Lond., 277(5696): 463-465.

Worldwide transgressions and regressions of the ocean may be caused by changes in the rate of sea- level rise and fall which also seem to affect the nature, abundance and preservation of planktonic organic matter. A frequent correlation is indicated between major coal deposits and worldwide regressive periods. lnstitut Fran~;ais du P~trole, RueiI-Maimaison, France. (bwt)

79".3470 White, R. S., 1979. Gas hydrate layers trapping free

gas in the Gulf of Oman. Earth planet. Sci. Letts, 42(1): 114-120.

Seismic data identify accumulations of trapped gas beneath stable gas hydrate layers at 350-700 m of sediment. The shapes of the gas reservoirs are found to transgress local bedding and the depth of the hydrate layer is proportional to water depth. These features indicate that pressure-temperature conditions determine the hydrate phase change. Includes seismic profiles. Department of Geodesy and Geophysics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0EZ, U.K. (rio)

15. Manganese nodules, etc.

79".3471 Harada, Kenichi, 1978. Micropaleoutoingic investiga-

tion of Pacific manganese nodules. Mere. Fac. Sci. Kyoto Univ., (Geol. Mineral.)45(l): I I 1-132 + 11 plates.

Acid treatments, SEM and biostratigraphic dating were applied to manganese nodules from various Pacific locations to elucidate growth processes and age of formation. Microfossiis were universally present within the nodules; accretion rates were of the order of millimeters to some centimeters per million

years (in good agreement with radiometric determinations): and two distinct textures in nodule layers were revealed: a fine laminate probably resulting from direct precipitation of ferromanganese oxides and a massive, chaotic texture which grew rapidly and incorporated fossils and authigenic minerals. Includes 88 micrographs. Geologisch- Pal~iontologisches Institut und Museum der Universitlit Kiel, D-2300 Kiel, F.R.G. (izs)

79 ".3472 Lampietti, F. J. and L. F. Marcus, 1979. Manganese

nodules on the sea floor: are economic mining operations feasible? (Comment on the 1978 paper by Menard and Frazer.) Science, 203(4380): p. 565.

16. Local and regional tectonics, earthquakes and seismicity

79".3473 Huang, Chi-ching, 1978. An outline of the tectonic

characteristics of China. Eciog. geol. Helv.. 71(3): 61 !-635.

In this overview of Chinese geology, the major tectonic units of China including Precambrian platforms, Phanerozoic geosynclines, major orogenies (Indosinian, Himalayan, Yenshanian), polycyclic evolution and plate tectonics are summarized with important revisions and supplements. Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, The Geological Society of China, Pai Wan Chuang Fuchengmenwai, Peking, P.R.C. (drh)

79"3474 Ivanchuk, P. P., 1978. The tectonics Df the Niger

River Delta (Nigeria). Geotectonics (a translation of Geotektonika), 12(2): 157-162.

Block movements of Precambrian basement rocks control most of the structures observed within the Niger River Delta region (Nigeria's principal petroleum source), including the large displacement of liquified masses of deltaic sediments which have caused local structures and faults in the upper part of the overlying strata. (drh)

79".3475 Kafka, A. L., and D. J. Weidner, 1978. The focal

mechanism of a small intra-Caribhean plate earthquake as determined from Rayleigh waves. Earthq. Notes, seism. Soc. Am., 49(2): 21-29.

A focal mechanism solution determined for a low magnitude (4.7 M ~) earthquake in an intra-Caribbean plate region indicates strike-slip motion with the compression axis trending NW-SE. This solution


lowers the previous threshold for focal mechanism determination by approximately I magnitude unit and shows that studies of small earthquakes on plate boundaries and in intraplate regions can yield important information on plate tectonic processes. Dept. of Earth and Space Sciences, State University of New York, Stony Brook, N.Y. 11794, U.S.A. (drh)

79:3476 Kumar, Naresh and L. A. P. Gamboa, 1979. Evolu-

tion of the S io Paulo Plateau (sontheastern Bra- zilian marl;in) and implications for the early Ila~Ory of the South AdanU¢. Bull. geol. Soc. Am., (I)90(!): 281-293.

The S~io Paulo Plateau, a marginal plateau located off southern Brazil, has been structurally continuous with the Santos Basin, a basin located on the adjacent shelf, since at least Late Cretaceous times based on seismic reflection profiles and drilling data from DSDP site 356. The plateau is underlain by oceanic crust, is bounded to the north and south by fracture zones, and has acted as a depocenter since termination of evaporit¢ deposition in the South Atlantic. Figures include stratigraphic sections. Atlantic Richfield Company, P.O. Box 2819, Dallas, Tex. 75221, U.S.A. (drh)

79:3477 Scngor, A. M. C., 1978. Uber die angebiiche prim/ire

Vertikaitektonik im Ag/iisraum. IOn the alleged primary vertical tectonics in the Aegean area.] NeuesJb. Geol. Palfiont Mh., 11: 698-703.

Recent models which link the origin of the Aegean Basin to primary vertical tectonics are refuted. Evidence for extension in the Aqean and its easterly continuation, the western Anatolian graben system, indicates that horizontal stretching alone produced the Aegean Basin. Dept. of Geological Sciences, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, N.Y. 12222, U.S.A. (rio)

79:3478 Us, Ye. M., M. i. Bakhtin and E. P. Shpakov, 1978.

The principal tectonic features of the Sea of Azov. Geotectonics (a translation of Geotektonica), 12(2): 151-156. Includes 2 structural-tectonic maps of Sea of Azov Cretaceous and Paleogene deposits. North Caucasian Scientific-Research Gas Institute, Krasnodar, U.S.S.R.

79".3479 Yamashina, Ken'ichiro and Kazuaki Nakamura,

1978. Cecrdatiom between tectonic earthquakes and volcanic activity of lzu-Oshima Volcano, Japan. J. Volcanol. geotherm. Res., 4(3/4): 233-250.

Eruptions of the Izu-Oshima Volcano preceded by measured tectonic earthquakes are studied for the years 1921-1975 to determine whether quantitative

relationships exist between earthquakes and the subsequent state of the volcano. Analysis of the long- term effects of volumetric strain caused by rising and subsiding magma and the short-term effects of dynamic strain caused by earthquakes indicates volcanic activity is probably more correlated with short-term effects, although the correlations are neither simple nor obvious. Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113, Japan. (drh)

79".3480 Yoshida, Akio, Norio Yamakawa and Rokuichi

Tanabe, 1978. Tectonic study on the NNE-SSW faults of south-western part of the Izu Peninsula. (In Japanese: English abstract.) Pap. Met. Geophys.. Tokyo. 29(2): 97-102.

Conjugate faults are present in the NNE-SSW strike and are related to earthquake aftershock activity off the Izu Peninsula. Characteristics and anomalies in the stress field are discussed and the Coutomb-Mohr fracture theory is invoked to explain directional preferences in fault activity. Meteorological Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan. (rio)

18. Economic geology

79:3481 Francheteau, J. et al., 1979. Massive deep-sea sulphide

ore deposits discovered on the East Pacific Rise. Nature, Lond. 277(5697): 523-528.

Predicted massive ore-grade zinc, copper and iron sulphide deposits have been found at the active tectonic axis of the East Pacific Rise. These deposits represent a modern analogue of Cyprus-type sulphide ores associated with ophiolite complexes. Modern ocean floor sulphide deposits are not restricted to the initial stages of ocean rifting as suggested by the Red Sea deposits. Centre Oceanologique de Bretagne, France. (djh)

19. Crust, mantle, core; includes petrology and seismology (also see Physical Oceanography for general fluid mechanics)

79".3482 Beblo, M. and A. Bjornsson, 1978. Malp~oteiluHc

investili~lon of the lower crust and upper mantle beneath Iceland. J. Geophys. (Z. Geophys.), 45(I): 1-16.

Magnctotclluric measurements from 12 sites along a 210 km profile crossing Tertiary to Recent rocks in


northeastern Iceland indicate a 5 km thick layer of low resistivity ( 15 tim) slopes away from the spreading axis and probably represents a zone of partial melting at the boundary between basaltic crust and underlying upper mantle of peridotite composition, institut fiir Allgemeine und Angewandte Geophysik., Universit~it Miinchen, Theresienstrasse 41, D-8000 Miinchen 2, F.R.G. (drh)

79".3483 Fowler, C. M. R. and C. E. Keen, 1979. Oceanic

crustal structure: Mid-Ationti¢ Ridge at 45°N. Geophys. Jl R. astr. Sot., 56(I): 219-226.

Synthetic seismograms computed to model observed refraction seismograms obtained at 45°N on the Mid- Atlantic Ridge show a high-velocity layer exists at the base of the crust, rather than a low-velocity zone, and a velocity gradient occurs in the upper mantle. These results agree with other recent seismic studies on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and indicate that the velocity structure is more complex than that computed from travel-time analysis. Dept. of Geodesy and Geophysics, Madingley Rise, Madingley Road, Cambridge, England. (drh)

79".3484 Kirkpatrick, R. J., 1979. The physical state of the

oceanic crust: results of downhole geophysical logging in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 23°N. J. geophys. Reg., 84(BI): 178-188.

Downhole physical property measurements obtaim:d from layer 2 basalts in DSDP hole 396B (leg 46) indicate that in-situ sonic velocity, density, and electrical resistivity measurements differ significantly from laboratory measurements and can be used to determine lithologic boundaries and rock types. Low- temperature cementation processes probably explain the changes in porosity, density, and formation factors predicted from marine refraction velocity data for oceanic crust younger and older than that drilled at site 396. Dept. of Geology, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, II1.61801, U.S.A. (drh)

79-.3485 Knopoff, L., R. G. Mitchel, E. G. Kausel and

F. Schwab, 1979. A search for the oceanic Lg phase. Geophys. J! R. astr. Soc., 56( I): 211-218.

Numerical model analysis indicates scattering or attenuation caused from lateral heterogeneity in the sedimentary layer probably accounts for the disappearance of Lg stationary phases. The stationary phases for higher-mode Love waves can be found at very short periods (1-2 sec) but are not associated with a coherent family of arrivals, as in the continental case. Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif. 90024, U.S.A. (drh)

79".3486 Lee, Wook Bae and S. C. Solomon, 1979. Simul-

taneous inversion of mrfac~-wave pluu~ velocity and attenuation: RayleJgb and Love waves over continental and oceanic paths. Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 69(1): 65-95.

The simultaneous inversion of surface-wave phase velocity and attenuation is presented for Rayieigh waves, then applied to combined Love- and Rayleigh- wave data sets to investigate the frequency-dependent velocity structure of the Earth in three tectonically different regions (eastern and western North America and the central Pacific). Attenuation within the low Q, low velocity zone is greater in western North America than in the Pacific, and the low Q zone in east-central North America is not required to be a low velocity zone at frequencies above 1 Hz. Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif. 90024, U.S.A. (drh)

79".3487 Levshin, A. and K.-A. lkrtcussen, 1979. Aaomalons

propagation of mcfaee [Rayleigh] waves in the Barmts Sea as infmx~l from NORSAR [Nor- wegian Seismic Array] recordings. Geophys. Jl R. astr. Soc., 56(1): 97-118.

Frequency-time analysis applied to NORSAR recordings of Rayleigh waves generated by nuclear explosions from three Russian sites (with corrections applied for known dispersion effects across the Baltic shield) yield dispersion curves for two different paths across the southern Barents Sea. The large differences between the two models, based on inverting the dispersion curve data, the consistently low P-wave velocities and anomalous reflected waves, indicate that large lateral heterogeneities occur in the crust beneath the Barents Sea. Institute for Physics of the Earth, Moscow, U.S.S.R. (drh)

79".3488 Snoek, M. and S. Goldflam, 1978. Crustal structure

of the Reykjanes Ridge at 63°N derived from seismic mea~rements. J. Geophys. (Z. Geo- phys.), 45(l): 107-109.

Refraction data acquired near DSDP site 409 on the Reykjanes Ridge yield a crustal model that includes nearly horizontal interfaces interpreted as vesicular basalts (4.30 km/s P-wave velocity, ! k m thick), fresh basalts (5.35 kin/s, 1.5 km thick), gabbro-metabasites (6.59 kin/s, 3.3 km thick), mantle (7.86 kin/s) and a computed thin sediment layer (1.56 kin/s, 0.2 km thick) which was also drilled at site 409. Institut fiir Geophysik, Bundesstr. 55, D-2000 Hamburg 13, F.R.G. (drh)


79".3489 Spudich, P. K. P. and D. V. Heimberger, 1979. Syn-

tbetic seismeql~ms from model ~ e s n bottoms. J. geophys. Res., 84(B!): 189-204.

Synthetic seismograms calculated for known ocean bottom models (surface so.urce-receiver configura- tions varying between 2 and 20 kin) demonstrate that seismic response in the 1-30 Hz band is more sensitive to the velocity structure of the rock basement and the presence of a zone of lithification between the unconsolidated sediments and basement than to the thickness and velocity gradient in the unconsolidated sediments. Velocity structure in the top kilometer of basement rock is more tightly constrained by the combined analysis of head wave and reflection amplitudes than by separate consideration of either. Marine Physical Laboratory and the Geological Research Division of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Joila, Calif. 92093, U.S.A. (drh)

79".3490 Suyehiro, K. and !. S. Sacks, 1979. P- and S-wave

vdocity ammalles Jmocimed with the J ~ t e t i n g IitbeeplI'e ~ from travel-time residulds in the J u p ~ region. Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 69(!): 97-114.

P and S wave travel time residuals from deep earthquakes near the Japan subduction zone are compared with theoretical residuals to determine velocity con- trasts across the atmosphere-subducting lithosphere bounday and a possible velocity structure within the down-going slab. Results show that the subducting lithosphere can he modelled by two layers, similar to what is found in ocean lithosphere in the western Pacific. The rigidity and bulk modulus of the subducting slab are higher than the overlying asthenosphere, which is consistent with the hypothesis of partial melting in the asthenosphere. Carnegie [nstitution of Washington, Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, 5241 Broad Branch Road, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20015, U.S.A. (drh)

20. Hydrotbermal deposits, submarine springs, etc.

79".3491 Drever, J. I., J. R. Lawrence and R. C. Antweiler,

1979. GYlpmm and INdite from the Mld-Atlutic Ridge, DSDP site 34PJ. Earth planet. Sci. Lefts, 42(1): 98-102.

Gypsum, halite, saponite and phiilipsite were recovered from a vein in a basalt sill 625 m below the ocean floor. Mineralogical and chemical analyses

were employed in deriving estimates of the temperature and chemical composition of waters circulating in the oceanic crust. Includes 4 micrographs. Geology Department, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyo. 82071, U.S.A. (rio)

79".3492 Monaco, A., J. N. Valette, M. Hoffert et P. Picot,

1979. H~ritage et nc~oformation dans les de~p6ts voicano-s4ktimentaires et hydrothermaux avoisi- nant Hie de Vulcano. [Hwitalle and neoforma- tion in volcanic and b y ~ sediments sur- rounding Vllcam Islud, Medttermmun Sea.] Oceanol. Acta, 2(1 ): 75-89.

Four types of deposits are distinguished: a detrital phase, a siliceous and carbonate phase, a neogenic phase, and a precipitate phase. Kaolinite and smectite are formed hydrothermally. Amorphous iron hydroxides precipitate from hydrothermal springs transforming to goethite and hematite at depth. Manganese occurs exclusively as hydroxides and oxides. Figures include 30 micrographs. Centre de Recherches de Sedimentologie Marine, Perpignan, France (djh)

21. Miscellaneous

79".3493 Quinney, D. A., 1979. A note on cemputiq coastal

edge c ~ for imlaced ~ electric Geophys. JI R. astr. So(:., 56(I): 119-126.

The integral equation form provides a 'useful technique for studying electric currents produced by induction in the ocean and near the coastline (where the electric field changes significantly over a small distance). The results of solving the integral equation numerically contain an arbitrary multiplicative constant which provides a correction for the near singularity at the coastline and is determined by matching the electric field parallel to the coastline at a suitable oceanic point. Univ. of Keele, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, England. (drh)

79".3494 Westermann, G. E. G., 1978. The circma-PKific

Jurassic Re ,a rch Group. Lethaia, I 1(4): p. 314.

With the intention of uniting Jurassic specialists interested in the Pacific area and promoting interdisciplinary communication, a new international research group has been founded. Department of Geology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M I, Canada. (rio)

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