©Subject Support 2013 A2 Revision - 1 Based on previous questions, and potential answers to those...
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©Subject Support 2013
A2 Revision - 1
• Based on previous questions, and• potential answers to those questions
©Subject Support 2013
Revision topics – chosen by your teachers
14 mark questionsCommercialisationOlympic IdealsKrebs cycleAggressionSupport from organisations for elite athletesProjectile motionPNF stretching
©Subject Support 2013
14 mark questionsThere are no to these
questionsPrevious papers – usually
combined to make one questionExpect creditable points in
mark scheme – Grade A response – gain
points per topicGrade E response – gain
points per topic
‘rules’ two
topics
2412 each
topic 8-10
3-5
©Subject Support 2013
14 mark questionsMust writeSimply write in sentencesPrevious physiology questions – 2
(not obviously)Previous psychology questions –
Previous socio-cultural questions – more
in prosefact
srelated
topics
concept and strategies
discursive
©Subject Support 2013
Commercialisation - Typical question
Many elite sports are now commercialised and seen as a form of entertainment.Discuss the suggestion that an increase in the ‘commercialisation’ of sport has been beneficial for performers and the sport.
(7 marks)
©Subject Support 2013
CommercialisationIdea of sporting events being used
to make moneySport gains income from: / /
/
Income used to pay players –
Commercialism increases in last
Spectators
media
sponsors
hip
merchandising
profession
als30 years
©Subject Support 2013
• Sport seen as a
• Where the becomes the driving force in sport• The sale of - the major source of sports funding• Broadcasting rights for Premier League now worth
commoditymarke
tTV rights
£1.1 billion a year
Commercialisation
©Subject Support 2013
Media and sportSport – – to report/showMore readers/viewers – more
, more , more Need to make information
provided interesting –
cheap sale
sadvertising
income
inform or sensationalise
©Subject Support 2013
Role of sport to media
to suit demands of media
Share of entertainment market –
Increased interest – from TV rights and
income
Adapted
peak time viewing more
participantsIncomeMarketing
advertising
©Subject Support 2013
Television and advertising
TV cameras – Pre-game /during game advertising Advertising Sponsors name /logo Sponsor:
logos on pitch
hoardings in
media
competition
venue stand
©Subject Support 2013
Sport Has Changed For TV
One day and 20:20 Penalty Timings – starts/kick-off to suit TV
Use of in tennis/cricket 3rd umpire in /TMO in Camera
cricketshoot
outs
more viewershawkey
e cricket
rugbyangles/position/
playercam
©Subject Support 2013
TV has what we can watch and when and how we watch
Also brings sports we might never normally watch - ,
Become converted to
Reduces
TV changes sport
improved
sumo wrestlingarmchair
spectatorsparticipatio
n?
©Subject Support 2013
Changing the characteristics of sport
Changing the format of play –
Changing the competition structure –
Changing the rules to simplify them –
Changing the rules to make game ‘flow’ –
tennis tie breaks
Champions League/ RU premiership
American scoring – badminton/volleyball
one-day/20:20 cricket
©Subject Support 2013
Professional performer - a commercial object?Signs contract –Can be Brings in money through
Exploit image for company goals –
Financial rewards
like a business‘hired and
fired’ advertising
marketability based on
results
endorsements
©Subject Support 2013
Olympic ideals
Not Striving to win -Taking part more important than – for the love of sport
• Individuals performingteams/
Nationsfairly winnin
g• Amateur
©Subject Support 2013
OlympismCompeting with spirit of
Symbols:Olympic Olympic Virtually gone due to needed to competeIOC accept professional
performers –
sportsmanship
ringsoath financial
support
‘amateur spirit’
©Subject Support 2013
Kreb’s cycle - Typical questionAt the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, David Davies won the silver medal in the swimming 10 kilometre marathon event, in a time of 1 hour 51 minutes and 53.1 seconds.Explain how the majority of energy used during the race would be provided. (7 marks)
©Subject Support 2013 1
8
Kreb’s cycleCarbohydrates -
- broken down in series of reactions to
Called Some energy released forFats (fatty acids) prepared through
ready for
in
pyruvate
ATP resynthesis
Kreb’s cycle
glycogen/glucose
β -oxidation
glycolysis
mitochondria
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9
Kreb’s cyclePyruvate converted into Enters Hydrogen removed leavingSomeHydrogen toOxidised to Releases large amounts of energy
for
carbon dioxideATP
resynthesisedElectron Transport Chain
ATP resynthesis
Acetyl Co- AKreb’s
cycle
water
©Subject Support 2013
Aggression - Typical question
Trait theories may be used to explain several psychological constructs.(a)Sport may increase or decrease the likelihood
of aggressive behaviour occurring among competitors. How may trait theory be used to explain aggression in sport?
(2 marks)(b)Use the frustration-aggression hypothesis to
explain why this may happen.(2 marks)
(c)Explain why incidents of aggression occur only occasionally in team games.
(2 marks)
©Subject Support 2013 21
Aggression“Any form of behaviour directed toward the goal of harming or injuring another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment”
Aggression is:1. a behaviour/action;
2. intentional; 3. to cause harm;4. outside the rules;
©Subject Support 2013 22
Forms of AggressionInstrumental –aggression used to
increase chances of Hostile - aggression with injury as
Constructive use of force in sport =
Channelled aggression – diverting aggressive feelings into
winning
main aim
assertion
useful actions
©Subject Support 2013 23
Instinct theoryAggression Builds up – needs to be Displaced into sport rather than Release = Theory suggests most aggression
is , but some is as a means of
control
inherited release
d violencecatharsi
s hostileinstrument
alSocial learning
©Subject Support 2013 24
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
Frustration leads to Aggression comes from In sport, prevents
attainment of - leads to frustration, especially if
Aggression released – – but not always
But, not all leads to
aggressionfrustratio
noppositiongoal
sunexpected
cathartic
frustration
aggression
©Subject Support 2013 25
Aggressive-cue theory
Not all frustration leads to aggressionOnly occurs if certain
presentSuch as:Coach aggression of behavioursCertain or Previous Depends on
learned cues
encouragingReinforcemen
tobjects
sportsexperience
ssituation
©Subject Support 2013 26
Social learning theory to be aggressive of others leads to prevents
LearnObservati
onsignifica
ntReinforcement
repeating actionsPunishme
ntcopyin
g
©Subject Support 2013 27
Strategies to reduce aggression
Strategies both for player and coach
• Punish aggressive play• Reinforce assertive play• Reduce arousal• Avoid aggressive situation
©Subject Support 2013
Elite Athlete Support - Typical questionTo maximise the chances of winning medals at major championships, such as the Olympic Games, performers need the support of many organisations.Outline and explain the structure of the World Class Performance Pathway. (3 marks) Explain the support structures for elite performers provided by the National institutes of excellence, such as the English Institute of Sport. (4 marks)
©Subject Support 2013
Role of National Governing Bodies
Develop structure
Manage development strategies – ,
, etcDevelop structureManage Enforce of sport
club and competition WCP
TASScoachin
grepresentative teamsrules and
regulationsPromotion
©Subject Support 2013
Whole Sports PlansWSP – plan for all – grass roots to
eliteWSP directs Sport England funding IdentifiesLinks with partners – ‘Measures’
NGB’s needsPESSYPhow well NGBs
doing
©Subject Support 2013
UK Sport
Aims:Development ofAttracting and running major
sporting events in UK prevention and testingFunded by
and
elite athletes
Dopingcentral
governmentLottery
no longer!
©Subject Support 2013
UK SportFull responsibility for all
and performance-related
supportRuns
programme,
All funding and support integrated
World Class Performance
OlympicParalympi
c
Talented Athlete Scholarship Scheme
English Institutes of Sport
©Subject Support 2013
World Class Performance Pathway
Three levels:World Class Podium –
World Class Development – potential
World Class Talent – identify and develop potential
2012 medal hopes
2016 winners
2020 performers
©Subject Support 2013
Funding Of Elite Performers
1. Lottery grants via 2. – group and
personal3. 4.
Many/majority do not receive or money
NGBSponsorshi
pAppearance moneyPrize
money
appearanceprize
©Subject Support 2013
English Institute of Sport – ‘making the best better’
One of
Support – , medicine, physiology, diet and nutrition advice, mechanics, fitness testing and conditioning, information
Athlete Career Education
4 National Institutes• 9 regional
sites sports science
©Subject Support 2013
Projectile motion – Typical questionThe flight of a golf ball is said to be parabolic. Explain the term parabolic and the main factors that limit the distance that a golf ball will travel in flight. (4 marks)
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7
Projectile motion
•Flightpath =parabola
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8
Components
Motion of projectile has components
component component
two
VerticalHorizontal
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Projectile motion
Vertical motion affected by gravity –
Horizontal motion is affected by friction –
Vertical componen
t Horizontal componen
t decreases
negligible
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0
Variations in vertical and horizontal componentsThis causes the observed parabolic flight and affects the motion components as follows:
©Subject Support 2013 4
1
Projectile motion
Factors affecting distance travelled:• • •
Speed of release Height of release Angle of release
©Subject Support 2013
Typical question – PNF stretchingAs part of their preparation elite athletes may try to improve their performance through Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) training. What is the main benefit of PNF training and explain how PNF training works?
(4 marks)
©Subject Support 2013 43
Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation
Means of improving Requires a partnerWorks by disengaging
– allows greater range of movement
– contract-relax, antagonist-contract
flexibility
stretch reflex
CRAC
©Subject Support 201344
Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation
Joint stretched Isometric
contraction of – held
for –
cancels
Increased
to normal limit/range
antagonist
range of movement possible
few secondsstretch
reflex
©Subject Support 2013 4
5
Muscle spindles and GTOsMuscle spindles detect
of muscle and produce protective
– stretched muscle Golgi Tendon Organs detect
in tendons – stretched tendon (muscle)
overstretching
stretch reflex
contractstensio
nrelaxe
sautogenic inhibition