Subject Index

AAccommodation space, 20, 229–232, 245–246,

248, 320Acoustic logs, 366–367Acquisition fold, 381Acritarchs, 216–218Aeolian, 20, 27, 28, 32, 34–35, 46, 53–54, 58–59, 73,

82, 105, 110, 132, 176, 179–181, 196, 202, 207,209, 476

Air-gun, 375, 378–380, 382Algae, 4–8, 24, 53, 60, 66, 72, 99, 101, 116, 118, 142, 144–145,

147–153, 156–158, 160, 165–167, 169–177, 179,182–183, 187–188, 190, 198, 205, 216–218, 339–340,343, 462–464, 479, 481

Alkanes, 346–347Alluvial fans, 54–57, 311, 476Amorpheous silica, 237Amplitude map, 401, 403–404, 423–424, 432Amplitude versus offset (AVO), 237, 398, 401, 403, 413,

418–419, 421–424, 438–439Amplitudes, 189, 239, 324, 377, 381, 387–388, 395–399, 401,

403–404, 418, 421, 423–425, 427–429, 431–433,438–440, 442, 489

Anhydrite, 15, 179, 181, 194, 206–207, 210, 262, 322, 455Ankerite, 141–142, 186, 210, 216Anthracite, 13Antidunes, 47–48API gravity, 347Appraisal well, 21, 448Aquifers, 119–120, 255, 261, 266–269, 274, 276, 427, 440,

443, 450–451, 479Aquitards, 266–267, 276Aragonite, 18, 21, 91, 106, 117, 132, 135, 141–142, 145, 147,

149, 151, 154, 156–157, 160–161, 165–168, 170–171,173, 176–177, 181, 184–187, 189–191, 193–199, 206,211–212, 216, 227, 232, 334, 336, 481, 483

Arctic, 206, 485–486, 491, 495–496Arenite, 113–114, 123, 134Arkose, 113–114, 132, 245Aromatic, 346–348, 459Arrenius, 12, 125, 343Asphalt, 8, 18, 126, 128, 131, 346–348, 351, 354, 453–454,

459–460Athabasca, 454, 460–461

Atlantic, 9, 16, 60, 63, 82, 108, 110, 170, 173, 176–177, 182,203, 209, 211, 242–243, 246, 261, 302, 469–470, 479,485–488, 491, 495–497

Attenuation, 367, 381, 384, 388, 394Authigenic, 54, 60, 92–93, 96–97, 104–107, 117–121, 124,

126–130, 132–133, 137, 194, 212, 233, 270, 274,332–334, 348, 358, 412

Autocorrelation, 387–388AVO, see Amplitude versus offset (AVO)

BBackstripping, 245, 282Bahamas, 21, 72, 77, 147, 166–167, 170, 172, 176–179, 186,

190, 194–196Bandpass filter, 388Bandwidth, 378, 394Barchans, 58Barents Sea, 13, 106, 173, 467–470, 485–486, 489–497Barrier island, 15, 17, 20, 54, 72–76Basement, 14, 16–17, 56, 83, 90, 132, 137, 244–245, 248,

253, 255–256, 272–273, 275, 286, 299, 305, 309,321, 335, 356

Basin analysis, 115, 235–250Basin modelling, 1–2, 25, 250, 256, 278, 281, 317, 329,

344–345, 403Beach rock, 186Bedforms, 37–38, 46–48, 58, 70, 79, 177Bernoulli, 38Binning, 383Biodegradation, 18, 128, 261, 348, 351, 454Biosparite, 191Biostratigraphy, 22, 213, 215, 220–221, 224–225, 242Biozones, 214, 220–222, 224Bitumen, 2, 10, 126, 128, 131, 171, 459–462Bjørnøya, 486, 489–492, 494–496Blue-green algae, 6, 53, 144, 170, 188Borehole break-out, 287–288Bouma sequence, 41–42Braided stream, 20, 61Break-up, 302, 305, 314, 467, 474, 479, 485, 487, 489, 495–496Brent, 120, 122–124, 133, 136, 138, 427–428, 471, 477–478,

480, 482–483Brent delta, 477–478, 480, 482–483Brightspot, 398, 403Brittle deformation, 126, 301

501K. Bjørlykke (ed.), Petroleum Geoscience: From Sedimentary Environments to Rock Physics,DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-12968-1, c© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010

502 Subject Index

Bryozoa, 72, 144, 160–161, 166, 173–174, 179, 197–198,217, 479

Burial diagenesis, 130, 134, 137, 188–189, 210, 330, 332

CCalcareous algae, 118, 147–149, 152, 156, 165, 179,

182, 187, 198Calcisphere, 150–151Calcite, 21, 24, 51, 89, 91–93, 95, 106, 117–118, 123, 130–132,

135, 141–142, 149–151, 154–155, 160–161, 163–166,168, 170–171, 173, 177, 179, 181–191, 193–199,210–211, 216, 227, 263, 270, 275, 332, 334–336,408, 481

Caledonian, 302, 462, 467, 471–474, 485, 489–490, 497Caledonides, 473Caliche, 55, 100, 209, 477Caliper log, 362, 368Capillary

entry pressure, 121, 137, 351–355, 357, 359, 446forces, 10–12, 56–57, 88, 105, 184–185, 267, 351–352, 355,

357, 359, 445–448, 453–454, 456, 481resistance, 13, 350–351, 357, 359, 446, 448, 452

Cap rock, 1, 6, 13, 15–16, 18, 21, 137, 181, 207, 246, 302, 305,351, 354–359, 412, 417–418, 431, 443, 447–448,456, 483

Carbonateclassification, 189–190compaction, 329, 334–336compensation depth, 107, 109, 154, 182, 249environments, 169, 171–172, 179, 184, 190minerals, 24, 60, 90, 92, 141–142, 173, 181, 196, 261, 264,

336, 366, 448platform, 21, 169, 172, 176, 179–181, 184, 188, 195,

474, 492reservoirs, 1, 3, 19–21, 113, 196–199, 296, 336, 427, 448,

456–457skeleton, 141, 143, 154, 173, 197turbidites, 181

Carbon compensation depth (CCD), 107, 109, 154, 182Carbon dioxide (CO2), 4–7, 10, 24, 90–91, 93, 99, 105–107,

109, 117–118, 128, 130, 138, 141–143, 145, 148, 173,177, 179, 181–183, 189, 205, 227, 260, 263, 275,339–341, 346, 348, 427, 441–442, 446, 453, 455,460–462, 464–465, 479

Carboniferous, 60, 151–153, 156, 160–162, 164, 170–171, 217,241–243, 350, 400, 468, 470–472, 474–476, 480, 486,489, 492–493, 497

Carboxyl acid, 341CDP, see common depth point (CDP)Cellolose, 5, 10, 341Cementation, 16, 21, 115–116, 121–123, 125–128, 131–138,

157, 168–169, 171, 184–188, 196–199, 235, 256, 268,275–277, 281–282, 285, 290–291, 293–294, 296–297,333–336, 352, 354, 406, 409–412, 417, 421, 430,479, 488

Cenozoic, 11, 144, 152, 154, 158, 164, 199, 217, 219, 224, 230,344, 467, 479–480, 483, 485–486, 488–490, 492,495–497

Central GRABEN, 150, 262, 311, 313, 335, 471–472, 474–476,480, 483

Chalk, 13, 16, 19, 51, 149–151, 182, 198–199, 204, 290, 297,301, 335, 369, 427, 436–437, 468, 471, 479–481

Chamosite, 97, 117, 195–196, 210, 477Channel flow, 37Chemical compaction, 121, 125–126, 134–135, 188, 191, 237,

256, 264, 275–277, 281–286, 291, 293–297, 329–331,334–336, 411–413, 420, 481

Chert, 51, 113, 155, 194, 204–205, 216, 369, 492Cherzy equation, 37, 56Chlorite coating, 117, 126–127, 134, 137Chlorozoan association, 172–173Chronostratigraphy, 213, 222, 225

minerals, 31, 34–35, 42–43, 51, 68, 88–90, 95–101,103–108, 113–114, 121, 123, 138, 175–176, 189, 193,195, 201–202, 205, 236, 259, 261–262, 270, 293–296,329–330, 332–335, 340, 342, 363, 365–368, 408, 412,415, 446–447, 454–456, 464, 481

sediments, 21, 39, 44, 49, 61, 72, 74, 84, 226, 248, 290Closure, 13–14, 302, 318, 358, 481, 483Coal, 2, 5–6, 10, 13, 23, 28, 47, 54–55, 58, 60, 70, 76, 90, 216,

219, 224, 231, 326, 341, 343, 363, 366, 370–371, 453,464, 468, 471, 474–475, 477, 480, 488, 497

Coal bed methane (CBM), 464Coarsening-upwards, 20, 68, 70, 74, 354, 358, 370, 452Coccolithophore, 143–144, 147, 149–152, 164, 181–182, 188,

198, 216, 218Coccoliths, 149–150, 152, 166, 182, 227, 290Coccosphere, 149–150Coherent noise, 387–388Collapse breccia, 194Common depth point, 381, 390Common midpoint (CMP), 381, 383, 387–391Compaction, 10, 15–16, 20, 39–40, 44, 50–51, 65, 68, 74, 76,

80, 114–115, 121–123, 125–127, 130, 132–136, 184,188–189, 191–192, 194, 196–199, 201, 210–211, 235,237, 240, 245, 255–256, 261, 264, 268–270, 272–278,281–286, 288, 290–297, 304, 306–307, 314–315,329–336, 356, 396, 403, 404, 411–413, 420, 429,436–437, 440–441, 450–452, 480–481

Compactional trends, 403–404, 411–413Compaction driven flow, 189, 255–256, 268, 270, 272–273,

276, 278Compression, 50, 80, 248, 266, 281, 283–286, 288–292, 296,

299, 315, 317, 322, 375, 405, 425, 488, 490, 496Compressional wave, 375Concretions, 51, 117, 197, 204, 211–212Conductivity, 120, 246, 253–254, 256, 266, 271, 361, 363,

365, 368Continental rifting, 245–246Contraction, 51, 243, 244, 266, 284, 289, 300, 304, 306–307,

315, 317–318, 320, 322–324, 472, 478Convections, 108, 131, 138, 253, 256, 265, 270–272, 276, 299Convolute lamination, 49–51Coral, 21, 52–53, 79, 144, 148–149, 151–152, 156–160, 165,

167, 172–175, 177–179, 187, 197Core description, 369, 371Cores, 19, 29, 44, 117, 120, 122, 128, 137, 215, 220, 227, 229,

262, 324–325, 330, 340, 355, 368, 456, 461Cretaceous, 9, 11, 13, 21, 60, 77, 92, 94, 106, 109, 118, 133,

150–152, 154, 156, 162, 169, 224, 228, 242, 246, 248,250, 261, 276–277, 302, 304–305, 307, 331–332, 358,

Subject Index 503

371, 454, 460, 464, 467–468, 469, 470–473, 476,478–493, 495–497

Crinoids, 144, 161–164, 187Crude, 2, 272, 346–347, 354, 461Cuttings, 1, 3, 22, 29, 137, 215, 221, 227, 294, 361Cyanobacteria, 6, 144–148, 151–152, 165, 167, 170, 179,

194, 208

DDarcy, 19, 37, 255–256, 265–268, 270–271, 274, 276–277, 352,

448, 481Darcy flow, 267–268Dead sea, 16, 160, 168, 182, 209Debris flow, 40, 42–43, 45, 55, 80, 82, 181, 198, 202, 369, 478Deconvolution, 387–388, 394Dedolomitisation, 195Deformation mechanisms, 301, 302, 322Delamination model, 302, 308Delta

front, 54, 63–69, 202, 238, 352, 372, 399, 482lobe, 65–66, 81, 238, 400

Deltaic, 6, 28, 53, 66, 78, 115, 121, 219–220, 250, 269, 372,478, 495

Density logs, 367Depth migration, 392, 440Desert, 43, 54, 56–59, 82, 99, 101–102, 104–106, 116, 119,

132, 179, 202, 208–210, 242, 379Devonian, 59, 61, 106, 151–152, 156, 162, 164, 172, 174,

217, 223, 302, 350, 462, 464, 471–474, 477, 481,489–493, 497

Diagenesis, 1, 9–10, 13, 19–21, 25, 27, 31, 54, 87, 93, 98,114–116, 118, 129–131, 133–134, 136–137, 141–142,150, 156, 183–184, 188–190, 197–198, 201, 210, 226,228, 246, 266, 269–270, 296, 329–330, 332, 340,358–359, 377, 412, 416, 421, 425, 443, 447, 479, 481

Diagenetic processes, 1, 19, 31, 35, 87, 90, 113, 115, 118, 126,131, 133–135, 138, 168, 184, 266, 281

Diagenetic trends, 405, 408, 416Diatoms, 5–6, 59–60, 101–102, 106, 117–118, 168, 179, 181,

203–205, 211, 216–219, 263, 296, 333, 462Differential subsidence, 307, 477, 486Diffraction, 96, 240, 383, 391–392Dipmeter logs, 20, 362, 367–368Dish structures, 49–50Distribution coefficients, 88, 91Dip-moveout (DMO), 387–388, 390Dolomite, 89–90, 141–142, 147, 171, 179, 181–182, 185, 189,

192–199, 208–210, 216, 261, 283, 491, 495Dolomitisation, 157, 192–195, 199, 216Domes, 3, 14–16, 23, 48, 208, 239, 246, 254–255, 264,

271–272, 488Downward extrapolation, 392Draupne, 340, 471, 478, 480, 482–483, 488Dunes, 20, 34, 38, 43, 46–48, 58–59, 62, 72–73, 177–178, 209Dunham’s classification, 190–192Dunlin, 477, 482

EEast Shetland Basin, 305, 470, 472–474, 482East Shetland Platform, 470, 472, 474, 479Echinoderms, 52, 142, 161–164, 166, 173, 176, 179, 185–186

Echinoids, 144, 161–166Effective stress, 20, 44, 68, 98, 115, 121–122, 125–126,

135–138, 184, 189, 199, 237, 264–265, 272, 274–276,281–286, 289–297, 329–330, 334–336, 355, 416, 430,451–452, 457, 481

Ekofisk, 16, 19, 150, 182, 246, 290, 297, 335, 436, 448, 450,452, 468, 478, 480–482

Ekofisk field, 19, 150, 290, 335, 448, 450, 452, 468, 481Ekofisk Field, Ekofisk, see EkofiskElectrical logs, 364Electromagnetic, 2, 331, 440Enhanced recovery, 1, 453, 457Ephemeral, 55, 60, 205, 208Erosion, 4, 21, 27, 34, 36–39, 42, 45–50, 53, 55–63, 65, 67–68,

70–73, 75, 78–80, 87, 95, 98, 104–107, 110–111, 113,120, 129, 132, 151, 164–165, 169–170, 175, 177–178,201–202, 210, 212, 219, 230–231, 233, 238–241, 243,255–256, 262, 270, 281, 284–285, 297, 299, 313–314,322, 341, 351, 368, 396, 399, 471, 475, 478–479,481–482, 492, 495–497

Evaporate, 8, 56, 208, 348Evaporite basins, 59–60, 108–109, 171, 181, 205–209, 246,

476–477Evaporites, 45, 55, 59–60, 90–93, 108–109, 145, 168, 171, 181,

194–195, 197, 201–212, 216, 228, 245–246, 254,260–262, 264, 273, 278, 283, 322–324, 363, 365, 471,476, 477, 490–492, 497

Exhumation, 21, 479Experimental compaction, 121–122, 135, 291–292, 294–295,

330, 331Exploration, 1–3, 9, 17, 19, 21, 23–25, 28–29, 68, 115,

136–137, 215, 219, 250, 259, 263, 267–268, 284, 287,296, 299, 304–305, 308, 320–321, 343–344, 359, 361,372, 375–401, 403–425, 436, 440, 445, 448, 467–470,480–482, 488–489, 496–497

Extension, 21, 126, 198, 261, 268, 284–285, 288, 300, 302,304–309, 311–312, 315–316, 320, 322, 334, 352,470–471, 476, 482, 485–486, 489, 495–496

Extensional basin, 302–315, 317, 321, 491

FFaecal pellets, 77, 167, 169, 178Far stack, 419, 421Fault, 3, 6, 11, 14, 16–17, 19–20, 23, 51, 55–56, 68–69, 84,

101, 104, 120, 137, 198, 209, 240, 246, 248, 250, 255,259, 268, 274–276, 285, 293, 300, 302–303, 305–309,311–318, 320–326, 336, 345, 352–356, 358–359, 369,386, 391, 395, 397–398, 401, 428, 439, 451, 456–457,470, 472–474, 477–480, 482–484, 486–493

Fault architecture, 324–326Feathering, 383Fining-upwards, 20, 62, 77, 82, 352, 354, 359, 365, 370,

452–453F-K filter, 388–389Flaser bedding, 47, 77Flocculation, 39, 59, 70, 98, 202, 294Fluid

communication, 325, 457factor, 419–422inclusions, 127–130

504 Subject Index

pressure, 259, 263, 265, 268, 274, 281–284, 286, 290,349–351, 354–356, 438, 452

Fluid (hydrodynamic) potential, 183, 263, 265–268, 283Flute cast, 42, 49–50Fluvial deposits, 55, 60, 62Fluvial flow, 41–42, 67Folk’s classification, 190–191Foraminifera, 7, 18, 95, 106, 118, 144, 151–154, 173, 179–182,

186, 197, 216–219, 227, 479Foramol association, 173Fore-arc basin, 83–84, 249–250Formation factor, 259, 363Formation water, 259–262, 264, 271, 282, 362–363, 365–367,

416, 460Fractured reservoirs, 21, 118, 137, 198, 205, 447, 456–457Fractured rocks, 355, 446, 449Fracture pressure, 274–277, 282, 286–287, 333, 350, 354–359,

438, 483, 488Fresnel zone, 392–394Froude number, 37–38, 47–48

GGamma logs, 3, 361, 365, 370Gas

hydrates, 23, 459–465injection, 453, 455, 481

Gassmann model, 429Geochemistry, 2, 24, 43, 60, 87–111, 141, 339–348, 408Geomechanic, 281–297, 436–438, 440Geomechanical effects, 436–438Geometric spreading, 380–381Geophone, 2–3, 377–380, 382–384, 386Geophysical monitoring, 403–425Geostatic pressure, 356, 457Geothermal gradients, 12, 84, 121–123, 130–131, 133,

136, 203, 237, 243–246, 249–250, 253–257, 270–271,294, 299, 320, 334, 341–342, 344–346, 367–368, 465,478, 482

Gibbsite, 103–106, 121, 262Glacial, 9, 55, 58–60, 92, 104, 108, 110, 177, 183–184, 202,

228–230, 256, 284, 293–294, 331, 465, 468, 480, 483,485, 488, 496

Glitne field, 404, 410, 423–424Goliath field, 497Grain flow, 40, 43Grain size, 27–35, 38–40, 44–48, 56, 59, 61, 63, 73, 95,

101, 113, 121–122, 135–136, 164, 166, 170, 190–191,201–202, 228, 278, 291, 294–297, 329–330,369–370

Grapestone, 178Gravity flow, 39, 198, 312Green river formation, 60Green river shale, 4, 462–463Greywacke, 114, 131, 191Groningen field, 467Ground water, 100Growth faults, 14, 16–17, 51, 68–69, 120, 278, 322–323,

353, 355Gullfaks field, 137, 427–428, 438Gypsum, 14–15, 147, 179, 181, 194–195, 206–210, 216, 259,

262, 322, 348, 455

HHalite, 14, 179, 194, 206, 208–209, 254, 262, 322, 471Halokinesis, 313, 323, 471Haltenbanken, 13, 95, 127–129, 274, 331, 359, 371, 469,

488–489Hardground, 187, 198, 233Heat flow, 84, 138, 243, 245, 249, 253–256, 273, 303, 307,

341, 368Heat transport, 253–257, 273Heavy oil, 3, 17, 23, 25, 128, 131, 248, 347–348, 427, 447,

453–454, 459–465Heidrun, 443, 488Hercynian, 472, 475Hertz-mindlin model, 429–431Hjulstrøm’s curve, 39Horda platform, 305, 470, 472–474, 477Horizontal wells, 368, 461Humic kerogen, 340–341Hummocky, 48, 73, 79, 232Hummocky stratification, 48, 73Hydraulic radius, 37, 55–56Hydrocarbon traps, 13–17, 188, 299–326Hydrogen index, 345, 366Hydrophone, 377–380, 382–384Hydrosatic pressure, 62, 182, 189, 265, 274, 276, 282–283,

294, 356, 449, 488

IIce, 9, 49, 51, 58, 92, 98, 202, 206, 241, 243–244, 277, 335,

349, 400, 464–465, 480, 488Illitisation, 126, 129, 137, 411–412Image logs, 2, 362, 368–369Imaging, 287–288, 322–324, 376, 382–384, 386, 392, 400, 485Impedance, 236–239, 377, 381, 396, 403, 405, 410–411,

415–418, 420, 431, 439, 457Incidence angle, 380Instantaneous phase, 396–397Intergranular volume (IGV), 121, 123, 132Interval velocity, 396Intraclasts, 168–169, 190–191Inversion, 109, 126, 265, 272, 313, 320–322, 326, 381, 403,

416, 423–424, 443, 471, 479, 488–489Invertebrates, 152–168Ionic potential, 88–90Island arcs, 82–85, 110, 249–250, 303Isostasy, 243, 282, 307Isotopes, 88, 91–95, 110, 166, 226–228, 261, 263–264, 273,

343, 346, 348

JJurassic, 12–13, 21, 46, 59–60, 94, 118, 122–124, 127–129,

133, 150, 152, 156, 162, 171, 174, 176, 182, 197, 209,217, 224, 228, 245–246, 248, 250, 256, 261, 302, 304,331, 339, 348, 359, 365, 429, 468–472, 476–478, 480,482–486, 488–491, 493, 495, 497

KKattegat, 472, 476, 479Kerogen, 5, 10, 12–13, 245, 263–264, 277, 333, 339–347,

349–350, 366, 367, 463–464

Subject Index 505

Kimmeridge Clay/shale, 11–13, 116, 130, 214, 339–340, 358,478, 481–483

LLacustrine, 55, 59–60, 182, 219, 245–246, 311Lacustrine deposits, 59–60Lakes, 8–9, 39, 55–56, 59–61, 65, 77, 87, 90–91, 105, 109, 116,

120, 128, 170, 182–183, 193, 202, 205, 208–209, 227,246, 311, 384, 462–463

Land seismic, 375, 378, 382, 386, 427Lava, 59, 110–111, 209, 484–485, 487, 489Leak-off test (LOT), 287, 296, 354Lignin, 7, 341Lime mud, 144, 149, 151–152, 166–168, 178–179, 181, 187,

190, 192, 479Liquefaction, 39, 43–44, 49–50, 68, 80Liquefied flow, 43–44Listric faults, 17, 51, 84, 246, 305, 308, 311, 313, 483Lithoclasts, 169, 186Lithosphere, 82, 229–230, 299–308, 321–322, 470, 485Lithospheric thinning, 302, 470Lithostratigraphy, 213–214, 225Load cast, 49–50Lofoten, 483–487, 490–491Love waves, 375–376

MMagmatism, 311, 485, 495–496Mandal Formation, 480, 483Marine seismic, 2, 378–379, 381–384, 387, 435Mass flow, 39, 42–43, 114, 313–314Maturation, 6, 13–14, 25, 246, 248–250, 263, 302, 311, 317,

319–320, 340–344, 346, 349–350, 367Mechanical compaction, 20, 114–115, 121–123, 127, 132–133,

135–136, 184, 188–189, 197–198, 273, 275–277,281–284, 286, 291–293, 295–297, 329–330, 335,411–413, 452, 481

Mesozoic, 60, 63, 108, 110, 117, 142, 154, 158, 164, 179,181–182, 204, 219, 224, 243, 246, 261, 325, 468, 480,486, 489–490, 492, 494–496

Meteoric water, 17–18, 92, 98, 115, 117–121, 123,130, 132–134, 177, 183–184, 187, 250, 253, 255,259, 261–264, 267–270, 273, 276, 284, 336, 363,450–452

Meteoric water flow, 118, 134, 184, 262, 264, 268–269, 273,276–277, 283, 336, 451

Micrite, 165–168, 190–191, 212Micritic envelope, 167–168Micritisation, 165–167, 169, 179Microfossils, 1, 22, 215–220, 222, 227, 242Micropalaeontology, 1, 215Microquartz, 123–124Mid-north sea high, 482Midpoint gather, 381Migration, 2–3, 6, 10–11, 14, 16, 21, 25, 45, 47, 75–77, 131,

195, 240, 245, 264, 302, 320, 322–324, 344–345,349–359, 387–388, 391–393, 397, 440, 459, 462, 467,488–489

Missisppi, 277, 372Møre, 483–489Mouldic porosity, 18, 21, 160, 170, 197, 199, 456

Mud flow, 34, 40, 42–43, 55Multiples, 237, 380, 384, 387–389, 391, 395

NNaphtenes, 342Near stack, 419, 421Nereites facies, 53Net/gross (N/G), 20, 137, 449Neutron logs, 361, 364, 366NMO, 388–391Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logs, 339, 366, 368Non-coherent noise, 387–388Non-skeletal carbonate grains, 152, 168North Sea, 10–13, 16, 23, 51, 58, 74, 76, 95, 120–124, 128–130,

132–133, 150–151, 173, 182, 198, 204, 207–208, 214,219, 224, 235, 242, 245–246, 254, 256, 261–262, 270,272–273, 276, 278, 283, 286, 290, 297, 302, 304–305,307–308, 312–314, 331–332, 335, 339–341, 344, 348,358–359, 365, 369, 372, 410–413, 417, 427–428, 431,434–437, 440, 453, 460, 465, 467–483, 487–489, 497

Norwegian-Danish Basin, 471–472Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD), 467, 497Norwegian Sea, 43, 51, 469–470, 497Nyquist frequency, 387

OOcean bottom seismic (OBS), 383–385, 387Ocean water circulation, 4, 92, 106, 108–109, 143, 182,

202–203, 227, 229–230, 263, 265Oil

emplacement, 127–128, 131reserves, 4, 23–24, 196, 454, 462saturation, 119, 128, 351–353, 357–358, 362, 364, 446,

448–450, 453–455, 457seeps, 2, 8, 17, 205, 348, 375, 459shale, 3–4, 23, 25, 340, 348, 350, 352, 459–465window, 10, 12–13

Oil-wet, 12, 128, 198, 340, 351, 412, 446–447, 454, 461Ooids, 21, 144, 170–171, 177, 185, 190–192, 197–198Oomoulds, 171, 197Opal (A and CT), 5, 117–118, 123, 135, 137, 155, 203–205,

237, 262–264, 296, 333Organic geochemistry, 2Organic silica, 124, 135, 203Ormen Lange Field, 322, 469, 489Oslo graben, 472, 476Oslo Rift, 472, 476Ostracods, 166, 168, 173, 179, 216–218Overpressure, 20, 44, 50, 68, 98, 121–122, 135–136, 197, 237,

239, 265–267, 269, 273–278, 282–283, 286–287, 290,296, 334–335, 342, 349–350, 353–355, 358–359,411–412, 449, 481, 488

Oxygen index, 345

PPackstone, 191–192Palaeomagnetism, 228Palaeozoic, 7, 63, 82, 106, 132, 144, 151–152, 154, 156, 161,

163–164, 182, 194, 204–205, 217, 224, 228, 243, 297,471–474, 476, 480, 484–486, 489–494

Paraffin, 343, 346–348, 459

506 Subject Index

Parasequences, 229, 231–233Passive margins, 16, 54, 246–247, 302, 317, 335, 341, 489Patch, 48, 79, 188, 197, 207, 383, 415–416Pelagic carbonate, 133, 181–182Pellets, 8, 38–39, 77, 82, 169, 178, 181, 190–191, 340Peloids, 167, 169, 190–191Permeability, 1–3, 10, 12–13, 16–21, 25, 29, 44, 55, 57, 68, 98,

105–106, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 128–129,132, 134, 137, 150, 154, 156, 171, 182, 184, 188,191–193, 195, 197–199, 201, 208, 226, 259, 262,265–271, 273–278, 281, 283–284, 287–288, 294, 296,331, 348–355, 357–359, 362–363, 365–366, 369–370,412, 415–416, 448–452, 454–457, 461–462, 464,481–482, 488

Permian, 16, 58–59, 132, 151–153, 155–157, 160–162,164, 171, 174, 198–199, 207–208, 241–243, 262, 272,400, 468, 470, 472, 474–477, 480–481, 486, 491–493,495, 497

Persian gulf, 168, 172, 179–181, 207–208, 248Petroleum

composition, 346–347generation, 11–12, 256, 278, 341–345, 350, 357migration, 10, 351, 353, 357, 467seepage, 359

PH, 7, 88, 90–91, 99, 104–105, 107, 119, 128, 130, 142–143,168, 173, 179, 181–182, 189, 205, 210, 261–263, 359

Phosphorite, 187, 211–212Photosyntesis, 4–8, 12, 24, 91, 93, 106, 143, 145, 148, 177,

181, 183, 205, 227, 263, 340Phreatic zone, 183Phytoplankton, 4–5, 7–8, 203, 340–341Piezomtric, 265, 276, 283P-impedance, 377Pisolites, 170Planar faults, 309, 321Plants, 4, 6–7, 12, 24, 27, 56, 61, 66, 73, 76, 82, 93, 99, 106,

116, 118, 141, 144–149, 167, 176, 181–182, 211, 217,222, 227, 243, 339, 341, 343, 387, 401, 464

Plastic deformation, 288, 301–302Plate tectonics, 228, 241–243, 250, 286, 299–300, 399, 457,

461, 470Point bar, 20, 61–62, 77Pore water, 262–263, 265, 268, 278Porewater composition, 261, 264Porewater flow, 40, 131, 255–256, 261–264, 266, 268,

270–273, 275Porosity

/depth, 126, 133, 135, 188, 272–273, 277, 330, 336/depth trend, 135, 330, 411–412loss, 121, 125, 135–136, 138, 272–273, 281, 329, 335

Post-mortem destruction, 164–165Potentiometric, 119, 265–268, 271, 275, 283, 352Potentiometric gradients, 265–267, 352P-p stack, 384–385Pre-stack depth migration (PSDM), 392Pre-stack time migration (PSTM), 393Production monitoring, 457Progradation, 20, 54–56, 61, 65, 68–72, 81–82, 181, 225,

229–232, 238–239, 246–247, 311, 399, 477, 479–480,482, 495

PSDM, see Pre-stack depth migration (PSDM)

P-s stack, 384–385PSTM, see Pre-stack time migration (PSTM)Pull-apart basins, 248–249, 317, 489Pure shear, 302, 304, 306–308, 314P-wave, 235, 367, 375–378, 380, 383–384, 409, 415, 427,

429–430, 438Pyrolysis, 4, 339, 342, 345, 462–463

QQuartz cement, 16, 115–116, 120–128, 130–138, 254, 256, 268,

275–277, 293–294, 296, 333–334, 354, 367, 407–408,412, 416, 422, 459, 479, 483, 488–489

Quartz overgrowth, 120, 125–127, 131–132, 406, 408

RRadiactive logs, 2, 22, 364–365Radiolaria, 7, 102, 118, 181, 203–205, 211, 216–219, 222, 333Radiometric dating, 213, 222, 225–227Raw seismic, 387–388Rayleigh, 270–271, 375–376, 378Rayleigh convection, 270–271Raynold’s number, 36Receiver array, 384Red algae, 72, 142, 144, 147–149, 151–152, 166, 173, 175, 188Redox boundary, 7–9, 96, 116–117, 195, 210–211, 260,

262, 273Reefs, 6, 14, 16–18, 21, 53, 74, 79, 147, 149, 151–152,

156–158, 160, 163, 172–181, 187–188, 192–194, 197,235, 456

Reflected angle, 377Reflected wave, 383Reflection, 179, 181, 204, 236–240, 307, 313, 322, 324,

375–377, 381, 387, 389–392, 394, 396–397, 403–404,421, 431, 483

Reflection coefficient, 237, 377, 387, 431Reflectivity, 12–13, 343, 380–381, 413, 418–419, 431Refracted angle, 377Refracted wave, 377Refraction, 31, 78, 236, 375, 377, 468Regression, 54, 65, 71, 168, 208, 212, 229–230, 241–242,

399–400, 419, 495Relative permeability, 266, 350–352, 358, 449–451, 454Reservoir

modelling, 458quality, 21, 25, 114–115, 117–118, 121, 123, 128–129,

131–138, 141, 156, 160–161, 164, 170–171, 191, 196,249, 253–254, 256, 281, 381, 404, 449

rocks, 1, 6, 10, 12–16, 18–22, 25, 27, 29, 95, 114, 118, 121,123, 129, 131–133, 137, 181–183, 187–188, 191–192,195–199, 201, 205, 249–250, 256, 293, 313, 319–320,323, 349–350, 352–353, 359, 361–362, 366–367,436–438, 443, 445–446, 449–450, 454–457, 459–460,462, 464, 473, 477–478, 480–483, 488–489

Resistivity logs, 362–364, 366, 370, 446Rift, 16, 59, 104, 113, 132, 205, 209, 212, 242–243, 245–247,

256, 303–308, 310–312, 317, 467, 469–470, 472,474, 476–478, 482–483, 485–487, 489, 491–492,495, 497

Rifting, 11, 59–60, 63, 84, 153, 209, 242–243, 245–247, 302,311, 471, 474, 476, 478–480, 482, 484, 486–489, 495

Rift stages, 303–308, 317, 478

Subject Index 507

Ringkøbing-Fyn High, 472, 476Rock-Eval, 345–346Rock physics models, 400, 403–408, 411, 413, 416–417,

422, 429Rotliegend, 59, 132, 468, 474, 476

SSabkha, 147, 179–181, 207–209, 476–477Salt

deposits, 15–16, 179, 194, 207, 246, 262, 322, 477, 482diapers, 272domes, 3, 14–16, 180, 208, 239, 246, 255, 264,

271–272, 285Sampling, 28, 35, 383, 387, 401Sandstone

fluvial, 20, 49, 132–133, 352, 354, 358, 367, 382, 475marine, 20, 127, 132, 232, 354, 358, 452, 477, 495reservoir, 11, 20, 25, 113–138, 196, 256, 270, 293, 296,

358, 405, 412, 416–417, 437, 447–448, 451, 455–456,459, 468, 478, 480, 488

Sapropelic kerogen, 340Saturation effects, 438Seal, 3, 11, 16–17, 188, 267, 274–278, 311–312, 314, 318,

322–323, 352–355, 357–358, 386, 441, 453, 481–482,496–497

Sea urchins, 160–161, 163, 167Secondary porosity, 18, 121, 149, 156–157, 161, 187, 191, 195,

197–198, 270, 359, 456, 481Sedimentary environments, 25, 27–85, 91, 210, 320, 367, 372,

396, 457Sedimentary facies, 1–2, 25, 52–54, 85, 87, 118, 138, 224–225,

239–240, 266, 362, 365Sedimentary structures, 25, 27–28, 38, 44–45, 48, 50, 54, 56,

61, 73, 79, 144, 213, 267, 353, 362, 369, 371Sediment

texture, 29–31transport, 27–85, 87, 113, 115, 178, 305–306, 311–314

Seepage, 2, 8, 45, 348, 3953D seismic, 2, 23, 43, 353, 358, 382–383, 386–387, 394, 398,

400–401, 418, 423, 428, 438, 445, 4484C seismic, 380, 383, 386–3874D seismic, 2, 21, 23, 25, 115, 237, 386–387, 401, 427–443,

445, 457Seismic acquisition, 378–384, 386–387, 442Seismic attributes, 281, 386, 395–398, 401, 409Seismic exploration, 375–401, 409, 411Seismic facies analysis, 395–397Seismic fluid sensitivity, 413–417Seismic interpretation, 240, 324, 329, 382, 395–400, 403–405,

418, 424–425, 431Seismic lithofacies, 409–410, 423–424Seismic monitoring, 386–387, 427, 429, 436, 441Seismic processing, 383–384, 387–392, 418Seismic pulses, 375Seismic pumping, 275–276, 284Seismic reservoir, 403–404, 418–424Seismic resolution, 392–395, 400, 457Seismic signal processing, 377Seismic signatures, 238, 240, 398, 411–412, 417, 419, 423Seismic source, 375, 377–378, 384Seismic stratigraphy, 235–250, 398, 400

Seismic trace, 237, 380–381, 384, 387, 396, 431, 434Seismic waves, 235, 239–240, 375, 378, 380–381, 383,

393, 397Semblance, 391Sequence stratigraphy, 1–2, 19, 115, 117, 135, 229–233,

235–250, 269, 371Sequence types, 233Shadow zone, 378Shale

gas, 23, 25, 334, 350, 364, 459–465matrix, 349, 354, 412, 469

Shear wave, 235, 367, 380, 386, 406, 418Shelf, 21, 52, 54, 57, 64, 66, 69, 71–73, 76–81, 150, 172,

178–179, 181, 202, 209, 212, 218–220, 222, 231–233,238–239, 241, 246–247, 250, 261, 269–270, 303–304,313, 317, 371, 397–399, 405, 467–497

Shore face, 231Shot-point gather, 381Siderite, 51, 97, 117, 141–142, 195–196, 211, 233, 262,

282, 477Silica deposits, 201–212S-impedance, 377, 396Simple shear, 302, 304–305, 307–309Skagerrak, 468, 471–472, 476Skagerrak Graben, 472, 476Sleipner Field, 441, 453, 479Slumping, 49–51, 69, 79–80, 481Smectite, 22, 34–35, 42–43, 51, 57, 63, 96–97, 101–106, 117,

119, 123, 127–129, 132–133, 136–137, 201–204, 254,259, 262–263, 278, 282, 292–297, 329–333, 366,411–414, 455–456, 462, 481, 483

Snell’s law, 236, 377Snells refraction, 236Snorre Field, 482–483S/N ratio, 391Sonic (acoustic) logs, 366–367Sorgenfrei-tornquist zone, 472, 476, 479Source rock, 1, 3–6, 8–15, 25, 27, 59–60, 76, 79, 87, 92, 104,

106, 113–114, 116, 118, 130–131, 146, 149, 151, 181,188, 201, 205, 215, 219, 226, 245–246, 248, 254, 256,263, 277, 305, 309–312, 317, 320, 333, 339–351, 353,355, 357–359, 365, 460, 462, 464, 467, 471, 474,477–478, 480–483, 488–489, 495, 497

Sparite, 190–191Spekk formation, 331, 488Spiculite, 155, 471Spill point, 13–14, 358, 450, 481SP logs, 364–366, 372Sponges, 117–118, 123–124, 135, 143, 154–156, 164–165, 167,

174–175, 187, 198, 203–204, 296, 333Stacking, 231, 313, 369, 387–391, 396Statfjord field, 122, 482Static correction, 384, 387, 394Steam injection, 386, 427, 454, 459Stokes law, 29, 31Stratigraphic trap, 6, 13–15, 17, 21, 76, 302, 306, 311–314,

317–318, 322–324, 482Streamer, 378, 382–385, 435Stress-strain, 289–291, 293Strike-slip, 16, 248–249, 284, 299, 300, 315–317, 472, 474,

476, 489, 495–496

508 Subject Index

Stromatolite, 144–146, 152, 169, 179, 194, 219Stromatoporoids, 149, 156–157, 174Structural trap, 2, 6, 13–14, 16–17, 246, 249, 305, 308, 311,

318, 481, 488Stylolites, 21, 125–126, 134, 189, 195, 198–199, 334–336,

352, 456Submarine canyons, 54, 79–82, 247Submarine fans, 54, 80–82, 219, 232, 314, 397, 404, 424, 479Subsidence

basin, 135, 138, 246, 277, 283, 306–307, 354, 367, 478tectonic, 59, 65, 241, 244–245, 311, 399, 479

Svalbard, 155, 467, 469, 471, 489–490, 492–493, 495–496Swath, 383S-wave, 235, 296, 375–378, 380, 383, 409, 415, 430System tract, 229–233

TTampen spur, 470–474, 482Tarbert formation, 482–483Tar sand, 3, 23, 25, 248, 348, 453–454, 459–465Tertiary, 4, 47, 60, 95, 105, 118, 133, 150, 154, 162, 174, 176,

180, 205, 208–209, 212, 217, 219, 222, 227, 230, 235,241, 243, 250, 276–277, 411–413, 441, 460, 463–464,471, 479–483, 489, 496–497

Thermal alteration, 339, 343Thermal convection, 131, 253, 265, 270–272, 276Thixotropic, 42–43, 98Thrust systems, 318Tidal, 5, 20, 28, 35, 38, 42, 47, 52, 59–60, 64, 67–68, 70, 72,

75–80, 85, 108, 146, 151–152, 168, 170, 177–181, 186,208, 218, 433, 457, 460

Tidal bundles, 77–78Tidal channels, 20, 70, 75, 77–78, 168, 179Tilje formation, 127, 488Time-lapse seismic, 386, 429, 433, 435–437, 439–443Time migration, 392–393Time slice, 43, 240, 395–396Time-stratigraphy, 222–224Time-temperature index (TTI), 343–344Trace fossils, 45, 51–53, 76–77, 176Trace muting, 387–388Transgression, 20–21, 54–55, 65, 67, 70–71, 74, 76, 94, 106,

172, 174, 181, 203, 212, 229–233, 238–239, 241–242,244, 246–247, 306, 314, 399–400, 474, 477–478

Transmission loss, 380–381Trap, 6, 10–11, 13, 17, 21, 25, 76, 144–145, 170, 175, 177, 210,

215, 274, 309–315, 317, 320, 323–324, 331, 345, 351,353, 355, 357–358, 446, 481–482, 488

Travertine, 183Triassic, 11, 16, 129, 150, 152, 156–157, 160, 162, 174, 217,

219, 223, 228, 242–243, 246, 302, 304, 470–473,476–478, 480, 482, 484–486, 489, 491–495, 497

Troll field, 23, 440, 443, 482–483True amplitude recovery, 387–388Tufa deposits, 183Turbidites, 17, 20–21, 34, 41–42, 45, 65, 79, 81–84, 114,

132–133, 177, 181, 198, 247–249, 270, 352, 358, 452,478, 483

Turbidity currents, 39–42, 60, 68, 79–80, 202, 314Two-way travel time, 389, 392

UUplift, 2, 20–21, 62, 114, 126, 133, 196, 198, 202–203, 209,

230, 239, 241, 243, 245, 248, 250, 255, 262, 266, 268,270, 273–274, 277, 281, 283–285, 294, 297, 303, 307,313, 319–322, 329, 334, 347–352, 354–355, 399–400,457–462, 464, 467, 472–473, 475, 477–483, 487–488,492, 495–497

Upwelling, 4, 7, 21, 79, 109, 172–174, 177, 203–205,211–212, 339

Utsira high, 471–472, 479

VVadose, 183–185, 205Vadose zone, 183–185, 209Variscan, 472, 475–476Velocity analysis, 387, 390–391Velocity spectrum, 391Vertical seismic profiles (VSP), 240, 384–386, 400, 434Vesteralen, 483–485, 487, 497Vestland group, 480Vibrator, 375, 378–380Viking graben, 302, 304–305, 308, 311, 313, 470–474,

476–479, 482Void ratio, 18, 264, 334, 342, 349Volcanism, volcanic, 35, 60, 72, 82–84, 102, 104–107,

110–111, 114, 119, 123, 131, 176, 201–205, 209,213, 228–229, 243, 245, 248–250, 296, 303, 331,341, 411–412, 440, 467, 471, 474, 479, 482, 487,490, 492, 496

Vøring, 468, 471, 483–489

WWacke, 114, 131, 191–192Water drive, 250, 451–452Water injection, 259, 264, 268, 387, 442, 450, 452–454,

464, 481Water-wet, 11, 128, 131, 351–352, 446–448,

454–456Waveform, 387, 395Wavefront, 377, 381, 383Wavelength, 46, 48, 61, 79, 96, 148, 177, 237, 239–240, 324,

381, 393–394, 396, 400, 489Wavelet, 381, 388, 394Weathering, 8, 24, 27, 34, 43, 45, 54, 56, 62, 67–90, 93, 95–96,

98–107, 109–111, 113–116, 118–119, 124, 137, 141,143, 169, 172, 176, 182–183, 195–197, 201–203,209–210, 212, 219, 263–264, 387

Well logs, 2–3, 116, 136–137, 214, 225, 259, 269, 271, 297,329, 361–372, 400–401, 403–406, 409–410, 412–413,416, 420–422, 424–425, 431

Wetting angle, 351, 355, 445–449, 454Wildcat well, 21Wilson cycle, 302–303Wyllis equation, 235–236

ZZechstein, 16, 198, 207, 246, 261, 273, 476, 480Zero-offset, 384, 388, 419Zooplankton, 4, 7–8, 143, 203, 340–341