SUBJECT INDEX

Abrasive properties, 1343

Abrasives, 1203

Abrasive wear tests, 1203

Absorption, 77

Accelerated dissolution, 1135

Acid catalyzed hydrolysis, 1321

Acid resistance, 1003

Acoustic emission, 1891, 2039,

2511

Acid value, 569

Activation energy, 209, 711, 1189,

2371' 2403' 2557

Activation process, 2579

Activation volume, 2487

Activator, 973

Active carbon, 77

Adhesion, 995, 1003, 1773

Adhesion fiber matrix, 1773

Adhesion testing, 995

Adhesive failure, 1321

Adhesive strength of Ti-coatings,

979

Adiabatic extrusion, 577

Adiabatic shear, 1907

Adiabatic shear bands, 1007, 1907

Aerospace industry, 241, 1299

Age-hardening, 1481, 1567, 2065

Aging, 483, 507, 1527, 1535,

1583, 1605, 1683, 1689, 1835.

1961, 2243, 2541

Aging behavior, 1835, 2243

Aging treatment, 1689

Aircraft components, 257

Aircraft engines, 1269

Aircraft structural parts, 1237

Airframes, 39, 1261

Air pollution, 77

Alkaline etching, 1321

xv

Alkali resistance, 1003

Al-equivalent, 1883

Al loss, 233

Alloy design, 1883

Subject Index

Alloy development, 515, 593

Alloy strengthening, 1583

Alpha alloys, 695, 1527, 1945, 2085

Alpha lamellae break-up, 1503

<> 1 martensite, 909, 1403, 1543

<>" martensite, 1403, 1543, 1567,

1583, 1605, 1651, 1683, 2355,

2479, 2541

Alpha phase, 339, 427, 909, 1511,

1689, 1705, 1737. 1875, 2235

Alpha phase grain growth, 1705

Alpha phase volume fraction, 2235

o+p solution treatment, 2123

Alpha precipitation, 1613

<>2-precipitation, 1475, 1535, 1605,

1651, 1689

<>2-TiA13

compounds, 1403

Alpha titanium, 1445, 1797, 1945

Aluminides, 2023, 2323

Aluminum, 1697, 2665

Aluminum chloride, 2595

Aluminum equivalent, 1475

Aluminum shells, 419

Al.uminothermic process, 109

Aluminothermites, 137

Ambient air exposure test, 1003

Amorphous alloys, 203, 209

Animal experiment, 1359

Anisotropy, 689, 1789, 1891

Annealing, 483, 499, 831, 1089,

1503

Annealing temperature, 1065

Annealing time, 1065

Anodes, 1211

Subject Index

Anodic dissolution, 1189

Anodic oxidation, 2641

Anodic oxide films, 2589

Anodic protection, 2583

Anodizing process, 1321

Anomalous grain growth, 1713

Antiphase boundary, 1467

Anti-vibration properties, 1643

Application, 39, 1089

Applications of titanium castings,

157

Arc me 1 ting, 115, 129, 319

Arc pressure, 839

Arc-ring patterns, 1737

Aspect ratio, 339

Athermal decomposition of beta

phase, 1613

Atmosphere, 2171

Atmosphere drag effect, 2403

Atmospheric conditions, 103

Atomic shuffles, 1535

Atomization, 319, 389

t-type dislocations, 1797

Auger electron spectroscopy, 1773

Availability of scrap, 55

Back stresses, 1915

Backward extrusion, 577

Batch size, 3

Bauschinger effect, 1915

Bendability, 555

Bending, 2031, 2163, 2203

Bending angle, 869

Bending fatigue, 2203

Bending fatigue limit, 2163

Bending test, 869, 2203

XVI

Beta alloys, 469, 585, 717, 1667,

1789. 2227, 2533

Beta annealed condition, 2123

Beta heat treatment, 617

Beta phase, 717, 909, 1583, 1613,

1651, 1683, 1689, 1737. 1875

Beta phase alloys, 717

pQ-HDH, 2107

Beta solid solution, 1635

Beta surface equation, 1883

Beta transus temperature, 791

Biaxial tensile deformation, 547

Bicrystal, 1875

Bi-modal bar stock, 1081

Bi-modal blades, 1081

Bi-modal microstructure, 483,

1081, 1843

Binder material, 1203

Biocompatibility, 1393

Biofoul ing, 1043

Blomaterials, 1327

Biomechanical test, 1351

Black film, 1003

Blade forging, 477, 1081

Blended elemental approach, 311

Blended elemental powder, 267

Blocking effect, 1759

Bond strength, 933

Borides, 1203

Boron, 791, 799

Brazing alloys, 869

Breakdown potential, 1173

Brine, 2617

Briquette, 375

Brittle failure, 831

Brittleness, 1301, 1789

Broken-up microstructure, 179

Buckling test, 1915 Burgers relationship, 753, 1737

Butt joints, 861

c+, 2425 Can extrusion (Hooker extrusion),

577 Capillary constant, 839 Carbide cutting tools, 241

Carbides, 1203, 1559 Carbon, 903, 987, 1559 Carbon diffusion, 903 Carbon solubility, 1203 (c+a)sl ip, 1705, 1875 Casting, 15, 31, 67, 137, 145,

151. 157, 179. 187, 195, 1307,

2107 Casting heat treatment, 179 Cathodic protection, 1051, 1105,

1111. 1211 Ca vapor, 2657 C.B.D.P., .1559

Cement, 965 Centrifugal casting, 195 Centrifuges, 1261 Ceramic die, 327 Chemical composition, 249 Chemical composition of ingot,

115 Chemical equipment, 1111 Chemical homogeneity of ingot,

233 Chemical process equipment, 1149

Chip formation, 1007 Chip removal system, 241

Chips, 217, 241, 1007 Chloric-alkali, 2611

XVII· Subject Index

Chlorides, 1097, 2625 Chloride solutions, 1173 Chlorinating furnace, 77

Chlorination, 67, 97 Chlorination in melt, 97 Chlorination of titaniferrous

materials, 67

Chromium, 109, 1445, 2665 Chromium-aluminum masteralloys,

109 Clad bonding strength, 903 Clad processing behavior, 903

Cleaning, 257 Cleavage, 1789, 2023, 2031 Closed die forged disk, 507 Coarse rt+/l s fruc tu re, 1993 Coarse elongated c.rgrains, 1993 Coarse lamellar microstructure,

2267 Coating, 355. 577, 965, 973, 979,

995. 1173. 2323, 2379 Cobalt, 1745, 1759 COD design curve, 1925 Coefficient of friction, 569 Cold deformation, 1065; 1605

Cold forming, 577 Cold rolled strip, 1065 Cold rolled titanium plate, 1189

Cold rolling, 555, 569, 1575,

2195 Cold wa l l induct ion me 1 ting, 15 Cold working, 1189

Colony alpha, 1737 Columnar grains, 499 Combined die forging, 367 Commissioning, 85 Compaction, 361

Compaction forming, 367

Subject Index

Compacts, 15 Compatibility, 1875

Competition, 39, 1197

Compound formers, 397

Compression, 1851, 1875, 1907,

2203, 2379

Compression creep, 2379

Compression test, 2203

Compressor blades, 1301

Compressor disk, 1245

Computer calculation of forming

force, 577

Computer simulation of iron dif­

fusion, 1767

Concavity of ground surface, 1015

Condenser backwashing system,

1043

Condenser tube, 939, 1043, 1051,

1059, 1157

Congruent point, 1459

Consolidation, 267, 375

Consumable electrode, 129

Continuous cooling transformation,

1551

·XVIII

Continuous outside diameter control,

925 Continuous smelting, 91

Coolant, 1597

Cooling rate, 203, 389, 1613, 1843, 2009, 2235

Cooling rate effects, 2009

Copper coatings, 577

Core structure, 1797

Corrosion, 151 , 1043. 1051. 1097. 1105, 1119, 1127. 1143. 1149,

1165, 1269, 1327, 1359, 1373,

2211. 2435, 2511. 2527, 2533.

2549, 2603, 2611, 2617, 2625,

2633. 2687

Corrosion fatigue, 1.351, 2211,

2435

Corrosion. in HCl, 2603

Corrosion mechanisms, 2603

Corrosion resistance, 1119, 1189

Cost, 31, 39, 151, 1181, 1197,

1229, 1237. 1315

Crack, 2395, 2425

Crack branching, 2219, 2425

Crack closure, 2065, 2115, 22i7,

2243, 2251, 2267

Crack growth, 1253, 2211, 2235,

2243, 2267, 2289, 2503, 2519,

2549

Crack growth rate, 2281, 2471,

2519

Crack initiation, 1393, 2305

Crack nucleation, 2195

Crack propagation, 601, 1253, 1993

Crack tolerance, 2211

Cracking, 531, 1119, 1977, 2435,

2455, 2495, 2511, 2533, 2541,

2549, 2565

Creep, 507, 593, 703, 717, 733,

753, 1751, 2023, 2275. 2289,

2297. 2339, 2347, 2355, 2363,

2371, 2379, 2387, 2395. 2411, 2425

Creep cavitation, 733

Creep fracture, 2023

Creep mechanisms, 2411

Creep rupture strength, 2387

Creep strength, 2379

Crevice, 1165

Crevice corrosion, 1051, 1165,

1173. 2611, 2633

Crevice geometry, 2633

Crevice width, 2633

Critical speed, 1007

Critical strain, 1907

Critical stress, 1007

Cross-hatch pull-off test, 1003

Cryogenic temperatures, 1659,

1985

Crystallization, 91, 209

Crystallographic texture, 681,

689, 815

Cu pick-up, 115

Cupping, 577

C~rrent-time curves, 2641

Cusp, 1503

Cutting of scrap, 257

Cyclic loading, 2085, 2131

Cyclic softening, 1261

Cyc 1 i ng, 995

Damping, 1583, 1643, 1683, 1689

Damping capacity, 1643, 1689

Damping coefficient, 1689

Damping effect, 1583

Decomposition of ~-phase, 1583,

1613

Decomposition of hydride, 2107

Deep drawability, 563

Defect size, 303

Deformability, 1907

Deformation, 469, 491, 499, 539,

625, 1065, 1503, 1651, 1659.

1675, 1705, 1805, 1835, 1891,

2085, 2463

Deformation degree, 491

Deformation history, 469

XIX Subject Index

Deformation mechanism, 711, 1805,

1891 ' 2085

Deformation mode, 1503

Deformation resistance, 625

Deformation texture, 1721

Deformation twinning, 539

Deformed microstructure, 1891

Dendrite arm spacing, 389

Density, 225, 375, 1575, 1789

Den'sity separation, 225

Deoxidation of Ti by Ca vapor,

2657

Desalting evaporator, 1111

Desalination plants, 1165

Design, 39, 151, 1119, 1883

Design strength, .1119

Diaphragm cell, 3

Die heating systems, 609

Die materials, 585

Die shape, 327

Differential thermal analysis,

1459

Diffusion, 733, 831, 861, 903,

933. 1221, 1283, 1343, 1423,

1705, 1759. 2571

Diffusional creep, 703, 717

Diffusion bonding, 733, 861, 933,

955, 1221, 1229, 1237

Diffusion interaction, 831

Diffusion layers, 1423

Diffusivity; 703, 717

Digital image processor, 933

Dilatometric analysis, 1675

Dimethacrylate resin, 2633

Dimpled intergranular fracture,

2023

Dimples, 1969

Subject Index

Dimple size, 1953

Direct aging, 469

Direct processing, 267

Disc material, 1089

Dislocation climb, 717

Dislocation density, 1629

Dislocation pile-up, 1859

Dislocations, 717, 1629, 1859,

2297 Dislocation structure, 1361

Dispersion, 355

Dispersion forming additives, 695

Dispersion strengthening, 397, 405,

435' 1811 Dissolution, 1135, 2679

Dissolved oxygen effects, 2495

Double heat effect, 1135

Double solution treatment, 507,

1403 Drop forging, 4~3

Dual properties, 641

Due ti le failure, 831

Ductile fracture, 1953, 1961, 2023

Ductility, 469, 617, 895, 1567,

1651' 1789, 1843, 1851 Ductility improvement, 435

Duplex aging, 1403, 1543, 1583

Dwel 1 loading, 2297

Dynamic loading, 1851, 1907

Dynamic strain aging, 1751

Dynamic tear test, 1925

Eddy current test, 917, 939

Eddy current testing with inner

probe, 925

Edge cracking, 531

E.D.X., 1559

xx

EEE (Exoelectron emission), 1551

Effective stress, 711

Effie iency, 1181

Elastic anomaly, 1697

Elastic instabi 1 ity, 1915

Elastic modulus, 1591, 1689, 1697,

1773' 1789, 2541 Electrical breakdown, 2589 Electrical conductivity, 1487

Electrical resistivity, 203, 1511,

1551' 1575. 1583, 1697. 1781 Electric dust collector, 77

Electrochemical behavior, 203, 979 Electrochemical behavior of Ti

coatings, 979

Electrochemical diffusion measure-

ments, 2571

Electroflotation, 1211

Electrolyte chemistry, 1597

Electrolyte process, 3

Electrolytical industry, 1211

Electron beam melting, 123, 137,

319, 389 Electron beam scrap recycling, 137

Electron beam welding, 307, 845,

1025, 1283

Electron energy loss spectroscopy,

1543' 1559 Ele~tronic structure, 1451

Electron metallography, 1705

Electroplated coating, 995

Elemental powder, 419

Element distribution, 831

Elevated temperatures, 539, 1985,

2031, 2243

Elevated temperature yield strength,

2411

Embrittlement, 1745

Endoprostheses, 1359

Endurance life, 2123

Energy costs, 217

Engines, 39 Environment, 2251 Environmental cracking, 2533

Environmental effects, 2139

2455, 2495 Equiaxed grains, 499 Equiaxed microstructure, 347

Equilibrium, 1459

Equivalent stress, 2179

Erosion, 151 , 1043

Eutectic temperature, 1135

Eutectoid formers, 397

Evaporation, 123 Exoelectron emission (EEE),

1551 Exothermic reaction, 1135

Expanded joint of tube, 1025

Extreme pressure agent, 569

Extrusion, 523, 577, 1119, 1307

Facets, 2297 Fatigue, 179, 187, 347, 411, 427,

593. 725. 815, 861, 887, 995,

1081, 1089, 1119, 1127, 1253.

1261, 1269, 1307, 1381, 1683,

2065, 2091, 2099, 2107, 2123,

2131, 2139, 2155, 2163, 2171,

2179. 2187, 2195, 2211, 2219,

2235. 2243, 2259, 2267, 2275.

2289, 2297, 2305, 2339, 2395,

2425, 2435. 2503

Fatigue. crack growth, 179. 1253,

2065, 2211, 2235. 2243, 2267,

2289, 2313, 2503

XXI Subject Index

Fatigue crack initiation, 303,

2139, 2211 Fatigue crack propagation, 303,

815, 887, 2065, 2091, 2115,

2147, 2219, 2227, 2251

Fatigue endurance limit, 303

Fatigue failures, 1683

Fatigue life, 2091

Fatigue I ife curves, 2107

Fatigue properties, 267, 1393

Fatigue strength, 179, 303, 339,

81 5, 861 , 995, 1 3 51 , 2 065,

2107, 2147 Fatigue strength ratio, 179

Fertilizer plant, 1173 Fiber.reinforced titanium alloys,

1773 Field tests, 1097 Filamentary dispersions, 435

Fi I ter, 333

Fine a+~ structure, 1993

Fine equiaxed microstructure,

681, 2065, ·2251, 2267

Fine globular.a-grains, 1993

Fine grain casting, 1-37

Finished PM-part, 1315

Finish-rolling temperature, 483

Finite element method, 1875

Finned tubes, 1181

Finning, 1 089

Flow localization, 149~

Flow stress, 585, 609, 681

Flue gas desulfurization, 1097

Fluid die, 339 Fluoride i6ns, 2583

Fluorides, 973, 1097, 2625

Flux, 869

Flyash, 2625

Subject Index

Force-travel-diagrams, 577

Forging, 491, 507, 515, 585, 593,

609, 641, 1245, 1307, 1495

Formability, 547

Forming, 367

Forming die material, 1299

Forming force, 577

Forming limit, 547, 2463

Forming limit curve, 547

Forming speed, 633

Forming temperature, 633

Forward extrusion, 577

Frac tog raphy, 295, 427, 1835, 1953,

1969, 2031

Fracture, 783, 895, 1253. 1659,

1773' 1945, 1953, 1961, 1977,

2023, 2031' 2055, 2463, 2549,

2565

Fracture energy, 2549

XXII

Fracture mechanics, 593, 1253, 2281,

2425

Fracture mechanism maps, 2023

Fracture mechanisms, 2115, 2251,

2565

Fracture mode, 601

Fracture properties, 469

Fracture resistance, 1977

Fracture rise time, 2039

Fracture safe design, 1925

Fracture stress, 1945

Fracture structure, 1961

Fracture surface, 601, 1773, 2179,

2243

Fracture surface roughness, 2243

Fracture toughness, 179, 187, 303,

469, SO?, 601, 807, 815, 1119,

1253, 1307, 1381' 1925, 1993,

2001, 2009, 2039, 2047, 2055,

2115, 2211, 2219

Fracture unit, 2039

Free corrosion potential, 1051

Free dissolution period, 1135

Frequency effects, 2289, 2305

Fretting, 2171, 2179

Fretting bridge, 2171, 2179

Fretting corrosion, 1269, 1359,

1373

Friction, 569, 1643, 2187

Friction behavior, 1343

Friction coefficient, 1335

Fusion zone, 799, ·845

Galling, 569

Galvanic, 1105, 2533

Galvanic corrosion, 1127, 1165

Galvanic couples, 2617

Galvanic effects, 1105

~-TiAJ 3 compounds, 1403

Gas contamination, 1459

Gas contents of Ti coatings, 979

Gasket materials, 2633

Gas turbine engines, 1301

Gas turbines, 1221, 2275

General corrosion in HCl, 2603

Germanium, 381

German titanium market~ 1197

GfE - two-stage-process, 109

Grain boundaries, 1961, 2363

Grain boundary alpha, 617

Grain boundary migration, 2403

Grain boundary segregation,

1745

Grain growth kinetics, 695

Grain growth relationships, 1705

Grain growth texture, 1713

Grain size effects, 499. 681, 1065,

1789, 1811, 1867, 1945, 1953,

1985, 2001' 2065, 2387

Grain size influence on impact

strength, 1985

Grain size strengthening, 1811

Grinding characteristics, 1015

Grinding force, 1015

Grinding ratio, 1015

Grinding temperature, 1015

Grinding wheel wear, 1015

Guinier-Preston zone, 1481

Hall-Petch relationship, 725, 1811

Hard chromium, 995

Hardening, 1481 , 1629, 1811 , 2195,

2305 Hardness, 823, 979, 1089, 1203,

1343. 1487, 1559, 1575. 1819,

1883, 1899, 2155, 2195, 2211,

2347, 2673, 2687 Hardness of Ti coatings, 979

Harrington instrumentation, 1365

HCl, 2603, 2617

XXlll

HOH (Hydrogenation-dehydrogenation),

443, 2107

Heart value, 1359

Heat affected zone, 791, 845

Heat exchanger, 1073, 1165, 1173,

1181

Heat resistance, 2695

Heat transfer properties, 1089

Heat treatment, 171, 187, 347, 563,

593, 617, 925, 1119, 1283, 1381'

1393. 1403, 1543, 1613, 1621'

1689, 2015, 2219, 2387, 2411,

2579. 2603

Heating room, 2611

Helicopters, 1261

Subject Index

Helium leakage testing, 925

Heterogeneous system, 91

HHDH process, 443

High cycle fatigue, 179, 187, 347,

1081, 1993, 2065, 2123, 2139

High damping, 1683

High density inclusions, 225

High density particles, 217

High level -1 iquid 1~aste, '2649

High performance PM materials,

443 High performance rotating equip­

ment, 1683

High qua! ity hydride dehydriding

process, 443

High resolution electron micro­

scopy, 1467, 1797

High speed electrical heat

t rea tmen t , 162 1

High strain deformation, 1705

High strain rate, 1851

High strength titanium alloys,

507, 2211

High temperature al Joys, 2281,

2323 High temperature corrosion,

2687

High temperature defor~ation,

745 High temperature fatigue, 2289,

2305 High temperature tensile test,

617' 853 High temperature titanium alloys,

515, 1519, 2323, 2419

Hold time effects, 2395, 2519

Subject Index

Homogeneity, 129, 233

Hooker extrusion, 577

Hot concentrated chloride, 1173,

2611

Hot cracking, 895

Hot deformation, 499. 1503

Hot die forging, 453, 469, 609,

641

Hot ductility, 895

Hot extrusion, 367

Hot forming process, 633

Hot isostatic pressing (HIP),

179. 195. 287, 311, 327, 339.

347, 411, 427, 443, 673. 2107

HIP compaction, 347

HIP consolidation, 443

HIP prosthesis, 1351, 1365, 1393

HIP thermal cycle, 287

Hot rollability, 531

Hot rolled titanium-clad steel,

903

Hot rolling, 483, 555

Hot topping, 129

Hot workability, 531, 617

Hot working, 347, 1495

Hunter process, 3

HVC (Hydrovac), 2107

Hybrid melting systems, 15

Hydride, 2235, 2479, 2503, 2679,

2687

Hydride diffusion, 2571

Hydride dissolution, 2571

XXIV

Hydride formation, 2571, 2679

Hydride formation and decomposition,

2107

Hydrochloric acid, 823, 2679

Hydrodynamic compaction, 333

Hydrofluoric acid, 1003

Hydrogen, 625, 1059, 1105, 2107,

2235, 2463, 2479. 2533, 2571

Hydrogen absorption, 1111, 1127,

1165, 1275. 2579. 2595

Hydrogen assisted cracking, 2565

Hydrogenation - dehydrogenation

(HOH), 443, 2107

Hydrogen charging, 2595

Hydrogen chloride, 77

Hydrogen duffusivity, 2557

Hydrogen effects, 1597, 1985,

2455. 2471

Hydrogen embrittlement, 2435,

2487, 2503, 2519, 2571

Hydrogen ion implantation,

Hydrogen penetration, 965

Hydrogen pick-up, 1059

Hydrogen solubility, 2519,

Hydrogen sulfide, 2533

Hydrogen uptake, 2617

Hydrovac (HVC), 2107

Hysteresis, 1675

Impact elasticity, 1745

Impact extrusion, 577

Impact properties, 1119

Impact strength, 861, 1985

Impingement attack, 1173

Implantation, 1365

2015

2557

Implant material, 171, 1327,

1335. 1359, 1373. 1381, 1387

Implants, 1393

Impression test, 845, 1819

Impurities, 103, 1961

Impurity segregations, 419

Inclusions, 419

Incoherent dispersoids, 435

Incubation strain, 1945

Inductive heating, 171

lnductoslag melting, 15

Industrial application, 1003,

1025, 1143, 1149, 1211

Industrial processes, 1495

Influence of scrap additions on

chemical composition, 249

Influence of scrap additions on

mechanical properties, 249

Ingot quality, 233

Ingots, 67, 115, 129, 233

Inhibitors, 2435

Inhomogeneous deformation, 2085

Insert metal, 1283

In-service inspection, 947

In-situ deformation tests, 1797

Inspection of welds, 1291

Intensity potentional curves, 823

lntercrystall ine deformation, 2085

Interface, 1597, 1605, 1875, 2015,

2541

Interface phase, 1403, 1597, 1605,

2015, 2541

lntergranular creep fracture, 2023

lntergranular fracture, 895

Integrated manufacturing, 241

lntermetallic compound, 1439. 1511,

1745, 2031

Internal friction, 1591, 1643, 1697

Internal pressure fatigue test,

1089

Internal stress, 711

Interstitial, 1511, 1651, 1759,

1767

Interstitial iron diffusion model,

1767

Investment casting, 145, 157, 187

In vitro test, 1387

xxv

In vivo test, 1387

Ion implantation, 2015

Ionization potential, 91

Ion-milling, 1597

Subject Index

Iron, 1759, 1767, 1985, 2347,

2411, 2617

Iron contamination, 2595

Iron content, 2387, 2595

Iron diffusion, 1767

Iron effect on creep, 2411

Iron influence on impact strength,

1985

Iron segregations, 419

Isomorphism, 91

Isothermal aging, 1487

Isothermal decomposition of beta

phase, 1613

Isothermal deformation, 625

Isothermal forging, 515, 585,·

593. 741

Isotope effect, 1759

Jet infusion of grinding fluid, 1015

J-integral, 1925, 1977, 2055, 2425

J-integral test, 2047

Joining, 783

Joint strength, 331

Joint zone, 831

KISCC' 1105, 2541

Kinetics, 1511, 1613, 1621, 2673,

2695

. Kink bands, 1705

Kroll process, 3

KRZ (KontinuierlJche Rotations­

zerstaubung), 411

Subject Index

Larson-Miller master curve, 2387

Laser melting, 389

Laser surface al laying, 987

Laser surface melting, 987

Laser treatment, 2155

Laser welding, 815

Lattice parameter, 1605, 1643

Lattice strains, 1535

Laue patterns, 1737

Leakage rate, 1051

Lenticular microstructures, 347

Limit strains, 539

Lining, 1211

Liquid layer, 839

Liquid metal embrittlement

(LME), 2435

Liquid nitrogen proof test, 1253

Liquid titanium, 1431

Liquid titanium process, 3

Liquid waste, 2649

Load displacements, 869

Logarithmic creep rule, 2387

Longitudinal flaw, 947

Long period APB structures,

1467

Long term stability, 1321

Long time implantation, 1365

Loss of Al, 233

Low cycle fatigue, 295, 347, 507,

1993, 2099, 2275. 2297, 2305,

2339

Low fin tubes, 1089, 1189

Low pressure plasma spraying

(LPPS), 979

Lubricants, 569, 1089, 1597

XXVI

Luders band, 1859

Luders strain, 1859

Machining, 241, 1007, 1969

Macrostructure, 129, 523

Magnetic separation, 217

Magnetic susceptibility, 1781

Manufacture, 1315

Marine environment, 1105

Markets, 39

Martensite, 987, 1403, 1567,

1635, 1643, 1651, 1659, 1689.

1697

Martensite temperature, 311,

1635, 1697

Martensitic transformation,

1667, 1675

Masteralloys for Ti-industry,

109

Mean stress, 2065, 2115, 2139,

2251

Mechanical behavior, 823, 1495,

1751 ' 1907

Mechanical polishing, 2147

Mechanical properties, 31, 115,

171. 195, 217, 233. 249, 257.

267, 327, 411' 461. 483, 515,

523, 531' 593. 601. 965.

1065, 1149, 1381. 1393. 1551.

1659, 1683, 1689, 1843. 1899,

1961' 1977, 1985, 2015, 2091.

2123, 2281' 2347, 2527

Melting, 15. 55. 67,91,97.

115, 157, 233. 257. 389, 987

Melting process, 157

Memory deformation, 1675

Metal lothermic reduction, 67

Metal flow patterns, 673

Metal-tissue interaction, 1327

Metastable beta alloys, 491, 641,

717, 1403, 1575. 1651, 2091,

2227

Metastable phases, 1551

Microanalysis, 703, 1301, 2687

Microchemistry, 1519, 2603

Microcrack, 633

Microcrack propagation, 2065,

2267

Microdiffraction, 1751

Microfocus X-ray, 933

Microgravimetry, 2673

Microhardness, 869, 2195, 2673,

2687

Microinhomogeneous deformation,

2085

Microphase composition, 2091

Microprobe analysis, 869

XXVII

Microscopic structure, 2155

Microstructural variables, 695

Microstructure, 171, 179, 195, 257,

267, 287, 295, 303, 347, 367, 389,

411, 427, 461, 491, 507, 523, 531,

601 , 681 ' 695' 799, 1 081 ' 1 089'

1245, 1269, 1301, 1343, 1381, 1487,

1495, 1511' 1519, 1613, 1621' 1643,

1819, 1835, 1843, 1867, 1891' 1899,

1993, 2001, 2015, 2065, 2091, 2099,

2107, 2123, 2139, 2219, 2227, 2251,

2259, 2267, 2289, 2305, 2347, 2355,

2363, 2371, 2337, 2395, 2411, 2603

Milling, 241, 2171

Mill production, 31

Mill products, 115

Mixed grain size, 499

Subject Index

Modified Ti-6%Al-4%V alloys,

703, 1643, 1683,

2055

Modulated structures, 1467

Modulus of elongation, 1675

Mo-equivalent, 1883

Mo 1 ds, 151

Molten pool, 129

Molybdenum, 109, 987, 1745

Molybdenum-aluminum masteralloys,

109

Morphology, 1511

Moulding material, 157

Mou 1 ds, 171

MSF-type desalination plants, 1165

Multiaxial deformation, 2463

Multi-barstick casting, 137

Multi-component systems, 1439

Multipolar eel 1, 3

m-value, 681, 1229

NOT, 939

Near alpha alloys, 695, 1527,

2297, 2425

Near basal cleavage, 2235

Near beta titanium alloys, 469

Near net precision forging, 609

Near net shape, 327, 367

Necking, 1969

Negative temperature coefficient,

1781,

Net precision forging, 609

Neutral surface, 1245

Neutron diffraction, 1459

Nickel, 987, 1097, 1759

Nickel alloys, 1097

Subject Index

Niobium, 1745

Nitric acid solution, 2595, 2649

Nitrides, 1203

Nitrogen, 987

Noise signal in Eddy current test,

917

Non-Burgers ", 1737

Non-consumable electrode furnace,

115

Non-consumable electrode melting

process, 257

Non-consumable melting, 15

Non-destructive inspection, 1025,

1059

Non-destructive testing, 925,

XXVlll

933. 955

Non-oxidizing acid solutions,

1111

Nonvariant fiber-phase transforma-

tion, 1439

Nonvariant 4-phase equilibria, 1203

Normalized penetration, 1819

Notch sensitivity, 1393, 1985

Nuclear fuel, 2649

Nuclear microanalysis, 2687

Nuclear physics method, 2571

Nuclear power plant condenser,

1025

ODF, 1721

Offshore environment, 1105

Oil refinery service, 1189

Oil-related applications, 1181

Omega phase, 1543, 1575, 1591,

1651, 1789, 2479

Optical constants, 1335

Order-disorder transformation, 1459

Ordered structures, 1467

Ordering, 1527, 1629

Orientation distribution function,

1721

Orthopaedic surgery, 1365

Orthorhombic martensite, 1535,

1567, 1643, 1683

Orthorhombic structure, 1659

Oscillations, 375

Outlook, 1197

Oxidation, 355, 1105, 2379, 2595,

2641, 2665, 2673, 2695

Oxidation kinetics, 2695

Oxidation rate, 2379

Oxide films, 419, 2589

Oxide layer, 1335

Oxide stability, 1327

Oxidizing agents, 2649

Oxidizing medium, 2611

Oxidizing treatment, 569

Oxygen, 1343, 1431, 1689, 1759,

1819, 2579

Oxygen activity, 1431, 2657

Oxygen activity in titanium

al l oys , 14 31

Oxygen act.ivi ty in L-Ti, 1431

Oxygen concentration, 1689

Oxygen content, 1689, 1819,

2115

Oxygen diffusion, 2687

Oxygen effects, 311, 2065,

Oxygen effects on a", 1475

Oxygen influence on impact

strength, 1985

Oxygen reduction, 2679

Oxygen segregation, 419

2065,

2495

Pacemaker housing, 1359

Pack-aluminization, 965

1 Pack-cementation, 973

Paint, 1105

Parabolic creep rule, 2387

Partially blocked electrodes, 2679

Partial recrystallization, 499

Partitioning ratio, 1883

Passivation, 203, 2603, 2617,

2679

Passivation mechanism, 2603

Passivity breakdown, 2595

Pattern recognition technique, 955

Pd0/Ti02 , 1173

Pelletized charge, 97

Penetration depth, 839, 917

Periodic structures, 1535

Peritectoid transformation, 799

Permeabi I ity, 333

Phase compositions, 1527

Phase diagrams, 1423, 1439, 1445,

1459, 1467

Phase equilibria, 1203

Phase morphology, 2001

Phase relationship, 791

Phase stability, 965. 14/:>, 2339

Phase transformation, 1403, 1439,

1451' 1487, 1535, 1543, 1551,

1613, 1621, 1643, 2187, 2219

Photoemission microscopy, 703

Physical properties, 1381, 1451

Pinning of dislocations, 1859

Piping applications, 1119

Pitting corrosion, 1097

Pitting potential, 2617

Planing, 1007

Plasma melting, 319

Plasma sp~aying, 979

XXIX Subject Index

Plasma rotating electrode process

(PREP), 303, 339, 411

Plasma torch, 15

Plasma torch melting, 137

Plasma torch Ti-alloy production,

137

Plastic deformation, 1797, 1805

Plastic strain, 563, 2487

Plastic strain rate sensitivity,

2487

Plastic strain value, 563

Plastic zone, 1819

Plateau, 2403

Platinum, 987, 2379

Platinum coatings, 2379

Plotter simulation, 1135

PM components; 1315

PM HIP'ed compacts, 2107

Polarization, 2617

Polarization resistance, 1373

Pole figures, 555

Pole mechanism, 2131

Polygonization, 1621

Polygonized structure, 1961

Pores, 333, 419

Pore size , 333

Porosity, 861

Potentiostatical electrolysis,

2633

Powder compacts, 303

Powder manufacturing, 327

Powder metallurgy, 31, 267, 287,

295' 303' 311' 319, 327' 333,

339. 347, 355, 361' 367, 375 ' -

411, 419, 427, 443, 673, 1307,

1315, 1773, 2107, 2549

Powder production processes, 267,

319

Subject Index

Powder E:jUa] i ty control, 327

Powder spraying under vacuum (PSV),

411. 443

Power consumption, 3

Power plants, 1043

PSV vacuum spraying process, 287

Prealloyed powder, 367, 419

Precipitation, 381, 419, 1065,

1475. 1481, 1559. 1567, 1591,

1613, 1751, 1811, 1859

Precipitation of Ti3AI, 1811

Precipitation in Ti-Cu, 1859

Precipitation of Ti 20, 1065

Precipitation strengthening, 1811

Precision forging design, 609

Pre-cracked charpy, 2055

Pre-deformation in tension, 2131

Preferred orientation, 1189

Preform, 267, 1245

Pre-martensitic transition,

1697

PREP powder, 34 7

Pressed and sintered P/M, 1307

Pressure, 375

Pressure hull, 1025

Prices, 1197

Primary alpha phase, 1737, 2371

Primary creep, 2371

Primary shear band, 1007

Prior B grains, 1737

Prior strain, 1969

Process factors, 103

Processing, 461

Processing massiv and small solid

scrap, 249

Processing-microstructure-property

relation, 1403

Processing parameters, 515

xxx

Processing procedures, 515

Processing swarf, 249

Processing window, 499

Process modelling, 641

Production, 1381

Production furnaces, 137

Production of titanium, 31

Production of welded tube, 925

Proof testing, 1925

Propeller shaft, 1127

Prosthesis, 171

Pseudoelasticity, 1667

P-T-x diagram of Ti-0 solid

solution, 2657

Pulsating tensile stress, 2171,

2179

Qualification testing, 2371

Qua I ity assurance, 241, 1229

Quality control, 85

Quasi cleavage, 2031

Quasistatic loading, 1851

Quenching, 1229, 1629, 1985

Quenching influence on impact

strength, 1985

Radiographic examination, ·1157

Radiographic inspection, 225

Rapid heating, 1635

Rapid omni-directional compaction

(ROC), 339

Rapid solidification, 203, 381'

389, 397, 405, 435, 783

Rare earth additions, 397, 783

Rare earth oxides, 397' 405

Rate effects, 2055

Rate sensitivity, 1851

Ratio analysis diagram, 1925,

1977 Raw material, 103

Raw titanium, 85

R-curve, 2047

Reaction zone, 1135, 1773

Real-time radiography, 933

Recovery, 499, 1503, 1605

Recrystallization, 367, 483, 499,

1495, 1503, 1621. 1705, 1713,

1859 Recrystallization annealing, 339,

1859 Recrystallization texture, 1713

Recycling, 55. 217, 225, 241

Redox potential, 1373

Reducing, 67, 91, 2611

Reducing and rectifying purifica-

tion, 97 Reducing medium, 2611

Regeneration, 77

Regression analysis, 2009

Reheating temperature, 483

Relaxation, 2203

Relaxation of residual stresses,

2163 Rel iabi 1 ity, 1051, 1149, 1181

Repair welding, 1291

Repassivation, 2641

Repassivation time, 1335

Reprocessing, 2649

Residual deformation, 1675

XXXI

Residual stresses, 815, 1015, 1915,

2147, 2163, 2171, 2179. 2187, 2195.

2203

Resistance curve, 2047

Retained B phase, 1683

Subject Index

Reverse. transformation, 1583

Reversible alloying, 625

Reversion, 1651

Ring rod test, 869

Risers, 1181

River pattern, 2031

Rod, 1899

Rolled bar, 507, 617

Rol 1 ing, 483, 1575, 1705 Roped tubes, 1181

Rotated electrode process (REP),

303,411,427

Rotating-bend high cycle fatigue

strength, 2123

Rotating non-consumable electrode,

15 Rotational atomization, 319

Rotor grade, 257

Rotor quality, 225

Ro tot rode, 15

R-ratio, 2115, 2251, 2267

Rupture, 2023

Rupture strength, 1203

R-value, 555, 563

Saline water, 2235

Saponification value, 569

Satel 1 i te tank, 1253

Schmid factor, 2131

Scrap, 15, 55, 115, 225, 233,

241. 249, 257

Scrap categories, 249

Scrap generation, 55 Scrap origin, 249

Scrap processing, 55, 225

Scrap types, 249

Scrubbers, 1097

Subject Index

Secondary alpha phase, 1737, 2015

Secondary creep rate, 2379

Secondary shear band, 1007

Secondary system, 1439

Second phases, 1705

Segregates, 2579

Segregation, 129, 419, 703, 1745,

1859

Segregation atoms, 1961

Self interstitial migration, 1767

Self tempering, 1551

Semifinished product, 601

Semiproducts, 31

Semi sol id cast, 2527

Semi solid processing, 163

Sensitization, 2603

Serrated flow, 2403

Service experience, 1165

Service test procedure, 1351

Servohydraul ic testing, 1343

Shape capability, 267

Shape memory alloy, 311, 1403

Shape memory effect, 1583, 1667,

1675, 1697

Shape recovery, 1667

shear, 1969

Shear bands, 1705

Shear localization, 1503

Shear resistance, 1335

Shear strength, 869

Sheet metal, 547, 555

Sheet metal forming, 453

Sheet steel capsule, 1315

Sheet texture, 563

Short range order, 209, 1459, 2235

Short time implantation, 1365

Shot peening, 995, 1915, 2147,

2155, 2163, 2171, 2195, 2203

XXXll

Shrinkage behavior 327

Silicide coatings, 973

Sil icides, 1527, 2355

Silicium, 381, 2665

Sil icon, 973, 1519, 1773

Sil icon additions, 1519

Silicon carbide, 1773

Si Iver, 987

Simulated liquid waste, 2649

Single crystals, 1759, 1797, 1875,

2031, 2131

Sintered PM, 1307

Sintering, 287, 333, 355, 361

Slab and ingot casting, 137

Slab-shaped ingot, 233

Slags, 67, 97

Slip, 1875, 2015, 2243

Slip band, 2015, 2305

Slip character in Ti-Al alloys,

2243

Slip distribution, 2179

Slow strain rate, 2549

Smelting, 67, 91, 115

S-N curves, 411, 2163

Sodium, 85, 2595

Sodium chloride, 2595

Softening, 625, 2305

Sol id scrap, 233

Solidification, 129, 987

Solidification mechanisms, 987

Sol idificatian process, 2649

Solid metal embrittlement (SME),

2435

Sol id solution strengt~ening,

1811, 1859, 1883

Sol id state bonding, 733

Solubility, 1431, 1445

Solubility of v2o3

in titanium

al Joys, 1431 ·

Solubility of v2o3 in L-Ti, 1431

Solute content, 1635

Solute distribution, 2015

Solution treatment, 483, 1481,

1635. 1683, 1689

Solution treatment and aging, 483

Solution treatment temperature,

1481. 1635

Sorting, 257

Sour gas, 2533 Space shuttle safety requirements,

1253 Spatial averaging, 955

Specific strength, 1883

SPF/DB, 733, 1221, 1229, 1237

Spherodization, 2403

Spin atomization, 389

Spinodal, 1535, 1567

Spinodal decomposition, 1535

Splat-quench, 389, 397

Sponge price, 217

Sponge production, 3, 67

Sponge quality, 103

Sponge-rubber-ball cleaning system,

1043 Spool rack tests, 1097

Spring back, 633 Stability of phases, 1451

Stacking fault, 1705, 2297

Stainless steel, 831, 1051, 1097

Stainless steel alloys, 1097

Static loading, 2085

Static strength, 601

Stationary polarization curves,

2679 '

Statistical models, 103

XXXlll Subject Index

Steady state creep, 2371, 2403

Steam turbine blades, 1081

Steel die, 327

Steel shell, 1135

Steel shell period, 1135

Step strain rate tensile test,

673, 681

Stircasting, 163, 2527

Strain distribution, 1245

Strain energizing process (SEP),

339 .Strain hardening, 845, 1819, 1827,

1859. 2487 Strain hardening coefficient, 845,

1819

Strain hardening index, 2487

Strain localization, 1835

Strain path, 547 Strain range, 2305-

Strain rate, 491, 681. 689,

725, 761. 845. 2549 Strain rate cycling, 717

717,

Strain rate induced SCC, 2549

Strain rate sensitivity, 491, 681, ·

725, 845 -

Strength, 1119, 1567, 1843, 1851,

1859, 1883. 1985. 1993 Strength-density ratio, 1883

Strength differential effect, 1851

Strength-to-elastic modulus ratio,·

1327 Stress, 151, 585, 609, 681, 711,

717, 815, 845, 1007, 1015,· 1119,

1535. 1651. 1659. 1819, 1907,

1915, 1945, 1977. 2115. 2163,

2171. 2179. 2187, 2195, 2203,

2251. 2339. 2403, 2435. 2479.

2487, 2495. 2511. 2533, 2541, 2549

Subject Index

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC),

1119, 1977, 2435, 2495, 2511,

2533, 2541, 2549

Stress distribution, 2179

Stress exponent, 2403

Stress induced martensite, 1535,

1651' 1659

Stress intensity, 2487

Stress-rupture properties, 2339

Stress-sorption cracking, 2495

Stress strain curve, 1659, 2403

Stretch formability, 539

Strip, 1025

Structural chemistry, 1203

Structural relaxation, 209

Structure parameters, 31

Sub-boundaries, 1503

Sub-grains, 717

Sub-grain boundary, 1859

Submerged arc welding, 823

Submersible, 1025

Sub-sea modules, 1181

Substitutional iron diffusion

model, 1767

Sub-structure, 499

Sul fur, 895

Sulfuric acid, 2595

Superconducting materials, 1403

Superplastic forging, 673

Superplastic forming, 649, 681,

695. 703' 725, 733, 955, 1221,

1229, 1237, 1299, 1883

Superplasticity, 625, 649, 681,

689, 703, 711, 717, 733, 745,

753, 761

Superplastic strain, 761

Surface condition, 1269, 2065

XXXIV

Surface cracking, 617, 1253

Surface dislocation density, 2147

Surface effects, 2579

Surface layers, 1343

Surface oxidizing treatment,

569

Surface reflectivity, 1335

Surface residual stresses, 2147

Surface roughen i ng , 539

Surf ace roughness, 1015.

2163, 2171, 2251, 2267

Surface slip, 1835

Surface structures, 1393

2147,

Surface treatment, 355, 2155, 2187

Surface yield point, 2203

Suspended solids, 1173

Sustained load cracking, 2455,

2471, 2487, 2495, 2519, 2557.

2565

Synthetic rutile, 6/

Synthetic titanates, 91, 97

Tafel slope, 2617

Technical-grade titanium tetra­

chloride, 97

Temperature dependence of resisti-

vity, 1575

Temperature effects, 2305, 2565

Tensile deformation, 547, 1891

Tensile ductility, 469, 1969

Tensile properties, 303, 507, 563,

585, 601, 689, 761, 815, 861,

1119, 1315, 1751, 1827, 1835,

1883, 2107, 2211, 2339, 2355.

2479

Tensile strength, 179, 46§, 823

Tensile tests, 539, 617, 725,

1511

Tension, 1851

Tension compression high cycle

fatigue strength, 2123

Tension-compression tests, 1915

xxxv

Test frequency in Eddy current test,

917

Testing speed in Eddy current test,

917

Texture, 563, 681, 689, 753, 761,

815, 1081. 1511. 1705, 1713,

1721, 1737, 1805, 1827, 1867,

1899, 2065, 2099, 2139. 2259

Thermal activation energy, 1907

Thermal cycling, 995

Thermal desorption spectroscopy,

2571

Thermal expansion, 1203

Thermal oxidation, 2595

Thermal oxidizing, 1111

Thermal processing, 2091

Thermal spraying techniques, 979

Thermal stability, 1643

Thermal treatments, 1751

Thermo-Chemical Treatment (TCT),

2107

Thermocyclic working, 625

Thermodynamic potential, 1451

Thermoeleastic martensite, 1697

Thermomechanical processing, 483

Thin foil artefact, 1605

Thinning techniques, 1597

Thin wall titanium tubes, 947, 1059,

1165

Thixocasting, 163, 2527

Three-piece die system, 609

Threshold stress, 717

Subject Index

TiAl phase, 1467, 2031

Ti-Al phase diagram, 1459, 1467

TiA1 2 , 965

Ti3Al, 427, 1459, 1475, 2355,

2541

TiB, 799

Time averaging, 955

Ti 2Ni,2603

Ti 2o, 1065

Tissue compatibility, 1327

Tissue reaction, 1373, 1387

Titanates, 91, 97

Titanium alloy ingots, 67

Titanium aluminides, 2023

Titanium-clad steel, 903

Titanium coatings, 979

Titanium hydride, 2679

Titanium ingot, 129

Titanium intermetallics, 625

Titanium iron binary system,

2347

Titanium-nitrogen phase diagram,

1423

Titanium passive film, 2649

Titanium powder for thermal

spraying, 979

Titanium scrap, 257

Titanium sheet metal, 539, 547,

1891

Titanium slags, 67

Titanium smelting, 67

Titanium sponge, 3, 67, 103

Titanium sponge production, 67

Titanium sponge quality, 103

Titanium tetrachloride, 67, 77,

85, 97

Titanium tubes, 633, 939, 947,

1051. 1165

()ubject Index

Tolerances, 151

Too 1 i ng, 1229

Torsion, 1907

Torsion testing, 1495

Toughness, 791, 799

Toughness loss, 791

Transformation, 1621, 1635

Transformation kinetics, 1621

Transformation mechanisms, 1621

Transformation superplasticity,

753

Transgranular creep fracture,

2023

Transient hydrogen additions, 695

Transition temperature, 2403

Transmission electron microscopy,

419, 1487, 1867, 2347, 2589

Trapping effect, 1759

Triaxial compaction, 367

Tribology, 577

Triggering stress, 2479

True strain, 1819, 1945

True stress, 845, 1819, 1945

TTP-diagram, 1543

TTT-diagram, 209, 1487

Tube, 633, 925, 939, 1157, 1165,

1181. 1189

Tube fixing, 1181

Tube making speed, 633

Tube plants, 1181

Tube sheet, 1025

Tube-to-tubesheet weld, 1157

Tube with fins, 1025

Tungsten carbide, 225

Turbine condenser, 1111

Turbulent flow, 1173

Turnings, 225

XXXVI

Twinning, 539, 1659, 1705, 1875,

1891' 2131

Twin bands, 2131

Twin boundary, 2131

Twin mode, 2131

Two-piece die system, 609

Ultimate strength, 845

Ultimate stress, 1819

Ultradispersion crystalline alloy,

203

Ultrasonic atomization, 389

Ultrasonic attenuation, 909

Ultrasonic inspection, 217

Ultrasonic testing, 939, 947, 955

Unloading point, 2047

Unlocking of dislocations, 1859

Upper bound elemental technique,

1245

US spectroscopy, 955

Vacancy migration, 1767

Vacuum arc furnace, 115

Vacuum arc melting, 115

Vacuum arc remelting, 15' 233

Vacuum plasma melting, 233

Vacuum refining salt, 2611

Vanadium, 1651' 1745

Vanadium-aluminum masteral Joys, 109

Vanadium segregations, 419

Variation in wall thickness, 917

Velocity field, 1245

Viscosity, 569

Viscous drag, 1851

Void coalescence, 1969

Void growth, 1953, 2471

Void growth rate, 1945

Void nucleation, 1953

Voids, 745, 1945

Void tip radius, 1945

Wallner 1 ine, 2031

Washing tower, 77

Waste gas, 77

Water distance compensation, 947

Wear, 1203, 2187

Weather ability, 1003

Weather meter, 1003

Weight savings, 1237

Welded titanium tube, 633, 917,

947, 1025, 1059

Welded tubes, 917, 939

Welded tube to tube sheet joints,

1051

XXXVIJ

Welding, 771, 783, 791, 807, 815,

823, 839, 877, 881, 887, 895, 925,

1025, 1051, 1283

Weldments, 791, 799, 845

Weldpool crater, 839

Weld repair, 157

Welds, 799, 917, 1291

Weld seam, 917

Weld thermal cycles (simulated),

895

Wet scrubbers, 2625

Widmanstaetten colonies, 909

Widmanstaetten structure, 1511

Woehler-diagram, 725

Work hardening, 2195

Wrap die system, 609

Subject Index

X-ray analysis, 979

X-ray diffraction, 1575, 1583,

1737, 2155

X-ray interference lines, 2163

X-ray inspection, 217, 225

X-ray microanalysis, 1527, 1751,

2009

Yield drop, 1867

Yield loci, 1899

Yield point, 1629, 1859, 2203

Yield strain, 1859

Yield strength, 617, 845, 1773

Yield stress, 1819, 1867, 1907

Y2o

3, 1431

Young's modulus, 1689,' 1697, 1773,

1789

Yttria modification, 895

Yttrium activity in a; B; L-Ti,

1431

Yttrium effects on cracking, 531

Yttrium effects on microstructure,

531 -

Zener-Hollomon parameter, 673

Zero range method, 1721

Zinc sacrificial anode, 1127

Zirconium, 1651 , 1827, 1977

Zirconium effects on ,a"• 1475

Zonal inhomogeneity, 2085

Zone of stirring, 831