Subject Index · 2016. 6. 8. · 1216 SUBJECT INDEX Art of Electronics Third Edition cascode, in...

Art of Electronics Third Edition SUBJECT INDEX 1211

Subject Index

1-wire bus, see computer, data bus1T1C cell, 10222’s complement, see number, codes6T cell, 10198b/10b code, 1044

8051, see microcontroller

abbreviations, 1170ABEL, see programmable logic device (PLD)absolute-value circuit, 257abuse, see argumentac power control

microcontroller, 1065–1068ac powered

dc power supply topologies, 630academics, 332nacceleration

algorithm, 1072accelerometer, see sensoracoustic ranging, 207acronyms, 1170active-HIGH, active-LOW, see logic, 704Adafruit, 1085, 1099rADC, see also converter, AD/DA, 881, 902–957, 1056,

1064, 1073, 1074, 1085, 1091, 1099rac monitor, 945analog switches in, 918application examples, 909, 912, 934, 938, 948,

989rbridge-sensor oriented, 947, 949charge redistribution, 911, 952nchoosing, 940, 989rcomparison, 940data-acquisition system (DAQ), 948–957

islolated SPI, 952multiplexed 16-channel SAR, 948ff, 950parallel 8-channel ∆Σ, 954, 956parallel 8-channel SAR, 952, 953–955

delta-sigma, see delta-sigmadifferential-input, 374, 380, 382flash, 904, 905, 905–910, 988r

driving (design example), 908, 906–909folding, 906for thermocouple, 1087half-flash, 905integrating, 914–940

as lowpass filter, 942dual-slope, 904, 916ff, 917, 988rmultislope, 904, 921, 923t, 920–924normal-mode rejection, 917powerline rejection, 917, 921single-slope, 904, 916, 916, 988r

introduction, 881–883low-power shootout, 943micropower, 918t, 943noise

filtering out-of-band, 913sampling vs integrating, 942

parallel, 905–910pipelined, 906pipelined flash, 905precision, in microcontroller, 1074resolution

effective, 937nnoise-free, 937n

RFdriving (design example), 908, 906–909

selected, 907tsequencer, 947shootout, 941t

ADCs, SAR vs ∆Σ, 941specialty, 944, 944tsubsystem, 1087successive approximation, 904, 910, 910s, 912t,

910–914, 988rblock diagram, 913design example, 914, 912–914SPI timing, 913

system design examples, 948–957tables, 907t, 912t, 918t, 923t, 939t, 941t, 944ttechniques, 904timing example, 1092, 1092g

pseudocode, 1093touchscreen digitizer, 946tracking, 911transformer input coupling, 382undersampling

deliberate, 909V to f , 434, 904, 914ff, 988r

nonlinearity, 916gadder, see logicadmittance, 69, 90n

1212 SUBJECT INDEX Art of Electronics Third Edition

alias, see also filter, 395, 903, 933gdigital oscilloscope, 442n, 1168in switched-capacitor filter, 417undersampling conversion, 909

AM radio, 55, 56swaveform, 55gwaveforms, 56s

amp, 2amplfier

clamping output, 383amplifier

autonulling, 298autonulling (design example), 297

input errors, 306balanced audio, 376class-A, 106n, 107class-AB, 108, 108class-B, 107n

distortion, 309class-D, 109, 109s, 673CMRR, 347ffcommon-base, 91, 549, 549common-emitter, 87ff, 91, 128r

biasing, 95, 96ffbootstrapping, 112bypassed emitter resistor, 96distortion, 95semitter resistor as feedback, 96gain of, 93input impedance of, 95maximum gain of, 98nonlinearity, 94, 94–96srevisited (Ebers-Moll), 93

composite, 332, 333, 365, 543–547, 922, 922slew rate of, 922vs single-stage, 546

current, see transimpedance amplifiercurrent-feedback, 378, 513current-sensing, 278difference, 348, 347–387, 390r

applications, 349ffas current source, 350, 351bandwidth, 355BJT, 102ffCMRR, 355gCMRR trim, 356, 357common-mode input range, 354configurations, 356current sensing, 349, 350filter node, 355

ground-loop isolation, 349, 350, 584input impedance, 352, 354line driver, 351offset trim, 355, 357performance parameters, 352fftricks, 349

differential, 115, 129r, 373ff, 375t, 347–387, 390r,1073

as comparator, 105as dc amplifier, 104bandwidth, 385bias pin, 378biasing, 104BJT, 102ffchoosing, 383ffCMRR, 347, 376, 384common-mode input range, 378, 381, 384common-mode output impedance, 379common-mode output voltage, 380compensation, 378current-mirror load, 105, 105, 153, 496distortion, 386, 386gfiltering, 385gain of, 103gain setting, 384gain-setting resistor, 378input impedance, 384input impedance matching, 382input impedance of, 376JFET, 152ffno Miller effect in, 114noise, 386, 496, 520offset voltage, 384output voltage, 383phase splitter, 105settling time, 385single-ended output, 377slew rate, 385speed, 385supply voltage, 383use with ADCs, 380, 382use with single-ended input, 376

distortionbarn-roof, 95SPICE simulation, 1152

equalization, 380, 381error, 598, 604 (box), 642, 699, 700r

in linear regulator, 597in switchmode regulator, 646, 651

fully differential, see amplifier, differential


funnel, 376ngain

predictability of, 117general purpose, 274grounded-base, 115grounded-emitter, 94high voltage, 696hybrid

low-noise, 534input errors, 301, 388rinput impedance

effect of feedback on, 118input protection, 210instrumentation, see instrumentation amplifierisolation, 585ff

capacitive, 586JFET, 146ff

differential, 152low noise, 509–520op-amp hybrid, 151, 153g, 155g, 343, 344, 534series-feedback pair, 150, 151gwith cascode, 148

laboratory, 298laboratory, general-purpose, 274logarithmic, see AoE 2nd ed., pp 212–216low-noise, 496, 498, 500, 505, 506MOSFET power, 221rnoise, see also noise, 481

in inverting amplifier, 521in noninverting amplifier, 520measurement, 555fftotal, vs Rs, 526gtotal, vs frequency, 531g

noise model, 481, 492op-amp, see op-amp

BJT hybrid, 534JFET hybrid, 153g, 534, 545low-noise, 522–524tlow-noise, choosing, 525–533single-supply, 261

operational transconductance, see OTA (opera-tional transconductance amplifier)

output errors, 307output impedance

effect of feedback on, 119inductive, 120n

patch clamp, 552peaking, 152, 153g, 154, 154g, 378, 385, 385gphotodiode, 233, 547, 548photomultiplier, 872

piezo, 208, 209programmable gain (PGA), 948programmable-gain (PGA), 370, 370, 371tsense, 1019, 1021STM, 553summing, 234switchable gain, 182switching, 109, 109s, 673transformer in feedback, 285, 536transimpedance, see transimpedance amplifiervideo and RF, 274, 533voltage-feedback, 378wideband analog link, 352, 380world’s quietest, 505, 507g, 508t

amplitudemodulation, see modulationrms, 14

analogvs digital, 703

analog switch, 176t4053-style, 918ff, 919tcharge injection, 176t, 180, 181g

vs RON, 182gFET, 171–184

applications, 182–184capacitance, 178–181charge injection, 180CMOS, 172feedthrough, 179ggate drive, 173JFET, 172latchup, 174limitations, 174multiplexer, 173ON resistance, 171, 172, 173g, 177g, 178g, 175–

178protected, 175speed, 178substrate effects, 173nT-switch, 179

in ADCs, 918ffin conversion applications, 918fflogic-family, 918fftransmission gate, see logic

analog-to-digital, see ADCanti-alias, see filterantisaturation circuit, 717n, 812aperture time, 942apodization, 420arbitrary function generator, 18


Arduino, see also microcontroller, 1056, 1091n, 1096,1098, 1099, 1100r

argument, see also abuse, see computer, 996immediate, 996

ARM, see microcontrollerArmstrong, Edwin, 971nArt of Electronics

logo wristwatch, 448pASCII, 706ASCII code, 1042, 1043tASIC, 714, 777, 787, 788rassertion-level logic, 713assign

in Verilog, 777ASSP, 714, 788r, 1034, 1097asynchronous, see also memory, see logic, 1019

communication, 771RS-232, 1041ff

ATSC, 1137, 1141nattenuator, 17

digital, 1070matched impedance, 1127, 1128t

audioanalog, 1135balanced driver, 351, 351, 376, 380, 383balanced impedances, 355nbalanced line, 348digital, 1135sampling rate, 904

autocorrelationof LSFR, 979of PRBS, 980g

autozero, see op-ampavalanche

seeMOSFET, 1AVR, see microcontroller

bandgap, see voltage referencebandwidth

limit, 1166, 1169narrowing, 574ff

lock-in detection, 398, 563, 576, 575–578, 593r,847

lock-in modulation, 577modulation feedthrough, 577synchronous detection, 847

of difference amplifier, 355of noise, 477of op-amp, 308signal averaging, 576

bang–bang control, 608, 644n, 645, 645, 649, 650, 700r,1073

basespreading resistance, see rbb

baseband, 395BASIC

Stamp, 1091battery, 2, 9, 686ff, 688p

alkaline, 196n, 753backup, 36characteristics, 687, 689tchoosing, 688Diehard, 985discharge curves, 687genergy density

vs capacitor, 690genergy storage

vs capacitor, 690tLi-ion

charging, 688power density

vs capacitor, 690gprimary, 686

choices, 687rechargeable, see battery, secondarysecondary, 686

charging, 687choices, 687

series resistance of, 8baud, 866Baudot, 708BCD, see numberBeagleBoard, 1056nbench instrument favorites, 1156beta, see BJTBGA, 789rbias

tee, 835biasing

bad, 85, 125of emitter follower, 83with compensated VBE drop, 97with dc feedback, 98with LED, 86n

bibliography, 1158ffbifilar, 656nbinary

number, see numbersearch, 910

biology


electrical engineer’s view of, 805biphase code, 1044, 1044bipolar transistor, see BJTbit

effective number of, 930, 931gerror rate, 977grooming, 1142nscrambling, 977

bit stuffing, 1044bitstream, see delta-sigmaBJT (bipolar junction transistor), 71ff

active ballasting, 113amplifier building blocks, 105ffas transconductance amplifier, 90base resistance, see rbbbasic circuit topologies, 90basic circuits, 91beta, 72, 74g, 501, 502tcollector output resistance, 93ncurrent noise, 483, 493g

vs current, 484gvs frequency, 484g

current ratio, 102gcurrent sharing in, 112current source, 128rDarlington, 109ff, 129r, 610, 752, 817, 1084

beta vs current, 110gcomplementary, see Sziklai connectionsaturation, 752, 752

Early effect, see Early effectEbers–Moll model, 127rEbers-Moll model, 90emitter follower, see emitter follower, 128remitter impedance of, 92gain-bandwidth product, 549gIC vs VCE, 92improved model, 90ffinductive load, 74LED driver, 76logic with, 123low-noise, 501t

challenge, 505ffreplace with JFET, 500selecting, 500–505, 507

low-noise amplifier, see also amplifier, 495, 496,498, 500, 505, 506

challenge, 507g, 508tlow-noise design with, 492–509

example, 495low-noise dual, 502t

manufacturing spread, 508gnoise, 481ff, 591, 592r

from NF, 489–492measuring, 508model, 481, 488resistance, 494test circuit, 557vs JFET, 517

noise resistance, see noise resistanceoperating modes, 126rparalleling, 112pin labels, 126rpinouts, 72, 502polarities, 126rpower, 106tpulse generator, 458, 459srbb, 481ff, 483g, 501, 502t, 503, 505ff, 535representative, 74trules of thumb, 91, 127rsaturation current, IS, 91series connection of, 697simple model, 72

limitations of, 90single-stage voltage gain, 93n, 98, 105nsuperbeta, 111, 252, 303t, 323, 326switch, 73ff, 91, 126, 127rSziklai connection, 110ff, 111, 129r, 148, 207,

214n, 229, 600n, 610table of, 74t, 106t, 501, 502tterminal notation, 71transconductance, 126, 127rVBE spread, 508gVBE tempco, 92voltage noise, 481ff, 493g

calculation (circuit example), 486charting, 493ff, 494, 495g, 504gfigure of merit, 505nfrom in through Rs, 483vs rbb, 483gvs current, 481–483g, 485, 486gvs frequency, 485, 486g, 504g, 519g

vs power MOSFET and IGBT, 201, 202t, 208tBlack, Harold, see also feedback, 116, 118Blackman’s impedance relation, 120Blackman-Harris, see window, samplingBlu-ray, 703n, 847, 995, 1139Bluetooth, 1056, 1064, 1080Bode plot, 247g, 281g, 280–285, 311g, 901, 963g, 965gboost, see switchmodebootstrap, 111ff


cascode, in TIA, 550leakage cancelation, capacitor, 899of capacitor, 682, 683of collector load, 112of guard shield, 359, 548, 587of JFET drain, 343, 344of op-amp follower, 233of power supply, 359of TIA, 547, 550twin-T filter, 414

bounce, see switchboxcar integration, see bandwidth, narrowingbranch

you’re sitting on, sawing off, 1095breakdown, see also second breakdown, 627

base-emitter, 82MOSFET gate, 199

brickwall, see filterbrownout, 1067buck, see switchmodebuffer

logic, 23, 218tunity-gain, 275, 311, 840

burn-in, 683burst mode, 643nbus, see also computer, 1032t

multidrop, 993point-to-point, 993

byte, 706, 993

cablecat-5, 352, 380, 381, 859, 1121cat-6, 352, 859coax, 380, 1120–1126

counterwound helix, 1134p, 1134sdriving with logic, 853, 854s, 854s, 855, 855s,

856, 856s, 857, 857s, 858s, 852–859, 1124driving with video, 857pre-emphasis, 858reflections, 853, 854s, 854s, 855, 855s, 856,

856s, 857, 857s, 858s, 852–859, 1120g, 1122,1123s

terminating, 853, 854s, 855, 855s, 856, 856s,857, 857s, 858s, 852–859, 1121ff

video, 1144differential, 859–864digital signals through, 850ff, 879rdriving, 850ff, 879requalization, 858pre-emphasis, 858

shielded, see also cable, coax, 587STP, 859television, 1138terminated

capacitance disappears, 854termination

back, 739, 857, 1122, 1126double-ended, 856, 1126far end, 854series, 739, 857, 1122

twisted-pair, 859–864UTP, 352, 859

calculus, 1103calibration

data in EEPROM, 1070CALL, 999CAN bus, see also computer, data bus, 1046, 1046ff,

1047, 1064, 1084isolated, 1048levels, 1047

capacitancedisappears in terminated cable, 854, 1120feedback, see also Miller effect, 113gate, 197g, 197junction, 114multiplier, 537, 557, 578, 579gof analog switch, 178–181of op-amp, 532sensor, 1090

capacitivecoupling, 581isolator, 586

capacitor, 18ff, 20p, 68rair, 326as microphone, 682nblocking, 19, 43, 69r

in H-bridge, 659bootstrap to suppress leakage, 682, 683bypass, 19, 54, 69r, 758, 759, 851, 852, 1059

resonances, 851nceramic, 438

ESR and stability, 561, 617ncompensation, 283, 700rcurrent through, 19, 46dielectric absorption, 28, 300, 301g, 326, 388r,

422, 917, 922digital, 1085electrolytic, 20p, 232n, 301g, 393, 579, 599, 633ff,

661, 690t, 851dc coupling eliminates, 496


energy densityvs battery, 690g

energy storagevs battery, 690t

energy storage in, 19, 671, 688ESL, 28, 646ESR, 28, 561, 599n, 611, 646, 671, 689

filter attenuation, effect on, 393gincreased ripple from, 639n

film, 19, 20p, 279, 300, 326, 422, 438, 631pflying

driving MOSFETs, 822, 843in power conversion, 184, 638ff

HV discharge circuit, 211international notation, 5nleakage, 300

bootstrap cure, 899leakage compensation, 298Miller, 282, 283, 597multiplier, see capacitancemylar, 19, 20pnon-ideal, 28, 388r

in filter, 392parallel, 21piezoelectric effect in, 682npower density

vs battery, 690gpowerline rated, 631, 631p, 664p, 668, 671

discharge resistor, 632RC circuit, 21reactance of, 42, 45, 49greactive current, 47gripple current, see also current, 634, 635s, 659series, 21speedup, 74n, 808sstorage, 32, 55, 69r, 665, 699r

ripple current, 634storage, in power supply, 633surface-mount, 20p, 65, 66p, 758, 759switched, see filter, switched-capacitorswitched, filter, 415ff, 436timing, 55, 69rtypes, 20variable, 64“X” and “Y” types, see capacitor, powerline rated

CAPZero, 632CAS, 1023cascode, 102, 114, 115, 146, 148ff, 345, 369, 377, 502,

534, 544, 548, 549, 550folded, 149, 377, 498, 537

inverted, see cascode, foldedregulated (RGC), 551, 552regulator, for HV, 693series, for HV, 697

catalogs, 1157cathode

ray tube (CRT), 1146CD audio, 904CDMA, 977CDR, 973ceramic resonator, 450, 1066cesium, see oscillator, atomicchain rule, 1104charge

integrator, see also AoE 2nd ed., pp 640–643integrator (Coulomb counter), 935MOSFET gate, 197g, 198s, 221rpump, see also switchmode; capacitor, flying,

175n, 183, 638, 699r, 866redistribution

ADC, 911, 952ncharge injection

absence of, 841in ADC, 913in analog switch, 176t, 180, 181g, 300, 949, 950n

vs RON, 182gin integrator, 920in sample-and-hold, 256gin switched-capacitor filter, 418

choke, see also inductor, 29common-mode, 585

chopper, see op-ampcigar, see cigarcircuit

BJTbasic, 91

breaker, 630diagram

how to draw, 1105ffintegrated, see IClinear, 14loading, see loadingparallel, 2RC

discharge waveform, 21gThevenin simplification, 23

resistorshortcuts, 6

resonant, 52ffseries, 2


parallel, 5resistor, 5

clamp, see also SCR, 257active, 257active reset, in SMPS, 657diode, 36input transient, in SMPS, 669op-amp, 914, 915power supply, 692

clearance, 663, 663clipping, 81clock

and data recovery (CDR), 973feedthrough, 417generation with PLL, 974inputs and hysteresis, 808real-time, 1064, 1087recovery, 1040skew, 757, 757, 759

CMOS, see analog switch, see logicCMRR, 103, 388r, 515, 583

and source impedance, 365at high-frequency, preserving, 359differential amplifier, 376ground-loop isolation, 583instrumentation amplifier, 364, 364g, 367

vs frequency, 364coax, see cable

digital signals through, 1120ffdriving, 1120ff

codec, 1144ncoil

driverprecision, 899, 900

cold atoms, 365Coldfire, see microcontrollercommand bit, see computer, programmed IOcommand register, see computer, programmed IOcommon-mode, see amplifier, see comparator, see op-

amppickup, see also CMRR, 583torture test, 860s, 863s

common-mode rejection ratio, see CMRRcompact disc (CD), 995, 1135Compact Flash, 1064comparator, see also Schmitt trigger, 23, 129r, 236, 267,

289r, 700r, 812t, 813t, 809–817, 878r, 1064,1084

window discriminator, see AoE 2nd ed., p 669antisaturation circuit, 812

cautions, 816digital magnitude, 728, 728driving logic from, 806ffhysteresis

internal, 815input

common-mode range, 812input characteristics, 812ffinput current, 814, 814ginput stage, 814output current, 811, 811goutput stage, 811output swing, 810response time, 816gsaturation voltage, 811gschematic, LM393, 270speed, 815supply voltage, 815voltage

differential, 815offset, 812

with hysteresis, 237without hysteresis, 237

compensationactive

of op-amp phase error, 314, 315g, 315tdominant-pole, 282of transimpedance amplifier (TIA), 537, 539ff,

540–542g, 545pole-zero, 284

complexconjugate, 1102numbers, 1101plane, 1102

compliance, see also current source, 8components

best avoided, 63pconfusing markings, 65pitty-bitty, 65p, 269, 627p, 712n, 821npassive, 56ffthrough-hole, 65, 196, 268, 269, 432n, 500, 601,

603, 617, 714, 715, 715p, 720, 769, 772, 782,785, 786, 788, 789r

where to buy, 1154composite amplifier, see amplifier, compositecompression, 1140

artifacts, 1141nbitrate reduction, 1141lossless, 1141lossy, 1141


computer, see also microcontroller, 1056architecture, 993–996

Harvard, 994von Neumann, 994

assembly language, 996, 1091BASIC, 1091block diagram, 994bus-oriented, 994C/C++, 1091CPU, 993data bus, 993, 995, 1032t, 1052r

1-wire, 1038, 1039, 10852-wire, 1064ADDRESS, 995, 1000ATA, 1030, 1065bidirectional, 1004bridge, 1093CAN bus, 1046, 1046ff, 1047, 1048, 1053r, 1064contention, 721control lines, 995DATA, 995, 1000differential, 1034nEISA, 1030neSATA, 1031, 1040, 1053rEthernet, 1048ff, 1053r, 1056, 1064Fastbus, 1030nFireWire, 1045, 1053rFirewire, 865n, 995, 1030Front Side, 993nFuturebus, 1030nGPIB, 1034, 1053rI2C, 1037, 1037ff, 1038, 1039, 1054r, 1056,

1064, 1099rI2C vs SPI, 1038IDE, 1030, 1053r, 1065ISA, 993nJTAG, 1039, 1039, 1054rMicroChannel, 1030nMultibus, 1030nmultidrop, 1017, 1030NuBus, 1030noverview, 1030parallel, 1030, 1031, 1053rPATA, 1030, 1034, 1053rPC104/ISA, 995, 1015, 1030, 1047, 1052rPCI, 993n, 995, 1030, 1033, 1053r, 1056, 1064PCIe, 993n, 995, 1030, 1033, 1040, 1044, 1047,

1053r, 1056, 1064PCMCIA, 1047, 1056, 1064PLD address decoder, 1003

point-to-point, 1030printer port (Centronics), 1034Q-bus, 1030nread cycle, see memoryRS-232, 771, 804, 1030, 1054rSAS, 1030, 1031, 1040, 1053rSATA, 1030, 1034, 1040, 1044, 1053r, 1056,

1065SCSI, 1034serial, 1030, 1035–1049signals, 1016t, 1000–1016signals, summary of, 1015SPI, 1035, 1035ff, 1036, 1039, 1054r, 1056,

1064, 1099rSPI vs I2C, 1038STD bus, 1030nSTROBE, 1000Unibus, 993n, 1030nUSB, 865n, 995, 1030, 1045, 1045, 1047, 1053r,

1056, 1062, 1064, 1065VAX BI, 1030nwrite cycle, see memory

direct memory access (DMA), 1013, 1053rflags, 993, 1052rIBM650, 1ninstruction, 993instruction decoder, 993, 1052rinstruction set, 1052r

addressing modes, 997argument, 996jump, 999POP, 998PUSH, 998subroutine, 999, 1000x86, simplified, 997t, 996–1000

interrupt, 1008–1013, 1053racknowledgment, 1012autovectored, 1012handler, 1009, 1067, 1100rmask, 1013polling, 1011shared, 1011software, 1013

interrupt hardware, 1009Java, 1092keyboard bus interface, 1005, 1006, 1008, 1009machine language, 996mass memory, 994memory, see also memory, 994, 1017–1030, 1054r,

1064


cache, 994, 1052rread cycle, 1020, 1022, 1024, 1025SD, 1064write cycle, 1020, 1022, 1024, 1025

multidrop bus, 1017number storage in memory, 1051object code, 996, 999PC104, 1000p, 1016, 1017, 1018p

signals, summary of, 1015port, 995program

counter, 993, 1052rexample, 999

programmed IO, 1001–1008command bit, 1053rcommand register, 1007data in, 1004data out, 1001, 1002read cycle, 1004, 1052rstatus bit, 1005, 1053rstatus register, 1005write cycle, 1001, 1052r

progress in, 993ppseudo-op, 999Python, 1092real-time IO, 995register, 993, 997, 1052rSBC, 1000p, 1016serial port, 1041software interrupt, 1013source code, 999stack, 998

pointer, 993, 998, 1052rsubroutine, 999, 1000terminology, 992UART, see UARTword, 993xy vector display, 1002, 1002

block diagram, 1003conductance, 6conduction

angle, 631, 633, 635continuous mode, 637n, 642, 644ffdiscontinuous mode, 637n, 642, 645, 666

confusion central, 65pconnector

audio, 62pavoid these, 63pbanana, 61pBNC, 56, 59, 62p

card-edge, 61circular, 61pDIN, 61pDisplayPort, 1149DVI, 1149HDMI, 1148Lemo, 61, 62pMHV, 62pmicrophone, 61pMicrotech EP-7S, 61pminiDIN, 61p, 1148MS, 61pmultipin, 61phono, 63pphotographs of, 60–62p, 1148ppin jack, 61pRCA, 62p, 1147rectangular, 60pRF and shielded, 62pRJ45, 1067SC (fiber), 62pshielded-cable, 59SHV, 62pSMA, 62pSMB, 62pST (fiber), 62p, 871pSupericon, 61pTNC, 62ptype N, 62ptype-F, 63pUHF, 62, 63pvideo, 1147ff, 1148pXLR, 61, 62p, 348

controlbang–bang, 608, 644n, 645, 645, 649, 650, 700r,

1073proportional, 1073

control loopblock diagram, 1072PID, 1072

converter, see also ADC; DAC; power, 30AD/DA

errors, 882linearity, 901performance parameters, 881–882, 987

power, see power supply, see switchmode, see volt-age regulator

boost, see also switchmode, 30buck, see also switchmode, 30charge-pump, 183


flying-capacitor, 183time-to-amplitude, 916V to f , 914

nonlinearity, 916gcorrelated double sampling, 553, 571ncoulomb, see also charge, integrator, 2, 18

counter, 935counter, see also logic, 733

timing with, 465cow

spherical, 804cPLD, see programmable logic device (PLD)creepage, 663, 663, 664crest factor, 568, 983crossover

input, see op-ampcrossover distortion, see distortioncrosstalk, 581, 588crowbar, see also voltage regulator, 598

overvoltage, 598, 672, 690ff, 691, 700r, 702rcrystal, see oscillator, crystalCUPL, see programmable logic device (PLD)current, 1, 68r

class-A, 754, 1076comparator input, 814, 814gcomparator output, 811, 811gconveyor, 99critical, in SMPS, see switchmodedifferential drive, 859discontinuity

in switchmode converters, 649, 651divider, 698dynamic, 164, 186, 186, 793

of digital logic, 186, 186, 719feedback, see feedback, currentgate leakage, 163impact-ionization, 164input

of digital logic, 795of instrumentation amplifier, 362of op-amp, 244

inrush, 637, 661, 668Kirchhoff’s current law, 2limiting, 286, 597, 700r, 823, 824

foldback, 286, 693, 694, 694g, 823, 824, 824gof outboard pass transistor, 695

load-sensing, 277loop, 1041, 1087mirror, see current mirrormode, see switchmode

noise, see noiseprobe, 1165pulsation in SMPS, 650, 651pulsation in switchmode converters, 649quiescent

of logic families, 719reactive, 41ripple, 634, 635s

in boost converter, 647in bridge converter, 659in buck converter, 644in storage capacitor, 634in zener bias, 598

sensing, 278, 349, 350, 365, 754, 760shoot-through, 186, 186, 660, 754, 760, 760g, 850,

944nshunt, 277, 365, 946, 946source, see current sourcespy, 754, 754steering, see also DAC

sawtooth generator, 919suppression, 573transfer ratio, 841, 1065transformer, 946, 946transient

output-stage, 850current mirror, 101ff, 128r

active load, 105, 153, 496compliance, 101, 104Early effect in, 101Wilson, 102, 102, 146, 546

current source, 8, 85ff, 431, 620ff, 623g, 702r2-terminal, 6223-terminal regulator as, 620, 620, 621gbandwidth of, 254BJT, 85, 87, 91, 146, 534compliance, 8, 27, 28, 86, 897deficiencies of, 87depletion-mode

FET as, 211, 622, 623g, 696difference amplifier as, 350, 351discrete, 622floating, 897, 896–899high voltage, 622, 696high-voltage floating, 899IC, 621, 622ginstrumentation amplifier as, 367JFET, 142, 623gJFET and BJT compared, 145nanoamp


programmable wide-compliance, 898pulsed, 555

nanoamp wide-compliance, 896noise of, 487ffop-amp, 228–230, 242, 254, 344, 367, 622, 623,

897Howland, 229, 230

oscillation in, 442output resistance, 93nprecision, 351, 367, 899, 900resistor as, 85slew rate of, 367symbols, 9transistor, see current source, BJT/JFET/depletion-

modecurve tracer, 1119

DAC, see also converter, AD/DA, 881, 883–902, 1056,1064, 1068, 1084, 1099r

1-bit, see delta-sigmaapplication examples, 893–901, 987raudio, 941tcharge redistribution, 906, 911, 911, 913choosing, 893code-change glitch, 894current-steering, 885, 885–888, 987r

generating voltage output from, 887, 887delta-sigma, see delta-sigmaexemplary, six, 888, 889, 891tfor DDS, 1068for offset correction, 951for zero correction, 951frequency-to-voltage, 892, 987rintroduction, 881–883multiplying, 413, 886, 896t, 987rPWM as, 890, 890, 892, 987rPWM to, converter, 891R−2R, 884, 885, 987rresistor string, 883, 884, 987rselected, 895tswitched-capacitor, 906, 911tables, 891t, 895, 896ttypes, 987r

Darlington, see BJTphoto, 839

data bus, see bus, see computerdata-acquisition system, see ADC, data-acquisition sys-

tem (DAQ)datasheet

too big, 1066n

dB, 15ff, 68r, 351desert island, 15

dB per octave, 51–52dB$ , 15ndBm, 15dc

blocking capacitor, 43power switching, 202restoration, 37supply splitter, 262

dc-dc converter, see power supply, see switchmodeDCE, 1041DDR, 1024DDR2, 1024DDR3, 1024DDR4, 1024DDS, see oscillator, DDS, 1069, 1070

phase control, 1071debouncer, see also switch, 1067debugging

microcontroller, in-circuit, 1096decibel, see dBdecoder, see logicdegeneration, see emitter, see sourcedelay equalizer, 415delay line

lumped element, 1130, 1132p, 1133impedance of, 1131

transmission line, 1132p, 1134sdelay time

of filter, 400delta-sigma, 904, 989r

20-bit ADC, 936, 93624-bit ADC, 936, 938, 938, 939, 939ADC, 937t, 924–943

digital filter in, 926, 928micropower, 943

application examples, 934ffaudio ADC, 904n, 939tblock diagram, 926charge integrator, 935DAC, 890, 932, 933, 940, 987rdemystifying, 925–932dynamic range, 927

vs OSR and m, 931gENOB, 930, 931geven simpler, 934fast multichannel IC, 957, 958idle tones, 933, 934, 934t

mitigating, 934


simulation, 935g“industrial” ADC, 938, 939magic in the modulator, 929microcontroller, implemented with, 934, 935modulator, 926, 927

higher order, 930, 931monotonicity, 933noise shaping, 929g, 929ffpowerline rejection, 955–957, 957gpro-audio ADC, 938, 942pros and cons, 933ffsimplest, 924simulation, 931g, 932g, 930–932spectrum, 932gsuntan monitor, 924ffthe paradox, 926time delay, 933vs the competition, 940

DeMorgan’s theorem, 713derivative, 1103desensitivity, 117, 118design review, 1062Designs by the masters

instrumentation amplifier, 359Keysight’s multislope converters, 921, 920–924nanoamp programmable current source, 898paralleling MOSFETs, 213, 214powerline SMPS, 595p, 667s, 665–672precision DMM, 342ffSR560 preamp, 512ff, 514

desoldering stationfavorite, 1156

detector, see optoelectronicsproximity, 846

device programmer, 769diac, 428diagram

ugly, 1106Dicke switch, 577dielectric

absorption, see also capacitor, 300, 301gconstant, 18isolation, 175

differential, see amplifiercable, 859–864logic signal, 705noutput, creating, 372, 373pseudo, 583, 949signal, 347ff

differential amplifier

configurations, 376–378differentiation, 1103differentiator

bridged, 415op-amp, 260RC, 25, 26s, 51

digital, see also logicconquest over analog, history of, 703, 703nfiltering, 419measurement, 140gmeets analog, 881–991multimeter, 10potentiometer, 63, 184signal processing (DSP), 418ff

sampling, 419television

broadcast, 1142cable, 1142satellite, 1143spectrum, 1140s

vs analog, 703digital-to-analog, see DACDIN

rail mount, 686diode, see also rectifier, 12, 31, 31ff, 70r

AND gate, 711as log converter, 37catch, 642clamp, 36current-regulator, 143g, 623gdrop compensation, 35fast recovery, 671fault protection, 606, 607, 619forward current, 294, 295gforward drop, 31freewheeling, 642gate, 36I vs V , 92inductive clamp, 38JFET as, 294laser, see laser diodeLED, see optoelectronicslimiter, 37MOSFET body, 199operating point, 1116photo, 537n, 539, 839, 839, 871p

amplifier, 547, 548wideband amplifier, 540

PIN, 871pprotection array, 805


representative, 32treverse recovery, 634, 635n, 670, 671Schottky, 32t, 35, 199n, 608, 634, 642, 643, 645–

649, 651, 655, 657, 665, 666, 671, 696, 717,757, 792, 914, 915

suppression, 75tunnel, 7, 1117varactor, 64, 435, 440, 441, 962, 971, 973

capacitance vs voltage, 441gzener, see also voltage reference, 12ff, 82, 199,

670, 674, 696–698, 701as voltage regulator, 595biasing, 675buried, 546drift, 675dynamic resistance, 675gdynamic resistance of, 13for crowbar, 690IC, 676fflow voltage, 13gnoise, 676ntempco, 675gthe astonishing LTZ1000, 675

DIP (dual in-line package), see IC, packagesdirect digital synthesis, see oscillator, DDSdirect memory access, see computerdischarge

curves, of battery, 687gof high-voltage supply, 211RC, 21

discontinued parts, 273 (box)display

LCDinterface timing, 1031

xy vectorinterface, 1002, 1002

display devices, see optoelectronicsDisplayPort, see connectordistortion, see also op-amp, distortion, 309

barn-roof, 95, 95scrossover, 286, 309, 311

effect of feedback, 235sin push-pull follower, 107

of differential amplifier, 386, 386gof filtered sinewave, 436of modified sinewave, 674of op-amp, 329ff, 331, 332g

rail-to-rail, 318of phase-shift oscillator, 439of photoconductive cell, 437

of switched-capacitor sinewave, 436of Wien-bridge oscillator, 437, 438test circuit, 332ultra-low, oscillator, 437

dithering, 971divider

voltage, 7DMM, 10

Agilent’s accurate, 342ffblock diagram, 343current sink, 344front end, 343, 344gain block, 345ranging, 345

favorites, 1156Dobkin, Bob, 604 (box), 679dogs, 63pdominant pole

compensation, 282double buffering, 1003doughnut, 29DPCP, 1149DRAM, see memory, dynamic; computerDSL, 1145DTE, 1041dual-slope

conversion, see ADCdual-tracking, see voltage regulatorduty cycle, 643duty-cycle

limiting, 465DVD, 703n, 847, 995, 1139DVI, see also connector, 1065dynamic range

of delta-sigma converter, 927of switched-capacitor filters, 418vs precision, 292

Early effect, 92, 93n, 99, 99n, 101g, 127r, 151nconfigurations that avoid, 102, 127r, 148in current mirror, 101

Early voltage, see voltage, EarlyEbers-Moll model, 90ffEden

garden of, 549edge

detector, 26leading, 25trailing, 25

EEPOT, see also potentiometer, 63, 1070


eggEaster, see if you can find all eight

electrical engineerview of biology, 805

electrical tape, 63pelectromagnetic interference, see EMIelectrometer, 10n, 297, 570ffelectromotive force, see EMFelectrostatic discharge, see ESDEMF, 2

back, 28EMI, 649, 668

in instrumentation amplifiers, 365emitter, see optoelectronics

degeneration, 88, 96, 98, 116, 126r, 128, 129r, 308,502

emitter follower, see also BJT, 79, 79–85, 91as voltage regulator, 82biasing, 83cancelling offset, 85, 87current flow in, 81example, 84impedances of, 80JFET current-sink pulldown, 144noise of, 487ffoutput impedance of, 94revisited (Ebers-Moll), 93with split supplies, 84

en, see noise, density, voltageen-C, see transimpedance amplifierencoder

rotary, 1069energy

densitybattery vs capacitor, 690g

in capacitor, 19in inductor, 28storage

battery vs capacitor, 690tENOB (effective number of bits), 902, 907t, 930, 931g,

987requalization, 380, 381, 858, 864, 864, 865s, 867gequivalent series inductance, see capacitor; resistorequivalent series resistance, see capacitorerror

budget, 293, 295–299, 307, 388rcomponent, 299, 388r

eSATA, see computer, data busESD, see also human body model; spike, 200, 200t, 804

input protection, 258, 362

ESL, see capacitor; resistorESR, see capacitorEthernet, see also computer, data bus, 862, 995, 1030,

1044, 1048ff, 1064, 1067, 1084, 1093, 1099r3-level signaling in, 1043n, 10494b/5b coding in, 1043n, 10498b/10b coding in, 1044, 1049Manchester coding in, 1043power over (PoE), 1049n

Euler, Leonhard, 1102eye diagram, 864, 864, 865, 866s, 977, 991r, 1030,

1031s

fan, see also AoE 2nd ed., p 858, 627farad, 18feature size

scaling, 793nfeedback, 115ff, 130r, 223ff

BJT examples, 121Blackman’s impedance relation, 120closed-loop gain, 117compensation, 120current, 527effect on amplifier circuits, 117ffeffect on input impedance, 118effect on output impedance, 119gain equation, 116improved frequency response, 118in PLL, 962, 963loading by the feedback network, 120nonlinear, 276nonlinear control, 1078output-current sensing, 120PID, 1072, 1072, 1077, 1080

circuit, 1078convergence, 1079gtuning, 1072, 1077

predictability of gain, 117series, 118shunt, 119split, 263, 286, 915stability, 120

in switchmode converters, 650with inductive load, 901

ferrite, 655, 669–672, 696–698FET, see also JFET, MOSFET, 115, 131ff

analog switch, see analog switchbasic circuits, 140depletion-mode

as current source, 622


dynamic gate current, 164enhancement and depletion, 135, 219rfamily tree, 134, 136gate current, 163, 220rgate drive, 137gate leakage current, 163Gmax, 141tinterdigitation, 140JFET and MOSFET, 134leakage

circuit cure for, 259linear region, 137, 137g, 220rlinear switch, see analog switchmanufacturing spread, 140g, 138–140, 145g, 157,

158, 169, 169gmatching, 139operating regions, 219rpolarities, 131, 219rpolarity, 136probe, 810pquadratic region, 132, 137, 137g, 138, 147, 165ffresistive region, 132saturation current, IDSS, 136, 139g, 361saturation region, 132, 137g, 137, 147, 165ff, 219rsimilarity to BJT, 132square law, 137ff, 165subthreshold region, 138, 139g, 166, 167g, 168,

220rswitch, 132, 171, 220rtempco of ID, 138g, 138nterminal nomenclature, 131threshold voltage (Vth), 136n, 137ff, 137, 138g, 147transconductance (gm), 132, 141t, 146, 219rtransfer characteristics, 135g, 137g, 139g, 142gtypes, 134V−I curves, 132, 133gVGS spread, 140g

FEXT (far-end crosstalk), 581fiber optics, 847ff, 875p, 879r

integrated transceiver, 850, 850, 875pST/SC, 849, 875pTOSLINK (EIAJ), 847, 848s, 875, 875pVersatile Link, 849, 875p

field-effect transistor, see FETfilter

RC highpass, 69rRC lowpass, 69ractive, 396–399, 405–415, 423r

bandpass, 411fflowpass, 241, 400ff

Sallen and Key, 242guniversal, 416, 417, 417, 418

allpass, 415analog FIR, 985anti-alias, 395, 903ffattenuation

degraded by ESR, 393gbandpass

noise bandwidth, 564t, 565gBessel, 402g, 403, 409g, 423r

VCVS, 408biquad, 411, 423rbrickwall, 391g, 477, 904

equivalent bandwidth, 477, 561, 561, 563ffbridged differentiator, 415Butterworth, 401, 401, 402g, 409g, 423r, 904

LC, 1113ff, 1114tVCVS, 408

Cauer, 402characteristics, 400, 401g, 423rChebyshev, 401, 402g, 409g, 423r

phase and amplitude, 400gVCVS, 408vs RC, 396g

comparison, 402gcontinuous-time, 397, 406, 423rdelay equalizer, 415delay time, 400digital, 419ff, 424r

in delta-sigma, 926, 928of PRBS, 981response, 421g

discrete-time, 418, 423reco-friendly, 1076effect of component tolerances, 402geffect of non-ideal capacitors, 392electrically tunable, 412elliptic, 402, 403g, 1071equiripple, 401, 402finite-impulse-response (FIR), 419, 421g, 424rfrequency response

comparison, 409gfrequency-domain characteristics, 399Gaussian, 404highpass

approximate, 43exact, 48VCVS, 408

implementation, 405–418, 423rinductorless, see filter, active


infinite-impulse-response (IIR), 419, 424rLC, 54g, 54p, 55s, 393, 423r

brickwall bandwidth, 561multisection, 394

linear-phase, 400, 404linearity, 422lowpass

after transimpedance amplifier, 542anti-alias, 395approximate, 42dc-accurate, 418exact, 50FIR, 420IIR, 420in switching amplifier, 109, 673of PRBS, 981VCVS, 407

maximally flat, 401multiple-feedback, 413

effect of op-amp Zout, 414gnode of difference amplifier, 355noise bandwidth, 564t, 565gnotch, 414, 423rovershoot, 400passive, 391–396, 423rperformance parameters, 399phase shift, 404gphase-sequence, 455, 456, 456gpower-supply, 32, 699rpowerline, 631RC highpass

approximate, 43exact, 48

RC lowpassapproximate, 42gexact, 50phase shift of, 50gphasor diagram, 51switchable, 182

RC, 402g, 423rbrickwall bandwidth, 561loading by, 44phase shift, 393gresponse, 392gworst-case impedance of, 44

recursive, 419ringing, 400ripple, 399rise time, 400Sallen and Key, 399, 409, 423r

settling time, 400skirt, 399specifying, 403gstate-variable, 410ff, 423r

bandpass, 411step response, 405g, 406t

comparison, 405g, 406tswitched-capacitor, 397, 406, 415ff, 423, 424r, 436

advantages, 416configurations, 417drawbacks, 417noise, 418gsine from square, 436, 436s

Thomson, 403time delay, 404gtime-domain characteristics, 400tracking, 436, 577twin-T, 414, 423rtypes, 400ffVCVS, 407, 408, 408t, 407–410, 423r

effect of op-amp Zout, 414ghighpass, 408

finite state machine (FSM), see logicFIR, see filter, digitalFireWire, see computer, data busfirmware, 1059first-in, first-out, see logicflash

conversion, see ADCmemory, see memory

flicker, see also noise, 1/ fof ADC code, 937

flip-flop, see logicflowchart, 1059flyback, see switchmodeflying

amplifier, 367capacitor, see capacitor, flying

foldback, see power supply; voltage regulatorfollower, see emitter follower, source follower, op-ampforgettory, 994forward

converter, see switchmodeFourier transform, 395nFPGA, 788, 789r, 1034, 1039, 1056n, 1063, 1094p,

1097, 1100frequency

analysis of reactive circuits, 41ffangular, 14beat, 975, 976


compensation, 280ffin linear regulator, 597

dithering, 649n, 971intermediate (IF), 562, 1143log sweep, 1072modulation, see modulationmultiplier, 963, 964shifting, 395spurs, 968, 969, 973, 1069, 1070synthesis, 394, 451, 471r, 968–971synthesizer, 17, 1085

microcontroller, 1068–1072to voltage converter, 892translation, 562

fT , see op-amp, gain vs frequencyfull duplex, 1036, 1045, 1054function generator, 17

arbitrary, 18favorites, 1156

fuse, 630, 699rrating, 631

GAL, see programmable logic device (PLD)galvanic isolation, 840, 866

CAN bus, 1048Garwin, R. L., 571ngate

delayvs power, 792gvs voltage, 794g

input current, 795glogic

as pulse generator, 459CMOS, 185

speedvs power, 719g, 792gvs voltage, 719g, 794g

universal, 715, 717GBW, see BJT, gain-bandwidth product, see op-amp,

gain vs frequencygeneralized impedance converter, 398

op-amp bandwidth, effect on, 399gGilbert cell, 162glitch, see also logic, 738

code-change, in DAC, 894GLONASS, 451nglossary, 1170GPIB, see computer, data busGPIO, 1087GPS, 451, 1056, 1064

Gray code, 708binary conversion, 711

ground, 2bounce, 758s, 759, 793, 850, 851, 879rinductance, 758loop, 442, 582

isolation, 349, 350noise, 850, 851oscilloscope probe, 1165plane, 581, 758, 759separate analog and digital, 917

grounded coplanar waveguide, 1121grounding, 579ff, 582ff, 593r, 758

between instruments, 583blunders, 582

group delay, 400guard, 358, 360, 587Gummel plot, 92g, 127r, 500Gummel-Poon, 93ngyrator, 397ff

H-bridge, 655, 659, 891, 1087half duplex, 1037, 1045, 1087, 1087nHamming, see window, sampling, 977Hanning, see window, samplinghard disk (hdd), 1139HDCP, 1149HDL, see programmable logic device (PLD)HDMI, see also connector, 1044HDTV, 1141heat, 623ff, 701rheatsink, 623ff, 625p, 701r

air flow, 627insulating, 626LED, 833p, 870PCB foil as, 626, 627gsizing, 626gsizzle test, 625thermal resistance of, 626g

heelAchilles’, 536n

henry, see inductorheterdyne, 563heterodyne, 562Hewlett, William, 437nhex file, 1062hexadecimal, see number, see numberhigh voltage

clearance distance, 663creepage distance, 663, 664, 665p


pulse generator, 333, 919, 920hour of power, 466, 467hour of power (design example), 466human

body model (HBM), 200, 804ff, 805, 866, 877rsystem interface (HI), 1062, 1100r

humidityand MOSFET damage, 200effect on ICs, 684

hybridsignal isolator, 1049

hysteresis, see also Schmitt trigger, 237clock inputs, 808in tunnel diode, 1118thermal, 683

hystereticSMPS, see switchmode

I2C, 889, 1031, 1033, 1064, 1084, 1093, 1098in DAQ, 956microcontroller peripherals, 1089, 1087–1090

I2C, see also computer, data busbridge, 1087

I2Caddress selection, 954, 955

ICdiscontinued, 273 (box)packages

DIP, 3p, 57p, 65p, 73p, 224p, 225, 269, 340,443p, 664, 715p, 758, 765p, 855, 1062

SMT, 73p, 224p, 225, 269, 340, 443p, 715p,758, 765p, 855

parallel interface, see also computer, data bus,1031, 1033

example, 1031, 1033serial interface, see also computer, data bus, 1035–

1049IEC power entry, 629IEEE 1394 (FireWire), see computer, data busIGBT (insulated-gate bipolar transistor), 207, 222r, 695

desaturation, 843immediate argument, 996impedance, 40ff, 68r

audio, 351characteristic, of transmission line, 1120converter, generalized (GIC), 398

op-amp bandwidth, effect on, 399gconverter, negative (NIC), 397in parallel, 46in series, 46

inputof difference amplifier, 352, 354of differential amplifier, 376of op-amp, 245

matching, 1124of LC, 52, 444nof RC, 49gof common-emitter amplifier, 88of emitter follower, 80of sources and loads, 79of transmission line, 1124output

of op-amp, 309of RRO op-amp, 316

output, of op-amp, 246small-signal, 81transmission-line matching, 1126

in, see noise, density, currentin-phase, 395ninductance

leakage, 30, 633–635, 656, 659, 667, 668disadvantages, 633nenergy in, 669in powerline transformer, 633

magnetizing, 30, 656, 666, 667, 669of coil, 28of op-amp output, 250gsensor, 1087

inductivekick, see also spike, 38loads, 38

inductor, 28ff, 29p, 68rAL value, 670drawbacks of, 396flyback, transformer as, 655, 656international notation, 5nreactance of, 44, 45, 49gsome magic with, 29stored energy, 689, 700r

in switchmode converter, 636, 655, 666variable, 64volt-second balance, 30, 643

inputprotection, 175, 175, 210, 294, 362, 805, 948, 951

logic, 804, 804robust, 362

inrush current, see current, inrushinstrumentation amplifier, 273, 288r, 297, 306, 363t,

390r, 512, 1073, 1074as current source, 367


autozero, 342, 370bootstrapped power supply, 359, 359classic, 357CMRR, 347, 358, 363t, 364, 364g, 367

vs frequency, 364CMRR depends on gain, 358CMRR vs Rsource mismatch, 366gcommon-mode range, 367, 1074configurations, 357, 368, 368ff, 369discrete, 361EMI, 365hybrid, 513in DAQ, 950input current, 362JFET-input, 512miscellany, 362noise, 362noise depends on gain, 358offset drift, 306offset trim, 366, 366offset voltage, 306PGA, 370, 370, 371tresistor matching, 358roll-your-own, 359signal guards, 358

integrated circuit, see ICintegrating

conversion, see ADCintegrator

droop, 257–260in active filter, 406in PLL, 962in quadrature oscillator, 453op-amp, 230, 231s, 257–260RC, 26, 51switched-capacitor, 416

interdigitation, 140, 515interference, 478, 579ff

intersymbol, 864interlace, 1137nInternet

video streaming, 1144interrupt, see computerinverter

ac power converting, 673, 673scharge-pump, 183flying-capacitor, 183logic

CMOS, 185nMOS, 185

op-amp, 225optional, 232pMOS, 185

invertingswitchmode converter, see switchmode

IP, see programmable logic device (PLD)ISA, see computer, data busisolation

barrier in offline SMPS, 663

jetpack, 1099rJFET (junction field-effect transistor

bootstrapped drain, 343, 344JFET (junction field-effect transistor), see also FET,

134, 217t1/ f noise, 510, 517gamplifier

biasing, 220rcommon-source, 149gos gain error, 167instrumentation, 512, 513low noise, 346, 509–520maximum gain Gmax, 166with cascode, 148

as diode, 294as variable resistor, 161ff, 437, 438

linearizing, 161, 162, 162gbiasing, 150, 150n, 156, 513capacitance, 170, 510, 519care and feeding of, 346characteristic curves, 143gcurrent noise, 511g, 511current source, 142, 623g

as BJT follower pulldown, 144self-biased, 143g, 145g

deep subthreshold region, 166, 167gdifferential amplifier, 152, 343, 512, 513dual, 139, 515dynamic gate current, 164gate current, 163g

impact ionization, 164g, 546Gmax, 141thybrid amplifier, 151, 153g, 155g, 343, 344, 512,

513, 544compensation, 154, 154gvs FET op-amp, 155

impact-ionization current, 164in Wien bridge oscillator, 437, 438leakage, see JFET gate currentlinear circuits, 142ff


low distortion, 346low noise

hybrid op-amp, 534low-noise, 516t

selecting, 515mini-table, 141tnoise, 346, 500, 509–520, 591r, 593r

reduction by paralleling, 509vs BJT, 517

op-ampfast, 155t

operating point, 156, 1116oscillator, 155, 441

in PLL, 395spectrum, 442g

output conductance, 148n, 166output resistance, 148n, 166, 517pinch-off reference, 680, 680pinch-off voltage tester, 240pinch-off voltage, VP, 136schematic symbols, 135series-feedback pair, 150, 151gsource follower, see source followersubthreshold region, 166g, 167g, 168g, 166–170switch, 220rthreshold voltage (Vth), 137, 147, 166, 167g, 169gtransconductance, 132, 141t, 146

vs drain current, 168g, 169, 169gvs drain voltage, 170, 517within a family, 169, 169g

transfer characteristics, 135g, 137g, 139g, 142g,165ff, 166–169g

trimming offset with DAC, 345VGS spread, 140gvoltage noise, 346, 509–511, 518–520g

theory vs measurement, 509gvs frequency, 510gvs transconductance, 509g

voltage reference, 680, 680vs MOSFET, 170g

jitter, 427, 457g, 457, 464, 864, 909, 966, 968, 973rejection in PLL, 976

Johnson noise, 474ff, 475g, 475t, 482g, 494g, 526g,569, 590r

as noise source, 557calculation example, 486gain resistor contribution, 152, 352, 358, 379, 384,

908greater at low gain, 387

in differential amplifier, 520

in JFET channel, 509in TIA feedback resistor, 537ff

eliminating, 552joule, 2joy

and pain, 65JTAG, see also computer, data bus, 764, 769, 787r,

1031, 1039, 1064bootloader, 1095

jump, 999

Karnaugh map, see logicKCL, KVL, see Kirchhoff’s lawsKelvin connection, 277, 294n, 350, 1073keyboard, 1067

parallel bus interface, 1006, 1008keypad, 1084

hex, 1071, 1072Kirchhoff’s laws, 2, 68r, 1111

L network, 1127ladder

R−2R, 234DAC, 884, 885replaced by charge redistribution, 911

lamp, 62, 437as a problem load, 694neon, 428

Lantronix XPort, 1067Larkin, John, 360laser diode, 830p, 833, 834s, 975, 975

current, 834sdriver, 834, 834nlinearizing, 834smodulating, 835

laser trimming, 244, 305, 352, 357, 416latch, see logiclatchup

in analog switch, 174LC, see also filter, LC, 52

Butterworth filter, 1113ff, 1114tdamped oscillation, 53gfilter, 54g, 54p, 55sfilter examples, 1113ffimpedance of, 52, 444nnotch, 53oscillator, see oscillator, LCparallel, 52resonant circuit, 52, 69rseries, 52


tank, 53trap, 441n

LCseries, 394

LCD, see optoelectronicsLDO, see voltage regulator, low-dropoutleakage, see also capacitor; JFET, 420, 1065

spectral, 420leap year, 969nLebowski, see eggLED, 13, 62, 575, 830p, 829–833, 878r

angular illumination, 830, 831garrays, 831as bias reference, 86nbacklight, 1087BJT driver, 76constant-current drive, 831current-source drive, 622desklamp, 833p, 870driver, 1090driver ICs, 832tdriving

series string, 831driving from comparator, 13, 14driving from logic, 817ff, 832driving from MOSFET, 206, 465, 466driving from TTL, 718nforward drop, 76g, 827ghigh-current driver, 834slamp (design example), 832multiplexed display, 751, 751–752multiplexed drive, 744norganic, see OLEDpanel-mount, 870tpulsed, 466, 834ssynchronous detection of, 577voltage budget, 752wavelength, 76

Lehrer, Tom, 1103LFSR, 558, 771lighting, see also optoelectronics; LED

theater, 1084lightning detector (design example), 497limiter

diode, 37line driver

difference amplifier, 351linear

circuit, 14, 68rlinearity

converter, 882, 901DNL warning, 902INL vs DNL, 901, 901

linearizingJFET resistor, 162optocoupler, 844via lookup table, 1070, 1100r

Little Logic, see mini-logicLMOS, see mini-logicLO, see oscillator, localload

active, 105, 158capacitive

logic, 851, 851op-amp, 263s, 264, 264

dump, 618inductive, 38

load lines, 145g, 156, 156g, 1116ffloading, 10ff, 11g, 69r, 79lock-in, see bandwidth, narrowinglockup, see logic, pathologylogarithmic

frequency sweep, 1072logic

0 and 1, 7041-of-8 decoder, 7274-bit full adder, 728

Verilog code for, 7295V-tolerant, 7988-input multiplexer, 726active-HIGH, active-LOW, 714adder, 728arithmetic logic unit (ALU), 728, 993, 1052rassertion-level, 713asynchronous, 733, 734, 734s, 743sBiCMOS, 714, 717nbuffer, see buffer, logiccapacitive load, 851, 851class-A current, 186, 186, 754clock

global, 777clock skew, 757, 757, 759, 801CML, 868CMOS, 221r, 714, 790–794

characteristics, 718ffcircuits, 791failure modes, 760input current, 795gminimizing power, 754open inputs with, 759, 760


output current, 798goutput voltage, 797gpathology, 759shoot-through current, 760, 760gspeed vs power, 792gspeed vs voltage, 794gthreshold skew, 760threshold voltage, 797gtransfer characteristics, 796gweak outputs, 827

combinational, 708–728, 762rcombinatorial, 708contention, 721, 722, 730counter, 742t, 741–744, 762r

asynchronous, 733, 734, 734smodulo-n, 748ff, 750modulo-n, timing, 750gripple, 733, 734, 734ssynchronous, 737, 737s

currentclass-A, 754, 760, 760g

D-registerVerilog code for, 741

data bus, 720, 721DCL, 790decoder, 726

expansion, 727Verilog code for, 727

delayvs power, 792gvs voltage, 794g

demultiplexer, 726digital vs analog, 703diode, 711divide-by-2, 731, 732divide-by-3, 734, 743, 743s

asynchronous glitch, 743ssynchronous, 735Verilog code for, 736

drivingexternal loads, 721, 818, 817–829, 877rfrom comparator, 806from op-amp, 808pre-emphasis, 858

driving ac loads from, 821, 822driving negative loads from, 821, 822DTL, 790dynamic current, 186ECL, 714, 717n, 718, 718, 722, 750, 790edge rate, 801, 801s

enable, 720, 752excluded states, 735expansion, 726, 726, 727families, 704n, 706t, 714, 717ff, 763r

characteristics, 718ffchoosing, 719, 794, 877rchronology, 790–794circuits, 791CMOS, 790–794DTL, 790ECL, 790input, 718, 795, 797g, 877rinput current, 795, 795ginterconnecting, 799, 798–802, 877rlife cycle, 715glogic levels, 706 (box), 718output, 718, 796, 797, 798g, 877rRTL, 790speed and power, 719speed vs power, 719g, 792gspeed vs voltage, 719g, 794gsupply voltage, 718threshold voltage, 796, 797gtransfer characteristics, 796gTTL, 790–793

fan-out, 711, 794ff, 795nnone in transmission gate, 725, 726

FIFO, 747flip-flop, 196, 728ff, 762r

clocked, 730, 732debouncer, 802, 802sedge-triggered, 731hold time, 732master-slave, 732propagation time, 732RS, 729setup time, 732setup time violation, 733g, 733stoggling, 731, 732type-D, 731, 732type-JK, 731type-T , 731

gate, see also buffer, logic; Single Gate, 708–724,762r

2-input select, 724, 725AND, 709, 709circuits, discrete, 711example, 712, 714exclusive-OR, 710interchangeability, 713


inverter, 709, 710NAND, see also memory, nonvolatile, 186, 710,

710, 1027NOR, see also memory, nonvolatile, 710, 710,

1027NOT, 709, 710OR, 709, 709standard, 709transmission, 172, 725, 725universal, 715, 717, 800XOR, 710, 710, 737, 753, 771, 782, 959, 977,

984XOR realization, 722

glitch, 738, 739, 743sglue, 793GTL, 852hardware description language, see also pro-

grammable logic device, see logic, HDL, 711HDL, see also programmable logic device, 711HIGH and LOW, 704hold time, 732IC packages, 715pidentities, 722tinput characteristics, 795input overdrive, 806input protection, 804, 804inputs, 795

current, 795, 795gdriving, 802overcurrent, 806pulldown, 805pullup, 805unused, 806voltage, 797g

interfacing, 790–868between logic families, 799, 798–802

isolator, 823jam-load, 748Karnaugh map, 723keeper circuit, 802, 803latch, 740level translator, 800, 802levels, 17, 706 (box), 762r

CAN bus, 1047symmetrizing, 980

life cycle, 715glockup, 755LVDS, 794LVPECL, see LVPECL, 794magnitude comparator, 728, 728

metastability, 732, 733g, 733s, 756Mickey-Mouse, 468micropower design, 753mini, 712n, 715n, 793minimization, 723MOSFET, 184multiplexed display, 751, 751ffmultiplexer, 724

expansion, 726, 726race condition in, 756, 756Verilog code for, 726

multiplier-accumulator, 728NECL, 718, 718nnegative-true, 704n, 714nMOS, 712

driving LED, 827g, 828driving loads, 828input characteristics, 828interfacing, 826ffoutput characteristics, 827output circuit, 827

open-collector, 721, 800, 807, 811, 817, 996as level translator, 721

open-drain, 721, 721, 800, 807, 811output characteristics, 796

voltage vs current, 798gparity generator, 728pathology, 755–760, 763r

unspecified rules, 757PECL, see also PECL, 718, 718npositive-true, 704n, 714power

dynamic, 754minimizing, 754

preloadasynchronous, 748, 752synchronous, 748

priority encoder, 727probing, 808, 809s, 810pprogrammable, see programmable logic devicepropagation time, 710s, 732pulse generator

design example, 739with flip-flops and counters, 739

quiet, 759, 793race, see also runt pulse, 724n, 738, 748, 756register, see also computer, 740, 762r, 993

power, 819, 819tshift, 744, 744

removal time, 758


resetasynchronous, 743synchronous, 743

reset/supervisor, 756tringback, 759nrobust link, 1124RTL, 711n, 712, 790runt pulse, see runt pulseSCR latchup, 759sequential, 728–745, 762r

miscellaneous, 746timing example, 748

setup time, 732violation, 733g, 733s, 756n

shift register, 762r, 1084feedback PRBS, 977linear feedback, see LFSRnoise source, see also LFSR, 558RAM as, 745, 745, 746gtiming, 746g

speed, 710svs power, 792gvs voltage, 794g

standard, 763r, 793combinational ICs, 724gates, 715, 716tsequential ICs, 740when to use, 782

startup reset, 755, 755state machine, 734, 734

Mealy, Moore, 736states, 704, 797gstrobe, 725SUHL, 790switch, 725, 919tswitch input as pulldown, 729nsynchronizer, 737, 738synchronous, 734, 743s, 777syntax, 711tthree-state, 720, 720, 996through cables, 850ff, 879r, 1121

comparison, 867timing skew, 737ntoggling, 196toggling flip-flop, 731

Verilog code for, 732transmission gate, 172, 725, 725, 919t, 1019

bidirectional, 727truth table, 708TTL, 714, 790–793

characteristics, 718ffnoise in, 758output characteristics, 827

unspecified rules, 757unused input, 718, 738, 754, 759, 760, 806

LVDS trick, 800wired-AND, 722, 1085wired-OR, 721, 722

lookup table, 735loop gain, 117loss

switching, 662loudspeaker

as microphone, 486low dropout, see voltage regulator, low-dropoutlow-voltage differential signaling, see LVDSLVDS, 705n, 794, 859, 862–864, 880r, 1033

levels, 867power, 868grates, 867gsignal conditioning, 864, 865storture test, 863, 863s

LVPECL, 794, 868

macrocell, see programmable logic device (PLD)magazines, 1157magnet controller, 365man

transistor, 75Manchester code, 1044Manchester coding, 1042ffMARK and SPACE, 771nMark (RS-232), 865math review, 1101–1104MDAC, see DAC, multiplyingmemory, see also computer, see also logic, see also

microcontroller, 745, 993, 994, 1017–1030,1054r

1T1C cell, 10226T cell, 1019burst mode, 1024cache, 993, 994computer, 994configuration, for FPGA, 769double data rate, see DDRndynamic, 994, 1022, 1021–1024, 1054r

asynchronous, 1021, 1023, 1024latency, 1024synchronous, 1024, 1025timing, 1024, 1025


endurance, 769EPROM, 769flash, 769, 994, 1085, 1098, 1100rHDD, 994multilevel cell (MLC), 1028non-volatile, 764, 769, 770, 772, 779, 787r, 1054rnonvolatile, 1024–1030, 1070

EEPROM, 1026, 1054r, 1056, 1067, 1085, 1087,1098, 1100r

EPROM, 1026ferroelectric, 1025, 1028flash, 1025, 1027ff, 1054r, 1056, 1093, 1098floating gate, 1025, 1026JTAG programming, 1039magnetoresistive, 1025, 1029mask ROM, 1026NAND flash, 1027, 1028NOR flash, 1027, 1027phase change, 1025, 1029PROM, 1026

page mode, 1022npseudo-static, 1020, 1020RAM

as shift register, 745, 745, 746gread cycle, 1020, 1022, 1024, 1025, 1052rretention, 769ROM

in state machine, 735, 736nSSD, 995static, 769, 994, 1019, 1019–1021, 1054r, 1064,

1098, 1099, 1100rasynchronous, 1019, 1019, 1020synchronous, 1021, 1022timing, 1019, 1020, 1022

static vs dynamic, 1018volatile, 994volatile/nonvolatile, 1017wrapup, 1029write cycle, 1020, 1022, 1024, 1025, 1052r

MEMS, 446nmetastability, see logicmeter, 61mho, 6microcomputer

terminology, 992, 1052rmicrocontroller, 747, 749, 763r, 797, 889, 1056–1098,

1099r8051, 1063, 1070, 1091, 1094p, 1095–1097ac power control (design example), 1066, 1065–

1068

pseudocode, 1067, 1068ADC timing example, 1092, 1092g

pseudocode, 1093ARM, 1039, 1063, 1091, 1094, 1094p, 1095–1097,

1098n, 1099ras debouncer, 803, 804as timer, 469assembly code

for PRBS generator, 783PRBS generator, 779

assembly language, 779AVR, 1039, 1058, 1062, 1063, 1091, 1093–1097,

1099rBlackfin, 1064block diagram, 1057bypassing, 1059C-language code

for PRBS generator, 784PRBS generator, 782

code download, 1062Coldfire, 1064, 1094p, 1097constraints, 1090debugger, 779, 1099rdevelopment environment, 1090–1096, 1099r

cost, 1096development kit, 1094, 1094pfirmware, 1059frequency synthesizer (design example), 1070p,

1068–1072block diagram, 1069pseudocode, 1070, 1071

how to select, 1098IDE, 779implementing delta-sigma ADC, 934, 935in-circuit debugging, 1096, 1100rin-circuit programming, 1056instrumentation amplifier frontend, 1074JTAG programming, 1039, 1056loading code on, 1093–1096

JTAG bootloader, 1095parallel bootloader, 1095proprietary bootloader, 1095SPI bootloader, 1095UART bootloader, 1094USB bootloader, 1095

logic inputs, 1084, 1087MIPS, 1064MSP430, 1064object code, 779, 1100routput characteristics, 798g


output current, 798gperipheral ICs, 1081–1090

direct connection, 1083, 1082–1085I2C connection, 1089, 1087–1090SPI connection, 1086, 1085–1087

peripheralson-chip, 1064ff

PIC, 1063popular families, 1062–1064PowerPC, 1064PRBS generator, 777ff, 782precision ADC in, 1074Propeller, 1064PSoC, 1064Rabbit, 1063realtime constraints, 1092SH-4, 1064simulator, 779, 1099, 1100rsoftware, 1090ff

assembly code, 1091assembly language, 1099rBASIC, 1091C/C++, 1091Java, 1092Python, 1092

special-function register, 779ST6/7, 1064stabilized platform (design example), 1080, 1080p,

1082pblock diagram, 1081pseudocode, 1081

suntan monitor (design example), 1057–1062C-language code, 1061circuit, 1057, 1058pseudocode, 1059, 1060

terminology, 992thermal controller (design example), 1074, 1072–

1080block diagram, 1072control loop, 1077, 1078pseudocode, 1078, 1078

when to use, 785, 1097, 1100rwrapup, 1096–1098XMOS, 1064

microconverter, 1073microphone

capacitor as, 682loudspeaker as, 486ribbon preamp, 505

micropower

digital design, 753microstrip, see also stripline, 852, 1121, 1123Miller effect, 105, 113ff, 130r, 197, 197g, 198s, 511

and differential amplifier, 114configurations that avoid, 115, 148, 152n

Millman’s theorem, 6, 1112mini-logic, 715n, 715p, 772n, 800nMiniGate, see mini-logicmixer, 395, 562, 563, 1143M2L, see logic, Mickey-Mousemodem, 866modified sinewave, 673smodulation

8-VSB, 1142n8PSK, 1143amplitude (AM), 55, 56s, 972, 1138

homodyne, 972synchronous, 972

BPSK, 972delta, 912frequency (FM), 971, 1138

demodulation with PLL, 971Foster-Seeley detector, 972quadrature demodulation, 971ratio detector, 972slope detector, 972

pulse-code (PCM), 703, 973QAM, 972QPSK, 972, 1143quadrature amplitude (QAM), 1142nsynchronous detection, 575, 576video, 1137

modulatordelta-sigma, 926, 927magic in, 929

monostable multivibrator, see one-shotmonotonicity

converter, 882Monticelli output circuit, 318, 330Moore’s law, xxix, 748, 992n, 993p, 1021nMOSFET, see also FET, 134

as pullup, 828avalanche rated, 819n, 1076, 1076construction, 134depletion-mode, 209, 210t, 222r, 698

as current source, 622as input protection, 210, 951current source, 211extending regulator VIN, 211, 693HV discharge, 211


dynamic gate current, 164floating-gate reference, see voltage referencegate capacitance, 197g, 197ffgate driver, 194, 194, 218t, 753, 797, 798g, 823,

828, 832, 855, 1076, 1099roptocoupler, 206

gate threshold, 137handling precautions, 200

gate damage, 201phigh-voltage

creepage barrier, 665plateral, 213logic switch, 184maximum ratings, 221rnoise, 519, 520gpolarity, 134power, 187ff, 188–191t

applications, 202ffbody diode, 199drain capacitance, 198floating switches, 205gate breakdown, 199gate capacitance, 197ggate charge, 197g, 198sgate protection, 199high-side switching, 202ff, 204high-voltage, 202, 662, 695lateral, 214glight-at-night, 206linear applications, 208logic-level, 192, 193paralleling, 201, 212ff, 214, 222rpiezo amplifier, 208piezo driver, 207power rating, 199protected switch, 204push-pull follower, 214source ballasting, 213switch, 206t, 221r, 1076switch examples, 206switching applications, 195, 196, 192–196switching cautions, 196thermal runaway in, 214thermal stability, 187vs BJT and IGBT, 201, 202t, 208t

RON vs temperature, 213gRON vs voltage, 202, 662schematic symbols, 134series connection of, 697source ballasting, 214

switch, 1084floating, 203high-side, 825, 826t, 1085protected, 824, 825, 825t, 1085protecting, 823ff

switching examples, 193, 204, 205, 820transfer characteristics, 212gvs JFET, 170

motor driver, 1081, 1082pmotorboating, 287mouse, 1067MOV, see varistorMP3, 1141nMPEG, 1097MPEG-2, 1141nMPEG-4, 1064, 1141nMSP430, see microcontrollermultichannel scaling, see bandwidth, narrowingmultimeter, 2, 10 (box)

true rms, 631multiplex

video, 1142multiplexer, see also logic, 724

FET analog switch, 173in DAQ, 948

multiplyhow to, 761

multiplying DAC, see DAC, multiplyingmultislope

conversion, see ADC

Nakamura, Shuji, 62NAND, see logic, see memory, nonvolatilenarrowcast, 1146negative-impedance converter, 397negative-true, see logicnetlist, see programmable logic device (PLD)network

local-area (LAN), 1049NEXT (near-end crosstalk), 581night light, 206NMR, 577node, 2noise, see also amplifier, see also op-amp, 15, 326, 473–

481, 636s, 6371/ f , 590r

corner frequency, 566filtered bandwidth, 564tforever?, 566, 567sintegrated, 566g


JFET, 510, 517g1/ f , 337, 476g, 476, 491, 520

cancellation of, 485nop-amp, 324, 324g, 530

analogfiltered PRBS, 977, 979–984

averaging time, 574band-limited, 477bandpass filters

response, 565gbandwidth, 477, 561ff

multisection RC, 561of LC, 561of an average, 562

bistable, 477sBJT, see BJT, noise

test circuit, 557burst, 477, 477s, 590rcapacitively coupled, 581common-mode choke, 585crest factor, 568, 983current, 483

measuring, 569ffof bias-canceled op-amp, 327, 527ultra-low measurement, 571, 572

current source, of, 487ffdensity, 474, 479, 590r

voltage, 481ffdifferential amplifier, 520digital

generation with PRBS, 976–984emitter follower, 487ffen-C, 541, 542g, 542s, 543genC, 540genC, 532, 538, 538ffequivalent power (NEP), 537nexceedance probability curve, 574gexcess, 475ff, 590rfigure, 479, 480g, 493g, 519, 592r

contour plot, 490g, 492, 493gconversion to SNR, 480example, 492

filteredover decades, 567s

filtering out-of-band, 913flicker, see noise, 1/ ffloor, 418Gaussian, 475g, 590r, 981, 983generator, 559

pink, 559

pink, spectrum, 560sPRBS, 558

immunity, 705, 754in inverting amplifier, 521in noninverting amplifier, 520instrumentation amplifier, 362integrals, 564tintegrated

calculating, 563of op-amps, 338g, 530, 531g, 531t

interference as, 478JFET, see JFET, noiseJohnson, see Johnson noiselow-frequency specification, 564magnetically coupled, 581maxima, 574measurement, 555ff, 568, 592r

hot-cold, 557RF, 558transistor test circuit, 557

MOSFET, see MOSFET, noisemosquito, 1141nNyquist, see Johnson noiseof switching power supplies, 649of voltage regulator, 618

filterin, 620filtering, 619

op-amp, 522t, 523t, 524t, 528g, 529g, 532s, 520–533

autozero, 333ff, 334s, 568g, 570g, 572schoosing, 525–533spectrum, 568g, 568s, 570g, 572svs Cin, 532g

peak vs rms, 532, 564, 568, 937nphase, see phase, noisepink, 477s, 559, 563ff, 566popcorn, 477s, 478g, 590rpotpourri, 574power supply, 578ff, 580g, 580t, 593r, 618, 915

capacitance multiplier, 557, 578, 579gpseudorandom, see PRBSquantization, 929gquantization error, 574quick guide to, 473red, 477s, 563ffrejection in PLL, 976resistance, 494, 501, 502t, 522t, 528, 569, 592rrms vs magnitude, 574shaping, see also delta-sigma, 929, 929ffshot, 327, 475ff, 476t, 482g, 511g, 590, 591r


equivalent to Johnson noise, 482, 509, 525nsuppression of, 476, 487ff, 488

sourcePRBS circuit, 982

sources, 558ff, 590r, 592rswitchmode power supply, 636g, 636s, 637telegraph, 477stemperature, 480, 519, 592rthreshold-crossing rate, 574true random, 984, 991r

circuit, 986types of, 474, 477s, 558, 590runits of, 474unspecified, 503, 504g, 507, 517, 517g, 519, 535voltage

from filtered PRBS, 980voltage reference, see also voltage reference, 682g,

682white, 474ff, 477s, 563ffzener, 676n

nonlinearityconverter error, 882, 901

nonmonotonicityconverter error, 882

NOR, see logic, see memory, nonvolatileNorton equivalent circuit, 66, 69r, 1112NRZ, 1044NRZI, 1044NTSC, 1065, 1136n, 1138, 1140number

2’s complement, 707, 1049arithmetic in, 708

BCD, 706codes, 705–708, 882, 1049–1051floating-point, 708n, 1050

formats, 1050formats, 1050Gray-code, 708, 709

binary conversion, 711hex, 705

notation, 705integer

justification, 1049signed, 707t

offset binary, 707sign-magnitude, 707signed, 707storage in memory, 1051

nybble, 993Nyquist, 395, 419

noise, 474

Odroid, 1056noffline, see ac poweredoffset binary, see number, codesOhm’s law, 4

generalized, 46not obeyed by diode, 31

one second per hour (design example), 467one-shot, 77, 242, 459, 460, 463t, 461–465, 471r, 739,

762r555, 460, 460application examples, 465cautions, 462ffcircuit, 461problems with, 462ffprotecting pulsed power devices with, 465reset, 462retriggerability, 462timing coefficient, 464g

op-amp, 223ff, 224p1/ f noise, see noiseabsolute-value circuit, 257ac amplifier, 226

biasing, 261, 262accuracy vs linearity, 313active clamp, 257, 289ractive peak detector, 254active rectifier, 238, 257, 289r

effect of slew rate, 238as voltage regulator, 235autozero, 254, 272, 295, 333ff, 334, 335t, 370, 388,

389r, 935common-mode input range, 340external, 341, 341input current, 339instrumentation amplifier, 342integrated noise, 338gnoise, 336g, 336, 337s, 569tnoise current, 339, 570g, 572snoise voltage, 339, 568goffset voltage, 339overload recovery, 337selecting, 338ffself-calibrating, 341settling time, 340slew rate, 340supply voltage, 338

bandwidth, 247, 249, 290r, 308, 328, 329gbasic circuits, 225–231, 288r


bias canceled, 125, 252, 266better than JFET, 303gcurrent noise of, 327, 527

Bode plot, 290rcapacitive load, 332

driving, 264stability, 265gstabilizing, 263s, 264

cautions, 231, 289rchopper-stabilized, see also op-amp, autozero,

340, 340, 1073clamping, 914CMRR, 305, 328CMRR and PSRR, 249common-mode input range, 245, 290r

of autozero, 340of difference amplifier, 354

compensation, 280ff, 283, 290r, 308compensation pin, 320, 321t

clamping, 914, 915current feedback, 270, 384, 385

peaking vs gain-setting R, 379gcurrent source, 228–230, 242, 254, 344, 367, 622,

623, 897Howland, 229, 230

current-to-voltage converter, 233decompensated, 283, 283g, 328, 515, 542, 550, 553departure from ideal, 243–249, 289rdetailed look, 242–253die (LT1028), 527pdifference amplifier, 227, 288r, 347–387

bandwidth, 355CMRR trim, 356, 357configurations, 356filter node, 355offset trim, 355, 357

differential amplifier, 347–387differential input range, 232, 246, 535differentiator, 260, 288rdistortion, 329ff, 331, 332g

slew-rate, 248svs frequency, 311g

driving logic from, 808feedback at dc, 232follower, 227, 288r

with bootstrap, 233frequency compensation, see op-amp, compensa-

tion, 247gain, 249, 290r

vs frequency, 281–284g, 311g, 329g

gain error, 312, 312ggain nonlinearity, 312ff, 313

measuring, 313golden rules, 225, 288rhigh-power, 272thigh-speed, 310thigh-voltage, 272thybrid amplifier with JFET, 151, 153g, 155g, 343,

344, 534, 545ideal, 243, 288rinput

protection, 294, 362input capacitance, 532input current, 163, 244, 252, 289r, 302, 325, 388r,

535BJT better than JFET, 303gcommon-mode voltage, variation with, 304,

306geffect on integrator, 257measuring, 325ffof autozero, 339temperature, variation with, 303g, 307, 325g,

530input impedance, 245, 250, 301, 306input offset current, 244, 252input protection, 258, 362instrumentation, see instrumentation amplifierintegrator, 230, 231s, 257–260, 288r, 935

resistor stabilization, 259inverting amplifier, 225, 288r, 316n

noise, 521JFET

fast, 155tJFET hybrid, see op-amp, hybrid amplifier with

JFETlimitations, effect on circuits, 249–254linearity, 251low input-current, 303tlow noise, 522–524t

choosing, 525–533hybrid, 534

micropower, 273Monticelli output circuit, 318, 330noise, 289r, 528g, 529g, 520–533, 592r

0.001–10Hz, 1/ f , Vn(pp), 531g0.01–10Hz, 1/ f , Vn(pp), 5641/ f , 528, 529gautozero, 333ff, 334simpedance, 326integrated, 338g, 530, 531g, 531t


low-frequency, 530ff, 532s, 564measuring, 568vs Cin, 532g

noise current, 326ff, 336g, 530, 570g, 572smeasuring, 569ffof autozero, 339

noise resistance, 528noise spectrum, 568g, 568s, 570g, 572snoise voltage, see also noise, 323, 324g, 336g, 337,

535, 568gmeasuring, 567of autozero, 339

noise voltage and current, 249, 526of bias-canceled, 327vs supply current, 525g

noninverting amplifier, 226, 288rnoise, 520

nonlinear circuits, 236, 289roffset trim, 306, 534offset voltage, 244, 251, 289r, 304, 306, 323, 388r

effect on integrator, 257of autozero, 339test circuit, 323

offset voltage drift, 244, 289roptional inverter, 232oscillator

precision VCO, 267output current, 251, 272t, 290routput errors, 389routput impedance, 246, 250, 290r, 309

effect on MFB filter, 414geffect on VCVS filter, 414gvs frequency, 250g, 311, 312g

output range, 231output swing, 246, 290r

vs frequency, 251g, 307gvs load resistance, 246g

output voltagevs load current, 247g

parameters, 245tunspecified, 295

peak detector, 289rresetting, 255

phase error, 314, 315g, 315tactive compensation, 314, 315g, 315t

phase reversal in, 275, 361nphase shift, 247, 290r

vs frequency, 311gphotodiode amplifier, 233photometer, 265

pinch-off voltage tester, 240pinout, 225power, 588power and high-voltage, 272tpower booster, 234precision, 292ff, 320, 321t, 388r

choosing, 319representative, 302tvs speed, 329

programmable pulse-width generator, 241PSRR, 306, 328, 533push-pull booster, 234rail-to-rail, 236, 246, 266, 277, 289r, 315ff, 389r

VOS shift, 316gdistortion, 317g, 318gain, 318ginput circuit, 316input crossover, 316, 317goutput circuit, 317output impedance, 316, 318goutput saturation, 317output swing, 247g

relaxation oscillator, see also oscillator, relaxation,425

representative, 271tsample-and-hold, 256, 289rschematic

LF411, 243TLC271, 266

self heating, 306sensitive millivoltmeter (design example), 253,

293, 296tsettling time, 308ff, 311g, 320, 321t, 328

of autozero, 340sign of feedback, 232single-supply, 245, 261, 265–270, 289r, 322slew rate, 248g, 251, 290r, 307, 328, 329

distortion, 248sof autozero, 340vs fT, 308vs input differential, 308g

smorgasbord, 232split feedback, 263stuck-node tracer, 276gsumming amplifier, 234supply rail splitter, 262

stability, 263, 263ssupply voltage, 248, 322

of autozero, 338supply-rail bypass, 232


tables of, 271–272t, 296t, 302, 303t, 310t, 320,321t, 335t, 522–524t

track-and-hold, 256transconductance, see OTA (operational transcon-

ductance amplifier)transimpedance amplifier, see transimpedance am-

plifiertriangle oscillator, 239uncompensated, see also op-amp, decompensated,

283voltage feedback, 385voltage gain, 247

vs frequency, 247gzero-crossing detector, 269

open-collector, 721, 799, 807, 811, 817open-drain, 721, 799, 807, 811optocoupler, 805, 842, 843, 844, 846, 840–846, 847,

871, 872p, 873, 874, 879r, 917, 1065, 1067analog, 586, 843as variable resistor, 437, 438nfor isolated feedback, 663gate drive, 206, 842linearizing, 844logic output, 841photoconductive

linearity, 437phototransistor output, 841signal isolator, 586

optoelectronics, 829–850, 878r16-segment display, 8365x7 matrix display, 8377-segment display, 836, 836angle encoder, 879rcoupler, see optocouplerdetectors, 838, 871p, 878rdisplay

LED, multiplexed, 751, 751ff, 836multiplexed, 443, 751, 751

display technology, 1146displays, 62, 830p, 835ff, 871p, 878r, 1084emitters, 830p, 829–838family tree, 829, 869 (box)fiber optics, see fiber opticsimage sensor, 871p, 1064interrupter, 846, 872p, 879rIrDA, 1064, 1084laser diode, see laser diodeLCD, 835, 838, 871p, 1064, 1069, 1099, 1100r,

1146interface timing, 1031

LED, see LED, 1065LED backlight, 1087LED stick, 837light-to-frequency, 1084miscellaneous, 871pmulticharacter display, 837OLED, 835, 1085, 1147optocoupler, see optocoupler, 1084photo-Darlington, 839photoconductive, 437, 438n, 872pphotoconductive mode, 839photodiode, 839photomultiplier, 840, 840, 871p

amplifier, 872phototransistor, 839photovoltaic mode, 839photovoltaic stack, 204, 845, 874PIN diode, 871p, 975plasma, 1147proximity detector, 846, 879rrotary encoder, 1069smart display, 837

codes, 838synchronous detection, 578VFD, 835, 1069, 1070

optointerrupter, see optoelectronicsoptoisolator, see optocouplerorthogonal

adjustments, 515oscillation

damped, 53gparasitic, 426, 427s, 442parasitic oscillations in, 427sslow logic transition, from, 801s

oscillator, 289r, 425–457, 470r, 700r, 1084555, 429, 430t, 428–432

50% duty-cycle, 429full-range duty-cycle, 430sawtooth, 430, 430triangle, 431, 432

atomic standard, 451blocking, 656ceramic resonator, 450, 471rClapp, 440, 441CMOS, 426Colpitts, 440, 440crystal, 439, 443p, 443–450, 471r, 1066

“pulling”, 435a caution, 449circuits, 447, 447


equivalent circuit, 444micropower, 448, 449gmodules, 449series and parallel modes, 444, 444g

DDS, 451, 453, 455, 471r, 971, 1068, 1085, 1093emitter-coupled, 440GPS-disciplined, 451, 471rGunn-diode, 434, 435Hartley, 440, 440, 442inverter chain, 435, 975JFET, 155

low-noise, 441spectrum, 442g

jitter, 457, 973LC, 439, 470r

electrically tunable, 440local (LO), 395, 562, 973, 1143low-distortion, 437MEMS, 962, 973not needed in µC example, 1059OCXO, 970op-amp

triangle wave, 239parasitic oscillations in, 426Peltz, 440, 440phase noise, see phase, noisephase-shift, 438, 439PLL, 452, 471rprecision VCO, 267programmable, 267quadrature, 454, 454s, 453–456, 470rquartz crystal, 443–450ratiometric, 431relaxation, 267, 432, 425–435, 470r

555, 429CMOS logic, 426, 427, 559diac, 428high-voltage, 428neon, 428op-amp, 425, 426unijunction, 427, 428

resistor-programmed, 433, 433gring, 962SAW, 450, 471r, 962, 973sawtooth, 430, 430, 919, 920silicon, 432, 433tsinewave, 435–443, 470r

Wien bridge, 436ff, 437, 470rTCXO, OCXO, 450, 471rtriangle, 239, 267, 431, 432

tuning-fork, 441types, 452tvaractor-tuned, 441VCXO, 446, 471r, 962, 967, 971, 973voltage-controlled, 267, 434ff, 470r, 961

in PLL, 961with integrated divider, 434YIG, 434, 435

oscilloscope, 2, 1162ffanalog, 1163digital, 1156, 1166ff, 1167

aliasing, 1168dead time, 1168

hints, 1164probe, 67, 1164, 1165

active, 809, 809s, 810p, 1165current, 1165skew, 1168

OTA (operational transconductance amplifier), 100output

comparator stage, 811comparator swing, 810creating differential, 372current, comparator, 811, 811gcurrent, op-amp, 272t

output currentcritical, in SMPS, see switchmode

oven, 450, 681overcompensation, 286oversampling, see samplingovertemperature

sensor, see also sensor, 13, 14, 203, 602, 604, 604(box), 608, 671

absent, 695overvoltage, 691

packet, 1142switching, 1145

PAL, see programmable logic device (PLD), 1065PALASM, see programmable logic device (PLD)parallel, 2

bootloader, 1095capacitors, 21conversion, see ADCimpedances, 46, 69rJFETs to reduce noise, 509MOSFETs, 201port, 1002–1005, 1066, 1069, 1070, 1072, 1084,

1087, 1099rresistors, 5


resonant crystal mode, 444, 444g, 446gparameters

unspecified, 295parity generator, 728PC104, see computer, data busPCB

ground plane, 759, 852ground wiring, 758

PCI, see computer, data busPCIe, see computer, data busPCM, see modulation, pulse-codepeak detector

active, 254, 255passive, 254

PECL, 868permeability, 29perpetual-motion, 116PGA, see amplifier, programmable gainphase

control in DDS, 1071detector, see also PLL, 575equalizer, 415error

of op-amp, 314, 315g, 315tnoise, 968, 970, 973sequence filter, 455, 456, 456gshift, see phase shiftsplitter, 105

with discrete BJTs, 88phase margin, 247, 263, 276, 282phase shift

and feedback stability, see also Bode plot, 281–285, 285

control in SMPS, 659filter comparison, 404goscillator, 438RC lowpass, 50g

phase shifterconstant-amplitude, 89, 89

phase-locked loop, see PLLphason, 52gphasor, 51, 89photoconductive mode, 537n, 839n, 869photocoupler, see optocouplerphotodiode, 839photometer

single-supply, 265photomultiplier, 840, 840

amplifier, 872photoresistor, 206, 872p

phototransistor, 839photovoltaic

stack, 204, 845, 874photovoltaic mode, 537n, 839, 869PHY, 865pi network, 1113, 1128PIC, see microcontrollerpickup, 59, 442

common-mode, 583PicoGate, see mini-logicPID loop, see feedbackpiezo, 24, 1057, 1058piezo driver, 207, 333piezoelectric effect

capacitor, in, 682ncrystal, 443

PLA, see also programmable logic device (PLD)platinum RTD, see sensor, temperaturePLD, see programmable logic device (PLD)

noise generator, 983output characteristics, 798g

PLL, 435, 452, 974t, 957–976, 989r, 1069, 1075AM demodulation, 972block diagram, 958Bode plot, 963g, 965gBPSK demodulation, 973capture and lock, 966capture transient, 966, 967clock generation, 974, 1075“cut and try”, 965design, 962–966first-order loop, 962FM demodulation, 971frequency multiplier (design example), 963–966

circuit, 964frequency synthesis, 442, 968–971

fractional-n, 968, 968rational-approximation, 970, 970

laser offset locking, 975, 975loop

block diagram, 963loop filter, 395, 962, 963, 990rloop gain, 964, 964 (box)loop stability, 962, 963phase detector, 959, 959g, 959ff, 959t, 960g, 960s,

961g, 989ranti-backlash, 961backlash, 960dead zone, 960

pulse synchronization, 973


rejection of noise and jitter, 976sampling clock, 909second-order loop, 962signal regeneration, 973some realities, 966spur removal, 395VCO, 961

4046-type, 961, 961sVCO variability, 966with JFET oscillator, 394

PMT, see photomultiplierpod, 745, 769, 1039, 1056, 1062, 1094, 1095, 1100polar coordinates, 1102pole, 52, 69rPOP, 998popcorn

noise, 477, 478gpositive-true, see logicpot, see potentiometerpot core, 29, 581potential difference, see voltagepotentiometer, 7, 8p, 63

digital, see also EEPOT, 63, 184, 412, 1085taper, 739

power, 2ac detect, 1084ac monitor, 1085an hour of (design example), 466density

battery vs capacitor, 690gdesign, 623ffdynamic, 754entry module, 629, 630, 631, 699rfactor, 47

correction in offline SMPS, 668, 699rin offline SMPS, 661, 699rin unregulated supply, 635

five minutes of, 196in reactive circuits, 47in resistor, 6micro, see micropowerminimizing, in CMOS design, 754one minute of, 23phantom, 1049nprecision source, 285semiconductor packages, 628, 629pspectrum

from PRBS, 979, 981gsupervisor, 613, 691, 755, 755, 803, 1082switching, 755

from logic levels, 192with MOSFETs, 192–200with outboard driver, 237

tradeoffsnoise, 483g, 509g, 525gspeed, 792g

train, see switchmode (SMPS)transfer, 11transistor, 624ff

series connection, 697power supply, see also voltage regulator, 594ff, 595p

auxiliary, 668clamp, 692commercial modules, 684, 685pcurrent limit, 597

foldback, 693, 694, 694gof outboard pass transistor, 695

favorites, 1156filtering, 32flying capacitor

droop, 639gripple, 639g

high voltage, 695ff, 696kick-start, 669linear

compared with switchmode, see also switch-mode, 635ff

topology, compared with SMPS, 630low noise, 915noise, see noise, power supplyoffline, see switchmode, offlineovervoltage protection, 598, 690ffpower-factor correction, 661rectifier, 634

damping spikes, 634regulated, 123regulator, 34resonant charging, 40ripple voltage, 33sequencing, 914spike, 635nspikes, 633n, 634split, 34, 630, 639storage capacitor, 633

ripple current in, 634supervisor, see powerswitchmode, 636ff

ac-powered, see switchmode, offlinecompared with linear, 630, 635ffcontroller ICs, 658t


current-mode ICs, 654tprogrammable, 1090voltage-mode ICs, 653t

uninterruptible, 673unregulated, 630, 699r

bench vs SPICE, 634, 635sfrom ac powerline, 628ffpower factor in, 635

voltage multiplier, 34powerline

capacitor, 631discharge resistor, 632

controller, 1066entry, 629filter, 631monitor, 1085monitor IC, 945, 945monitor ICf, 945rejection in integrating ADC, 916, 936switch, 631transformer, 632

leakage inductance in, 633rating, 632

PRBS, 558ff, 762r, 770–782, 976–984, 990r8051 assembly code for, 783ABEL code for, 776analog noise from, 977, 979–984analog noise voltage, 980C-language code for, 784chipping sequence, 977digital

filter, 981eye diagram, 865sfeedback shift register, 977, 978, 981

properties, 978taps, 978t

noise generator, 559, 771spectrum, 560s

noise sourcecircuit, 982

power spectrum, 979, 981gVerilog code for, 778VHDL code for, 780with cPLD, 772with discrete logic, 559, 771, 772with ECL logic, 983, 985pwith microcontroller, 777ff, 782

assembly code, 779, 783C-language code, 782, 784

with PLDs, 983

wrapup, 983pre-emphasis, 858, 864, 864, 865s, 867gprecision

vs dynamic range, 292, 388rprefixes, 4 (box)printed circuit

SMT vs through-hole, 268, 269printer port (Centronics), see computer, data buspriority encoder, see logicprobe

active, 810pfor logic signals, 808, 810p

probingdigital signals, 808, 809s, 810p

programmultiplex video, 1142

programmable (with voltage)current source, 228–230, 367, 898oscillator, 267power supply, 605, 607, 610pulse generator, 920timer (one-shot), 242voltage source, 195

programmable logic device (PLD), see also logic, 728,737, 745, 763r, 765p, 787r, 764–789, 797,1039

ABEL, 764, 775, 776address decoder, 1003advice, 782ff, 788rapplications, 787rcPLD, 764, 766, 789r

PRBS bit generator, 772–777CUPL, 764FPGA, see also FPGA, 764, 768, 787r, 1034

configuration memory, 769logic element, 770

GAL, 764HDL, 745, 764, 765, 787r

behavioral coding, 777, 778structural coding, 777, 779

HDL entry, 775ff, 787radvantages, 777, 787r

in-circuit programming, 764, 769, 774macrocell, 764mixed-signal, 769netlist, 769, 787rpackages, 765pPAL, 764, 765–768

circuit, 766, 767macrocell, 768


PALASM, 764PLA, 768place and route, 769, 773, 787rpod, 745programmer, 769, 773programming, 787rschematic entry, 745, 773, 773ff, 774, 787r

advantages, 775, 787rsoftware, 769Verilog, 775, 778VHDL, 775, 777, 780WebPACK, 770nwhen to use, 782ff

programmable oscillator, 267propagation time, 710protection, input, see input protectionpseudo-differential, 275, 583pseudo-op, 999pseudo-random bit sequence, see PRBSpseudocode, 1059PSoC, see microcontrollerPTAT, see also bandgap, 92n, 104, 431n, 604 (box), 606,

621, 679, 680pullup

active, 270, 717, 720, 721current-source, 85, 696passive, 185resistor, 5 (box), 185, 209, 237, 623, 712, 720, 721

pulse, 16code, see modulation, pulse-codeduty-cycle

limiting, 465forming network, 1130from step, 77, 458ff, 459sgenerator, 17

high-voltage, 333, 919, 920long pulses, 740n-pulse, 752, 753programmable pulse-width, 241single, 739single-pulse, 739triggerable (design example), 739, 740with discrete BJTs, 77–79with flip-flops and counters, 739

height analysis, 916limiting width of, 465runt, see also logic, see runt pulse, 757spectrum of, 943gstretcher, 194synchronization

with PLL, 973width modulation, see PWM

PUSH, 998push-pull

BJT output stage, 81, 106–108, 129rbiasing, 108crossover distortion, 107thermal stability of, 108, 214

MOSFET output stagethermal stability of, 214

op-amp power booster, 234PWM, see also switchmode, 470r, 645, 699r, 1064,

1065, 1075, 1080, 1098, 1099, 1100ranalog vs digital, 1075, 1075as digital-to-analog converter, 890, 890, 892, 987rdigital, 1075in class-D amplifier, 109sin switchmode converters, 642, 645ff, 656, 665in thermal control, 1073light dimming, 870rate multiplier as, 892thermal controller, 1072–1080to DAC converter, 891torque-motor control, 892

pyroelectricdetector, 871p

Qof crystal, 443

Q (quality factor), 53ffspoiling, 53

QAM, 456quadrature, 395n

encoder, 847, 872p, 1069FM demodulation, 971oscillator, 454, 454s, 453–456, 470rRF, 455square waves, 455

quadrature-amplitude modulation, see QAMquantization

noise, 929g

R−2R, see ladderRabbit, see microcontrollerradio

AM, 55, 56swaveform, 55gwaveforms, 56s

radiofrequency, see RFrail splitter, 262, 277


rail-to-rail, see op-ampramp, 15

generator, 27random walk, 983RAS, 1022Raspberry Pi, 1056nraster, 1136rate multiplier

as PWM, 892ratiometric, 431, 739, 1075rbb, see BJT (bipolar junction transistor)reactance, 40ff

graph of, 49greactive circuits, 40ff

power in, 47read cycle, see memory; computer, programmed IOreading and references, 1158ffrectification, 31ffrectifier, see also diode, 12, 31ff, 32t, 634

active, 238bridge, 32, 33, 699rfast-recovery, 670forward drop, 31full-wave, 32

active, 257full-wave center-tapped, 33half-wave, 32power supply

spikes, 633n, 634signal, 35soft-recovery, 670

referencedesign, 671

reflection coefficient, 1121refresh, see also memory, dynamic

display, 1004register, see logicregulation

cross, 672line, 595nload, 595nsecondary, in SMPS, 671

regulator, see voltage regulatorseries pass, 598

relaydriver, 194driving from logic, 817ffelectromechanical, 59, 818latching, 459, 515, 819low-level, 515

optocoupled, 840ffsolid-state, see SSR

resetlogic startup, 755, 755, 1082of core, in SMPS, 657

resistancedynamic, 12internal, 10leakage, 10negative, 7, 397, 646, 650n, 1117noise, see noise resistanceof analog switch, 175, 950nsmall-signal, 12source, 10thermal, see thermal resistance

resistor, 3ff, 3p, 5 (box), 68r4-wire, 294naccuracy, 1110tbleeder, 634chip

sizes, 4ncolor code, 1109tcurrent-sensing, 754, 760digital, 1085discharge, for powerline capacitor, 632E96 series, 1108temitter-ballasting, 113excess noise in, 476high-voltage, 698in parallel, 5in series, 5international notation, 5nKelvin, 350noninductive, 696nonlinearity, 697, 1110tpower in, 6power package, 3pprecision, 293, 300, 345, 348–350, 696precision divider, 679properties of, 300, 388rpullup, 5 (box), 209, 237, 623, 720, 721

logic input, 805MOSFET as, 828on demultiplexer, 727

standard values, 1108suppression, 573T-network, 259tempco, 300, 679, 1110ttypes, 1108ff, 1110tvariable, 63


JFET, 161stability, 679

voltage coefficient, 697, 1110tvoltage rating, 697wirewound, 3p, 8p, 1073, 1109

resonantcharging, 39, 40circuit, 52ff

reverse polarity protection, 616, 665, 671RF

driving cable, 856noise measurement, 558

RFI (radiofrequency interference), 582, 668ribbon microphone, 505ringback, 759ringing

capacitive loads, 263s, 264in SMPS, 668, 668nlogic signals, 809s, 850ff, 879r

ripple, 635s, 639g, 699rcurrent, 644effect of capacitor ESR, 639neffect of switchmode frequency, 641filtering, 619in unregulated supply, 599, 632of filter, 399switchmode power supply, 636s

rise time, 16of RC, 22of filter, 400

RLL, 1044Rogowski coil, 946, 946rotary encoder, 1069RS-232, see also computer, data bus, 771, 866s, 864–

867, 1041, 1041ff, 1042s, 1064–1066, 1069,1084, 1093, 1099r

and cable length, 867driver ICs, 865levels, 867mark, 1041power, 868gpseudo-random byte generator, 770rates, 867gsignals, 1042tSTART bit, 1041STOP bit, 1041timing ambiguity in, 1041to USB adapter, 865n, 1067

RS-422, 859, 859, 859ff, 860slevels, 867

power, 868gtorture test, 860, 860s

RS-485, 859, 859ff, 860s, 1041ff, 1064isolated, 861, 876levels, 867power, 868grates, 867g

RTC, 1087RTD, see sensor, temperaturerubidium, see oscillator, atomicrunt pulse, see also logic race, 738, 743s, 748, 753n, 757

s-plane, 52S/PDIF, 1064safe operating area (SOA), 113n, 192g, 216, 603n, 604

(box), 627, 702rSallen and Key filter, 399, 409sample

PLL clock, 909sample-and-hold, see also op-amp, 183, 256sampling, 419, 902ff, 903, 909

bandpass, 909depth

and dynamic range, 902direct IF to digital, 909images, 933gNyquist criterion, 902, 903over, see also delta-sigma, 903, 903, 904n, 926,

930ratio (OSR), 926

rateand aliasing, 902, 903and bandwidth, 902

rate and aliasing, 933gunder, 903, 909

band conversion, 909SAS, see computer, data busSATA, see computer, data bussatellite

geostationary, 1143saturation, see BJT, see FET

in BJT, 73Schottky clamp prevents, 717n

of magnetic core, 657, 659sawtooth, see oscillatorscaling

of IC feature size, 793nscary stuff, 1028schematic

diagram


how to draw, 1105ffentry

in SPICE, 1150ugly, 1106

Schmitt trigger, 128r, 237, 237, 237g, 267, 269, 270,279, 279, 289r, 459, 717, 754, 755, 801, 801s,803s, 805, 807, 807, 808s

logic input, 801, 801s, 802speedup capacitor, 808stransfer function, 237gwith discrete BJTs, 79

SCPI, 1068nSCR, 691, 1065

latchup, 759, 795overvoltage crowbar, 598, 672, 690ff

SCSI, see computer, data busSD card, 1085SDR, 1024second breakdown, 113n, 187, 216, 627, 702rSeebeck effect, see thermal EMFsensor

ac power, 945, 946acceleration, 1080, 1082p, 1085, 1087, 1099ratom, 553ffcharge, 935current, 945, 946force, 1080grasp, 372gyro, 1080inductance, 1087light, 498, 548, 578, 871, 872plightning, 497magnetic field, 1085proximity, 1087rotation, 1080, 1085, 1099rsound, 486, 505ffstrain, 297ff, 347, 348, 588, 939suntan, 278–280, 924, 1057–1062temperature, 13, 14, 671, 1073

RTC, 1074RTD, 347, 1073, 1073nsemiconductor, 621, 680, 1073thermistor, 123, 372, 661, 1073thermocouple, see also AoE 2nd ed., pp 988–

992, 337, 341t, 367, 675n, 939, 1073, 1087SERDES, 849, 863, 864, 868serial, see computer, data bus, see logicseries, 5

capacitors, 21impedances, 46, 69r

resistors, 5resonant crystal mode, 444, 444g

series-feedback pair, 122, 286with JFET, 150, 151g

servo, 1072, 1077settling time, 309g

of RC lowpass, 309gof filter, 400of op-amp, 308ff, 320, 321t

setup time, see logicSH-4, see microcontrollershielded twisted-pair, see STPshielding, 579ff, 581, 593r

magnetic, 581shift register, see logicshoot-through, see currentshootout

ADCs, SAR vs ∆Σ, 941at the ADC corral, 941tJFET vs BJT, 517low-power ADC, 943

shot noise, see noise, shotshrinkage factor, 391nshunt, 294n

current, 277siemens, 6, 90n, 147signal

amplitude, 68raveraging, 575, 576

bandwidth reduction by, 562, 575differential, 347ff, 705ngenerator, 17guard, 358, 360, 587mixed

PLD, 769protector, 175regeneration

with PLL, 973sampling, 419single-ended, 347, 705nslew rate of, 362to-noise ratio, see SNRtransformer, see transformer

signals, 13ffSilicon Valley

law of, 750gsilicon-controlled rectifier (SCR), see SCRSIM Card, 1064simulation, see SPICESINAD, 987r


sinewave, 143-level, 673arbitrary phase, 456from square wave, 394s, 435, 436sinverter, 673smodified, 673, 673soscillator, see oscillator, sinewave

Single Gate, see mini-logicsingle pulse, 739single slope

conversion, see ADCsingle-ended

logic signal, 705nsignal, 347

sizzle test, 625skepticism

of fourth fundamental element claim, 18nof parts-per-billion claim, 437

skin depth, 1126gslew rate, see also op-amp, 328

and jitter, 457causes interference, 581, 587, 705filtered, 1076in oscillators, 426of composite amplifier, 922of current source, 367of differential amplifier, 385of op-amp, 248, 307, 328, 329, 515, 857of signal, 362reduced, 607, 650, 759, 820, 860, 865too slow, 757, 808

slopecompensation, 650

small-signal, 12, 80, 147impedance, 81, 245symbol for, 80, 90, 1101transistor, 74t

SMBus, 1064Smith chart, 1125smoke, 672nsmoothness

silky, 505nSMU, 554, 1119

favorites, 1156SNR, 478ffsnubber, 39, 630, 634, 656, 659, 660, 669SOA, see safe operating areaSoC, 1034soft start, 606n, 607, 645, 650solar cell, 2

soldering ironfavorite, 1156

solenoid, 29sound pressure level (SPL), 505ffsource

degeneration, 148, 159, 160, 169, 346, 367sinewave, 41

source followerJFET, 156ff

gain, 157input impedance, 157low distortion, 160, 161goutput impedance, 157tutorial, 159with active load, 158

operating point, 156output impedance

vs BJT follower, 157push-pull power MOSFET, 214

source-measure unit, see SMUsource-measure unit (SMU), 899Space (RS-232), 865SparkFun, 1085Sparkfun, 1099rspectrum

analyzer, 567spreading, 649, 977

SPI, see also computer, data bus, 889, 1031, 1033,1035ff, 1064, 1069, 1084, 1090, 1091, 1098

ADC SAR example, 911bootloader, 1095bridge, 1087in ADC, 939, 945, 947in DAQ, 948, 949, 956isolation in DAQ, 952microcontroller peripherals, 1086, 1085–1087

SPICEamplfier analysis, 1152amplifier analysis, 314, 315gcomparison with bench, 459s, 635scrystal analysis, 444ff, 445, 446gfilter analysis, 393g, 399g, 414g, 456g, 560gfun with, 93nMOSFET models, 168npower supply analysis, 633–635, 635sprimer, 1150ffpulser analysis, 459ssimulation

comparison with bench, 1152stransistor model, 482n


unregulated power supplybench comparison, 634

spike, see also charge injection, 17differentiated edge, 26sfrom discharge, 200from flyback, 38, 193from hard switching, 668from leakage inductance, 669from snapoff, 199, 633n, 634ground-current, 850in frequency domain, 980in power supply rectifier, 633n, 634in SMPS driver, 669, 669logic driving capacitive load, 851, 851

spur, see frequencyremoval, 394

square wave, 16converting to sinewave, 394squadrature, 455

SRAM, see memory, static; computerSSR, 24, 59, 823, 844ff, 846, 874, 877r, 879r, 1065,

1066, 1084, 1099rleakage current, 1065

stabilized platformmicrocontroller, 1080, 1080p, 1082pmicrocontroller (design example)

block diagram, 1081standing-wave ratio, see VSWRstar network, 1045START and STOP, 771state machine, see logicstate-variable filter, 410ffstatus bit, see computer, programmed IOstatus register, see computer, programmed IOstep, 17

responsefilter comparison, 405g, 406t

stepping motor, 1087STM (scanning tunneling microscope), 553ff

image of Si crystal, 554pSTP, 583, 1121stripline, see also microstrip, 456, 852, 865s, 1121,

1123nstuck node

tracer, 276gsubroutine, 999successive approximation, see ADCsuntan monitor

delta-sigma, 924ffmicrocontroller, 1057–1062

op-amp, current divider, 279op-amp, integrating, 278op-amp, two-step, 279with ADC, 924with microcontroller, 1057–1062

superbeta, see BJTsupervisory, see power, supervisorsurface acoustic wave, see oscillator, SAWsurface-mount technology (SMT), 3p, 65, 66p, 268,

269, 432n, 601, 603, 627p, 789r, 793, 1108sizes, 4n, 269n

surrentsensing, 278

susceptance, 90nsweep generator, 17switch

3-way, 59analog, see analog switch, 948

multiplexer, 948as digital input, 802, 802, 1084bounce, 729, 802, 802, 803sbreak-before-make, 179, 922cold-weld sticking, 573debouncer, 753, 802s

built-in, 803clocked, 803, 803keeper circuit, 803latch as, 730, 802, 803slowdown plus Schmitt, 802, 803, 803ssoftware, 803, 804SR flip-flop, 802, 802SR flip-flop as, 730supervisor as, 803

debouncing, 729, 802DIP, 57pdry-switching, 58, 804, 817floating, 203form A, 58, 803form C, 58, 803high-side, 825, 826tmatrix, 1071, 1072, 1084, 1099rmechanical, 56, 57pMOSFET, see switchmode; MOSFETopto-interrupter, 846PCB-mounting, 57ppowerline, 631protected, 175, 824, 825tprotecting, 823ffpushbutton, 58reed, 573


rotary, 58self-wiping, 804simple logic with, 58SPDT, 56, 58, 803SPST, 56, 58, 803T-switch, 179toggle, 57ptoggling, 195

switched-capacitorfilter, 415ffintegrator, 416resonator, 454

switchingactive, 32n, 643amplifier, 109, 109s, 673cold, 75, 725hard, 659, 671high-side, 77, 193, 195, 196, 820, 820ff, 821, 821,

823, 825, 826, 828loss, 662, 671, 1076soft, 671synchronous, 643

switchmode (SMPS), see also voltage regulator, 609,636ff, 699r

Cuk, 649, 700rbasic topologies, 641ff, 642boost, 30, 647, 647, 700rbridge converter, 659, 700rbuck, 30, 642ff, 700r

intrinsically regulated, 643buck, examples, 644ff, 645, 646buck–boost, 649, 651, 700rburst mode, 643ncompared with linear, 630, 635ffcontinuous-conduction mode, 644, 670ncontroller ICs, 658tcore

gapped, 656, 670core reset, 657critical conduction mode, 643critical output current, 643cross regulation, 672current discontinuity in, 649, 651current pulsation, 649–651current-mode, 642, 649, 651, 651ff, 701r

pros and cons, 652, 701rcurrent-mode ICs, 654tdesign equations, 644, 647, 648, 656, 657, 659discontinuous-conduction mode, 645, 666, 670duty cycle, 643

efficiency, 636, 637, 646, 672feedback stability, 650, 669flux balance, 659flyback, 655, 657, 665, 700r

power train, 671transformer in, 670

forward converter, 656, 700rH-bridge, 655, 659hysteretic, 644, 644, 700rinductorless, 638ff, 639g, 640t, 699r

regulated, 641ripple, 639n, 641

internally compensated, 645ffinverting, 648, 648, 700risolated, 653ff, 700r

flyback, 655topologies, 655

LED driving, 831loss, 662low-noise, 649, 673nminimum output current, 643, 672negative input resistance, 646, 650n, 672noise, 636s, 637, 649, 672, 673nnoise spectrum, 636gnon-isolated, 641ff, 642

boost, 647, 647buck, 642ffbuck, examples, 644ffbuck-boost, 651design equations, 644, 647, 648hysteretic, 644internally compensated, 645ffinverting, 648, 648waveforms, 643, 647, 648, 652wrapup, 649ff

offline, 637, 656, 657, 660ffdual-voltage, 660feedback, 662input filter, 646, 650n, 660, 661, 665, 668, 672input transient, clamp, 669inrush current, 661, 668power-factor correction (PFC), 661, 661, 662s,

668real-world example, 665ffsafety, 672when to use, 672wrapup, 672

phase-shift control, 659point-of-load, 637n, 685PWM, 659, 701r


PWM modes, 651ffregulation, 630, 637, 637, 641, 642, 645, 646, 649–

651, 656, 657, 659, 659, 662, 665, 671, 672,700r

ringing, 667s, 668ripple, 636s, 642, 645, 646, 649SEPIC, 649, 700rslope compensation, 650soft start, 650synchronous switching in, 643topologies, 638, 700r

compared with linear, 630transformer in, 653voltage-mode, 642, 649, 651, 651ff, 701r

pros and cons, 652voltage-mode ICs, 653twaveforms, 643, 647, 648, 652, 666, 667swrapup, non-isolated, 649ffzero-current switching (ZCS), 650, 659zero-voltage switching (ZVS), 650, 659, 671

synchronous, see also logic, see also memory, 1021switching, see switching, synchronous, 32n

synchronous detection, see bandwidth, narrowingsynthesizer, see also frequency, synthesizer, 17

clock, 1087Sziklai, see BJT

T network, 259, 1113, 1128tables, see Table of Contentstake-back-half, 1078

convergence, 1079gtape

electrical, 63phelical, 1139Kapton, 626

taper, 739TCP/IP, 1098, 1144Teensy, 1056nTeflon, 299n, 301g, 326television

analogbroadcast, 1138recording, 1139spectrum, 1140s

cable, 1138switched broadcast, 1146

digital, 1140ffbroadcast, 1142cable, 1142recording, 1146

satellite, 1143spectrum, 1140s

display technology, 1146HD, 1141satellite

uplink, 1144pspectrum, 1141stutorial, 1135ff

temperaturestabilized, 681

oscillator, 450voltage reference, 676, 681

temperature coefficientways to specify, 683g

temperature controller, see thermal controllertemperature sensor, see sensortermination

of transmission line, 739, 852ff, 1121texting, 707nThevenin Equivalent Circuit, 69rThevenin equivalent circuit, 9ff, 69r

examples, 1112Thevenin’s theorem, 1111ff

generalized, 55thermal controller, 123

microcontroller, 1072–1080thermal EMF, see also op-amp, autozero, 339, 340, 675nthermal hysteresis, 683thermal resistance, 216, 603n, 624ff, 701r

of heatsinks, 626gof PCB foil, 627gtransient, 628, 702r, 1076

thermal runaway, 108ff, see asosecond breakdown108,112, 187, 212ff, 214, 215

absent in MOSFET, 138thermistor, see sensorthermocouple, see sensors, temperaturethyristor, 208, 581TIA, see transimpedance amplifiertime

delayfilter comparison, 404g

delay circuit, 23hold, see logicpropagation, see logicremoval, see logic

time constant, 22timer, 457–469, 470, 471r, 1100r

555, 460, 460an hour of power, 466


camera control (design example), 467ICs for, 468microcontroller as, 469one second per hour, 467programmable, 241

timingskew, 737n, 1030

TinyLogic, see mini-logictolerance, 6, 299, 388r

effect on filter response, 402gtools

favorites, 1156toroid, 581

common-mode choke, 584totem-pole, 697, 697touchscreen, 1085, 1087touchscreen digitizer, 946track-and-hold, see also op-amp, 256, 911tracking ADC, 911transconductance, see also BJT, FET, JFET, 89, 91

enhancer, 148transconductor, 99transducer, see sensortransfer function, 7transformer, 30

bifilar winding, 656for wideband ADC input, 382gapped, 656, 670in feedback loop, 286, 536in switchmode converter, 653, 699rinductance, see inductanceisolated SMPS, see also switchmode, 653ff, 670isolation, 672powerline, 632, 699r

leakage inductance in, 633rating, 632

pulsefor isolated feedback, 663

signal, 497, 535–537, 1128signal isolator, 586variable, 64p

transientaveraging, see bandwidth, narrowingcapture, in PLL, 966suppressor, 632, 670, 699rthermal resistance, 628, 702r, 1076

transient responseof voltage regulator, 617

transimpedance amplifier, 233, 288r, 537, 537ff, 547–549

bandwidth, 537ffbootstrapped cascode, 550, 550bootstrapping, 547capacitive feedback, 552, 571cascode input, 548ffcommercial, 570compensation, 539ff, 540–542gcomposite, 543ff, 544

noise, 544scurrent calibrator, 555JFET hybrid, 544noise, 499, 511, 532, 593r

en-C, 540–542g, 542s, 543genC, 538, 538ffinput, 538reduction by bootstrapping, 547

noise calculation, 539noise model, 539patch clamp, 552regulated cascode (RGC), 551stability, 537, 570STM, 553wideband

example, 540world’s best, 545

transistorbias-resistor, 712n, 827bipolar, see BJTBJT switch, 73–79, 91diamond, 100digital, 712n, 827field-effect, see FETman, 75packages, 73ppass, 594, 597, 598, 695, 699, 700r

protection, 695perfect, 99photo, 839, 871ppower, 624ffpre-biased, 712n, 827series connection of, 697thermal resistance of, see also thermal resistance,

624unijunction, 427, 428

transistor)switch, 127r

transmission gate, see logictransmission line, 1120ff

and sinewaves, 1124ffcharacteristic impedance, 1120


derivation of, 1131computer bus as, 1030delay line, 1132pdifferential, 880r

LVDS, 862–864rejection of common-mode signals, 860, 860s,

863, 863sdigital signals on, 852ff, 880r

power dissipation, 868gimpedance matching, 1126

broadband lossless, 1128minimum loss, 1127narrowband lossless, 1129reactive, 1129transformer, 1128

loss, 1125, 1126gmatched

capacitance disappears, 1120pre-emphasis, 858reflection, 1030, 1121, 1122, 1123sresistive attenuator, 1127, 1128tringing, 1123stermination, 1121ff

back, 1122series, 1122

twisted pair, 1121unterminated, 853, 854s, 1123

transresistance amplifier, see transimpedance amplifiertriac, 581, 691, 1065

quadrants, 692ntriangle wave, 15triboelectric effect, 573trigonometry, 1101truth table, see logicTTL, see logicTVS, 39, 670twin-T filter, 414twisted pair

wideband analog over, 352, 353

UART, see also computer, 1041ff, 1064, 1066, 1067,1070, 1074, 1093, 1094, 1099

bootloader, 1094ugly

diagram, 1106unblanking, 1003undersampling, see also ADC, see samplingundervoltage, 691

lockout, 701runicast, 1146

uninterruptible power supply (UPS), 673, 673suniverse

age of, 771, 991unshielded twisted-pair, see UTPunused input, see also logicUPS, see uninterruptible power supplyUSB, see also computer, data bus, 1045, 1045, 1065–

1067, 1084, 1093, 1099rbootloader, 1095isolated, 1084to RS-232 adapter, 865n, 1067

UTP, 1121

V to fconversion, see ADC

varactor, see also diode, varactor, 64, 435, 962, 971, 973tuned oscillator, 440, 470r

Variac, 64pvaristor, 39, 632VCO, see oscillator, voltage-controlledVerilog, see also logic, see programmable logic device

(PLD), 711, 745, 765VGA, 1065, 1136nVHDL, see programmable logic device (PLD), 745, 765Victoreen, 3p, 698video

analog, 1136coax, 1144composite, 1137sconnectors, 1147ff, 1148pDAC, 1090digitizer, 1088encoder, 1033field, 1137nframe, 1136interlaced, 1137nmodulation, 1137multiplex, 1142on demand, 1145over Internet, 1144progressive, 1137nsync, 1137

volt, 2voltage, 1, 68r

as complex quantity, 44ffburden, 10common-mode, see amplifiercomparator output swing, 810compliance, 8converter


flying capacitor, 183divider, 7, 7

adjustable, 7equation, 7generalized, 48

doubler, see also charge pump, 34, 34, 639, 660,866, 1066

dropof diode, 31

dropout, see voltage regulator, 599, 600, 700rEarly, 93, 151n, 502electrostatic, 200tgain with RC, 71nhigh, see high voltageinverter, 639, 866, 1066Kirchhoff’s voltage law, 2logic threshold, 796mode, see switchmodemultiplier, 34noise, see noiseoffset, see also amplifier; op-amp, 366

cancelling VBE, 85, 87comparator, 812correction with DAC, 951JFET, 139, 512, 515op-amp, 244

offset in op-amp, see op-amppower-supply ripple, 33reference, see voltage reference, 700rregulator, see voltage regulator, 34signal, 14, 21–27source, 8

8-channel, 895, 897low-noise, 893, 894stiff, 37

source, general laboratory, 893, 894spike, see spike, see spikethermal, kT/Q, 136nthermal, kT/q, 91thermoelectric, 341tthreshold

of digital logic, 797gtriboelectric, 573

voltage reference, 275, 674ff, 701r2-terminal, 677t3-terminal, 678taccuracy, 683bandgap, 104, 599, 602, 604 (box), 606, 611, 677,

678t, 679, 701ras temperature sensor, 680

noise in, 679ncurrent source with, 898drift, 683humidity, 684in DAQ, 951, 952JFET pinchoff, 680, 680, 701rline and load regulation, 684low tempco, 676, 676, 681MOSFET floating gate, 681, 701r, 914noise, 682g, 682, 701rprecision, 681PTAT, see PTATself-heating, 684series, 674, 678t, 701rshunt, 674, 677ttempco, 683, 701r

ways to specify, 683gtemperature stabilized, 676, 681trim, 683VBE, see voltage reference, bandgapx-ray exposure, 684zener, 674ff, 701r

biasing, 675bootstrap biasing, 676compared with bandgap, 679compensated, 674drift, 675dynamic resistance, 675gIC, 676ff, 677tLTZ1000, the spectacular, 675noise, 674, 676ntempco, 675g

voltage regulator, see also power supply, see alsoswitchmode (SMPS), 82

3-terminal, 700ras current source, 620, 620, 621gfloating HV, 698

317-style, 604 (box), 605t, 700radjustable to zero, 605, 607, 608as current source, 620, 620, 621gcircuit, 606dual voltage, 612dual-tracking lab supply, 608high-voltage supply, 609hints, 604, 607proportional fan control, 608protection, 619schematic, 603, 606

337-styleschematic, 606


7800-style, 602t723, 598ff

in defense of, 600current limit, 693

foldback, 693current-reference, 611emitter follower as, 82extending VIN, 211, 693fault protection, 619filtering, 619, 620floating, 698fully integrated, 600ffhigh voltage, 609, 610, 695ff, 696linear, 699r

3-terminal adjustable, see also 317-style, 602ff,603

3-terminal fixed, 601, 602, 602tadjustable to zero, 605, 607, 608, 611, 612bypassing, 616choosing, 613crowbar, 598current limit, 597dropout voltage, 606gerror amplifier, 597feedback stability, 597ground-pin current, 616high-voltage, 693, 698idiosyncrasies, 613LDO stability, 617, 617gnoise, 618pinouts, 613reverse polarity, 616taxonomy, 601transient response, 263g, 263s, 264, 617, 618stutorial, 595ff, 596

load dump, 618low-dropout, 561, 599, 700rlow-dropout (LDO), 610, 610ff, 611, 612g, 614,

615texcess current near dropout, 616stability, 617, 617g, 700r

LT3080-style, 611, 611as current source, 620, 620, 621g

op-amp, 235point-of-load (POL), 685protection, 606, 607, 619ramp-up control, 606nschematic, LM317, 603, 606schematic, LM337, 606switching, 609

taxonomy, 699rzener as, 595

voltmeter, 2sensitive (design example), 253, 293true rms, 568

VOM, 10VSWR, 1125

wall plugblades and wires, 628n

wall wart, 637n, 686wall-wart, 661watchdog, 755, 1062, 1064, 1067, 1070, 1082, 1100watt, 2wave

standing, 1125waveform

sampling, 419Wheeler’s formula, 29wideband

analog link, 380Widlar, Bob, 97n, 101n, 102, 307, 598ff, 604 (box), 679Wien bridge, see oscillatorWiFi, 1056, 1065Williams, Jim, 316n, 330, 438n, 1077, 1158Willison

John, 970Wilson mirror, see also current, mirror, 102, 102, 146window

averaging, 562n, 943gdiscriminator, see AoE 2nd ed., p 669quartz, 769, 1026sampling, 420

tradeoffs, 421switch, 573

wirein Verilog, 777long

digital signals through, 850ff, 879r, 1121wired-AND, -OR, see logicwirewound resistor, see resistor, wirewoundWords and Phrases, 714nworld’s best

DMM, 920frequency-control algorithm, 1071low en amplifier, 505low distortion oscillator, 437low-memory capacitor (Teflon), 301glow-noise power supply, 578multichannel fast ∆Σ ADC, 958


op-amp noise plot, 526g, 531gprecision current source, 900precision resistor, 227n, 300, 1110PWM DAC, 891TIA, 545voltage reference, 675, 677t, 681, 684, 894n, 922n

worst-case specificationsviolating, 296, 347, 388r

write cycle, see memory; computer, programmed IO

XOR, see logic, gates

yesterday, 273 (box)

ZCS, 1065zener, see diode, zener

active, 692, 692zero-crossing detector, 269zero-current switching, 650, 823zero-voltage switching, 650, 823ZigBee, 1056, 1064ZVS, 845, 1065ZVS, ZCS, see also switchmode

Subject Index · 2016. 6. 8. · 1216 SUBJECT INDEX Art of Electronics Third Edition cascode, in...

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Transcript of Subject Index · 2016. 6. 8. · 1216 SUBJECT INDEX Art of Electronics Third Edition cascode, in...