Styles of Spoken English
Click here to load reader
-
Upload
singgih-mahardhika -
Category
Documents
-
view
23 -
download
1
description
Transcript of Styles of Spoken English
![Page 1: Styles of Spoken English](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022100500/553e8f9b550346466d8b4571/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Styles of Spoken English: (prominent model by martin Joos, 1961)
1. Frozen: Printed unchanging language such as biblical quotation; often contains archaisms. Examples are the Pledge of Allegiance wedding vows and other static vocalization that are recited in a ritualistic monotone. The wording is exactly the same every time it is spoken.
2. Formal: One-way participation, no interruption. Technical vocabulary or exact definitions are important. Includes presentations or introductions between strangers.
3. Consultative: Two-way participation. Background information is provided –prior knowledge is not assumed. “Black-channel behavior” such as “uh huh”, “I see”, etc. — is common. Interruptions are allowed. Examples teacher/student, doctor/patient, expert/apprentice, etc.
4. Casual: In-group friends and acquaintances. No background information provided. Ellipsis and slang common. Interruptions common. This common among friends in a social setting.
5. Intimate: Non-public. Intonation more important than wording or grammar. Private vocabulary. Also includes non-verbal messages. This is most common among family members and close friends.
Related to strong and weak form:
1. Frozen: 2. Formal: 3. Consultative: 4. Casual:5. Intimate: