Styles and StrategiesPart II

Visual, Auditory, Kinesthetic styles:

Visual: Reading and studying charts, drawings

and graphic information Auditory:Listening to lectures and audiotapes Kinesthetic: Demonstrations and physical activity

involving bodily movement

Autonomy awareness and action

Autonomy Students take charge of their learning(by initiating oral production, solving

problems, practice using language in groups in and outside classrooms)

In addition

Awareness means: Becoming aware of the process of learning and the conscious applications of appropriate strategies

Action: to take action of the strategies available

Strategies

Styles are the different characteristics that differentiate one individual from another

Strategies are the specific techniques one employs to solve a problem.

There are two kinds of strategies:

1) Learning strategies: (input- processing- storage- retrieval- taking

messages from others) dealing with receptive domain of intake

2) Communication strategies:(output- production of meaning- how to

deliver messages to others) verbal and nonverbal productive communication of information

Characteristics of good language learners:

Find their own way of

learning

Organize information

about language

Creative and feel for

the language

,make opportunities of practicing

language

Learn to live with

uncertainty

Use memory

strategies to recall

Make errors

work for them

Use linguistic knowledge of 1L

to learn 2L

Use contextual cues to

comprehend

Make intelligent guesses

Learn language as a whole

Learn tricks to keep

conversations going

Learn production

strategies to fill gaps

Learn styles of speech and writing

Types of learning strategies

Cognitive

Sosioaffective

Meta-cognitiv

e

Meta-cognitive

Cognitive

Socioaffective

The effectiveness is measured through 4 skills

Writing

Listening

Communication strategies

Conscious plans to solve problems in order to reach communicative goal

Avoidance strategies

Compensatory strategies

Avoidance strategies are:

•To avoid lexical items within semantic category

Syntactic or lexical

•To avoid items of phonological difficulty

Phonological

•To avoid certain topics that to avoid difficulty in expressing an ideaTopic

Compensatory strategies

This is to compensate missing knowledge

Prefabricated patterns

Memorizing phrases or sentences

without internalized

knowledge of their

components

Code- switching

The use of a first or second

language within a

stream of speech in

teh second language.

Appeal to authority

A direct appeal for

help 9 teacher- bilingual

dictionary

Strategies-based instructionSBI

SBI is

the application of both learning and communication strategies to classroom learning

SBI is effective if students

1) Understand the strategy2) Perceive it to be effective3) Do not consider its implementation to

be overly difficult

SBI IMPLEMENTATION INVOLVES SOME STEPS:

1) identifying learners’ styles and potential strategies (self-check questionnaire)

2) Incorporating SBI in communicative language courses and classrooms

3) Providing extra class assistance for learners