Style Manual 2000

7/26/2019 Style Manual 2000

1/337

UNITED STATES

GOVERNMENT

PRINTING

OFFICE

StyleManual

2000


2/337


3/337

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT

PRINTING OFFICE

Style Manual2000

ISSUED BY THE PUBLIC PRINTERUNDER AUTHORITY OF 44 U.S.C. 1105

WASHINGTON : 2000

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: (202) 5121800 Fax: (202) 5122250

Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 204020001

ISBN 0160500834 (Buckram)


4/337

I I

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT

PRINTING OFFICE

STYLE BOARD

ROY W. MORTON

Chairman

MAURICE M. ABRAMSON TERENCE D. COLLINS

KENNETH C. PUZEY

Ex Officio

DONALD L. LADD ROBERT E. SCHWENK

Production Manager Superintendent of EPD

CARL A. ZOELLER JAMES H. LAFFERTY WILLIAM C. KRAKAT

Foreman, Proof Section (1) Foreman, Proof Section (2) Foreman, Proof Section (3)

UNDER DIRECTION OF PUBLIC PRINTER

MICHAEL F. DIMARIO

Previous printings of GPO STYLE MANUAL:1894, 1898, 1900, 1903, 1908, 1909, 1911, 1912, 1914, 1917, 1922, 1923, 1924,1926, 1928, 1929, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1937, 1939, 1945, 1953, 1959, 1962, 1967,1973, 1984.


5/337

I I I

EXTRACT FROM THE

PUBLIC PRINTING LAW

(TITLE 44, U.S.C.)

SECTION 1105. THE PUBLIC PRINTER

SHALL DETERMINE THE FORM AND

STYLE IN WHICH THE PRINTING OR

BINDING ORDERED BY A DEPART-

MENT IS EXECUTED, AND THE MATE-

RIAL AND THE SIZE OF TYPE USED,

HAVING PROPER REGARD TO ECON-

OMY, WORKMANSHIP, AND THE PUR-

POSES FOR WHICH THE WORK IS

NEEDED.


6/337

IV

ABOUT THIS MANUAL

By act of Congress the Public Printer is authorized to determinethe form and style of Government printing. The STYLE MANUAL isthe product of many years of public printing experience, and itsrules are based on principles of good usage and custom in theprinting t ra de.

Editors and writers whose disciplines have taught them aspectsof style different from rules followed in this MANUAL will appre-ciate the difficulty of establishing a single standard. The S TYLEMANUAL ha s served Federa l printers since 1894, a nd w ith th is 29t hedition, the traditions of printing and graphic arts are carried for-w a rd int o new technologies.

Essentially, it is a standardization device designed to achieveuniform word and type treatment, and aiming for economy of worduse. Such rules as are laid down for the submission of copy to theGPO point to the most economical manner for the preparation andtypesetting of manuscript. Following such rules eliminates addi-tional char geable processing by t he G P O.

It should be remembered that the MANUAL is pr imari ly a GPOprinters stylebook. Easy rules of grammar cannot be prescribed,for it is assumed that editors are versed in correct expression. Asa printers book, it necessarily uses terms that are obvious to thoseskilled in the graphic arts. A glossary of such printing terms to becomplete would unnecessarily burden the MANUAL .

Its rules cannot be regarded as rigid, for the printed word as-sumes many shapes and variations in type presentation. An efforthas been made to provide complete coverage of those elements thatenter into the translation of manuscript into type.

Comments and suggestions from users of the STYLE MANUAL a reinvited. All such correspondence should be addressed as follows:

G P O Sty le B oardMail S top P DE

U.S. Government Printing Office

732 North Capitol Street, NW.Wa shin gt on, DC 20401

E-mail address: [email protected]

For the purposes of this MANUAL , printed examples throughouta re to be considered t he sa me a s t he print ed rules.


7/337

V

1 Senate Report 10327 incorporated the Federal Bulletin Board, which existed prior to P.L.10340, into GPO Access.

WHAT IS GPO ACCESS?

History

In 1993, Congress passed Public Law 10340, amending GPOsduties to include provisions for the dissemination of information inelectronic format. Under the GPO Access legislation, the Super-intendent of Documents, under the direction of the Public Printer,

is required to: (1) Maintain an electronic directory of Federal elec-t ronic inform a t ion; (2) provide a syst em of online a ccess t o th e Con-

gressional Record, the Federal Register, and other appropriate pub-lications as determined by the Superintendent of Documents; (3)operate an electronic storage facility for Federal electronic informa-tion (the Storage Facility); and (4) maintain the Federal BulletinBoard, already in existence.1 Collectively these components are re-ferred to as GPO Access. As a result , in J une 1994, GPO Accesswas introduced, encouraging and supporting immediate public ac-

cess to electronic information products of the United States Gov-ernment.

The vast majority of information currently available via GPO Ac-cess is information derived from databases used in the printing ofGovernment publications. For example, in the case of congressionalpublications, GPOs Congressional Printing Management Divisionreceives a requisition from a congressional office asking that a spe-cific document be processed for online access. Internal GPO com-

munication then establishes authorization, priorities, etc. Subse-quent to processing the database for printing, software developedby the Production Department s Graphic Systems Development Di-vision is used to prepare the data for optimum screen presentationand place it in the form required by commercially procured serversoftware which indexes the data to facilitate effective searching viaclient softw a re a nd/or World Wide Web brow sers. At t he sa metime, PostScript output of GPOs automated composition softwareis processed by Electronic Photocomposition Division personnel via

a network version of Adobes distiller software to produce files inthe Adobe Acrobat PDF (Portable Document Format), which arethen programmatically associated with the appropriate online docu-ments. These Production Department computer-based operationsare all performed on equipment configured and maintained by per-sonnel of the Electronic Systems Development Division.
http://www.access.gpo.gov/su_docshttp://www.access.gpo.gov/su_docshttp://www.access.gpo.gov/su_docshttp://www.access.gpo.gov/su_docs


8/337

VI

In order to assist users in all facets of GPO Access and to mon-itor user requirements, the GPO Access User Support Team wasdeveloped. This team provides the public with a wide range of sup-port for the electronic products and services available through GPO

Access.

To contact the team, call 2025121530 in the D.C. area or toll-free 18882936498, between the hours of 7 a.m. to 5:30 p.m.,EST, Monday through Fridayexcept Federal holidays. The teamcan also be contacted by fax at 2025121262 or e-mail [email protected].

Objectives

The objectives of GPO Access a re a s follow s:

Improve access to official Federal Government information inelect ronic form a t s.

Provide electronic document delivery and online interactiveservices that are well-designed, easy to use, and available tot he public w ithout cha rge.

Ensure access to a broad spectrum of users with a wide vari-ety of technical capabilities both directly and through an active

partnership with Federal Depository Libraries.

Establish and operate an online interactive service that iscapable of rapid expansion to meet the needs of Federal agencypublishers and public users.

Encourage the use of electronic database standards and per-mit dissemination of the original document, without rekeying,in prin t a nd/or elect ronic form a t .

Utilize a variety of dissemination media and methods, in-cluding World Wide Web (Web), bulletin board services and on-line interactive search and retrieval services in order toachieve cost effective information delivery, that is appropriateto both the type of information being disseminated and theneeds of users of th a t informa t ion.

Ensure permanent public access to Government informationmade available through GPO Access and the FDLP via direct

provision, the electronic storage facility, and development of adistributed networked system of partner institutions.

Provide services to other Federal agencies on a reimbursablebasissa ving t ime, money, a nd other resources.

Provide access to Government information that is official andcomplete. GPO secures the integrity of its databases to ensurea ga inst una uthorized changes in t ext or gra phics.


9/337

VI I

Features of GPO Access

GPO Access was carefully designed, developed, and implementedso that it is easy to access and use. The free services of GPO Accessfa ll wit hin t he follow ing cat egories:

Government information databases available for online usethat provide full-text search and retrieval capabilities. Thesedatabases include regulatory materials , such as the Federal

Register and the Code of Federal Regulations; Congressionalproducts, such as the Congressional Record and Congressional

Bills; and business materials , such as the Commerce BusinessDaily (CBDNet).

Individual Federal agency files that are available fordownload from the FBB (Federal Bulletin Board).

Tools that assist users in finding Government informationa va ilable for sa le or fr ee of cha rge. These t ools include keyw ordsearches that locate information products by topic, title, oragency; l ists and tables that may be browsed; and hyperlinksthat direct users to related databases and Web sites in ordert o fa cilita te t heir sea rches a nd h ighlight connections a mong in-formation products. When print and electronic sale productsare identified, an electronic order mechanism enables users to

purchase them online.Guides to collections of Federal Government information

available for free use at nearly 1,300 Federal depository librar-ies throughout t he United St a tes.

U ser support .

Everyone can benefit from GPO Access

The benefits of GPO Access extend to all individuals and groups

who have an interest in the workings of the Federal Government.Citizens can obtain vital Federal information instantaneously, al-lowing for informed participation in the democratic process. Con-gressional staff members enjoy immediate access to documentsthey require while engaged in the legislative process. Librarians,legal researchers, and academic institutions have an excellent up-to-date reference and research tool at their fingertips. Procurementofficials and public- and private-sector professionals can access rel-evant data and use it to create new products. The benefits are as

numerous as t he users wh o profit from t hem.Multiple methods of public access

In recognition of the various needs and technological capabilitiesof the public, GPO Access supports a wide range of information dis-semination technologies, from the latest Internet applications todial-up modem access. Methods compatible with technologies to as-sist users covered by the Americans with Disabilities Act are alsoavailable. To accommodate people without computers, nearly 1,300


10/337

VIII

Federal depository libraries throughout the United States providefree a ccess t o th e service t hrough public-a ccess w orkst a t ions.

The system was designed to serve a large base of users througha variety of methods with the overall goal of ensuring widespreada nd equita ble informa tion disseminat ion. St a tistics ga thered on t he

number of searches and retrievals indicate that GPO Access isa chieving t his goa l.

Information

The Government Printing Office recently introduced a new GPOAccess home page for the Web interface to provide users with easi-er and more efficient access to online resources. The new homepage is available at the following URL (Uniform Resource Locator):.

The rules of grammar, spelling, punctuation, etc., as stated inthis STYLE MANUAL , will serve well when preparing documents forelectronic dissemination. Most of the documents currently availablevia GPO Access are derived from databases used in the printing ofGovernment publications. However, as electronic dissemination ofGovernment information continues to grow, the rules as stated inthis MANUAL will continue to be the GPO s standard for all docu-ment preparation, electronic or otherwise.
http://www.access.gpo.gov/su_docshttp://www.access.gpo.gov/su_docshttp://www.access.gpo.gov/su_docshttp://www.access.gpo.gov/su_docshttp://www.access.gpo.gov/su_docs


11/337

IX

C O N T E N T S

Chapter : P a g e

About t his ma nua l ............................................................................................ IV

Wha t is GPO Access? ........................................................................................ V

1. Advice t o a uthors and edi tors . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 1

2. G enera l instructions . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . 7

3. Ca pita l izat ion rules . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 234. Ca pita l izat ion exa mples . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . 35

5. Spelling .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . 63

6. Compounding rules . . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . 75

7. Compounding exam ples . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . 85

8. P unctua tion .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . 125

9. Abbreviations a nd lett er symbols . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . 147

List of standa rd w ord a bbreviations . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . 158

List of s ta ndard let ter symbols for uni ts of measure . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 165

List of standa rd Lat in abbreviations . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . 168

10. Signs a nd symbols .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . 17111. It a lic .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . 177

12. Numera ls .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . 181

13. Ta bular work ... .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . 191

14. Leaderw ork ... .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . 207

15. Footnotes, indexes, contents, a nd outl ines . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . 211

16. Da telines, addresses, and signat ures . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . 217

17. U seful ta bles .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. 225

18. Counties an d geographic divisions . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . 243

19. Congressiona l Record .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . 257

Congressiona l Record Index ... .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . 28820. Reports a nd hearings . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . 297

Index ... .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . 313

Contents are linked to the appropriate pages. Click on an entry.
http://chap01.pdf/http://chap02.pdf/http://chap03.pdf/http://chap04.pdf/http://chap05.pdf/http://chap06.pdf/http://chap07.pdf/http://chap08.pdf/http://chap09.pdf/http://chap09.pdf/http://chap09.pdf/http://chap09.pdf/http://chap10.pdf/http://chap11.pdf/http://chap12.pdf/http://chap13.pdf/http://chap14.pdf/http://chap15.pdf/http://chap16.pdf/http://chap17.pdf/http://chap18.pdf/http://chap19.pdf/http://chap19.pdf/http://chap20.pdf/http://index.pdf/http://chap01.pdf/http://chap02.pdf/http://chap03.pdf/http://chap04.pdf/http://chap05.pdf/http://chap06.pdf/http://chap07.pdf/http://chap08.pdf/http://chap09.pdf/http://chap09.pdf/http://chap09.pdf/http://chap09.pdf/http://chap10.pdf/http://chap11.pdf/http://chap12.pdf/http://chap13.pdf/http://chap14.pdf/http://chap15.pdf/http://chap16.pdf/http://chap17.pdf/http://chap18.pdf/http://chap19.pdf/http://chap19.pdf/http://chap20.pdf/http://index.pdf/


12/337


13/337

1

1. ADVICE TO AUTHORS AND EDITORS

1.1. This STYLE MANUAL is intended to facilitate Governmentprinting. Careful observance of the following suggestions will aid inexpediting your publication and also reduce printing costs.

1.2. Changes on proofs add greatly to the expense of and delaythe work. Therefore, copy must be carefully edited before beingsubmitted to the Government Printing Office.

1.3. Legible copy, not faint reproductions, must be furnished.

1.4. Copy should be on one side only with each sheet numberedconsecutively. If both sides of reprint copy are to be used, a dupli-cate set of copy must be furnished.

1.5. To avoid unnecessary expense, it is advisable to have eachpage begin with a new paragraph.

1.6. Proper names, signatures, figures, foreign words, and tech-nical terms should be written plainly.

1.7. The chemical symbols Al, Cl, Tl are sometimes mistaken forA1, C1, T1. Editors must indicate whether the second character isa letter or a figure.

1.8. Footnote reference marks in text and tables should bearranged consecutively from left to right across each page of copy.

1.9. Photographs, drawings, and legends being used for illustra-

tions should appear in the manuscript where they are to appear.They should be on separate sheets, as they are handled separatelyduring typesetting.

1.10. If a publication is composed of several parts, a scheme ofthe desired arrangement must accompany the first installment ofcopy.

1.11. To reduce the possibility of costly blank pages, avoid useof new odd pages and halftitles whenever possible. Generally theserefinements should be limited to quality bookwork.

1.12. Samples should be furnished if possible. They should beplainly marked showing the desired type, size of type page, illus-trations if any, paper, trim, lettering, and binding.

1.13. In looseleaf or perforated-on-fold work, indicate folio se-quence, including blank pages, by circling in blue. Begin with firsttext page (title). Do not folio separate covers or dividers.


14/337

2 CHAPTER 1

1.14. Indicate on copy if separate or self-cover. When reverseprinting in whole or in part is required, indicate if solid or tone.

1.15. Avoid use of oversize fold-ins wherever possible. This can

be done by splitting a would-be fold-in and arranging the materialto appear as facing pages in the text. Where fold-ins are numerousand cannot be split, consideration should be given to folding andinserting these into an envelope pasted to the inside back cover.

1.16. Every effort should be made to keep complete jobs of over4 pages to signatures (folded units) of 8, 12, 16, 24, or 32 pages.Where possible, avoid having more than two blank pages at theend.

1.17. Indicate alternative choice of paper on the requisition.Where possible, confine choice of paper to general use items carriedin inventory as shown in the GPO Paper Catalog.

1.18. If nonstandard trim sizes and/or type areas are used, indi-cate head and back margins. Otherwise, GPO will determine themargins.

1.19. Customers should submit copy for running heads and indi-cate the numbering sequence for folios, including the preliminary

pages.

1.20. All corrections should be made on first proofs returned, aslater proofs are intended for verification only. All corrections mustbe indicated on the R set of proofs, and only that set should bereturned to the Government Printing Office.

1.21. Corrections should be marked in the margins of a proof op-posite the indicated errors, not by writing over the print or betweenthe lines. All queries on proofs must be answered.

1.22. The following Government Printing Office and depart-mental publications relate to material included in the STYLE MAN-UAL. Most may be purchased from the Superintendent of Docu-ments, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. Forlists of these and other such publications, request SB077, Graphic

Arts, and SB087, Communication and Office Skills.

Word Division, a supplement to Government Printing Office Style Manual, 144pages. 1987. GP 1.23/4:St 9/supp.976. S/N 021000001392.

Basic rules for division of words; division into syllables of about 20,000 words.Government Paper Specification Standards, Volume 11. 1999. Discontinued as a

subscription service. Sold as a single sales publication, beginning with S/N 021000001741. O/N 9920.

Basic manual in looseleaf form. Should be of value and interest to paper manu-facturers, printing establishments, and others concerned with paper standards.Contains standards to be used in testing and definitive color standards for allmimeograph, duplicator, writing, manifold, bond ledger, and index papers.

Technical and scientific guidesAmerican National Standard Guidelines for Format and Production of Scientific and

Technical Reports, 16 pages. American National Standards Institute, Inc. ANSI/

NISO Z39.181995.


15/337

3ADVICE TO AUTHORS AND EDITORS

Prescribes the order and specifications of the elements of a report. Takes intoaccount the growing use of microform and electronic storage and abstract services.Contains guidelines that will help the researcher in locating, referencing, andcomparing source information. Covers type and page size, tables, formulas, paperstock, and binding.

Data base publishingPublishing From a Full Text Data Base. Graphic Systems Development Division,

Government Printing Office, 184 pages. Illustrated. 1983, 2d edition. S/N 021000001163.

Describes GPOs concept of full text data base development and discusses suchfactors as design, application, and job control.

Microfiche specificationsNational Standard Microfiche of Documents, 15 pages. National Micrographics Asso-

ciation. ANSI PH5.91975 (NMA MS51975).Specifications provided for microfiche intended for direct use by the customer:

distribution fiche.Offers definitions of some terms.

Guide for Selecting Microfiche Requirements and Quality Attributes for MicroficheContract. Available from GPO, Manager of Quality Control and Technical Depart-ment.

Correspondence styleU.S. Government CorrespondenceManual, 92pages.1992.Book.S/N0220002121.

Also helpful to writers and editors are such publications as:Bartlett, John.Familiar Quotations: A Collection of Passages, Phrases, and Proverbs

Traced to Their Sources in Ancient and Modern Literature. Edited by JustinKaplan. 16th ed., revised and enlarged. Boston: Little, Brown, 1992.

The Chicago Manual of Style, University of Chicago Press. 14th ed., revised and ex-panded. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.

New York Times Manual of Style and Usage. New York: Contains a dictionary ofnames and terms primarily for newspaper writers.

Websters Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged.Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1964.

Words into Type. Based on studies by Marjorie E. Skillin, Robert M. Gay, and otherauthorities. 4th ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1992.


16/337

4 CHAPTER 1

1.23. Corrections made to proofs by authors, editors, or readersat departments should be indicated as follows:


17/337

5ADVICE TO AUTHORS AND EDITORS

NOTE.The system of marking proofs can be made easier by the use of an imaginary verticalline through the center of the type area. The placement of corrections in the left-hand marginfor those errors found in the left-hand portion of the proof and in the right-hand margin for

right-side errors prevents overcrowding of marks and facilitates corrections.


18/337

6 NOTES


19/337

7

2. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

JOB PLANNING

2.1. The use of computers has dramatically altered every phaseof the printing industry beginning with the basic planning of eachnew job. New publications are evaluated by application specialistswho review their requirements and design the necessary formats.Each format is made to conform exactly to the copy s specificationsfor page dimensions, line length, indentions, typefaces, etc. Uponcompletion, sample pages are produced and submitted to the cus-tomer. At this time, the customer agencies are requested to indi-cate precise details of any style changes because this set of pagesserves as a guide for the copy preparer, the beginning of actualproduction.

2.2. In recent years, changes in the needs of the library commu-nity have led to a move toward uniform treatment of the compo-

nent parts of publications. In developing standards to guide pub-lishers of Government books, consideration has been given to thechanging needs of those who seek to produce, reference, index, ab-stract, store, search, and retrieve data. Certain identifying ele-ments shall be printed on all publications in accordance with thisMANUAL and with standards developed by the ANSI (American Na -tional St a nda rds Insti tut e, Inc.).

P ublica tions such a s books a nd pa mphlet s should cont a in:

(a ) Title a nd other t i t le informa tion;

(b) Na me of depa rtm ent issuing or crea ting publica tion;

(c) Na me of au th or(s) a nd editor(s) (depa rt ment or individua l);

(d) Da te of issuance;

(e) Ava ila bility (publisher, printer, or other source a nd a ddress);

(f) Superintendent of Document s cla ssifica tion a nd stock num-

bers if applicable; and(g) The I S B N (International Standard Book Number ).

(S ee ANS I S t a nda rd Z39.15, Title Lea ves of a B ook.)

Reports of a scientific or technical nature should contain:


(b) Report number ;


20/337

8 CHAPTER 2

NOTES:

(1) This sa mple report cover is reduced in size.

(2) In t his sam ple, items are justified left. Other cover designs an d typefaces a reacceptable.

(3) This sa mple pa ge wa s prepa red a ccording t o the guidelines of th e America nNa tional S ta nda rds I nst itut e, 11 West 42d S t., New York, NY 10036. Users of ANSIstandards are cautioned that a l l standards are reviewed periodically and subject torevision.


21/337

9GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

(c) Auth or(s);

(d) P erforming organizat ion;

(e) Sponsoring depa r tment ;

(f) Da te of issua nce;

(g) Type of report a nd period covered;

(h) Ava ila bility (publisher, printer, or oth er source a nd a ddress);a nd

(i) Superintendent of Document s classifica tion a nd stock num-bers ifa pplicable.

(S ee ANS I/NI SO S t a nda rd Z39.181995, Scientific and Tech-

nical ReportsE lements, Organ iza tion, a nd Design.)

J ourna ls, ma ga zines, periodica ls, an d simila r publica tions shouldcontain:


(b) Volume a nd issue numbers;

(c) Da te of issue;

(d) P ublishing or sponsoring depart ment;

(e) Ava ila bility (publisher, printer, or other source a nd a ddress);

(f) Internat iona l S t a ndard Seria l Number ; a nd

(g) Superintendent of Document s classifica tion a nd stock num-bers if a pplica ble.

(See ANSI Standard Z39.1, American Standard Reference Dataa nd Arra ngement of P eriodica ls.)

MAKEUP

2.3. When the following elements occur in Government publica-tions, they should appear in the sequence listed below. The des-ignation new odd page generally refers to bookwork and is not re-quired in m ost pam phlet - a nd m a ga zine-t ype publica tions.

a. Frontispiece, fa ces tit le pa ge.

b. False title (frontispiece, if any, on back).

c. Title page (new odd page).

d. Back of title, blank, but frequently carries such useful biblio-graphic information as list of board members, congressional resolu-tion authorizing publication, note of editions and printings, GPOimprint if departmental imprint appears on title page, price notice,etc.

e. Letter of transmittal (new odd page).

f. Foreword, differs from a preface in that it is an introductory

note written as an endorsement by a person other than the author


22/337

10 CHAPTER 2

(new odd page). An introduction differs from a foreword or a pref-ace in that it is the initial part of the text; if the book is dividedinto cha pters, it should be the first cha pter.

g. Preface, by author (new odd page).h. Acknowledgments (if not part of preface) (new odd page).

i. Contents (new odd page), immediately followed by list of illus-trations and list of tables, as parts of contents.

j. Text, begins with page 1 (if halftitle is used, begins with p. 3).

k. Glossary (new odd page).

l. Bibliography (new odd page).

m. Appendix (new odd page).

n. Index (new odd page).

2.4. Preliminary pages use small-cap Roman numerals. Pages inthe back of the book (index, etc.), use lowercase Roman numerals.

2.5. Booklets of 32 pages or less can be printed more economi-cally with a self-cover. A table of contents, title page, foreword,preface, etc., is not usually necessary with so few pages. If some

of this preliminary matter is necessary, it is more practical if com-bined; i.e., contents on cover; contents, title, and foreword on cover2, etc.

2.6. Widow lines (lines less than full width of measure) at top ofpages are to be avoided, if possible, but are permitted if absolutelynecessary to maintain uniform makeup and page depth. Rewordingto fill th e line is a much preferred a lterna t ive.

2.7. Paragraphs may start on the last l ine of a page, whenever

necessary. If it is found necessary to make a short page, the facingpage should be of approximate equal depth.

2.8. A blank space or sink of 6 picas should be placed at thehead of each new odd or even page of 46-pica or greater depth;pages with a depth of from 36 to 45 picas, inclusive, will carry a5-pica sink; pages less than 36 picas, 4 picas.

2.9. When top centered folios are used, the folio on a new pageis set 2 points smaller than the top folios. They are centered at the

bottom and enclosed in parentheses.2.10. Where running heads with folios are used, heads are in-

cluded in overall page depth. However, first pages of chapters andpages with bottom folios do not include the folios as part of theoverall pa ge depth .

2.11. J obs tha t ha ve both running heads a nd bott om folios orjust bottom folios will align all of the page numbers on the bottomin the margin, including those on preliminary pages. If at all pos-

sible avoid use of running heads in conjunction with bottom folios.


23/337


2.12. Contents, list of illustrations, preface, or any other matterthat makes a page in itself will retain normal 6-pica sink.

2.13. Footnote references are repeated in boxheads or in contin-

ued lines over tables, unless special orders are given not to do so.

2.14. When a table continues, its headnote is repeated withoutthe w ord Continued.

2.15. A lan dsca pe or broad side ta ble th a t cont inues from a n evento an odd page must be positioned to read through the center (gut-ter) of the publication when its size is not sufficient to fill bothpages.

2.16. A broa dside t a ble of less th a n pa ge widt h w ill center on t hepage.

2.17. Centerheads, whether in boldface, caps, caps and smallcaps, small caps, or italic, should have more space above thanbelow. Uniform spacing should be maintained throughout the page.

2.18. In making up a page of two or more columns, text preced-ing a page-width illustration will be divided equally into the appro-pria te n umber of columns a bove the illustra tion.

2.19. Two or more short footnotes may be combined into oneline, with 2 ems of space between.1 Preliminary. 2 Including imported cases. 3 Imported.

2.20. All ba ckst rips should rea d d ow n (from t op t o bot t om).

COPY PREPARATION

2.21. At the beginning of each job the proper formats must beplainly marked. New Odd or New Page, Preliminary, Cover, Title,or Back Title should also be plainly indicated.

2.22. Copy preparers must mark those things not readily under-stood when reading the manuscript. They must also mark the cor-rect element identifier code for each data element, as well as indi-cate other matters of style necessary to give the publication goodty pogra phic a ppeara nce.

2.23. Preparers must indicate the proper subformat at the begin-ning of each extension; verify folio numbers; and plainly indicatereferences, footnotes, cut-ins, etc. Unless otherwise marked, textmatter will be set in 10-point solid and tables in 7 point. In tablesutilizing down rules, unless a specific weight is requested by thecustomer, hairline rules will be used. (See rule 13.3.)

2.24. Quoted, or extract matter, and lists should be set smallerthan text with space above and below. Quotation marks at the be-ginning and end of paragraphs should be omitted. If the same typesize is used, quoted matter should be indented 2 ems on both sideswith space top and bottom, and initial and closing quotes should

be omitted.


24/337

12 CHAPTER 2

Capitalization

2.25. Unusual use of capital and lowercase letters should be in-dica ted by t he cust omer to gua ra nt ee correct usa ge.

Datelines, addresses, and signatures

2.26. Copy preparers must mark caps, small caps, italic, abbre-viations, indentions, and line breaks where necessary. (For moredetailed instructions, see the chapter Datelines, Addresses, andSignatures. )

Decimals and common fractions

2.27. In figure columns containing both decimals and commonfra ct ions, s uch decima ls a nd/or fra ct ions w ill not be a ligned. Thecolumns will be set flush right.

Et cetera, etc., and and so forth

2.28. In printing a speakers langua ge, the w ords and so forth oret cetera are preferred, but in FIC & punc. matter etc., is accept-a ble. I f a quoted extra ct is set in type smaller t ha n t ha t of the pre-ceding text and the speaker has summed up the remainder of the

quotation with the words and so forth or et cetera, these wordsshould be placed at the beginning of the next line, flush and lower-case, and an em dash should be used at the end of the extract.

Folioing and stamping copy

2.29. Folio numbers should be placed in the upper right corner,prefera bly ha lf an inch from th e top.

Headings

2.30. The element identifier codes to be used for all headingsmust be marked. Caps, caps and small caps, small caps, caps andlowercase, lowercase first up (first word and proper nouns capital-ized), or italic must be prepared. (See rule 3.49.)

Pickup

2.31. The jacket number of a job from which matter is to bepicked up must be indica t ed. New m a tt er a nd pickup ma tt er shouldconform in st yle.

Sidenotes and cut-in notes

2.32. Sidenotes and cut-in notes are set each line flush left andragged right, unless otherwise prepared, and are always set solid.Sidenotes are usually set in 6 point, 412 picas wide. Footnotes tosidenotes and text should be set 2112 picas.

An alleged violation of the rule relating to admission to the floorpresents a question of privilege (III, 2624, 2625; VI, 579), but not ahigher question of privilege than an election case (III, 2626). In one

ca se wh ere an ex-Member w a s a busing th e privilege * * *.

S E C . 920. Abuse

of the rule.


25/337


Signs, symbols, etc.

2.33. All signs, symbols, dashes, superiors, etc., must be plainlymarked. Names of Greek letters must be indicated, as they are fre-

quent ly mist a ken for ita lic or sy mbols.

2.34. Some typesetting systems produce characters that look thesame as figures. A lowercase l resembles a figure 1 and a capitalO looks like a figure 0. Questionable characters will be printed asfigures unless oth erwise ma rked.

Letters illustrating shape and form

2.35. Capital letters of the text face will be used to illustrate

shape and form, as U-shape(d), A-frame, T-bone, and T-rail.2.36. Plurals are formed by adding an apostrophe and the letter

s to letters illustrating shape and form, such as Ts and Ys. Golftee(s) should be spelled, as shape is not indicated.

2.37. A capital letter is used in U-boat, V8, and other expres-sions which have no reference to shape or form.

Follow literally and FIC & punc.

2.38. After submittal to the GPO, manuscript copy is rubber-stamped Fol. lit. or FIC & punc. The difference between thesetw o ty pesett ing instructions is expla ined thus:

Copy is followed when stamped Fol. lit. (follow literally). Copyauthorized to be marked Fol. lit. must be thoroughly prepared bythe requisitioning agency as to capitalization, punctuation (includ-ing compounding), abbreviations, signs, symbols, figures, and italic.Such copy, including even obvious errors, will be followed. The lack

of preparation on copy so designated shall, in itself, constitutepreparation. Fol. lit. does not include size and style of type orspacing.

Obvious errors are corrected in copy marked FIC & punc. (fol-low , including ca pita liza tion a nd punctua t ion).

2.39. In congressional hearings, the name of the interrogator orwitness who continues speaking is repeated following a head set inboldface, a paragraph enclosed in parentheses, and a paragraph en-

closed in bra ckets.In a head set in boldface, the title Mr. is not used, and t he

Honorable preceding a name is shortened to Hon. S treet ad-dresses are also deleted. Example: St a tement of Hon. J ohn P .B lan k, Member, America n B a r Associat ion, Wa shingt on, D C.

2.40. Paragraph or section numbers (or letters) followed by fig-ures or letters in parentheses will close up, as sect ion 7(B )(1)(a),paragraph 23(a), paragraph b(7), paragraph (a)(2); but sec-

tion 9(a) (1) and (2); section 7 a and b. In case of an unavoidable


26/337

14 CHAPTER 2

break, division will be made after elements in parentheses, and nohyphen is used.

2.41. Bill style.Bill copy will be followed as supplied. Bills will

be treated as FIC & Punc. This data is transmitted to the GPO viafiber optic transmission with element identifier codes in place,therefore, it is not cost effective to prepare the manuscript as perthe GPO Style Manual and update the data once i t is in type form.

2.42. Copy preparer s instructions, which accompany each job,are written to cover the general style and certain peculiarities ordeviat ions fr om st yle. These inst ructions mu st be follow ed.

Abbreviations

2.43. In marking abbreviations to be spelled, preparers mustshow what the spelled form should be, unless the abbreviations arecommon and not susceptible of more than one construction. An un-familiar abbreviation, with spelled-out form unavailable, is notchanged.

TYPE COMPOSITION

2.44. Operators and revisers must study carefully the rules gov-

erning composition.

2.45. In correcting pickup matter, the operator must indicateplainly on the proof what portion, if any, was actually reset.

2.46. Every precaution must be taken to prevent the soiling ofproofs, as it is necessary for the reviser to see clearly every markon t he ma rgin of a proof a fter it ha s been correct ed.

2.47. Corrections of qu eries intended for t he a ut hor a re not t o be

made. Such queries, however, are not to be carried on jobs goingdirect ly t o press.

Leading and spacing

2.48. Spacing of text is governed by the leading, narrow spacingbeing more desira ble in solid t ha n in lea ded ma tt er.

2.49. A single justified word space will be used between sen-tences. This applies to all types of composition.

2.50. Center or flush heads set in caps, caps and small caps,small caps, or boldface are keyed with regular justified spaces be-tw een w ords.

2.51. Centerhea ds a re set a part from t he text by the use of spa c-ing. The amount of space varies with each publication; however,more space is always inserted above a heading than below. In 10-point type, the spacing would be 10 points over and 8 points undera heading; in 8- and 6-point type, the spacing would be 8 points

above and 6 points below.


27/337


2.52. Solid matter (text) is defined as those lines set withouthorizont a l space betw een t hem. Lea ded text is defined a s lines sep-arated by 1 or 2 points of space.

2.53. Unless otherwise marked, flush heads are separated fromtext by 4 points of space above and 2 points of space below in solidmatter, and by 6 points of space above and 4 points of space belowin leaded mat ter .

2.54. Full-measure numbered or lettered paragraphs and quotedextracts are not separated by space from adjoining matter.

2.55. Extracts which are set off from the text by smaller type orare indented on both sides or indented 3 ems on the left side

(courtwork only) are separated by 6 points of space in leaded mat-ter a nd by 4 points of spa ce in solid ma t ter.

2.56. Extracts set solid in leaded matter are separated from thetext by 6 points.

2.57. Flush lines following extracts are separated by 6 points ofspace in leaded matter and by 4 points in solid matter.

2.58. Footnotes are leaded if the text is leaded, and are solid ifthe text is solid.

2.59. Legends are leaded if the text is leaded, and solid if thetext is solid. Leaderwork is separated from text by 4 points aboveand 4 points below.

Indentions

2.60. In measures less than 30 picas, the paragraph indention is1 em. Paragraph indentions in cut-in matter are 3 ems, overs are2 ems. D a telines a nd signa tu res a re indent ed in multiples of 2 ems.

Addresses are set flush left.2.61. In matter set 30 picas or wider, the paragraph indention

is 2 ems. Paragraph indentions in cut-in matter are 6 ems, oversare 4 ems. Datelines and signatures are indented in multiples of2 ems. Addresses are set flush left.

2.62. In mea sures less th a n 30 pica s, overruns in ha nging inden-tions are 1 em more than the first line, except that to avoid conflictwith a following indention (for example, of a subentry or para-

graph), the overrun indention is made 1 em more than the follow-ing line.

2.63. In matter set 30 picas or wider, overruns in hanging inden-tions are 2 ems more than the first line, except that to avoid con-flict with a following indention (for example, of a subentry or para-graph), the overrun indention is made 2 ems more than the follow-ing line.

2.64. Indention of matter set in smaller type should be the same,

in points, as that of adjoining main-text indented matter.


28/337

16 CHAPTER 2

2.65. Two-line centerheads are centered, but heads of three ormore lines are set with a hanging indention.

2.66. Overs in flush heads are indented 2 ems in measures less

th a n 30 pica s, a nd 3 ems in w ider mea sures.

Legends for illustrations

2.67. I t is preferred that legends and explanatory data consist-ing of one or t w o lines ar e set centered, while those w ith m ore th a ntwo lines are set with a hanging indention. Legends are set fullmeasure rega rdless of the w idth of the i llustra tion. P a ra gra ph styleis a ccepta ble.

2.68. Legend lines for illustrations which appear broad or turnpage (landscape) should be printed to read up; an even-page legendshould be on the inside margin and an odd-page legend on the out-side margin.

2.69. U nless otherw ise indica ted, legends for illustra t ions a re setin 8-point roman, lowercase.

2.70. Periods are used after legends and explanatory remarksbeneath illustrations. However, legends without descriptive lan-

guage do not use a period. (See rule 8.112.)

2.71. At the beginning of a legend or standing alone, Figure pre-ceding the identifying number or letter is set in caps and smallca ps and is not a bbrevia ted.

F IGURE 5, not F IG . 5 F I GURE A, not F IG . A

2.72. If a chart carries both a legend and footnotes, the legendis placed a bove the cha rt .

2.73. Letter symbols used in legends for illustrations are set inlowercase italic without periods.

PROOFREADING

2.74. All special instructions, layouts, and style sheets must besent t o the P roof Sect ion w ith t he first insta llment of each job.

2.75. If the proofreader detects inconsistent or erroneous state-ments, it is his or her duty to query them.

2.76. If the grammatical construction of a sentence or clause isquestioned by a proofreader and it seems desirable to change theform, he or she must indicate the proposed correction, add a querymark, and enclose all in a circle.

2.77. All queries appearing on the copy must be carried to theauthor s set of proofs.

2.78. Proofs that are illegible or are in any manner defective

must be ca lled to th e a tt ention of the deskperson.


29/337


2.79. The manner in which correction marks are made on a proofis of considerable importance. Straggling, unsymmetrical char-a cters, disconnect ed ma rks placed in t he ma rgin a bove or below th e

lines to which they relate, irregular lines leading from an incorrectletter or word to a correction, large marks, marks made with ablunt pencil, indistinct ma rks, a nd frequent use of th e era ser to ob-literate marks hastily or incorrectly made are faults to be avoided.

2.80. In reading proof of wide tables, the proofreader shouldplace the correction as near as possible to the error. The transposi-tion mark should not be used in little-known words or in figures.It is better to cancel the letters or figures and write them in thema rgin in the order in w hich t hey a re to appea r.

2.81. To assure proper placement of footnotes, the proofreaderand reviser must draw a ring around footnote references on theproofs, then check off each corresponding footnote number.

2.82. Proofreaders must not make important changes in inden-tions or t a bles w ithout consulting t he referee.

2.83. The marks of the copy preparer will be followed, as he orshe is in a position to know more about the peculiarities of a job

than one who reads but a small portion of it .2.84. Any mark which will change the proof from the copy as

prepar ed must be circled in t he ma rgin.

2.85. All instructions on copy must be carried on proof byreaders.

2.86. Folios of copy must be run by the proofreader and markedon the proof.

2.87. All instructions, comments, and extraneous notes on bothcopy and proofs which are not intended to be set as part of the textmust be circled.

REVISING

Galley revising

2.88. The importance of revising proofs cannot be overempha-sized. Although a reviser is not expected to read proof, it is notenough to follow the marks found on the proof. He or she should

be alert to detect errors and inconsistencies and must see that allcorrections have been properly made and that words or lines havenot been transposed or eliminated in making the corrections.

2.89. A reviser must not remodel the punctuation of the proof-readers or make any important changes. I f an important changeshould be made, the reviser must submit the proposed change tot he supervisor for a decision.

2.90. In the body of the work, new pages must be properly indi-

cated on the proof. (For new page information, see Makeup.)


30/337

18 CHAPTER 2

2.91. All instructions and queries on proofs must be transferredto the revised set of proofs.

Page revising

2.92. Page revising requires great diligence and care. The revisermust see that the rules governing the instructions of previousworkers have been followed.

2.93. The reviser is responsible for marking all bleed and off-center pages.

2.94. A blank page must be indicated at the bottom of the pre-ceding pa ge.

2.95. Special care must be exercised in revising corrected matter.If it appears that a correction has not been made, the revisershould carefully examine each line on the page to see if the correc-tion was inserted in the wrong place.

2.96. The following rules must be carefully observed:

a. See that the proof is clean and clear; request another if nec-essary.

b. Verify that the galley proofs are in order and that the dataon the galleys runs in properly to facilitate continuous makeup.

c. Make sure that different sets of proofs of the same job are cor-rectly marked in series (R, 2R, 3R, etc.); where a sheet isstamped Another proof, carry the same designating R on thecorresponding clean proof. Advance the R, 2R, 3R, etc., oneach set of page proofs returned from the originating office.

d. Run the page folios, make sure they are consecutive and thatthe running heads, if used, are correct. Check connection pages.Verify correct sequence for footnote references and placement. It isimperative that footnotes appear or begin on the same page astheir reference, unless style dictates that all footnotes are to ap-pear together in one location.

e. Watch for dropouts, doublets, and transpositions.

f. Legend lines of full-page illustrations that appear broadshould be printed to read upthe even-page legend on the bindingor inside margin and the odd-page legend on the outside margin.

g. If a footnote is eliminated, do not renumber the footnotes;change footnote to read Footn ote elimina t ed.

2.97. If a footnote is added in proof, use the preceding numberw ith a superior lett er a dded, a s 15a .

2.98. Where a table with footnotes falls at the bottom of a pagecont a ining foot not es to text, print t he t a ble footn otes a bove the t extfootnotes, separated by a rule 50 points long, flush left, with spac-

ing on each side of the rule. (See also rule 13.77.)


31/337


Press revising

2.99. Press revising calls for the exercise of utmost care. Thepress reviser must be thoroughly familiar with the style and make-

up of Government publications. He or she is required to OK allforms that go to pressbookwork, covers, jobwork, etc., and mustsee t ha t a ll queries a re a nsw ered. A know ledge of th e bindery oper-ations required to complete a book or job and familiarity with alltypes of imposition, folds, etc., is helpful. The reviser must be capa-ble of ascertaining the proper head, back, and side margins for allw ork, t o ensur e proper t rimm ing of t he completed job.

2.100. Although speed is essential when forms reach the press

reviser, accura cy is st ill para mount a nd mu st not be sacrificed.SIGNATURE MARKS, ETC.

2.101. Unless otherwise indicated, signature marks are set in 6-point lowercase and indented 3 ems.

2.102. Figures indicating the year should follow the jacket num-ber in signa ture ma rks:

12532700411652900pt. 53

11652900vol. 13

2.103. When the allmark (O) and signature or the imprint andsignature appear on same page, the signature line is placed belowt he a llma rk or imprint . (See rule 2.117.)

2.104. The allmark is placed below the page, bulletin, or circularnumber but above the signature line, if both appear on the samepage.

2.105. Imprints and signature lines appearing on short pages of

text are placed at the bottom of the page.2.106. On a congressional job reprinted because of change, the

H ouse a nd S ena te ha ve approved the follow ing sty les:

House of Representa tives:17234002

Senate :17235002 (Star Pr int)

2.107. The following forms are used for signature marks inHouse and Senate documents and reports printed on sessionjackets:

H. Doc. 73, 0012S. Doc. 57, 002, pt. 12H. Rept. 120, 0028

S. Doc. 57, 0012S. Doc. 57, 002, vol. 12S. Rept. 100, 0029

2.108. In a document or report printed on other than a sessionjacket, use the jacket number, year, and signature number only,omit t ing t he document or report num ber. (S ee rule 2.102.)

2.109. For pasters, the jacket number, the year, and the page tobe faced by the paster are used as follows (note punctuation):

1234400 (Face p. 10)


32/337

20 CHAPTER 2

2.110. On a paster facing an even page, the marks are placed onthe lower right-hand side; on a paster facing an odd page, thema rks a re pla ced on t he low er left-ha nd side.

2.111. If more than one paster faces the same page, each isnumbered as follows:

1234400 (Face p. 19) No. 1

1234400 (Face p. 19) No. 2

2.112. When a paster follows the text, the allmark is placed onthe last page of the t ext a nd never on the past er .

REPRINTS, IMPRINTS, AND SALES NOTICES

Reprints2.113. To aid bibliographic identification of reprints or revisions,

the dates of the original edition and of reprint or revision shouldbe supplied by the author on the title page or in some other suit-able place. Thus:

First edition J uly 1990Reprinted J uly 1995

First printed J une 1990Revised J une 1995

Original edition May 1990Reprinted May 1995Revised J uly 1997

2.114. The year in the imprint on cover, title page, or elsewhereis not changed from that in the original print, nor are the signa-tu res cha nged, unless oth er mends a re necessary .

Imprints

2.115. Unless otherwise stipulated, the Government Printing Of-fice imprint must appear on all printed matter, with the exceptionof certain classified work.

2.116. The full GPO imprint is used on the title page of a con-gressional speech.

2.117. The imprint and allmark are not used together on anypage; if one is used, the other is omitted.

2.118. The imprint is not used on a halftitle or on any page ofa cover, with the exception of congressional hearings.

2.119. If there is a title page, the imprint is placed on the title

page; but if there is no title page, or if the title page is entirelyan illustration, the imprint is placed on the last page of the text4 ems from flush right and below the bottom folio.

2.120. The Government Printing Office crest is used only onGovernment Printing Office publications. If it is printed on page I I ,th e full imprint is used on t he tit le pa ge; if it is printed on t he tit lepage, use the ha lf imprint only, thusWa shin gt on : 2000.


33/337


Sales notices

2.121. The use of sales notices is discouraged.

2.122. If there is a cover but no title page, the sales notice isprinted on the cover. Unless otherwise indicated, if there is a titlepage, with or without a cover, the sales notice is printed at the bot-tom of the title page below a cross rule. If there is no cover or titlepage, the sales notice is printed at the end of the text, below theimprint, a nd t he tw o a re separa ted by a cross rule.

Imprint variations

2.123. This is one style of an imprint that can appear on the

title page.For sale by the S uperintendent of Documents, U .S. G overnment P rinting Off ice

Int ernet: bookstore.gpo.gov P hon e: 202-512-1800 Fa x: 202-512-2250


w w w .a ccess.gpo.gov/su_docs

2.124. In the event that a t i t le page is not used, the imprint isprinted on the last page and positioned flush left below the text.

For sale by the S uperintendent of Documents, U .S. G overnment P rinting Off ice

Int ernet: bookstore.gpo.gov P hon e: 202-512-1800 Fa x: 202-512-2250


w w w .a ccess.gpo.gov/su_docs

2.125. Outside-purchase publications are identified by an openstar at the beginning of the imprint line. These lines are positioned4 ems from the right margin.

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 2000456789

2.126. Publications purchased outside which are reprinted bythe G P O use a n em da sh in lieu of the open sta r .

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 2000456789

2.127. J obs set on out side purcha se but printed by th e G P O usea n a st erisk in lieu of the open st a r.

*U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 2000456789

2.128. Publications produced from camera copy supplied to theG P O a re identif ied by cc printed a t th e end of t he line.

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 2000123456cc

FRANKING

2.129. The franking (mailing) privilege on covers for Governmentpublica tions should be at lea st 118 inches from th e tr im.


34/337

22 CHAPTER 2

Bibliographies or references

2.130. There are many styles available to bibliographers, forthere are many classes of documents. A Government bulletin cita-

tion, according t o one a ut horit y, w ould be trea ted a s follow s:Author s name (if the article is signed); title of article (in quotation marks); the

publication (usually in italic), with correct references to volume, number, series,pages, date, and publisher (U.S. Govt. Print. Off.).

Therefore t he exam ple w ould rea d:

U .S. Departm ent of the Interior , Highlights in history of forest and related natu-ral source conservation, Conservation Bulletin, No. 41 (serial number not italic),Wa s hin gt on , U . S . D ept . of t h e I nt er ior (or U . S . G ovt . P r in t . Off.), 1997. 1 p. (or p. 1).

Another Government periodical citation would read as follows:Reese, Herbert Ha rshma n, How To Select a Sound Horse,Farmers Bulletin, No.

779, pp. 126 (1987), U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Clarity may be maintained by capitalizing each word in book ti-tles, but only t he first w ord in t he tit le of a rt icles.

Other exam ples ar e:

Preston W. Slosson, The Great Crusade and After: 19141928 (New York: Mac-millan, 1930)

Edward B . Rosa , The economic importance of the scientific work of the govern-ment,J . Wa sh . Aca d. S ci. 10, 342 (1920)

or :

Preston W. Slosson, The Great Crusade and After: 19141928 (New York: Mac-millan, 1930)

Edward B . Rosa , The Economic Importance of the Scientific Work of the Govern-ment,J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 10, 342 (1920)

Note that the principal words in both book titles and titles of ar-ticles are capitalized. Consistency is more important in biblio-

graphic style than the style itself.The science of bibliography is covered in many texts, and the fol-

low ing references a re a va ila ble for st udy:

Bibliographic Procedures and Style: A Manual for Bibliographers in the Libraryof Congress. Superintendent of Documents, Washington, DC 20402.

Better Report Writing, by Willis H. Waldo. Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York,1995.

Macmillan Handbook of English, by Robert F. Wilson. Macmillan Co., New York,1992.

A Ma nua l of Sty le, U niversity of Ch ica go Pr ess, Chicago, 1993.Suggest ions t o Auth ors of t he Report s of the U .S. G eologica l Sur vey. Superintend-

ent of Documents, Washington, DC 20402.Words Into Type, Prentice-Hall, New York, 1994.


35/337

23

3. CAPITALIZATION RULES

(See also Abbreviations and Letter Symbolsand Capitalization Examples)

3.1. It is impossible to give rules that will cover every conceiv-able problem in capitalization; but by considering the purpose to beserved and the underlying principles, it is possible to attain a con-siderable degree of uniformity. The list of approved forms given inchapter 4 will serve as a guide. Obviously such a list cannot be

complete. The correct usage with respect to any term not includedcan be determined by analogy or by application of the rules.

Proper names

3.2. Proper names are capitalized.

RomeBrussels

John MacadamMacadam family

ItalyAnglo-Saxon

Derivatives of proper names

3.3. Derivatives of proper names used with a proper meaningare capitalized.

Roman (of Rome) Johannean Italian

3.4. Derivatives of proper names used with acquired independ-ent common meaning, or no longer identified with such names, areset lowercased. Since this depends upon general and long-continuedusage, a more definite and all-inclusive rule cannot be formulatedin advance.

roman (type)brussels sproutsvenetian blinds

macadam (crushedrock)

watt (electric unit)plaster of paris

italicizeanglicizepasteurize

Common nouns and adjectives in proper names

3.5. A common noun or adjective forming an essential part of aproper name is capitalized; the common noun used alone as a sub-stitute for the name of a place or thing is not capitalized.

Massachusetts Avenue; the avenueWashington Monument; the monumentStatue of Liberty; the statueHoover Dam; the damBoston Light; the lightModoc National Forest; the national forestPanama Canal; the canalSoldiersHome of Ohio; the soldiershomeJohnson House (hotel); Johnson house (residence)Crow Reservation; the reservation


36/337

24 CHAPTER 3

Federal Express; the expressCape of Good Hope; the capeJersey CityWashington City

but city of Washington; the cityCook County; the countyGreat Lakes; the lakesLake of the Woods; the lakeNorth Platte River; the riverLower California

but lower MississippiCharles the First; Charles ISeventeenth Census; the 1960 census

3.6. If a common noun or adjective forming an essential part of

a name becomes separated from the rest of the name by an inter-vening common noun or adjective, the entire expression is nolonger a proper noun and is therefore not capitalized.

Union Station: union passenger stationEastern States: eastern farming StatesUnited States popularly elected government

3.7. A common noun used alone as a well-known short form ofa specific proper name is capitalized.

the Capitol building in Washington, DC; but State capitol buildingthe Channel (English Channel)the Chunnel (tunnel below English Channel)the District (District of Columbia)the Soldiersand Airmens Home (District of Columbia only)

3.8. The plural form of a common noun capitalized as part of aproper name is also capitalized.

Seventh and I Streets

Lakes Erie and OntarioPotomac and James RiversState and Treasury DepartmentsBritish, French, and United States GovernmentsPresidents Washington and Adams

3.9. A common noun used with a date, number, or letter, merelyto denote time or sequence, or for the purpose of reference, record,or temporary convenience, does not form a proper name and istherefore not capitalized. (See also rule 3.38.)

abstract Bact of 1928amendment 5apartment 2appendix Carticle 1book IIchapter IIIchart Bclass Icollection 6

column 2drawing 6exhibit Dfigure 7first district (not

congressional)flight 007graph 8group 7history 301mile 7.5

page 2paragraph 4part Iphase 3plate IVregion 3room A722rule 8schedule Ksection 3signature 4

spring 1926station 27table 4title IVtreaty of 1919volume Xwar of 1914ward 2


37/337

25CAPITALIZATION RULES

3.10. The following terms are lowercased, even with a name ornumber.

aqueductbreakwater

buoychutedikedockdrydock

irrigation projectjetty

leveelockpierreclamation projectship canal

shipwayslip

spillwayturnpikewatershedweirwharf

Definite article in proper place names

3.11. To achieve greater distinction or to adhere to the author-ized form, the word the (or its equivalent in a foreign language) iscapitalized when used as a part of an official name or title. When

such name or title is used adjectively, the is not capitalized, nor isthe supplied at any time when not in copy.

British Consulv. The Mermaid (title of legal case)The Dalles (OR); The Weirs (NH); but the Dalles region; the Weirs

streetsThe Hague; but the Hague Court; the Second Hague ConferenceEl Salvador; Las Cruces; LEsterelThe National Mall; The Mall (Washington, DC only)The Gambia

but the Congo, the Sudan, the Netherlands

3.12. In common practice, rule 3.11 is disregarded in referencesto newspapers, periodicals, vessels, airships, trains, firm names,etc.

the Washington Postthe Timesthe Atlantic MonthlytheMermaid

the U3theLos Angelesthe Federal Expressthe National Photo Co.

Particles in names of persons

3.13. In foreign names such particles as d, da, de, della, den,

du, van, and von are capitalized unless preceded by a forename ortitle. Individual usage, if ascertainable, should be followed.

Da Ponte; Cardinal da PonteDen Uyl; Johannes den Uyl; Prime Minister den UylDu Pont; E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.Van Rensselaer; Stephen van RensselaerVon Braun; Wernher von Braun

but dOrbigny; Alcide dOrbigny; de la Madrid; Miguel de la Madrid

3.14. In anglicized names such particles are usually capitalized,

even if preceded by a forename or title, but individual usage, if as-certainable, should be followed.

Justice Van Devanter; Reginald De KovenThomas De Quincey; William De MorganHenry van Dyke (his usage)Samuel F. Du Pont (his usage); Irenee du Pont

3.15. If copy is not clear as to the form of such a name (for ex-ample,La Forge orLaforge), the two-word form should be used.

De Kalb County (AL, GA, IL, IN)

but DeKalb County (TN)


38/337

26 CHAPTER 3

3.16. In names set in capitals, de, von, etc., are also capitalized.

Names of organized bodies

3.17. The full names of existing or proposed organized bodiesand their shortened names are capitalized; other substitutes, whichare most often regarded as common nouns, are capitalized only incertain specified instances to indicate preeminence or distinction.

National governmental units:U.S. Congress: 106th Congress; the Congress; Congress; the Senate; the House;

Committee of the Whole, the Committee; but committee (all other congres-sional committees)

Department of Agriculture: the Department; Division of Publications, the Divi-sion; similarly all major departmental units; but legislative, executive, and ju-

dicial departmentsBureau of the Census: the Census Bureau, the Bureau; but the agencyEnvironmental Protection Agency: the AgencyGeological Survey: the SurveyGovernment Printing Office: the Printing Office, the OfficeAmerican Embassy, British Embassy: the Embassy; but the consulate; the con-

sulate generalTreasury of the United States: General Treasury; National Treasury; Public

Treasury; the Treasury; Treasury notes; New York Subtreasury, the sub-treasury

Department of Defense: Military Establishment; Armed Forces; All-VolunteerForces; but armed services

U.S. Army: the Army; All-Volunteer Army; the Infantry; 81st Regiment; ArmyEstablishment; the Army Band; Army officer; Regular Army officer; Reserveofficer; Volunteer officer; but army shoe; Grants army; Robinsons brigade;the brigade; the corps; the regiment; infantryman

U.S. Navy: the Navy; the Marine Corps; Navy (Naval) Establishment; Navy offi-cer; but naval shipyard; naval officer; naval station

U.S. Air Force: the Air ForceU.S. Coast Guard: the Coast GuardFrench Ministry of Foreign Affairs; the Ministry; French Army; British Navy

International organizations:United Nations: the Council; the Assembly; the Secretariat

Permanent Court of Arbitration: the Court; the Tribunal (only in the proceed-ings of a specific arbitration tribunal)

Hague Peace Conference of 1907: the Hague Conference; the Peace Conference;the Conference

Common-noun substitutes:Virginia Assembly: the assembly; the senate; the house of delegatesCalifornia State Highway Commission: Highway Commission of California; the

highway commission; the commissionMontgomery County Board of Health: the Board of Health, Montgomery County;

the board of health; the boardCommon Council of the City of Pittsburgh: the common council; the council

Buffalo ConsumersLeague: the consumersleague; the leagueRepublican Party: the partySouthern Railroad Co.: the Southern Railroad; Southern Co.; Southern Road;

the railroad company; the companyRiggs National Bank: the Riggs Bank; the bankMetropolitan Club: the clubYale School of Law: Yale University School of Law; School of Law, Yale Univer-

sity; school of law

3.18. The names of members and adherents of organized bodiesare capitalized to distinguish them from the same words used

merely in a descriptive sense.


39/337


a Representative(U.S.)

a Republicanan Elk

a Federalista Shrinera Socialistan Odd Fellow

a Communista Boy Scouta Knight (K.C., K.P.,

etc.)

Names of countries, domains, and administrative divisions3.19. The official designations of countries, national domains,

and their principal administrative divisions are capitalized only ifused as part of proper names, as proper names, or as proper adjec-tives. (See table on p. 228.)

United States: the Republic; the Nation; the Union; the Government; also Federal,Federal Government; but republic (when not referring specifically to one such en-tity); republican (in general sense); a nation devoted to peace

New York State: the State, a State (a definite political subdivision of first rank);

State of Veracruz; Balkan States; six States of Australia; State rights; but state(referring to a federal government, the body politic); foreign states; church andstate; statehood; states evidence

Territory (Canada): Yukon, Northwest Territories; the Territory(ies), Territorial; butterritory of American Samoa, Guam, Virgin Islands

Dominion of Canada: the Dominion; but dominion (in general sense)Ontario Province, Province of Ontario: the Province, Provincial; but province, provin-

cial (in general sense)

3.20. The similar designations commonwealth, confederation(federal), government, nation (national), powers, republic, etc., are

capitalized only if used as part of proper names, as proper names,or as proper adjectives.

British Commonwealth, Commonwealth of Virginia: the Commonwealth; but a com-monwealth government (general sense)

Swiss Confederation: the Confederation; the Federal Council; the Federal Govern-ment; but confederation, federal (in general sense)

French Government: the Government; French and Italian Governments: the Govern-ments; but government (in general sense); the Churchill government; Europeangovernments

Cherokee Nation: the nation; but Greek nation; American nationsNational Government (of any specific nation); but national customs

Allied Powers, Allies (in World Wars I and II); but our allies, weaker allies; CentralPowers (in World War I); but the powers; European powers

Republic of South Africa: the Republic; but republic (in general sense)

Names of regions, localities, and geographic features

3.21. A descriptive term used to denote a definite region, local-ity, or geographic feature is a proper name and is therefore capital-ized; also for temporary distinction a coined name of a region iscapitalized.

the North Atlantic Statesthe Gulf Statesthe Central Statesthe Pacific Coast Statesthe Lake StatesEast North Central StatesEastern North Central StatesFar Western StatesEastern United Statesthe Westthe Midwestthe Middle West

the Far West

the Eastern Shore(Chesapeake Bay)

the Badlands (SD and NE)the Continental DivideDeep SouthMidsouththe Far EastFar Easternthe EastMiddle EastMiddle EasternMideast

Mideastern (Asia)


40/337

28 CHAPTER 3

Near East (Balkans, etc.)the Promised Landthe Continent (continental

Europe)the Western Hemisphere

the North Polethe North and South Polesthe Temperate Zonethe Torrid Zone

the East SideLower East Side (sections of a

city)Western Europe, Central Europe

(political entities)

butlower 48 (States)the Northeast corridor

3.22. A descriptive term used to denote mere direction or posi-tion is not a proper name and is therefore not capitalized.

north; south; east; westnortherly; northern; northwardeastern; oriental; occidentaleast Pennsylvaniasouthern Californianorthern Virginiawest Florida; but West Florida (17631819)eastern region; western regionnorth-central regioneast coast; eastern seaboardnorthern Italysouthern France

but East Germany; West Germany (former political entities)

Names of calendar divisions

3.23. The names of calendar divisions are capitalized.

January; February; March; etc.Monday; Tuesday; Wednesday; etc.

but spring; summer; autumn (fall); winter

Names of historic events, etc.

3.24. The names of holidays, ecclesiastic feast and fast days, and

historic events are capitalized.Battle of Bunker HillChristian Era; Middle AgesFeast of the Passover; the PassoverFourth of July; the FourthRamadanReformationRenaissanceVeterans DayWar of 1812; World War II

but war of 1914; Korean war; Vietnam war; gulf war

Trade names

3.25. Trade names, variety names, and names of market gradesand brands are capitalized. Common nouns following such namesare not capitalized.

Snow Crop (trade name)Choice lamb (market grade)

Yellow Stained cotton (marketgrade)

Red Radiance rose (variety)


41/337


Scientific names

3.26. The name of a phylum, class, order, family, or genus iscapitalized. The name of a species is not capitalized, even though

derived from a proper name. (See rule 11.9.)Arthropoda (phylum), Crustacea (class), Hypoparia (order), Agnostidae (family),

Agnostus (genus)Agnostus canadensis; Aconitum wilsoni; Epigaea repens (genus and species)

3.27. In scientific descriptions coined terms derived from propernames are not capitalized.

aviculoid menodontine

3.28. Any plural formed by adding s to a Latin generic name is

capitalized.Rhynchonellas Spirifers

3.29. In soil science the 24 soil classifications are capitalized.

Alpine Meadow Bog Brown

3.30. Capitalize the names of the celestial bodies Sun and Moon,as well as the planets Earth, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Sat-urn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto.

but the moons of Jupiter

Appellations

3.31. An appellation of historical, political, etc., events used withor for a proper name is capitalized.

Big FourDust BowlFall of RomeGreat DepressionGreat Society

HolocaustHub (Boston)Keystone StateNew DealNew Federalism

New FrontierProhibitionThird WorldWar on Poverty

Personification

3.32. A vivid personification is capitalized.

The Chair recognizes the gentlewoman from New York;but I spoke with the chair yesterday.

For Nature wields her scepter mercilessly.All are architects of Fate,

Working in these walls of Time.

Religious terms

3.33. Words denoting the Deity except who, whose, and whom;names for the Bible and other sacred writings and their parts;names of confessions of faith and of religious bodies and their ad-herents; and words specifically denoting Satan are all capitalized.

Heavenly Father; the Almighty; Lord; Thee; Thou; He; Him; but himself; [Gods] fa-therhood

Mass; red Mass; CommunionDivine Father; but divine providence; divine guidance; divine serviceSon of Man; Jesus sonship; the Messiah; but a messiah; messiahship; messianic;

messianize; christology; christological


42/337

30 CHAPTER 3

Bible, Holy Scriptures, Scriptures, Word; Koran; also Biblical; Scriptural; KoranicNew Testament; Ten CommandmentsGospel (memoir of Christ); but gospel truth

ApostlesCreed; Augsburg Confession; Thirty-nine Articles

Episcopal Church; an Episcopalian; Catholicism; a ProtestantChristian; also Christendom; Christianity; ChristianizeBlack Friars; Brother(s); Kings Daughters; Daughter(s); Ursuline Sisters; Sister(s)Satan; the Devil; but a devil; the devils; devils advocate

Titles of persons

3.34. Civil, religious, military, and professional titles, as well asthose of nobility, immediately preceding a name are capitalized.

President ClintonKing George

Ambassador ActonLieutenant FowlerChairman Smith

Dr. BellingerNurse Joyce Norton

Professor LeverettExaminer Jones (law)

Vice-Presidential candidate Kempbut baseball player Ripken; maintenance man Flow; group chief Collins

3.35. To indicate preeminence or distinction in certain specifiedinstances, a common-noun title immediately following the name ofa person or used alone as a substitute for it is capitalized.

Title of a head or assistant head of state:William J. Clinton, President of the United States: the President; the President-

elect; the Executive; the Chief Magistrate; the Commander in Chief; ex-Presi-dent Bush; former President Truman; similarly the Vice President; the Vice-President-elect; ex-Vice-President Mondale

James Gilmore, Governor of Virginia: the Governor of Virginia; the Governor;similarly the Lieutenant Governor; but secretary of state of Idaho; attorneygeneral of Maine

Title of a head or assistant head of an existing or a proposed National governmentalunit:

Madeleine Albright, Secretary of State: the Secretary; similarly the Acting Sec-retary; the Under Secretary; the Assistant Secretary; the Director; the Chiefor Assistant Chief; the Chief Clerk; etc.; but Secretaries of the military de-

partments; secretaryshipTitles of the military:General of the Army(ies): United States only; Supreme Allied Commander; Gen.

Henry H. Shelton, Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff; Joint Chiefs of Staff; Chiefof Staff, U.S. Air Force; the Chief of Staff; but the commanding general; gen-eral (military title standing alone not capitalized)

Titles of members of diplomatic corps:Walter S. Gifford, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary: the Amer-

ican Ambassador; the British Ambassador; the Ambassador; the Senior Am-bassador; His Excellency; similarly the Envoy Extraordinary and MinisterPlenipotentiary; the Envoy; the Minister; the Charge dAffaires; the Charge;

Ambassador at Large; Minister Without Portfolio; but the consul general; theconsul; the attache; etc.

Title of a ruler or prince:Elizabeth II, Queen of England: the Queen; the Crown; Her Most Gracious Maj-

esty; Her Majesty; similarly the Emperor; the SultanCharles, Prince of Wales: the Prince; His Royal Highness

Titles not capitalized:Charles F. Hughes, rear admiral, U.S. Navy: the rear admiralLloyd H. Elliott, president of George Washington University: the presidentC.H. Eckles, professor of dairy husbandry: the professorBetty Acton, chairwoman of the committee; the chairman; the chairperson; the

chair


43/337


3.36. In formal lists of delegates and representatives of govern-ments, all titles and descriptive designations immediately followingthe names should be capitalized if any one is capitalized.

3.37. A title in the second person is capitalized.Your ExcellencyYour HighnessYour HonorMr. ChairmanMadam Chairman

Mr. Secretary

but not salutations:my dear Generalmy dear sir

Titles of publications, papers, documents, acts, laws, etc.

3.38. In the full or short English titles of periodicals, series ofpublications, annual reports, historic documents, and works of art,the first word and all important words are capitalized.

Statutes at Large; Revised Statutes; District Code; Bancrofts History; Journal(House or Senate) (short titles); but the code; the statutes

Atlantic Charter; Balfour Declaration; but British white paperChicagos American; but Chicago American Publishing Co.Readers Digest; but New York Times Magazine; Newsweek magazineMonograph 55; Research Paper 123; Bulletin 420; Circular A; Article 15: Uniform

Code of Military Justice; Senate Document 70; House Resolution 45; PresidentialProclamation No. 24; Executive Order No. 24; Royal Decree No. 24; Public Law891; Private and Union Calendars; Calendar No. 80; Calendar Wednesday; Com-mittee Print No. 32, committee print; but Senate bill 416; House bill 61

Annual Report of the Public Printer, 1998; but seventh annual report, 19th annualreport

Declaration of Independence; the DeclarationConstitution (United States or with name of country); constitutional; but New York

State constitution: first amendment, 12th amendmentKellogg Pact; North Atlantic Pact; Atlantic Pact; Treaty of Versailles; Jay Treaty;

but treaty of peace, the treaty (descriptive designations); treaty of 1919United Statesv.Four Hundred Twenty-two Casks of Wine (law)The Blue Boy, Excalibur, Whistlers Mother (paintings)

3.39. All principal words are capitalized in titles of addresses,

articles, books, captions, chapter and part headings, editorials, es-says, headings, headlines, motion pictures and plays (including tel-evision and radio programs), papers, short poems, reports, songs,subheadings, subjects, and themes. The foregoing are also quoted.

3.40. In the short or popular titles of acts (Federal, State, or for-eign) the first word and all important words are capitalized.

Revenue Act; Walsh-Healey Act; Freedom of Information Act; Classification Act; butthe act; Harrison narcotic law; Harrison narcotic bill; interstate commerce law;sunset law

3.41. The capitalization of the titles of books, etc., written in aforeign language is to conform to the national practice in thatlanguage.

First words

3.42. The first word of a sentence, of an independent clause orphrase, of a direct quotation, of a formally introduced series ofitems or phrases following a comma or colon, or of a line of poetry,

is capitalized.


44/337

32 CHAPTER 3

The question is, Shall the bill pass?He asked, And where are you going?The vote was as follows: In the affirmative, 23; in the negative, 11; not voting, 3.

Lives of great men all remind usWe can make our lives sublime.

3.43. The first word of a fragmentary quotation is not capital-ized.

She objected to the phraseology, not to the ideas.

3.44. The first word following a colon, an exclamation point, ora question mark is not capitalized if the matter following is merelya supplementary remark making the meaning clearer.

Revolutions are not made: they come.

Intelligence is not replaced by mechanism: even the televox must be guided by itsmasters voice.But two months dead! nay, not so much; not two.What is this? Your knees to me? to your corrected son?

3.45. The first word following Whereas in resolutions, contracts,etc., is not capitalized; the first word following an enacting or re-solving clause is capitalized.

Whereas the Constitution provides * * *; andWhereas Congress has passed a law * * *;Whereas, moreover, * * *: Therefore be it

Whereas the Senate provided for the * * *: Now, therefore, be itResolved, That * * *; and be it furtherResolved (jointly), That * * *Resolved by the House of Representatives (the Senate concurring), That * * *. (Con-

current resolution, Federal Government.)Resolved by the Senate of Oklahoma (the House of Representatives concurring there-

in), That * * *. (Concurrent resolution, using name of State.)Resolved by the senate (the house of representatives concurring therein), That * * * .

(Concurrent resolution, not using name of State.)Resolved by the Assembly and Senate of the State of California (jointly), That * * *.

(Joint resolution, using name of State.)Resolved by the Washington Board of Trade, That * * *

Provided, That * * *Provided further, That * * *Provided, however, That * * *And provided further, That * * *Ordered, That * * *Be it enacted, That * * *

Center and side heads

3.46. Unless otherwise marked, centerheads are set in capitals,and sideheads are set in lowercase and only the first word and

proper names are capitalized. In centerheads making two lines,wordbreaks should be avoided. The first line should be centeredand set as full as possible.

3.47. In heads set in caps, a small-cap c or ac, if available, isused in such names as McLean or MacLeod; otherwise a lowercasec or ac is used. In heads set in small caps, a thin space is usedafter the c or the ac.

3.48. In such names as LeRoy, DeHostis, LaFollette, etc. (one-

word forms only), set in caps, the second letter of the particle is


45/337


made a small cap, if available; otherwise lowercase is used. Inheads set in small caps, a thin space is used. (See rule 3.15

Style Manual 2000

Documents

Transcript of Style Manual 2000