“Stuff” of the Universe

The Raw Materials for Planets, Rocks

and Life

Matter & Energy

Phases of Matter

Solid

Gas

Liquid

Determined by temperature and pressure

Rock

Atomic Particles

Atoms (Elements)

Compounds (Minerals, Organic Compounds)

Rocks

Earth

Living Things

Biosphere

Atomic StructureWhat are atoms made of?

Particle ChargeWeight (amu)

Proton (p)

+ 1

Electron (e)

- ~0

Neutron (n)

0 1

Atomic Structure

Atomic Number

=Number of

Protons

Importanceof Protons

Elements

Iron

Carbon

Gold

Periodic Table of the Elements

CrustCrust Whole EarthWhole Earth

•Oxygen(O) 46.3 % 29.5%•Silicon (Si) 28.2% 15.2%•Aluminum (Al) 8.2% 1.1%•Iron (Fe) 5.6% 34.6%•Calcium (Ca) 4.1% 1.1%•Sodium (Na) 2.4% 0.6%•Potassium (K) 2.1% 0.1%•Magnesium (Mg) 2.3% 12.7%•All others 0.5% 5.1%

Abundance of the Elements (wt. %):Solid Earth

Abundance of the Elements (wt.%):Living Things

HumanHuman AlfalfaAlfalfa BacteriaBacteria

•Oxygen(O) 62.8% 77.9% 73.7%•Carbon (C) 19.4% 11.3% 12.1%•Hydrogen (H) 9.3% 8.7% 9.9%•Nitrogen (N) 5.1% 0.8% 3.0%•Phosphorous (P) 0.6% 0.7% 0.6%•Sulfur (S) 0.6% 0.1% 0.3%

AtomicWeight

= number of protons + neutrons

Importanceof Neutrons

Isotopes

Importanceof ElectronsAtoms vs. Ions

(atomic weight = 23)

Charge = 0X

Importanceof ElectronsPositive Ions

(atomic weight = 23)

Charge = +1

Sodium Ion

10e

Importanceof ElectronsIons

(atomic weight = 18)

Charge = 0

Chlorine

9e

9p9n

(atomic number = 9)

Importanceof ElectronsNegative Ions

(atomic weight = 18)

Charge = -1

Chlorine Ion

10e

9p9n

(atomic number = 9)