Microsoft Word - Study Report on Promoting Ecar in HK (Final) with English Executive Summary 20150521



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Executive Summary
1 Objective of the Study
The major objective of this background study is to set out and analyse the use of
electric vehicles (EVs) in Hong Kong and other regions as well as the related
technological development, with a view to providing reference for the formulation of
policy directions to further promote the wider use of EVs in Hong Kong.
2 Use of EVs
With zero emission, EVs are a very clean mode of transportation that can
significantly alleviate roadside air pollution and are suitable for use in densely
populated cities. Hence, stepping up efforts to promote the wider use of EVs is an
effective means to address air pollution in cities.
With years of research and development (R&D) as well as application, EV
technology has been making incessant advances. In recent years, a number of
automobile manufacturers have started the production of EVs, with their products
making way into the consumer market. Meanwhile, the use of EVs is encouraged by
governments all around the globe. The Mainland, among all, has sought to develop
the EV industry most vigorously, devoting a considerable amount of resources to
develop the use of EVs in the sphere of public transportation.
Hong Kong
In promoting the use of EVs, Hong Kong is blessed with various unique advantages.
First, Hong Kong is a small place which can be covered by short commuting
journeys. Given this, coupled with the fact that most vehicles are not allowed to
travel out of the territory, range is not an issue. Second, the weather of Hong Kong
is mild. Winter is not too cold, and the temperature will not fall below the operating
range of battery. In Hong Kong where population is dense and people are used to
commute by public transportation, its transportation system achieves high economic
efficiency. Furthermore, the Mainland, being the largest developer cum user of EVs
in the world, is making great efforts to promote the development of its EV industry.
This will provide strong logistic support for the development of EVs in Hong Kong.
Therefore, it is fair to say that Hong Kong is “the world’s most suitable place for
using EVs”, especially in terms of electric public transport.
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In Hong Kong, it is the Government’s policy to improve air quality by promoting the
use of environment friendly vehicles to reduce roadside air pollution. On promoting
the use of EVs, the Government’s policy objective is to make Hong Kong one of the
cities where EVs are most widely used. The Government will take the lead in using
more EVs and solicit participation from other public bodies and large enterprises.
As stated in the Policy Address, the Government will continue to procure more EVs.
The Chief Executive and principal officials will be among the first to use them on a
trial basis. As regards public transport, it is the Government’s ultimate policy
objective to have zero-emission buses running across the territory.
The first registration tax for EVs has been waived by the Government since 1994. In
2009, the Government set up a Steering Committee on the Promotion of EVs led by
the Financial Secretary. In 2010, the Government announced its ultimate policy
objective of having zero-emission buses running across the territory, and provided
franchised bus companies with subsidies to procure hybrid buses and electric buses
for trial run. In 2011, the Government set up a Pilot Green Transport Fund to
support the testing of green and innovative technologies applicable to the public
transport sector and goods vehicles. With these incentives, the number of EVs in
Hong Kong has increased from under 100 in 2010 to 1 551 at the end of December
2014.
Mainland
It is the Mainland’s policy to foster the development of the automobile industry by
investing in more new energy vehicles. Promoting the wider use of EVs, which
have zero emission, may also serve as an effective measure to tackle the haze
problem in Mainland cities.
Between 2008 and 2012, the Mainland implemented a project on “1 000 Vehicles in
Each of 10 Cities” under which 25 cities were specified as pilot cities. The Interim
Measures for the Administration of Subsidies for the Demonstration and Promotion
of Energy Saving and New Energy Automobiles were put in place to provide vehicle
buyers with subsidies. Between 2013 and 2015, a new subsidy policy was
implemented in the Mainland. According to the Notice on Continuing on the
Promotion and Application of New Energy Automobiles, consumers in 28 selected
cities or regions are provided with subsidies for the purchase of new energy
automobiles. To minimise the impact of local protective measures on the promotion
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of new energy automobiles, the new policy also required that the share of foreign
brands be subject to a minimum of 30% of automobiles.
The Mainland experience shows that the technology for EVs not only has reached
such a level that they can operate in a stable and safe manner, but also has attained
the range required of public transport vehicles. It is now proceeding to the stage of
full implementation.
A number of Mainland enterprises engaged in the manufacturing of electric public
transport vehicles have expressed their strong desire to gain access to the market of
public transport vehicles in Hong Kong, thereby using it as a key bridgehead for
tapping international markets. The main reason for targeting our market lies in the
rather stringent requirements imposed on public transport vehicles in Hong Kong
(which is probably the city with the highest standards required of such vehicles in
the world). Their successful entry into the Hong Kong market will certainly give a
significant boost to their brand and facilitate their products in “going global”.
Overseas
In Europe and the United States (US), the promotion of EVs revolves around private
cars. The governments of various countries encourage car owners to buy EVs
mainly through offering subsidies, tax concessions and other incentives (for example,
free parking space). Moreover, Europe, the US and Japan are committed to building
charging facilities with a view to establishing a comprehensive EV charging network.
On R&D, the US Department of Energy even offers large loans to manufacturers of
new energy vehicles to assist them in developing a new generation of vehicles.
As stated in the Global EV Outlook published by the International Energy Agency
(IEA) in 2013, the number of electric private cars has been growing rapidly around
the world. In terms of EV sales figures, regions with the highest penetration rates of
EVs include Norway, Japan, Ireland, the Netherlands and the US, accounting for
over 1% of total vehicle sales.
3 Development of EV Technology
EVs refer to vehicles propelled by electricity, including battery EVs and plug-in
hybrid EVs. The latter type of EVs is equipped with an electric motor and internal
combustion engine. When the battery is depleted, the internal combustion engine
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will take over to power the vehicle or recharge the battery, offering flexibility in
operation. However, the use of hybrid EVs should only be taken as a transitional
option as they still have exhaust emissions.
Due to the differences in chemical compositions, batteries used in EVs vary in
capacity, power output, safety standard, performance, durability and price. The
charging speed depends on the type of battery and the power of battery chargers. At
present, lithium iron phosphate battery is most commonly used in EVs. Such
batteries are safe and durable, but take a longer time for charging. In addition, some
public transport vehicles use supercapacitors for electricity storage, the advantage of
which is the quick charging speed, but the range is shorter. Scientists are still
conducting studies on how to enhance the battery performance and reduce the
battery weight in order to tie in with the development of EVs. According to the IEA,
battery price has dropped from US$1,000 per kilowatt-hour (kWh) in 2008 to
US$485 per kWh in 2012, and is expected to further decrease to US$300 per kWh in
2020.
As far as the private car market is concerned, EVs are sold at higher prices, but with
a shorter range. These factors, coupled with the uncertainty about battery durability,
insufficient charging facilities and long charging hours, have posed obstacles to the
wider use of EVs. As for public transport vehicles, the common problems
encountered by the industry include high initial investment cost and the lack of
operational data for reference.
4 Conclusion
In recent years, given the maturing technology and enhancement in their
functionality, EVs have steadily made their way into the consumer market.
Scientific and research personnel are actively developing new technology for EV
structures and batteries to seek enhancement in the performance and economic
efficiency of EVs. Because of its unique advantages in promoting the use of EVs
and the Government’s “zero emission” policy, Hong Kong is the “the world’s most
suitable place for using EVs”.
The wider of use of EVs, if successfully promoted, will be conducive to the effective
improvement of air quality in Hong Kong. In view of the development of
Mainland’s new energy vehicle industry, this will help the EV industry of the
Mainland “go global” and facilitate the diversification of Hong Kong’s industries.
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In the long run, such a move may help Hong Kong establish its world-leading
position in promoting EVs for improving air quality of the city.
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35 I amsterdam. (21 February 2013). Amsterdam leads the electric car revolution.
http://www.iamsterdam.com/amsterdam%20leads%20electric%20car%20revolution 36 ABB. (8 July 2013). ABB to build world’s largest nationwide network of EV fast-charging stations in the
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47 Casey C. Grant, P.E. (May 2010). Fire Fighter Safety and Emergency Response for Electric Drive and
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