Study of the Traditional Argan Oil Oxidation Under Different

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&ol.'6 20)#

*

Study of the Traditional Argan Oil Oxidation under DifferentStorage Conditions

+a,ma elcadi- aloui ) / derra,mane 1e ,nini 2 Miloud 3l ade ' / del,a im atimi )

). 5a oratory o lants iotec,nology Faculty o Sciences /gadir 80 000 Morocco2. 5a oratory o Marine /7uatic Systems Faculty o Sciences /gadir 80 000 Morocco

'. 5a oratory o rocess 3ngineering Faculty o Sciences 8)06 /gadir 80 000 Morocco3-mail o t,e corres!onding aut,or a.,atimi9ui:.ac.ma

Abstract:;,e auto<idation o argan oil e<tracted traditionally was ollowed during a long-term storage using !lastic

ottles in !resence o air under nitrogen atmos!,ere or at 4 => in com!arison wit, trans!arent glass ottles. ;,eauto<idation was e?aluated y t,e simultaneous monitoring o our !arameters or a !eriod o )8 mont,stoco!,erols content oleic and linoleic acids con@ugated dienes and !ero<ide ?alue.;,e results s,owed t,at t,estorage in !lastic ottles in t,e lig,t at room tem!erature delayed t,e o<idati?e degradation o t,e oil relati?elyto t,e trans!arent glass. ;,is degradation was mitigated y t,e !resence o nitrogen. ;,e ma<imum content o,ydro!ero<ides resulting rom t,e degradation o unsaturated atty acids was reac,ed a ter '06 days in t,e

!resence o air and '2) days in t,e !resence o nitrogen in t,e !lastic ottles. ;,is e ect was recorded only a ter2$' days in t,e glass ?ials. >on@ugated dienes c,anged in t,e same way as ,ydro!ero<ides. ;,e degradation ounsaturated atty acids ta ed !lace a ter t,e destruction o toco!,erols including A-toco!,erol w,ic, was t,ema@or orm in t,e argan oil. ;,e s,el li e o t,e oil was longer (o?er )8 mont,s" w,en !lastic ottles were

!laced at 4 =>. ; ,e results s,owed t,at argan oil e<tracted traditionally ,ad ,ig, sta ility against t,e o<idationdue to its ric,ness in toco!,erols w,ic, are !ower ul antio<idants.Keywords: /rgan oil glass nitrogen o<idation !lastic storage tem!erature

1. Introduction;,e auto<idation is t,e ma@or cause o deterioration o edi le oils during storage. It de!ends on se?eral actorssuc, as t,e initial com!osition o t,e oil t,e !resence and t,e content o minor com!onents w,ic, ,a?e !ro- oranti- o<idant acti?ity (minerals toco!,erols carotenoids c,loro!,ylls etc." and storage conditions including

material storage lig,ting o<ygen and tem!erature (>ra!iste et al. )***B Condratowic: and %stas: 2000". ;,eauto<idation alters edi le oils y degrading essential atty acids w,ose conse7uences are a decrease in t,enutritional ?alue and t,e ormation o decom!osition !roducts. ;,ese are res!onsi le or disagreea le odor and

la?or and may e?en cause some to<icity ( ascaud et al. )*8#B o orny 200'"./rgan oil e<tracted traditionally rom t,e ruit o t,e /rgan tree constitutes an im!ortant source o

dietary at in t,e sout, o Morocco. It owns nutritional and !,armacological !ro!erties due to its c,emicalcom!osition w,ic, is c,aracteri:ed y ric,ness in antio<idants and unsaturated atty acids (C,allou i et al. 200'BDuillaume and >,arrou 20))". owe?er argan oil e<tracted traditionally is nown to e not well !reser?edunder normal storage conditions (>,imi 200#B >ayuela et al. 2008. Mar il et al. 2008" e?en i its c,emicalcom!osition allows suggesting t,e o!!osite. It is ric, in toco!,erols w,ic, are !ower ul antio<idants and do notcontain linolenic acid as atty acid !articularly susce!ti le to o<idation. ;,is ra!id deterioration o t,e traditionaloil would e a limiting actor or mar eting and consum!tion in ot,er !arts o Morocco and e?en in ot,ercountries.

;,e origin o t,is insta ility is rarely studied. ;,e wor s underta en to e?aluate t,e auto<idation otraditional oil ased on long-term storage conditions w,ic, re lect t,e actual conditions o conser?ation areragmentary (>,imi et al. )**4B D,ar y et al. 20))". Faced wit, t,is situation we undertoo t,is wor to study

t,e e ect o conditioning in ottles o translucent !lastic on t,e alteration o t,e traditional argan oil retained inlig,t at room tem!erature or a !eriod o )8 mont,s in com!arison wit, t,e trans!arent glass ottles w,ic, are

re7uently used in domestic or commercial conser?ation. Storage under nitrogen and low tem!erature (4 =>" wasalso studied. ;o determine t,e o<idation o t,e oil we ollowed t,e e?olution o our di erent !arameters

!ero<ide ?alue rate o con@ugated dienes toco!,erols and unsaturated atty acids (oleic and linoleic acids".

. !aterials and "ethods2.1 Sample of oil used/ll o!erations were underta en on t,e same argan oil sam!le e<tracted traditionally under our control. In actseeds o t,e argan tree rom /dmine region located at 20 m east o /gadir city were manually crus,ed and

resulting almonds were roasted o?er low ,eat and t,en grounded using artisanal stone. ;,e oil e<traction wasconducted y mi<ing t,e slurry o tained and on w,ic, dro!s o warm water are added rom time to time. ;,e oilrising to t,e sur ace was collected y decantation. / sam!le was immediately analy:ed to determine t,e initial





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com!osition o t,e oil.

2.2 Storage conditions;,e oil was distri uted into translucent !lastic ottles o ,ig, density !olyet,ylene ( E 3" illed to t,ree-

ourt,s in a !ro!ortion o '0 g !er ?ial. ;,ese were t,en sealed and stored under t,e ollowing conditions' ottles in lig,t (2#0-lu< intensity at t,e sur ace o t,e reci!ients" at room tem!erature in t,e !resence oair' ottles in lig,t (2#0-lu< intensity at t,e sur ace o t,e reci!ients" at room tem!erature under nitrogen' ottles at 4 => in t,e !resence o air.

;,e control sam!le was stored in t,ree trans!arent clear glass ottles in t,e !resence o air in t,e lig,t and atroom tem!erature.

2.3 Measurement of oil composition2.3.1 Acidity (AFNOR, 1 !"a#In an 3rlenmeyer las were mi<ed #0 ml o et,anol and #0 ml o diet,ylet,er. ;wo dro!s o !,enol!,t,alein areadded to t,is mi<ture w,ic, was t,en neutrali:ed using a !otassium ,ydro<ide solution (0.) N" until t,e colors,i t. ;,is mi<ture was added to )0 ml sam!le o t,e oil w,ic, was immediately decolori:ed ecause o t,e

!resence o ree atty acids in t,e oil. ;itration o t,e oil sam!le dissol?ed in t,e mi<ture o diet,ylet,er et,anolwas carried out wit, an et,anolic solution o !otassium ,ydro<ide (0.) N". ;,e acidity was e<!ressed as !ercento oleic acid.2.3.2. $%aluation of t&e oil degradation;,e sam!les were ta en !eriodically (range o ) to 4 wee s" or more t,an )8 mont,s. Four !arameters weremeasured simultaneously2.3.2.1 'on ugated )ienes (')#;,e oil was diluted in cyclo,e<ane at t,e concentration o )G (? ?". ;,e >E content was e?aluated y t,e ?alueo t,e a sor ance at 2'' nm using a &arian EMS 80 s!ectro!,otometer.2.3.2.2 *ero+ide alue (* # according to AFNOR (1 !"-#;o a mi<ture o 2 g o oil and )0 ml o c,loro orm was added )# ml o acetic acid and ) ml o !otassium iodide./ ter stirring t,e mi<ture was !laced in t,e dar or # min. ;,en $# ml o distilled water and t,e starc, !aste asa colored indicator were added. ;,e titration was carried out wit, sodium t,iosul ate adition. & was e<!ressedin milli-e7ui?alent o %2 !er Cg o oil (me7 %2 Cg".2.3.2.3 ocop&erols content;oco!,erols com!osition o argan oil was !er ormed wit, t,e 5> met,od. ;,e c,romatogra!,er com!rised aHasco 880- !um! a Hasco 8$#- & s!ectro!,otometer detector and a &arian 4400 integrator. /rgan oil wasdiluted wit, )00G met,anol and in@ected into a >)8-gra ted silica column (lengt, 2# cmB diameter ' Jm". ;,etoco!,erol content in argan oil was determined in com!arison to a standard mi<ture.2.3.2./ 'ontent of unsaturated fatty acids/ ter its e<traction argan oil was met,ylated wit, oron tri luoride ( F'". ;,ree e<tractions wit, ,e<ane weret,en made to o tain atty acid met,ylic esters. ;,ese esters were e?a!orated under nitrogen conditions and #0 Jgwere directly in@ected into a >!cil-88 column (lengt, #0 mB diameter 0.2# mm" o a >arlo 3r a gasc,romatogra!, w,ose tem!erature increased rom )#0 to 22# => (# => min". / ter t,eir se!aration in t,e column

atty acids were detected using a lame ioni:ation detector at 2#0 =>. ;,e identi ication o atty acids was made y com!aring t,eir e7ui?alent c,ain lengt, wit, a standard mi<ture o atty acids. ;,e !ressure o ?ector gas ( 2"was ) ar.

III. #esults and discussion;,e analysis o t,e initial com!osition o argan oil is s,own in ta le ). ;,e ?alues o t,e c,emical com!osition( atty acids and toco!,erols" agree wit, !re?ious wor s ( ilali et al. 200#B elcadi et al. 2008B Matt,Kus et al.20)0B ar,ar et al. 20)4". In t,e initial state t,e oil ,ad an acidity o 0.'#G (e<!ressed as !ercentage o oleicacid" a & o 2.# me7 %2 Cg oil and con@ugated dienes (>E" o 0.4). ;,ese ?alues were lower t,an t,e u!!erlimit set y Moroccan Standards w,ic, are 0.8G or acidity and )# me7 %2 Cg or & (+a,mani 200#". ;,ese?alues are im!ortant !arameters in assessing t,e 7uality o t,e oil. Indeed t,e acidity can determine t,e contento ree atty acids t,at are considered !ro-o<idants and t,eir !resence in t,e oil would initiate o<idation duringstorage. Similarly t,e & and >E !ermitted to measure t,e o<idation !rimary !roducts and t,us to assess t,eearly stages o auto<idation.





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Table 1: Initial com!osition o traditional argan oil/cidity (G"

ero<yde ?alue (me7 % 2 Cg">on@ugated dienes (3 )G )cm at 2'2 nm"

0.'#2.#

0.4);oco!,erols (mg Cg o oil"

L-;oco!,erolA-;oco!,erol-;oco!,erol

;otal ;oco!,erols

622#080

'*2Fatty acids (G"

>)6 0>)8 0

>)8 ) (n-*">)8 2 (n-6">)8 ' (n-'"

)'#

4$'40 )

+egarding t,e atty acid com!osition ta le ) s,owed t,at argan oil contained more t,an 80G o unsaturatedatty acids essentially re!resented y oleic acid (4$G" and linoleic acid ('4G". ;,e latter is an essential atty acid

ecause it is not synt,esi:ed y t,e ody and must e su!!lied in t,e diet. /s or oleic acid it ,el!s !re?entcertain disorders suc, as cardio?ascular disease and cancer (C,allou i et al. 200'". ;,e oil was low in L-linolenic acid (0.)G" essential atty acid containing t,ree dou le ounds and t,ere y constitutes a !ri?ilegedtarget or o<idation reactions. Ne?ert,eless t,e !ercentage o saturated atty acids was around )8G. It wasmainly re!resented y !almitic and stearic acids ()'G and #G res!ecti?ely".

;,e content o total toco!,erols in t,e traditional argan oil was '*2 mg Cg o oil (;a le )". ;,eliterature s,owed ma@or ?ariations ranging rom '*0 mg Cg to o?er )400 mg Cg de!ending on t,e e<tractionmet,od t,e region o origin and !,enoty!ic ?aria ility o t,e ruit ( elcadi et al. 2008B >ayuela et al. 2008BMatt,Kus et al. 20)0B. D,ar y et al. 20)) elcadi et al. 20)4". Moreo?erB t,e most im!ortant toco!,erol inargan oil was t,e A-toco!,erol ollowed y - toco!,erol and L- toco!,erol. ;,is result was in agreement wit,literature data ( ilali et al. 200# >ayuela et al. 2008 C,allou i et al. 200' B 3l / assi et al. 20)4".

;,e e?olution o t,e c,emical com!osition under lig,t and room tem!erature according to t,econtainer (glass or !lastic" s,owed t,at t,e oil remained sta le during a !eriod e<ceeding 200 days ( igures ) to4". %ur study s,owed t,at a ter 200 days o storage t,e oil com!onents were degraded y o<idation. It wasnoted t,at t,e degradation was more ra!id in sam!les stored in clear glass ottles t,an t,ose e!t in translucent

!lastic containers. owe?er o scurity and low tem!erature (re rigerator" and storage under nitrogen in !lastic ottles !reser?ed t,e c,emical com!osition o t,e oil (toco!,erols and atty acids" or a !eriod o?er )8 mont,s.;,e oil !ro ile remained identical to t,at o t ,e initial state (Figures )-4".

$toco%h&rol

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Figure ) 3?olution o toco!,erols content under di erent conditions o storage





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In t,e literature t,e s,el li e o t,e traditional argan oil during storage ranged rom 200 days (>,imi et al. )**4B>,imi 200#" to more t,an two years (D,ar y et al. 20))B. >,arrou and Duillaume 20)4". ;,is sta ility wasmaintained y t,e !resence o toco!,erols w,ic, are antio<idants t,at !rotect unsaturated atty acids againsto<idation (>,imi 200#B >ayuela et al. 2008B D,ar y et al. 20)'.". ;oco!,erols are naturally !resent in?egeta le oils. ;,ey act y loc ing t,e c,ain reaction o ree radicals !roduction !rocess rom unsaturated attyacids. ;,ey inter?ene as ,ydrogen donors to ,ydro!ero<ides radicals (Finley and Di?en )*86B errin )**2B>,oe and Min 2006B 3lisia et al. 20)'.". %ur study s,owed t,at during storage t,e atty acids could resist too<idation during 200 days o storage. / ter t,is !eriod t,e degradation o im!ortant !art o toco!,erols causedsu se7uent o<idation o unsaturated atty acids (Figures ) and 2". ;,e toco!,erols content decreased until t,eirtotal destruction t,at was reac,ed at day 2#) in glass ottles. In t,e !lastic ottles t,is disa!!earance wasreac,ed later at days 28) and '0$ res!ecti?ely in t,e !resence o air and nitrogen (Figure )". Furt,ermore ourstudy demonstrated t,at t,e L-toco!,erol deteriorated at irst in lig,t and t,e degradation inetics was di erentde!ending on t,e nature o t,e las s (Figure )". Indeed t,is molecule disa!!eared com!letely a ter only )# dayso storage in glass ottles w,ile in t,ose o !lastic t,e com!lete loss occurred a ter )04 days in t,e !resence oair and )6# days in t,e !resence o nitrogen. ;,e two ot,er toco!,erols (A- and -toco!,erols" ,ad a morelasting antio<idant e ect w,ic, e<ceeded 200 days similarly or ot, ottles (Figure )". ;,ere ore t,is studyallowed attri uting t,e antio<idant e ect in t,e traditional argan oil to t,e latter two orms o toco!,erol more

!articularly to A-toco!,erol t,erein !resented in t,e largest content. ;,is result was already o tained or ot,eroils es!ecially oli?e soy ean and la< oils (+astrelli et al. 2002B layer et al. 2006B 3lisia et al. 20)'.". In t,eliterature t,e antio<idant e ect o toco!,erols in ?egeta le oils de!ended o t,e toco!,erols orm (L A and "t,eir concentrations and t,e origin o t,e oil (Hung and Min )**0B >,oe and Min 2006B raunrat, et al. 20)0".

owe?er it was noted t,at t,e storage in translucent !lastic e!t ?itamin 3 longer in t,e oil and more !re era lyin t,e !resence o nitrogen. ;,is same result was descri ed e ore or anot,er li!o!,ilic ?itamin (?itamin /"s,owing t,at t,e storage o ?egeta le oils in non-trans!arent !lastic ottles ,el!ed !rotecting against o<idati?ee ect o lig,t relati?ely to t,e glass ( iergio?annia and 5im o 200*".

Oleic acid

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Figure 2 3?olution o Fatty /cids residual content under di erent conditions o storageFurt,ermore t,e total destruction o toco!,erols instantly caused t,e acceleration o t,e degradation o

unsaturated atty acids (linoleic and oleic acids". ;,e results o tained during t,e storage o t,e oil s,owed t,att,e residual content o t,ese acids was less t,an #G a ter 2*) days or linoleic acid and '0' days or oleic acid int,e glass ottles against ''0 days (linoleic acid" and '2# days (oleic acid" in !lastic las s (Figure 2". >learlyour e<!eriment s,owed t,at linoeic acid o<idi:ed aster t,an oleic acid. ;,is result was already o tained y>,imi et al. ()**4" and was e<!lained y t,e act t,at linoleic acid is more unsaturated t,an oleic acid and t,att,e dou le onds are less sta le and t,ere ore more ?ulnera le to ree radicals attac during t,e o<idation oli!ids (Martin- ol?illo et al. 2004B >,oe and Min 2006".

%<idati?e degradation o unsaturated atty acids w,ic, ollowed t,at o t,e toco!,erols wasse7uentially re lected y t,e !roduction o ,ydro!ero<ides. ;,ese molecules e?aluated y !ero<ide ?alue ( &"are t,e !rimary !roducts o atty acid o<idation and turned into con@ugated dienes (>E" t,at are unsta le. ;,eseare o<idi:ed to orm t,e corres!onding secondary !roducts o many molecules as o<idi:ed acids alde,ydes and

etones t,at are res!onsi le or t,e deterioration o nutritional and sensory 7ualities o t,e oil (>,oe and Min2006". In t,is study t,e ormation o !rimary o<idation !roducts (,ydro!ero<ides and >E" remained low duringt,e irst 200 days o storage and t,en s,ar!ly increased to reac, t,e ma<imum ?alue at di erent times de!endingon t,e storage material. ;,us in trans!arent glass ottles & reac,ed its ma<imum a ter 26* days and >E a ter28' days (Figures ' and 4" w,ile storage in !lastic ottles !ermitted delaying t,e ormation o t,ese !roductst,at attained t,e ma<imum ?alue at days '0' and '2# res!ecti?ely ort & and >E. In t,e !resence o nitrogent,e o<idation was slowed e?en more and t,e ma<imum registered or & and >E was o tained res!ecti?ely at





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days ')' and '6$. %ur result also !ermitted to note t,at t,e o<idation o argan oil generated ,ig, le?els o,ydro!ero<ides and >E t,at could reac, ,ig, le?els in relation to initial atty acid com!osition. Indeed !re?iousstudies s,owed t,at t,e o<idation o ric, oils in oleic and linoleic acids and !oor in linolenic acid (soy ean andsun lower" generated large amounts o ,ydro!ero<ides and >E (Camal-3ldin 2006 B 3lisia et al. 20)'". /lsot,e e?olution o t,e & and >E s,owed t,at t,ere was some correlation in t,e ormation o t,ese deri?ati?es.;,is was in agreement wit, !re?ious wor s on t,e o<idation o ?egeta le oils suc, as sun lower oli?e and arganoils (Marmesat et al. 200*B D,ar y et al. 20)) 3lisia et al. 20)'".

%n anot,er ,and t,e e?olution o argan oil s,owed t,ree !,ases a irst !,ase (initiation" in w,ic, t,econcentration o & and >E remained low and t,is or more t,an 200 days a second !,ase corres!onding to ara!id accumulation o t,ese !roducts and a t,ird !,ase w,ere t,ese molecules decom!osed 7uic ly to generatesecondary !roducts. ;,is result did not agree wit, t,e study o D,ar y et al. (20))" w,ere t,e ma<imum & and>E recorded are low and do not e<ceed 20 me7 %2 Cg ( &" and 2.8 (>E" e?en a ter 2 years o storage. Incontrast our results are in agreement wit, t,e study o >,imi et al. ()**4" w,o ound t,at t,e ma<imum >E (60"reac,ed a ter 200 days o storage and t,e total degradation o atty acids (oleic and linoleic acids" was o tained

e ore 2#0 days o storage.

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Figure ' 3?olution o ero<ides &alue under di erent conditions o storage

owe?er we noted t,at t,e ,ydro!ero<ides rate was ,ig,er w,en t,e oil was stored in !lastic $#$0and 4060 me7 %2 Cg res!ecti?ely in t,e !resence o air and nitrogen relati?ely to t,e glass (268$ me7 %2 Cgonly". In act se?eral wor s on t,e oli?e oil s,owed t,at storage in a !lastic material led to aster deteriorationt,an in t,e glass (MOnde: and Fal7uO 200$B ristouri et al. 20)0B / ane, et al. 20)'". ;,is result was e<!lained

y t,e act t,at t,e o<ygen o t,e air crossed t,e !lastic during storage unli e glass w,ic, is not !ermea le tot,is gas.

0 1 5

2 2

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Figure 4 3?olution o >on@ugated Eienes under di erent conditions o storage

/ccordingly t,is wor demonstrated t,at traditional argan oil ,ad a relati?ely ,ig, o<idati?e sta ilityto lig,t (200 days" and t,at t,is sta ility was more elongated i t,e oil was stored in containers made otrans!arent !lastic ( E 3" com!ared wit, trans!arent clear glass. In t,is regard numerous studies !re?iously





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)4

demonstrated t,e im!act o t,e storage material (!lastic or glass" on t,e o<idati?e degradation induced y lig,ton ?egeta le oils suc, as oli?e ra!eseed and soy ean oils (Parner and Mounts )*84B MOnde: and Fal7uO 200$B

ristouri et al. 200*B Ea ou et al. 20))B / ane, et al. 20)2". %ur results were consistent wit, t,ose o t,estudies t,at s,owed t,at t,e non-trans!arent !lastic ( 3; E 3 or &>" was more e ecti?e in t,e conser?ationo t,e oil in lig,t as it ormed a arrier against t,e !assage o lig,t wit, wa?elengt,s less t,an '00 nm (/ ane, etal. 20)2". nli e in t,e dar it was t,e storage in t,e glass t,at was more e icient ecause t,e !lastic was

!ermea le to o<ygen (MOnde: and Fal7uO 200$".+egarding t,e use o nitrogen as t,e storage en?ironment our e<!eriment s,owed t,at t,is condition

!resented a limited im!act against o<idation o t,e oil. ;,is was !ro a ly due to t,e amount o o<ygen dissol?edin crude oils as is t,e case o traditional argan oil t,at contain more o<ygen com!ared to re ined oils (>,oe andMin 2006". In addition t,e !ermea ility o !lastic ottles to t,e o<ygen o t,e air could com!romise t,e e ecto nitrogen or storage (Parner and Mounts )*84". owe?er storage in t,e dar and at low tem!erature (4 =>"remained t,e est conditions ecause it e!t t,e oil 7uality or more t,an )8 mont,s regardless o t,e nature ot,e !ac aging ottles.

Conclusion%ur results led to t,e conclusion t,at t,e !eriod o t,e argan oil storage in lig,t at room tem!erature and in t,e

!resence o air is a out 200 days. nder t,ese conditions generally corres!onding to t,e usual conditions odomestic or commercial conser?ation t,e use o translucent !lastic E 3 as material storage is ad?antageousrelati?ely to t,e clear glass. ;oco!,erols w,ic, are t,e main oil antio<idants are etter !rotected rom lig,tes!ecially t,e L-toco!,erol t,at disa!!ears rom t,e early days o storage ()# days" in t,e glass com!ared to

!lastic ()04 days". ;,us in storage conditions t,e use o non-trans!arent !lastic during storage is !re era le ecause it !re?ents t,e !assage o lig,t wa?es. ;,e !resence o nitrogen slig,tly increases t,is !rotection.

owe?er at 4 => (dar and low tem!erature" storage in !lastic under nitrogen could con er long-term sta ilityto t,e traditional argan oil.

owe?er additional studies are needed in w,ic, ot,er storage containers s,ould e tested suc, asnon-trans!arent glass metal ottles or !lastic ottles containing o<ygen sca?engers.

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Study of the Traditional Argan Oil Oxidation Under Different

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