STUDIES ON PHOSPHORUS NUTRITION OF TRITICALE

T H E S I S SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF

Sortor of ^^iloiop^v IN

BOTANY

NASREEN FATIMA

LABORATORY OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

ALJGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA)

1993

ABSTRACT ^^^^ •n. ' ' -v

Three f ie ld t r i a l s were conducted a t Aligarh, Western

Uttar Pradesh (India) during the winter season of 1989-91.

Experiment 1 v/as a f a c t o r i a l randomised v a r i e t a l t r i a l on

four newly released c u l t i v a r s of t r i t i c a l e (Delfin, Driera,

TL-419 and T ig re 'S ' ) and a wheat check (HD-220A). Out of the

two basal phosphorxis doses tes ted 60 kg PpO^/ha ( P ^ Q ) proved

superior to 45 kg p^O^/ha (P^c) ^or growth, leaf -N, -P and

-K, leaf NRA, a t three stages yie ld and qua l i ty c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ,

p a r t i c u l a r l y in t reatments where 50 kg N/ha was added by top-

dressing a t t i l l e r i n g stage to the p l an t s grown with a uniform

basal dose of 100 kg N and 30 kg K/ha. Delfin proved the

best c u l t i v a r and the N-,QQ^coP5o^30 ^ Delfin, the best

combination for commercial cu l t i va t i on .

In Experiment 2 again a f a c t o r i a l randomised t r i a l ,

supplemental spray of 4 kg P/ha applied as aquoues mono-

calcium superphosphate to p l an t s grown with basal N-i00+50^45^^0

(containing the sub-optimal phosphorus dose) in two equal

s p l i t s a t heading and milky grain stages (HM) proved more

eff icacious than spray of the same quant i ty of phosphorus

e i the r a t t i l l e r i n g (T), heading (H), or milky grain (M)

stages alone or a t TH, TM or even THM, on the bas is of y ie ld

and qua l i t y . The c u l t i v a r of t r i t i c a l e selected for t h i s

t r i a l (Delfin) proved much superior to the wheat check on a l l

counts and HM x Delfin, the best combination, ind ica t ing the

f e a s i b i l i t y of economy of phosphatlc f e r t i l i s e r without

sac r i f i c ing yie ld and qua l i t y .

In the l a s t simple randomised t r i a l (Experiment 3 ) ,

undertaken to t e s t the comparative response to three sources

of phosphorus (monocalcium superphosphate, diammonium phosphate

and sodium dihydix>gen orthophosphate) applied HM to Delfin

grown with ^'\QQ-i-50^k5^50* '^^^°^^^'^^^^ superphosphate was

confirmed to be most ef f icacious on the bas is of yield and

qual i ty c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . Being the l e a s t expensive source of

phosphorus, i t commends i t s e l f for adoption on commercial

sca le .

Large scale s t a t i s t i c a l l y designed v i sua l and sensory

t e s t s showed tha t although t r i t i c a l e cv. Delfin was s l i g h t l y

poorer than HD-?204, the wheat check e .g . by 3% in f lour

ext rac t ion and with regard to qual i ty of bun and chapat t i the

1:1 blend of Delfin and wheat f lour was acceptable on the basis

of colour, shape and t a s t e of bun and chapa t t i .

STUDIES ON PHOSPHORUS NUTRITION OF TRITICALE

T H E S I S SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF

Bottor of $|)tlQs;opt)p IN

BOTANY

NASRBEN FATIMA

LABORATORY OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA)

1993

T4405

ARIF INAM M.Phil,Ph.D,

Reader

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY AL IGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY

A L I G A R H — 202 002

Telephone : 25676

0.r.c ...2±:i23l?.93„

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled

"STUDIES ON PHOSPHORUS NUTRITION OF TRITICALE" submitted

in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree

of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in BOTANY is a faithful record of

the bonafide research work carried out at the ALIGARH

MUSLIM UNIVERSITY, ALIGARH by Mrs. NASREEN FATIMA under my

guidance and supervision and that no part of it has been

submitted for any other degree or diploma.

Supervisor of arch

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am grateful to Dr. Arif Inam, Reader Department

of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, for his

able guidance and continued interest during the course of

this study. I am equally thankful to Prof. M.M.R.K.Afridi

for constructive criticism and encouragement.

I wish to thank to the Chairman, Department of

Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh for providing

research facilities.

Thanks are due to Prof. Samiullah, Drs. Aqil

Ahmad, M. Aslam Parvez, M.M.A. Khan, F. Mohanunad, Saood

Husain, Nafees A. Khan, Ozair Aziz and Mrs. Akhtar Inam

for their help and suggestions from time to time.

I place on record my sincere thanks to my

colleagues, Mr. Rajagopal, R.; Mr. M. Yahya, Mr. Tauheed

Khan, Mr. Shamsul Hayat, Mr. Moinuddin Khan, Mr. Habibur-

Rehman, Mr. Azhar Sajjad, Mr. Maqusud Manzar, Mrs.

Kahkashan Tarannum, Mrs. Roshan Ara Shah and Mrs. Anees

Fatima for their co-operation during the preparation of

this manuscript. I am also thankful to Mr. G.A.

Subramanyam for his valuable suggestion during the data

analysis.

Special mention must be made of my respected

parents, brothers (specially my younger brother Dr.

Ikramul Haque) and sisters for providing me constant

encouragement and moral support at every stage of my work.

In the last, my hearty thanks are due to my

husband, Mr. Kafil Khan, for his continued co-operation

and patience.

December 28, 19 93 (NASREEN FATIMA)

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

Innovative improvement in the agro-techniques required for

the cultivation of field crops, especially cereals, has

paramount importance for under^developed countries, l ike India,

where an alarming condition has been created la te ly mainly on

account of *' population explosion" and decrease in arable

land due to irapid urbanisation and indust r ia l i sa t ion. Another

very important reason for the abnormal situation a t the food

front i s the lack of financial capacity of the average Indian

farmers to apply the required dose of f e r t i l i s e r s to their

crops due to the spiral l ing prices of th i s scarce input. The

c r i s i s has deepened further with the " Green Revolution"

depending on high yielding cult ivars that require larger

eunounts of f e r t i l i s e r s for the real isat ion of the i r full genetic

potential than those cultivated ea r l i e r . Another constraint

in applying the requisi te quanti t ies of f e r t i l i s e r s to crops

i s the lack of. i r r iga t ion f a c i l i t i e s in our country. I t i s

estimated that about 80% of our crops depend upon natural

precipitat ion and cannot be grown with a single large dose of

f e r t i l i s e r s applied a t the time of sowing.

The Science Advisory Council of the Government of India

has r ightly urged the farm sc ien t i s t s recently to find ways

and means to raise the annual food production level to 300

million tonnes by the end of th i s century to avoid the

predicted food crisis at the beginning of the next century

(Gupta, 1990).

One way to ensure high yield of a promising cultivar

is to carry out prior systematic investigations on its optimum

nutritional need as well as mode of fertiliser application

under the regional climate where it is to be cultivated.

Needless to add that although most of the essential nutrients

are present in different quantities in available forms in

Indian soils, crop yield is limited particularly by the three

primary fertiliser nutrients NPK unless added regularly as

these are removed in large quantities by crops. Soil fertility

can, therefore, be maintained only by supplying these nutrients

as fertilisers in adequatequantities as and when they are

needed.

Of the essential and indispensable nutrients for all

forms of life, including plants, phosphorus plays a major role

through the genetic molecules (nucleic acids) and due to its

function in energy transfer via adenosine triphosphate. In

natural eco-systems, it is usually the life-limiting element

because of its low availability. In general, the supply of

soil phosphorus is often deficient for the growth of commercial

plants. This deficiency can be overcome generally by applying

phosphatlc fertilisers, because phosphorus is not recycled in

irainfall nor it is readily released from organic residues.

Another alarming factor about this element is its limited

world-wide quant i ty in the rocks t h a t warrant'='' Judicious

appl ica t ion and prevention of wastage.

I t goes without saying t h a t the y ie ld of a crop depends

on i t s vegeta t ive as well as reproductive phase. Vegetative

growth i s charac ter i sed by the synthes is and organisat ion of

new p lan t mater ia l i n t o an expanding root and shoot system.

Photo synthe t ic processes supply the growing p lan t with carbon

skeletons tha t are incorporated in to carbohydrates, p ro te ins

and l i p i d s in addi t ion to many other cytoplasmic and s t ruc tu ra l

cons t i tuen t s , through a myriad of se l f -con t ro l l ed reac t ions .

These metabolic processes require adequate supplies of the

e s s e n t i a l inorganic n u t r i e n t s . Like the vegeta t ive growth

phase, the reproductive phase of a cereal crop i s dependent

upon a number of morphological fea tures such a s , the number,

weight and length of ea r s , the number and s ize of sp ike le t s

and the number and weight of g r a in s . Of course, proper

p a r t i t i o n i n g of the photosynthates between source and sink i s

equally important for v iable a g r i c u l t u r e .

The y ie ld of a crop also depends on i t s genet ic cons t i ­

tu t ion and c u l t i v a r differences are of grea t s igni f icance , as

the i n t e r ac t i on between a c u l t i v a r and i t s surroundings

profoundly inf luences crop y i e l d s . Among the various enviix>n-

mental condi t ions , a v a i l a b i l i t y and proper balance of e s sen t i a l

n u t r i e n t s i s of paramount importance to ensure successful

farming (Milthorpe and Moorby, 1979). The object ive of

comparative study of nutr ient requirement for proper vegetative

as well as reproductive growth and yield of a part icular crop

should, therefore, be the determination of cultivation practices

for ensuring efficient use of applied f e r t i l i s e r by selecting

the best cult ivar capable of extracting and u t i l i s ing nutrients

and other inputs effectively.

For centuries, farmers have applied f e r t i l i s e r s to the

soil a t the time of sowing. However, sp l i t application through

top-dressing and more recently by spray application has

a t t racted the attention of the entire farming world. These

practices are recognised as a measure of f e r t i l i s e r economy

throughout the world. The nutr ients generally applied to the

leaf surfaces are absorbed, translocated and subsequently

u t i l i sed in a similar way as the nutr ients applied to the

roots (Volk and Mc Auliffe, 195^). Compared to nitrogen and

micro-nutrients, less work has been done on the fol iar appli­

cation of phosphorus. The nutrient i s known to be easily

absorbed and u t i l i sed from sprays and the amount required i s

much less than for soil application by top-dressing where

practised (Boynton, 1954; Afridi and Wasiuddin, 1979).

Tri t icale i s a hybrid of intergeneric cross between

wheat (Triticum) and rye (Secale). I t combines the high

yielding abi l i ty and protein content of wheat with the high

lysine content of rye. In addition, i t also possesses the

desirable quantity of drought- and disease-resistance of rye

(Hulse and burgeon, 1974; Baier, 1991). Thus, triticale is

gaining acceptance by gixjwers and consumers as the first

man-made 6ommercial cereal and it seems likely that, in future,

it will compete successfully with the traditional cereals. At

present, triticale is grown in about 52 countries and occupies

over one million hectares of land around the world (Anomymous,

1986), Some of the triticale growing countries are Argentina,

Australia, Brazil, Canada, CJiile, Qiina, Hungary, Mexico,

South Africa, the former Soviet Union, Spain and the United

States of America where several improved triticale cultivars

have been released for commercial use (Anonymous, 1980, 1982).

In our country too, interest is being developed in its

cultivation and one cultivar (TL-A19) was released during the

1980's for Punjab farmers. More recently, another improved

cultivar of triticale (DT-46) has been released for cultiva­

tion in hilly regions.

Extensive research work has been conducted at Aligarh

(India) for the last two decade by Afridi, Samiullah, Inam and

their associates (Afridi _et al., 1977; Inam, 1978; Abbas,

1980; Inam, t £l., 1982 a,b; Abbas j|tal., 1983 a,b; Moinuddin

^ a l . , 1985; Ashfaq, 1986; Moinuddin, 1987, 1989; Moinuddin

e_tal., 1990; Samiullah et . , 1991; Aziz, 1991; Inam, 1992;

Inam et al., 1992) on triticale cultivars as and when they

were released. It may, however, be admitted that not much

work was conducted with reference to phosphorus application

part icular ly in case of new high yielding cult ivars having

better yielding ab i l i ty and quality in comparison with wheat

(Inam, 1992).

Therefore, i t was decided by the present author to

conduct the following field t r i a l s on the phosphorus nutri t ion

of selected high yielding cult ivars of t r i t i c a l e :

It To find out the effect of two doses of phosphorus applied

basally (together with sp l i t application of nitrogen at

sowing and t i l l e r i ng ) on growth parameters, leaf-NRA,

leaf-N, -P and -K contents, yield character is t ics and

grain quality of four cult ivars of t r i t i c a l e and a popular

wheat check to select the best cultivar^.

2. To detennine the suitable stage (or stages) of plant

growth for the purpose of fol iar spray of phosphorxis in

relation to yield and quality of the best performing

t r i t i c a l e selected on the basis of the data of Experiment

1, retaining the wheat check for further comparison.

Sub-optimal basal phosphorus would be applied retaining

the nitrogen doses as in the previous experiment.

3. To select a good source of phosphorus for the cultivation

of the best t r i t i c a l e sprayed at the stage(s) selected

on the basis of Experiment 2, applying the same s ta r te r

doses of basal nitrogen and phosphorus and that of

nitrogen for top-dressing.

4. To test the flour of tritlcale for Its colour, softness

and flavour of loaf and chapatti, alone and in combina­

tion with wheat flour.

It is expected that the results would help increase

the productivity of tritlcale, together with economy of

phosphatic fertiliser, thus making it economically attractive

for the farmer in addition to enhancing its grain and flour

quality so as to be acceptable to the consumer.

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

REVIEW OF LITERATURE CHAPTER-2

CONTENTS

Page

2•^ Br ief h i s t o r y of t r i t l c a l e

2*2 Phosphorus nutrition

?.3 Fertiliser application

2 .3 .1 Phosphorus and growth and y i e l d

2 . 3 . 2 Phosphorus and g r a i n q u a l i t y

2.A F o l i a r spray of phosphorus

2.5 Baking q u a l i t y of t r i t l c a l e

2.6 Conclusion

10

10

11

12

2k

28

34

40

REVIBW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Brief n l s tory of t r l t l c a l e

Today's f lour ishing t r i t i c a l e i s j u s t over a century

old . I t was In 1876 to be prec i se t ha t Stephen Wilson, a

Scott ish s c i e n t i s t , reported the f i r s t successful cross between

wheat and rje In the Transactions of the Edinburg Botanical

Society. He car r ied out h i s crossing ejcperlments by dusting

the pollen from the rye p lan t upon the stigma of wheat.

However, the few seeds from t h i s h i s t o r i c a l genet ic cross

tha t germinated produced s t e r i l e p l a n t s . This finding

encouraged other researchers to follow. Ttius* In 1889, Rimpau

of Germany described a spontaneously occurring,, and In te res t ing ly

pa r t ly f e r t i l e wheat-rye hybrid. Because of very low f e r t i l i t y

and d i f f i cu l ty in obtaining viable seeds, t h i s hybrid remained

an academic cur ios i ty for some time. Then a f t e r a gap of

nearly half a century, in 1S37 Pierre Givaudon of France t rea ted

tne s t e r i l e seedlings with colchicine tha t resu l ted in a

f e r t i l e t r i t i c a l e p lan t . This t h r i l l i n g discovery, together

with embryo cul ture techniques developed in 19^0, opened the

doors for the gene t l ca l , cy to log ica l , morphological and

physiological changes in t r i t i c a l e leading to a po ten t i a l grain

crop (Jenkins, 1974; Muntzing, 1974; Zi l l insky e t a l . , 19B0;

Inem, 1992).

At early s tage, progress in the development of t r i t i c a l e

remained slow because of some inherent problems l i ke poor

genninab i l i ty , grain s h r i v e l l i n g , p lan t height leading to

lodging, l a t e maturity and sprouting (Zi l l insky and Borlaug,

1971b).

In the beginning, t r i t i c a l e improvement programme was

launched in Hungary in 19^7 followed by other countr ies of

Europe and North America (Anonymous, 1976a). Later an

extensive and productive t r i t i c a l e research programme was

undertaken a t the University of Manitoba (Canada) in co l l a ­

boration with the Centro In temac iona l de Mejoramiento de Maize

Y Tri^o (CIMMYT) s ta t ioned a t Ciano (Mexico). This programme

began in 1954 with the establishment of Rosner research chair

in agr Dnomy a t the University of Manitoba. The t r i t i c a l e

tha t had or iginated here showed remarkable hybrid vigour in

Mexico but was l a t e maturing, t a l l and bearing s t e r i l e seeds.

However, between 1959 and 1962, due to extensive crossing among

more f e r t i l e primary t r i t i c a l e s , secondary t r i t i c a l e s were

produced. By 1967, some new c u l t i v a r s of t r i t i c a l e had been

developed tha t gave y ie lds as high as standard cu l t i va r s of

bread wheat in western Canada. Thereafter, modest production

of t r i t i c a l e s ta r ted a t Manitooa, the b e t t e r cu l t i va r s bein^

grown under contract for fermentation and d i s t i l l i n g i ndus t r i e s .

Some of the new c u l t i v a r s a lso showed high po ten t i a l as fodder

crop. A new c u l t i v a r of t r i t i c a l e named " Rosner" was l icensed

for sale to farmers in Canada in 1970.

10

The First International Triticale Yield Nursery (ITYN)

1969"70 reported that the yield of the best triticale was only

75% of the yield of Pitic-62, a widely adopted dwarf bread

wheat. Since then triticale improvement progressed so smoothly

that the Fifth ITYN (1973-7^) reported that it out-yielded

wheat checks at many places (Anonymous, 1975)•

It is interesting to mention that triticale is now

under cultivation on commercial scale in many countries, includ­

ing Argentina, Canada, China, Hungary, Mexico, South Africa,

U.S.A. It is being grown over more than one million hectares

in about 52 countries under varied environmental conditions,

such as cold weather and soils that are light sandy or acidic

(Hulse and Spurgeon, 1974; Anonymous, 1978a, 1982, 1986).

After a large number of trials on different aspects of

this crop, the yield of the best triticales which was initially

only upto half of that of bread wheat, has now been considerably

improved so as to equal or even surpass the best wheats (Acosta,

1973; Chauhan and Bajpai, 1972; Upadhyaya, 1973; Kiss, 1974;

Reddy and Lai, 1976; Afridi al., 1977; Inam, 1978; Larter

e_t£l., 1978; Abbas, 1980; Ashfaq, 1986; Moinuddin, 1987}

Aziz, 1991; Baler, 1991; Inam, 1992).

2.2 Phosphor js nutrition

Phosphorus stands second in order of requirement by

crops. This element is found both in organic and inorganic

11

forms in s o i l s . I t i s absorbed by the p lan t s from the so i l s

as HpPO] , HPO ~ or P0^~" .

Besides enter ing in to the conformation of the p lant

body as pa r t of nucle ic acids and phospholipids, phosphorus

also a f fec t s various metabolic a c t i v i t i e s d i r ec t l y or i nd i r ec t ly '

I t i s a cons t i tuen ts of coenzymes such as NAD, NADP and ATP

which play an important ro le in various metabolic a c t i v i t i e s

(Salisbury and Ross, 1991). I t inf luences the vigour of plants

and improves the qua l i ty of crops (Patnaik, 1987). I t also

increases l a t e r a l root , t i l l e r and seed formation. Through

i t s influence on the t rans loca t ion of food to the seeds, i t

a f fec t s the process of seed f i l l i n g and thus has a profound

bearing on the economic y ie ld of many crops. Phosphorus i s

a lso responsible for preventing lodging, which i s frequently

reported in t r i t i c a l e . I t increases grain and straw yie lds

and promotes disease res i s tance (Black, I968), I t probably

plays an important role in the e f f i c i en t functioning and u t i l i ­

sat ion of nitrogen in the plant (Wallace, 1961), Thus, i t s

deficiency r e s u l t s in stunted growth, reduction in t i l l e r and

leaf number and decrease in the number and size of grain in

cereals (Hewitt, 1963).

2.3 Fer t i l i ser application

Application of f e r t i l i s e r s inf luences the product ivi ty

of s o i l s as revealed by the crop y ie lds obtained from them.

The three primary p lant macronutrients - N,-P and-K are removed

12

by the crops in large quant i ty . This drain would impoverish

the so i l unless i t i s replenished by na tu ra l or a r t i f i c i a l

means. The p r inc ipa l methods of increas ing the productive

capacity of the so i l are ( i ) addi t ion of organic matter to the

s o i l s , which, through decay, i t may furnish a more or l e s s

continuous but slow supply of n u t r i e n t s for crops and

( i i ) provision of de f ic ien t n u t r i e n t by the appl ica t ion of

commercially produced concentrated f e r t i l i s e r s .

A drawback with phosphatic f e r t i l i s e r s i s t ha t upto

about 70-80% of the quant i ty applied to the so i l a t the time of

sowing i s soon made unavaible due to " f i x a t i o n " and i s ,

therefore , not ava i lab le to the crops as they grow towards

maturity (Russell, 1950). To ensure su f f i c i en t a v a i l a b i l i t y ,

top dressing or f o l i a r spray may be necessary. However, the

following review on the phosphate requirements of t r i t i c a l e

reveals tha t hardly any work has been done on t h i s aspect .

2.3.1 Phosphorus, grx)wth and y ie ld of t r i t i c a l e

The Hungarian s c i e n t i s t Kiss (1968), one of the pioneers

among t r i t i c a l e researchers , worked out the f e r t i l i s e r requi re­

ment of t r i t i c a l e . He concluded t h a t the optimum phosphorus

dose for t r i t i c a l e was 140 kg P (in addi t ion to the same

quan t i t l t y of N and K) per cad hold (1 cad hold » 0.57 hec ta re ) ,

given in two equal doses in autumn and spr ing.

13

At Ludhiana (Punjab, Ind ia ) , Anand (1972) conducted a

c u l t i v a r t r i a l taking ten t r i t i c a l e c u l t i v a r s by applying a

uniform dose of f e r t i l i s e r a t the ra te of 29.3 kg P/ha (and

13^.0 kg N/ha). He noted tha t four cu l t i va r s of t r i t i c a l e ,

namely Armadillo - 147, Armadillo-211, Armadillo-1524 and

Bronco-90 outyielded the two wheat checks as well as the

remaining t r i t i c a l e cu l t iva r s t The maximum grain y ie ld was

recorded in case of Armadillo-211 (42.77 q/ha) and the minimum

(9.72 q/ha) in Bruim-34.

Chauhan and Bajpai (1972), while working a t high

a l t i t u d e s of Kumaon h i l l s (U.P., Ind ia ) , applied 30 kg P/ha

(with 40 kg N and 20 kg K/ha) on ac id i c s o i l s under rainfed

condi t ions . They reported tha t Armadillo PPV-13 gave the

maximum grain y ie ld (29.9 q/ha) out of eleven t r i t i c a l e s . This

grain y ie ld was surpr is ingly six times more than tha t of the

wheat c u l t i v a r Kalyansona which recorded only 4.7 q/ha grain

y i e ld .

Gerek and Kutluk (1972) performed an experiment a t

Eskisehir (Turkey) without giving any i r r i g a t i o n and applying

26.4 kg P/ha (with 30 kg N/ha). Itiey observed tha t t r i t i c a l e

c u l t i v a r s Bronco-90 gave the highest grain yield among

t r i t i c a l e s . Out of the 16 c u l t i v a r s t es ted with four wheats

and one barley, three cu l t i va r s of wheat gave lower grain

y ie ld than Bronco-90. However, they noted wheat cu l t iva r

P i t ic -62 out-yielded a l l the t r i t i c a l e and wheat c u l t i v a r s .

14

Nasr and Guiragossian (1972), wortiirig in Lebanon,

applied 35 kg P ( in combination with 18.1 kg N/ha) and

reported tha t most of the t r i t i c a l e c u l t i v a r s t es ted gave

higher y ie ld than loca l check Najah. Except wheat cu l t i va r

Pi t ic -62 the other four cu l t i va r s of wheat were surpassed by

Arinadillo-130, Armadillo-136, Armadillo-146 and Armadillo-157

and Rosner c u l t i v a r s of t r i t i c a l e .

Acosta (1973), in Morocco, t es ted twenty f ive t r i t i c a l e

and wheat c u l t i v a r s applying a uniform dose of 57 kg P (with

99.5 kg N and 39 kg K)/ha. I t was observed tha t Badger PM-118

gave the maximum grain yie ld (36.2 q/ha) surpassing a l l the

wheat cultivar??. I t was closely followed by another t r i t i c a l e

cu l t i va r Badger PM-112. I t may be pointed out t h a t in t h i s

study P i t ic -62 wheat, general ly considered a good y ie lde r ,

produced only 22.8 q/ha.

Andrascik and Matusov (1973) compared the product ivi ty

of one c u l t i v a r of t r i t i c a l e with four of wheat a t Nitra

(Czechoslovakia). The f e r t i l i s e r dose was given in various

combinations of 105 or 150 kg P/ha (with 70 or 100 kg N/ha

and 125 or 180 kg K/ha). They observed t h a t maximum grain

y ie ld was given by 150 kg P with 100 kg N/ha and 180 kg K/ha.

The highest y ie ld (38.7 q/ha) was given by Mironovka (wheat)

which was 8 q higher than those of other three wheat cu l t i va r s ,

while the t r i t i c a l e was the poorest y i e lde r in t h i s t r i a l .

15

Kiss (1973) a t Kecskemet (Hungary), applied 30 kg P

(with 150 kg N and 29 kg K/ha) and noted tha t grain y ie ld of

a l l the t r i t i c a l e c u l t i v a r s t es ted was higher than t h a t of

loca l c u l t i v a r Libel lula and three other cu l t i va r s of wheat.

He reported tha t Armadillo T-909 yielded 5^.2 q/ha and proved

the best among a l l the cu l t i va r s of t r i t i c a l e and wheat.

Fodor (197^) cu l t iva ted t r i t i c a l e together with Vicia

species of fodder crop on chernozem so i l a t Iregszemcse

(Hungary) forQonsecutive three years and applied 60 kg P and

70 kg K/ha with ni trogen ranging from 0 to 150 kg/ha. Nitrogen

showed pos i t i ve cor re la t ion with green matter production. The

most economical response was obtained from 80 kg N/ha when

given in equal quant i ty a t sowing and a t ear ly spring.

Reddy and Lai (1976) a t Pantnagar (U.P., Ind ia ) , studied

the response of t r i t i c a l e and wheat c u l t i v a r s under un i r r iga ted

condit ions to the app l ica t ion , of 30 kg P^Oc (in combination

with 50 kg N/ha). Among the t r i t i c a l e c u l t i v a r s , highest

grain yie ld was noted in Armadillo PM-112, followed by Bronco-

90. However, wfieat c u l t i v a r 0306 proved the best among a l l

the cu l t i va r s t e s ted , recording upto 23.A3 q/ha grain y ie ld .

Afridi e t a l . (1977), working a t Aligarh (U.P., Ind ia ) ,

applied 60 kg PpOc (and 60 kg Ki) or together with three nitrogen

l e v e l s , i . e . 90, 120 and 150 kg N/ha) to two c u l t i v a r s each

of wheat (HI>-1982 and HD-2009) and t r i t i c a l e (Armadillo PPV-13

and Badger PM-119). They observed tha t the response to

16

phosphorus (and potassium) appl ica t ion was best with the

ni trogen dose 120 kg N/ha. Among the four c u l t i v a r s t es ted ,

HI>1982 yielded the bes t . However, t r i t i c a l e c u l t l v a r

Armadillo PPV-13 was a t par with the loca l ly popular wheat

cu l t iva r HD-2009 in grain production.

Andrascik and Licko (1977) studied the effect iveness

of NPK with three c u l t i v a r s of wheat, two of rye and one of

t r i t i c a l e a t Nitra (Czechoslovakia). They applied three r a t e s

of ni t rogen, phosphorus and potassium (60:78:72, 100:130:120

and 140:182:168 kg/ha) with chlonnequat. They noted annual

y ie lds for wheat c u l t i v a r s upto 57.0 q/ha and for rye upto

49.0 q/ha. The grain y ie lds for t r i t i c a l e were qui te low

going down to only 28.0 q/ha for a l l the combinations of NPK.

Rye c u l t i v a r s gave the highest y ie ld with the lowest dose of

NPK while higher r a t e s proved det r imenta l .

Dhiman and Kalra (1977) working a t Meerut (U.P., Ind ia ) ,

applied 25 kg each of PpO^ and K^O/ha together with four leve ls

of nitrogen (0, 25, 50 and 75 kg/ha) on t r i t i c a l e cu l t l va r

ST-69-1 and wheat c u l t i v a r Kalyansona during the years 1973-75.

I t was observed tha t in 1973~74 average grain and straw y ie lds

increased progressively with the increase in nitrogen level

whereas maximum grain and straw y ie ld was 26.80 q/ha and

69.00 q/ha respec t ive ly . Grain yield of wheat as well

as of t r i t i c a l e c u l t i v a r s was more or l e s s a t par in both

the years , but the straw yie ld was 34.096 and 28.1% higher in

t r i t i c a l e than in wheat in 1973-74 and 1974-75, respec t ive ly .

17

BhardwaJ and Agrawal (1978), working a t Saharanpur

(U.P., India) applied 40 kg each of phosphorus and potassium

together with four l eve l s of ni t rogen (75, 100, 125 and 150

kg/ha) to two c u l t i v a r s each of t r i t l c a l e (T-4, PC-202) and

wheat (Kalyansona, Shera). They observed no s ign i f i can t

e f fec t of applied ni t rogen doses a t the level of phosphorus

given e i t h e r on wheat or on t r i t l c a l e . However, they noted

tha t grain yie ld of t r i t l c a l e c u l t i v a r PC-202 was a t par with

tha t of wheat c u l t i v a r Kalyansona.

Inam (1978), while working for h i s doctoral t he s i s a t

Aligarh (U.P., Ind ia ) , which was subsequently abs t rac ted (1982)

and publisned in p a r t s (Inam e t a l . , 1982a, 1982b, 1985, 1992)

observed the ef fect of nine combinations of NPK on the germi­

nat ion, leaf NPK content and y ie ld components of three

t r i t i c a l e s i . e . Armadillo PPV-13, Armadillo T-15 and Badger

PM-119. He noted tha t germination was adversely affected by

f e r t i l i s e r while n u t r i e n t content increased s ign i f i can t ly by

the appl ica t ion of f e r t i l i s e r . f i 20^60^0 '"^'^^"^sd maximum

values for nitrogen a t a l l the s tages . For phosphorus content

^90^60^30' ^120^30^30 ^"^ ^120^60^0 ^""^ ^''^ potassium

^^2ohoho' ^90^60^30 ^"^ ^^2O^60h0 ^ ^ ^ " ° ^ ^ effect ive a t

t i l l e r i n g , heading and milky grain stages respec t ive ly . In

general , y ie ld and i t s components were s ign i f i can t ly affected

by ni t rogen. I t was noted tha t N 20^60^0 P^ ^®* optimum for

most of the y ie ld parameters contr ibut ing to gx^in y ie ld .

Another combination N 20^60^30 ®"'" ° proved equally good for

18

grain and straw y i e l d s . Among the c u l t i v a r s Armadillo PPV-13

recorded maximum grain and straw y ie ld ,

Tahir (1978) studied the e f fec t of f e r t i l i s e r a p p l i ­

cation on wheat, t r i t i c a l e and barley a t Islamabad (Pakistan)

The best wheat c u l t i v a r yielded 15.2 q/ha without f e r t i l i s e r

appl ica t ion and the y ie ld increased upto 22*'^ q/ha with the

appl ica t ion of 60 kg P/ha+60 kg N/ha. He noted t h a t phosphorus

gave the best r e s u l t s when applied a t f i r s t i r r i g a t i o n and

tha t the optimum nitrogen dose was 168 kg/ha.

Bishnoi and Hughes (1979), working a t Huntsvi l le

(Alabama, U,S.A.) in an extended study from 1973-75 on

t r i t i c a l e , rye and wheat applied 40 kg each of N, Pp^c ^^^

KpO/ha before sowing. In addi t ion , they also applied 30 kg

N/ha a f t e r each cut and a lso in l a t e February and ear ly March.

In a two-fold study made on forage taken a t four cu ts , they

recorded grain y ie lds of 17 ,1 , 12,4, 14,9 and 9.5 q/ha on

uncut p l o t s for winter t r i t i c a l e , intermediate cu l t i va r s of

t r i t i c a l e , rye and wheat, r espec t ive ly ,

Kalra and Dhiman (1979), a t Meerut (U.P., India)

studied the response of wheat and t r i t i c a l e to 25 kg each of

p 0^ and KpO applied with four l e v e l s (0, 25, 50 and 75 kg

N/ha) of n i t rogen. They found tha t in 1973-74 average grain

y ie lds of wheat and t r i t i c a l e increased with increasing ra tes

of n i t rogen. Similar r e s u l t s were a lso obtained in the

19

following; t r i a l conducted during 1974-75» but the difference

between lower (25 kg N/ha) and higher (75 kg N/ha) doses was

not s ign i f i can t .

Turbin e t £ l . (1980), while working on spring t r i t i c a l e

as a cover crop for herbage species in Moscow, applied f e r t i ­

l i s e r r a t e s 100-120 kg N + 402-412 kg ?2^^ "*" 440-460 kg K^O/ha

calcula ted for the targeted y ie lds of the area i . e . 30.6-60.0

q/ha. They recorded the maximum grain y ie ld in t r i t i c a l e

when compared with wheat, barley and rye . The maximum fodder

yield in t r i t i c a l e was 573.9 q/ha with 120-140 kg N + 412-424

kg PpOc + 460-480 kg K_0/ha and the maximum herbage yield of

357.6 q/ha with 80-90 kg N + 202-302 kg P^O^ + 400-420 kg K^O/ha,

Ponce e t sil. (1981) studied the i n t e r ac t ion of method of

cu l t iva t ion with d i f fe ren t phosphorus, ni trogen and potassium

f e r t i l i s e r r a t e s in two t r i t i c a l e s a t Chapingo (Mexico). They

applied phosphorus ranging from 0 to 76 kg, ni trogen 0 to 115

kg and potassium 0 to 57 kg/ha and noted tha t grain yie ld was

25.8 q/ha with the appl ica t ion of 76 kg P On + 88 kg N +

39 kg KpO and 33.4 q/ha with 28 kg P^O^ + 61 kg N + 21 kg

KpO/ha. Grain y ie lds were not s ign i f i can t ly affected by

f e r t i l i s e r r a t a s with d i f fe ren t methods of cu l t i va t i on . They

a lso noted tha t grain y ie lds were higher in t r i t i c a l e than

in barley or o a t s .

Dimitrov e t a l . (1982) of Sofia (Bulgar ia) , while work­

ing on techniques for the cu l t iva t ion of t r i t i c a l e , observed

20

t h a t 100 kg P^O^ (in presence of 120 kg N and 100 kg KpO/ha),

was the optimum f e r t i l i s e r r a t e for t r i t i c a l e cu l t i va r No.7291»

although highest y ie lds were recorded with 140 kg PpOc "••

180 kg N and 140 kg K^O/ha.

Famworth and Said (1982), a t Damar (Yemen Arab

Rtpublic) studied the performance of t r i t i c a l e c u l t i v a r Beagle

grown with 50 kg P O /ha and six l eve l s of nitrogen (0, 50,

100, 150, 200 or 250 kg N/ha). I t was observed t h a t grain and

t o t a l crop yie ld increased with increas ing nitrogen appl icat ion

a t the phosphorus leve l appl ied.

Prasad and Singh (1983) a t New Delhi ( India) studied

the r e l a t i v e efficiency of t r i t i c a l e and spring wheat in

u t i l i s i n g phospnate from d i f fe ren t f e r t i l i s e r sources varying

in the amount and water s o l u b i l i t y of phosphorus on sandy

loam clay s o i l . Phosphorus was applied as ordinary super­

phosphate, nitrophosphate or rock phosphate a t the r a t e of

45 or 90 kg p^O^/ha, in addi t ion to 90 kg N and 90 kg KpO/ha.

T r i t i c a l e had more f e r t i l e t i l l e r s , but lower 1,000 grain

weight and more g ra ins / ea r compared with wheat. However,

grain y ie ld was 5.7 q/ha lower and straw yie ld was 4.6 q/ha

higher than in wheat. I t was a lso noted tha t although wheat

p lan t did not show response to phosphorus appl ica t ion t r i t i c a l e

responded well .

21

At Aligarh (U.P., Ind ia ) , Alvi (1984) observed the

performance of t r i t i c a l e cu l t i va r s Armadillo PM-108 and

Bronco-90 and compared i t with t ha t of wheat c u l t i v a r HD-1982

applying a l l possible combination of 13, 26 and 39 kg P/ha

and 100, 150 and 200 kg N/ha, keeping NQPQ as contrx)! and

adding 26 kg K/ha uniformly. He found tha t 26 kg P/ha with

200 kg N/ha proved optimum for most of the y ie ld cha rac t e r i s ­

t i c s and gave 116% more grain yie ld than the cont ro l . Armadillo

PM-108 gave 28% more grain yie ld than Bronco-90 and surpassed

even the wheat cneck (HE>-1982) in ear length, sp ike le t number/

ear , 1,000 grain weight and straw y ie ld , but i t s grain yield

was only 80.55Ki of t ha t of wheat.

Dimitrov (1985) grew a t r i t i c a l e cu l t i va r (No. 7291)

from 1982-84 a t Sofia (Bulgaria) and applied 0 to I60 kg P2O5/

ha and 120 to 200 kg N/ha in d i f fe ren t combinations. I t was

noted tha t 160 kg PpOc/ha + 200 kg N gave the highest average

grain yie ld of 59 q/ha compared with 33.5 q/ha without NPK.

Addition of potassium to phosphorus and nitrogen gave no further

s ign i f i can t inr.rease in y i e ld . I n t e r e s t i ng ly , the highest

y ie ld with phosphorus and nitrogen was 73 q/ha in 1982.

Moinuddm et a l . (1985) and Moinuddin (1987) worked out

the optimum NPK requirements, a t Aligarh (U.P., Ind ia ) , of

four c u l t i v a r s of t r i t i c a l e , keeping one cu l t i va r each of wheat

and rye as check. All poss ib le combinations of three l eve l s

each of phosphorus (30, 40 and 50 kg/ha) and nitrogen

22

(150, 200 and 250 kg N/ha) were applied and i t was noted tha t

40 kg P/ha with 200 kg N/ha proved best for population count

and for e l l growth, yield and qual i ty parameters.

Aslafaq e t ad. (1984) and Ashfaq (1986), a lso working

a t Aligarh (U.P., Ind ia ) , applied 25 kg each of P and K/ha

and var ied the ni t rogen doses, s t a r t i n g with as low as 0 kg

N/ha and going upto as high as 300 kg N/ha, with a difference

of 50 kg N/ha between each dose, and studied t h e i r comparative

ef fec t on two c u l t i v a r s of t r i t i c a l e . She studied various

y ie ld parameters including grain and straw y ie ld , and reported

t h a t , a t the phosphorus dose taken, 150 kg N/ha gave the

optimum r e s u l t s for most of the yie ld parameters.

Tabl and Kiss (1986), during two years experiments with

two hexaploid t r i t i c a l e and two wheat cu l t i va r s in Hungary,

studied the ef fect of 100 kg each of P and K applied with

six doses of ni trogen on yield and i t s components. The number

of sp ike l e t / e a r , number of g ra ins / ea r , grain weight/ear and

ear length in t r i t i c a l e were s ign i f i can t ly higher than in

wheat. At the phosphorus (and potassium) leve l applied, the

17ate of nitrogen tha t proved optimum in the two t r i t i c a l e

c u l t i v a r s was 90 kg/ha while tha t for the two wheat cu l t i va r s

was 120 kg N/ha.

Dziamba (1987), tes ted the ef fec t of CCC (chlormequat)

and f e r t i l i s e r , on y ie ld , i t s components, prote in and lysine

23

contents in the gra ins of t r i t i c a l e , wheat and rye in Poland

during 1977-80. All the three c u l t i v a r s were given 0, 150,

300 or 450 kg NPK and 2 or 4 kg chlormequat/ha. I t was noted

tha t 150 kg NPK gave the highest y i e l d s . T r i t i c a l e had fewer

f e r t i l e t i l l e r s , longer ea r s , higher grain y i e ld /p l an t and

higher grain prote in contents than wheat or rye.

Samiullah e t a l . (1987), working a t Aligarh (U.P . , Ind ia ) ,

studied the effect of phosphorus, ni t rogen and potassium on

growth c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t r i t i c a l e a t t i l l e r i n g , heading and

milky grain stages of growth. They noted tha t f e r t i l i s e r

appl ica t ion favourably affected a l l growth c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

Armadillo PPV-13 performed best with respect to a l l growth

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a t a l l the s tages . In general , combinations

containing 60 kg P/na and 120 kg N/ha were more ef fec t ive for

most of the growth parameters.

Moinuddin £ t a l . (1990), a t Aligarh (U.P., Ind ia ) ,

studied the response of e ight c u l t i v a r s of t r i t i c a l e (Bronco-

90, Badger PM-118, Delfin, Juppa ' S ' , Mula ' S ' Muskox ' S ' ,

Tigre ' S ' and TL-A19) in comparison with wheat (HD-1982) and

rye (Russian rye) with regard to NPK accumulation in the

leaf, growth, y ie ld and qual i ty c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s by the

appl ica t ion of 30 kg each of P and K/ha and 150 kg N/ha.

Delfin, closely followed by Tigre ' S ' , mostly gave maximum

values for leaf-NPK, growth, y ie ld and qual i ty c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

2k

2.3.2 Phosphorus and grain quality of trltlcale

Cereals are the main staple food for most of the popu­

lation of the world. In view of their nutritive value, they

have been extensively studied by farm scientists. The nutri­

tional value of a cereals protein is determined by its lysine

contents one of the essential amino acids. Being a constituent

of protein, nitrogen plays a key role as far as protein and

essential amino acids of the cereals are concerned. As early

as 1922, Gericke found that nitrogen was needed in sufficient

amount at certain critical stages of growth and that the protein

percentage of grain increased with late application of nitrogen.

Among the most studied cereals, wheat has been thoroughly

investigated for its grain protein content as affected by

nitrogen application (Primost, 1956; Wahhab and Hussain,1957;

Sohlehuber and Tucker, 1959; Austin and Miri, 196I; McNeal

^ a l . , 1963; Zenyuk, 1970; McNeal et £l., 1971; Murti, 1972

and Sharma and Singh, 1973). The effect of fertilisers on the

quality of triticale grain has however, been studied only by

a few workers. The effect of nitrogen, for example has been

studied by Kalra and Dhiman (1979); Fencik et al. (1980) and

Pino and Rodrigues (1980),

Unlike the effect on growth and yield of triticale

reviewed earlier, the effect of the phosphorus on the grain

quality of triticale has been studied by fewer workers. These

25

s tud ies were frequently r e s t r i c t e d to combined ef fec t of the

n u t r i e n t s with ni trogen or as NPK, as i s brought forth by

the br ief review of ava i lab le l i t e r a t u r e tha t follows,

Cherginets et a l . (1980) performed two f ie ld experiments

on t r i t i c a l e and wheat during the years 197^ and 1977 a t

Moscow (U.S.S.R. ) . In 1976, they applied 120 kg P^O^ and

90 kg KpO/ha and e i t h e r 90 kg N/ha (in two s p l i t s ) or 180 kg

N/ha (in three s p l i t s ) , keeping a no n u t r i e n t cont ro l . They

recorded an increase in t r i t i c a l e grain pro te in content from

13.3?6 without n i t rogen, phosphorus and potassium to 14.A%

and 15.6% in the 90 and 180 kg N/ha treatments respec t ive ly .

In wheat, on the other hand, the increase was from 10.9%

(without NPK) to 13.4% and 14.1% respec t ive ly . During the

following year, the increase in: pro te in content was from 12.6%

(without NPK) to 13.4% and 14.1% respect ive ly in t r i t i c a l e while

in wheat, i t increased from 9.9% (without NPK) to 10.4 and

11.7% respec t ive ly , showing the super io r i ty of the higher dose

of the n u t r i e n t s .

In Bulgaria, Kolev and Khristov (1983), worked out the

ef fec t of increasing r a t e of f e r t i l i s e r doses on B^ain yie ld

and qual i ty of three cu l t i va r s of t r i t i c a l e . They applied

60 to 120 kg P205» QO to 160 kg N and 40 to 80 kg K^O/ha in

three combinations, with NQPQKQ as con t ro l . They found tha t

the optimum grain y ie lds of t r i t i c a l e cu l t i va r s Polsko-7 and

PS hero-l6 were 56.6 and 52.2 q/ha respec t ive ly , compared with

26

54.7 q/ha of Sadovo-1. I t was observed tha t with higher,

f e r t i l i s e r r a t e s , 1,000 grain weight of t r i t i c a l e decreased

but the prote in y ie ld /ha increased when compared with the

u n f e r t i l i s e d cont ro l .

Alvi (1984) s tudied, a t Aligarh (U.P. , Ind ia ) , the

qua l i ty of grain of t r i t i c a l e c u l t i v a r s Armadillo PM-108 and

Bronco-90 and compared i t with t ha t of wheat cu l t i va r HD-'I982

applying a l l poss ible combination of 13» 26 and 39 kg P/ha

and 100, 150 and 200 kg N/ha. He noted tha t medium phosphorus

i . e . 26 kg PpO,./ha and high nitrogen l eve l s (200 kg N/ha)gave

the highest grain prote in contents (134.796 more than con t ro l ) .

Increasing l eve l s of ni trogen affected lys ine concentration

adversely. Application of phosphorus favoured grain carbo­

hydrate content whereas tha t of ni trogen depleted i t . He

noted tha t appl ica t ion of 26 kg P/ha in combination with 200

kg N/ha outyielded a l l other combinations and improved grain

qual i ty (protein and lys ine) of the c u l t i v a r s most.

Dimitrov (1984) analysad the prot«in and lys ine content

in the grain of the Bulgarian t r i t i c a l e cu l t i va r No.-7291

during 1981-82, including three autumn and one spring seedlings

and three NPK f e r t i l i s e r l e v e l s . Depending on conditions of

growing, prote in content of the c u l t i v a r varied from 11.92 to

18.93?^ or 15.96^ on the average. This value was 15.38% for

the autumn seedlings and 17.52% for the summer seedl ings .

Protein level increased by l a t e r seedling dates and high

27

mineral f e r t i l i s e r r a t e s . Lysine content in grain protein

was 2.84 to l>,9k% being 3.34% on the average.

Vaulina (1987) conducted f ie ld t r i a l s during 1976-79

in tiie Moscow region of U.S. S. R. T r i t i c a l e c u l t i v a r

Amphidiploid-205 and winter wheat c u l t i v a r Mironov3kaya-808

grown without f e r t i l i s e r gave average grain y ie lds of 22.2

and 27.? q/ha and had grain prote in contents of 12.0 and 10.1%

respec t ive ly . Application of 90 kg N/ha, in the presence

of phosphorus and potassium,increased y ie lds to 31.7 q and

37.0 q/ha and prote in content to 14.4 and 12.2% respect ive ly ,

fur ther increase in ni trogen r a t e s was not e f fec t ive .

Aziz (1991) made a comparative study on t r i t i c a l e

c u l t i v a r Delfin and wheat cu l t i va r HD-2204 with three doses

of NPK (N60P30K30' ^90^45^45 *"^ ^120^60^0^ ®^ Aligarh (U.P..

Ind ia ) . 120 kg N/ha with 60 kg/ha each of P^Oc,potassium

gave Higher grain yie ld with higher pro te in content. He also

noted tha t Delfin surpassed the wheat c u l t i v a r HD-2204 in

grain production as well as grain pro te in content.

Admittedly, l e s s work has been done on the phosphorus

requirements of t r i t i c a l e than on i t s nitrogen requirement

world-wide*Some of the publ icat ion on the l a t t e r aspect are

those of Prohaszka £ t a_l. (1971 ) Hungary; Zi l l insky and

Borlaug (1971) Mexico; Lafever and Schmidt (1972) U.S.A.;

Zi l l insky and Lopiz (1973) Mexico; Mazurck and Mazurck (1974)

28

Poland; Nass et al. (1975) Canada; Agarwal (1977) India; Misra

(1977) India; Ali and Rajput (1978) India; Etchevers and

Morghan (1978) Chile; Gajardo et al. (1978) Chile; Zatko (1978)

Czechoslavakia; Agarwal (1979) India; Bishnoi and Mugwira

(1980) U.S.A.; Gajardo _et al. (1981) Chile; Modi and Lai

(1981) India; Graham ^ al. (1983) Australia; Pleshkov £t al.

(1983) U.S.S.R. and Bali £t al. (1991) India.

2.4 Foliar spray of phosphorus

Generally, the required amount of mineral nutrients

is applied to the soil at the time of sowing in the form of

solid commercial grade fertilisers. Under such conditions,

large portion of the nutrients is rendered unavailable to the

crop at later stages of growth owing to various well known

mecnanism operating in the soil, including fixation, volatili­

sation, microbial degradation and leaching etc. As mentioned

by Russell (1950), who claimed that, out of the total phosphornjs

applied, 70-80^ becomes unavailable in the course of a crop

season, which is an alarming loss to the farmers, particularly in

in developing countries where fertilisers are/short supply and,

therefore, a costly input. In view of the natural wastage and

the inability of an average Indian farmer to offset it by

applying appropriate high basal fertiliser doses, net produc­

tivity in the country remains low.

Various methods have been recommended from time to time and

to economise on fertilisers on the one hand^to increase their

29

efficacy on the o ther . One of the methods commonly adopted by

the farmers i s " f o l i a r n u t r i t i o n " which i s recommended to

meet the nu t r i en t requirement of crop p l an t s a t c r i t i c a l

per iods of growth in the form of d i l u t e solut ion of the required

n u t r i e n t s sprayed over the fo l i age .

According to Bould (1963)» i n t e r e s t in the n u t r i t i o n

of p lan t s through leaves goes back to 1803 when Forsyth used

the technique for the f i r s t time. However, for more than a

century, serious at tempts remained confined only to the

correct ion of cer ta in n u t r i t i o n a l p lant diseases caused by a

deficiency of the micronutr ient elements.

The following review i s r e s t r i c t e d to publ ica t ions on

the use of phosphorus through f o l i a r spray to supplement basal

app l ica t ion .

Lewis (1936) sprayed l e t t u c e leaves with solut ions

of phosphor\is(as well as ni trogen and potassium) and noted

t h e i r absorpt ion. After more than a decade S i lbe rs te in and

Wittwer (1951) reported tha t leaf appl ica t ion of phosphorus

produced a def in i te gxxjwth response in maize and beans. They

a lso compared the ef fec t of various modes of appl ica t ion of

phosphorus. Leaf-applied phosphorus was found to be u t i l i s e d

much more e f f i c i en t ly than when i t was broadcast over the

s o i l .

30

Yatazawa and Higashino (1953) noted tha t , a f t e r i t s

spray, phosphorus accumulation occurred In growing p a r t s of

Bras s i ca chlnens ls . They a lso noted t h a t Inorganic phospnorus

got readily synthesized in to organic compounds once i t had

entered the plant t

Yatazawa and Tai (1953) traced the path of leaf -sppl ied

phosphorus in Bras si ca chlnensls . Phosphorus absorbed through

the leaves got converted to glucose-1-phosphate and f ructose-6-

phosphate within four hours of i t s absorpt ion.

Not much work has been undertaken regarding the effect

of phosphatic spray on various crop p l a n t s , although appl ica­

t ion of nitrogen and micronutr ients has become a common p rac t i c e .

However, Afr idi , Samlullah, Inam and t h e i r a s soc ia tes have

launched on a pro jec t for the l a s t two decades to t e s t the

efficacy of leaf-appl ied phosphorus in improving the yield

and qual i ty of var ious crops, including t r i t i c a l e . Samlullah

(1971), Afridi and Samlullah (1973), Samlullah and Afridi

(1975) and Qaseem e t a l . (1978) on barley; Knallque (1975) on

maize and l e t t u c e ; Naqvi (1976), Naqvi et a l . (1977), Afridi

£ t a l . (1978a), Parvaiz (1978a), Parvalz £ t ajL. (1982), Samlullah

e t a l . (1985), Mohammad e t a l . (1986a,o), on mustard; Afridi

e t a l . (1978b), Inam (1978), Abbas (1980), Alvl (1984) and

Ashfaq (1986) on t r i t i c a l e and wheat; Noor (1986) on radish

and turn ip ; Akhtar e t aj^. (1984); Khan (1988), on mungbean

and l e n t i l and Monamraad (1989) on l inseed have done consideraole

31

and obtained encouraging results, confirming the advantages of

supplemental foliar nutrition over the other conventional

practices of nutrient application.

In the following pages, an effort has been made to

review tne availaole literature on the effect of supplemental

application of phosphorus by foliar spray on the yield and

quality of triticale.

Inam (1978) and Inam et al.,199? working at Aligarh

(U.P., India), sprayed three doses of 0,2% sodium dihydrogen

orthophosphate. solution (1,? and 4 kg P^Og/ha) on the foliage

of triticale cultivar Armadillo PPV-13 grown with three basal

doses of nitrogen (90, ^20 and 150 kg N/ha) in combination

with a uniform basal dose of potassium (60 kg KpO/ha) and

phosphorus (60 kg P 0_/ha). He reported that spray of 2 kg

p O^/ha at milky grain stage proved best for most of the yield

attributes. However, straw yield was highest as a result of

the spray of h kg P 0 /ha. The combination ^^CQ ^ 2 kg P 0

spray/ha gave the highest value for most yield characteristics

but for grain yield N^^Q ^ ^S ^'P'b ^P^^y/^^ ^ equally

effective.

In anotner field trial on Armadillo PPV-13, he observed

the effect of spray of 2 kg PpO(-/ha singly and in combination

with 20 kg N/ha with three nitrogen levels applied basally

(90, 1?0 and 130 kg N/ha) in combination with a uniform basal

32

doses of potassium (60 kg YiS)/ha) and phosphorus (60 kg ^^pJ

ha) on y ie ld a t t r i b u t e s . He sprayed an aqueous solut ion of

0 .2^ sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate with or without 2.0%

urea a t milky grain stage of growth. Spray of phosphorus

together with ni trogen gave the maximum y ie ld , followed by

the spray of phosphorus alone. The combination N^CQ ^ N+P

spray gave maximum value for most of the y ie ld c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ,

followed by N^cg ^ ^ spray.

Sayed and Al-Saad (1979) in a two year f i e ld t r i a l

conducted a t Riyadh (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia) to study the

ef fec t of f o l i a r appl ica t ion of n u t r i e n t s on grain yield and

qual i ty of two t r i t i c a l e l ines,namely (a) Armadillo x 308-3N

and (b) 3eaver x Armadillo x 2458-0Y-111 and a wheat cu l t iva r

Mexipak-65, sprayed ni trogen and phosphorus ni trogen and

potassium or ni t rogen, phosphorus and potassium, with water

as con t ro l . In each operat ion, 4.73 1/ha of 10% ni t rogen,

12% Pp' c and/or 6% K-0 was sprayed. The average grain y ie lds

noted by them for Armadillo x 308-3N and Beaver x Armadillo x

2A58-0Y-111 c u l t i v a r s of t r i t i c a l e were 14.5 and 16.5% l e s s

respect ive ly than tha t for Mexipak-65 wheat. Hec to - l i t e r

weight and 1,000 grain weight were higher in t r i t i c a l e l i ne

Armadillo x 308-3N than in Beaver x Armadillo x 2458-0Y-111

or wheat. l^ey also reported tha t grain yield was increased

by f e r t i l i s e r treatments but the ef fec t var ied, depending on

the year. Grain ni t rogen, phosphorus and potassium and crude

prote in conients averaged 2.35%, 0.?5%i 0.54% and 13.4% in

33

Armadillo x 308-3N and 2,71)%, 0,2k%, 0.55% and 1?.71% in

Beaver x Armadillo x 2458-0Y-111 l ine respec t ive ly .

Abbas (1980) with the aim of f e r t i l i s e r economy

conducted a f ie ld experiment a t Aligarh (U.P., India) using

d i l u t e a e r i a l sprays of three sources of phosphorus, namely

sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate, calcium superphosphate and

diammonium pnosphate a t the r a t e of 5 kg PpO^/ha alone or in

combination witn two doses of urea (2 or 20 kg N/ha) to study

the yie ld chajracter is t ics of t r i t i c a l e c u l t i v a r Badger PM-118

and wheat cu l t i va r Sonalika. He noted tha t sodium dihydrogen

orthophosphate proved the best source of phosphorus spray in

the presence of 2 kg N/ha for most of the yie ld c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

including grain y ie ld , followed by sodium dihydrogen or tho­

phosphate + 20 kg N/ha. He also found tha t t r i t i c a l e gave

higher values than wheat for most of the yie ld c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ,

except 1,000 grain weight and grain y i e ld ,

Alvi (1984), a lso working a t Aligarh (U.P., Ind ia ) ,

tes ted the ef fect of one or two sprays of phosphorus (0.2%

sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate) and nitrogen as 2.0% urea

on two t r i t i c e l e s (Armadillo FM-108 and Bronco-90) and one

wheat (HD-1982) and found tha t a l l spray treatments proved

be t t e r tnan the water-sprayed control for most of tne

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , including grain y i e ld . Sp l i t spray of

nitrogen and pnospnorus (equalled by s p l i t spray of n i t rogen) ,

resul ted in maximum increase of about 10% in grain y ie ld .

3A

Regarding in t e r ac t ion ef fec t , each c u l t i v a r gave maximum

response to paospnorus •>• ni trogen spray (equalled by nitrogen

spray) with regard to most of the y ie ld and qual i ty charac­

t e r i s t i c s . In fac t s p l i t spray of phosphorus + nitrogen

(as also of ni trogen alone) enhanced the grain yie ld of

Armadillo PM-108 to such an extent t ha t i t almost reached

pa r i ty with the wheat check (HD-1982) grown with an equavalent

f e r t i l i s e r dose supplied through conventional so i l appl icat ion

only.

2.5 Baking quality

Of l a t e , there has been some thinking on the pa r t of

some farm s c i e n t i s t s to replace the wheat by the t r l t i c a l e ,

because i t can be grown under a wider range of so i l and

c l imat ic condit ion, l ike so i l a c id i ty (Slootmaker, 1974)

ecological adop tab i l i ty (Kohli, 1973; Kudryavtseva, 1977),

adap tab i l i t y to drought (Gregory, 1974; Stankova and Matsov,

1982), f ros t r e s i s t ance ( Stepo-chken and Vladimisoy, 1985).

and tolerance to s a l i n i t y (Touraine and Meimoun, 1985).

Seed sh r ive l l i ng in t r i t i c a l e was one of the major

f ac to r s in achieving des i rable i n d u s t r i a l qual i ty standards.

However, with a remarkable increase in grain plumpness and

t e s t weight in present day t r i t ica les ,apprec iable . improvement

can be seen now in t n i s f i e l d . Another impediment in whole­

sale adoption of t r i t i c a l e has been due to ear ly repor ts by

35

various i nves t iga to r s ind ica t ing t h a t i t was d i f f i c u l t to

make sa t i s fac to ry bread using t r i t i c a l e f lour (Rooney _et a l» ,

1969; Bush and Wilkins, 1972). However, encouraging repor ts

have been published during the same period by Tsen _et al» (1971 ),

a t Kansas State Manhattan Universi ty, (Kansas, U.S.A.) and

Lorenz e t a l . (1972), a t Colorado State University Fort

Coll ins (Colorado, U.S.A.) t ha t i t i s poss ib le to produce

bread of acceptable qua l i ty with 100% t r i t i c a l e f lour .

In 197?, pr i l iminary baking s tudies made on several

advanced hexaploid t r i t i c a l e c u l t i v a r s a t the CIMMYT Wheat

Quality Laboratory Ciano (Mexico) proved qui te s a t i s f ac to ry .

T r i t i c a l e f lour was taken for the preparat ion of chapa t t i s

and i t was noted tha t the qual i ty c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t r i t i c a l e

and wheat chapa t t i s were s imi lar , except tha t the colour was

darker in t r i t i c a l e chapa t t i s (Anonymous, 1972).

A study was conducted by Berova (1974), a t Sofia

(Bulgaria) on the chemical, technological and baking q u a l i t i e s

of one octoploid t r i t i c a l e (ADS03-3-2) and four hexaploid forms

(AD-30, AD-57, 102 NAD-137 and AD Canada-6643). I t was noted

tha t the highest content of prote in (higher than wheat) and

gluten (lower than wheat) was possessed by ADSOS-3-2 and 102

NAD-137. In t e s t s of var ious mixtures of wheat and t r i t i c a l e

f lour , best r e s u l t s were obtained by adding the wheat f lour

upto kO% to the f lour of AD-30 or AD-57, and about 50-60%

of wheat f lour to the f lour of the other two c u l t i v a r s .

36

Kozmina e_t al. (1976), while working in USSR, observed

that two triticales had higher amylatic activity than wheat

and rye. They also noted that in content of water soluble

substances triticales resembled rye while in loaf size they

matched wheat.

However, contrary to the above finding, Ivano and

Prokopenko (1976) at Uman (Ukrainian SSR) compared the hexaploid

and octoploid forms of triticale and noted that bread making

quality was lower in hexaploid triticale samples than in

octoploid ones.

In baking tests conducted at CIMI-IYT, Ciano (Mexico)

a large number of triticale cultivars had bread volumes upto

700 c.c. in comparison with the bread wheat Yecora which had

a loaf volume of 765 c.c. Triticale performed satisfactorily

when its flour was used for making tortillas. Some cultivars

of triticale provided flour which was better for cookies than

the flour of bread wheat. Triticale flour used for making

chapatti kept moist longer (and, therefore, soft) than those

made from bread wheat flour which is a good property for keeping

purposes (Anonymous, 1976b),

In 1977, CIMMYT Milling and Baking Laboratory at El Batan,

(Mexico) improved the triticale flour extraction percentage

which can be an important economic factor for the milling

industry. It has improved quite close to wheat cultivars from

37

an e a r l i e r l e s s than 60% to over 65% in general and upto 70%

in speci f ic cases. Regarding the baking qua l i ty , when the

t r i t i c a l e f lour was used in mixture with bread wheat f lour ,

good qual i ty bread with high volume was obtained with 60%

t r i t i c a l e and ^0% wheat f lour and even with 75% t r i t i c a l e and

25% wheat. Other food products such as f l a t unleavened breads

l i k e t o r t i l l a and chapa t t i s or cakes, cookies and many other

local types of breads were s a t i s f a c t o r i l y prepared from

t r i t i c a l e f lour (Anonymous, 1977).

Riman and Rakoczi (1977) evaluated the mil l ing and

baking qual i ty of 21 winter t r i t i c a l e cu l t i va r s a t Piestany

(Czecnoslovakia) and compared with those of winter wheat

(Mironovska, Kaukaz), winter rye (Ceska), spring wheat (Zlatka)

spring rye (Tesovska) and one c u l t i v a r of spring t r i t i c a l e .

They concluded tha t the qual i ty of t r i t i c a l e was equal to or

s l i gh t l y b e t t e r than tha t of rye. However, i t could not

match the wheat.

oharma £ t a l . (1977) evaluated the chapat t i making

q u a l i t i e s of t r i t i c a l e on the basis of pro te in content , dry

gluten content, maltose content and d i a s t a t i c a c t i v i t y a t

Jabalpur (M. P. , I nd i a ) . They found tha t cu l t i va r s J N K 6 I ^ 0 0 2

and JNK6T^139 proved best out of e ight cu l t i va r s tes ted for

chapat t i making.

Baking qual i ty of t r i t i c a l e c u l t i v a r s PM-498, 499, 500,

501, 502, 503, 504, 505, 506, 507, 508, and PM-509 was compared

38

a t CIMMYT, El Batan (Mexico) with the wheat cu l t i va r s Pavon-76,

Pima-77 and Hermosillo-?? a t 25%, 50% and 75% and compared

with loaves of bread made from 100% wheat and 100% t r i t i o a l e

f l ou r s . I n t e r e s t i ng ly , the qual i ty of the bread prepared

with t r i t i c a l e -whea t mixture was sa t i s f ac to ry and i t was noted

tha t the loaf volume of the mixture was even higher in some

cases than the loaf volume of the 100% wheat or t r i t i c a l e

breads. Mention has been made of mixture of Hermosillo-77

(wheat) and t r i t i c a l e which produced cons is ten t ly good qual i ty

breads (Anonymous, 1978b).

Saurer and Dormann (1979) studied the baking qual i ty

of t r i t i c a l e in Switzerland. They noted tha t three French

t r i t i c a l e s (INRA-5» INRA-15 and Cormont) were generally i n t e r ­

mediate in qual i ty between rye (Petkus) and wheat (Zeni th) .

They suggested tha t upto 20% t r i t i c a l e f lour could be added to

wheat f lour without having any unwholesome ef fec t , giving bread

with improved flavour and b e t t e r keeping qua l i ty .

At the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (Canada),

Bushuk (1980) studied the baking qual i ty of t r i t i c a l e and found

tha t i t was very close in baking performance to tha t of wheat

than the ear ly c u l t i v a r s of t r i t i c a l e .

Zi l l insky e t ail. (1980) released a t CIMMYT, Londres

(Mexico) fourteen spring cu l t i va r s of t r i t i c a l e during 1978

and 1979 as a r e s u l t of cooperative programme between CIIWifT

39

and other count r ies . In 1977-78 breeding, cu l t i va r s in Mexico

had t e s t weight ranging from 65 to 78.6 kg/hi with an average

of 7?.0 kg /h i . They fur ther reported tha t some of the best

among the new t r i t i c a l e s cu l t i va r s approached the level of

good bread wheat c u l t i v a r s in f lour e3<traction.

While comparing t r i t i c a l e and wheat a t CIMMYT, Ciano

(Mexico), i t was reported t h a t most of the food products made

from wheat f lour could be successfully made from pure t r i t i c a l e

f lour a l s o , including fermented and non-fermented dough products.

For fermented doughs, where higher level of gluten was c r i t i c a l ,

t r i t i c a l e s lagged behind of bread wheats in bread making

q u a l i t i e s . However, for non-fermented dough products, such as

chapa t t i s and unleavened bread, t r i t i c a l e and wheat were a t

par . I t was also noted tha t t r i t i c a l e f lour might be used

successfully mixed with wheat f lour in the r a t i o upto 75%

t r i t i c a l e and 25% wheat f lour for good qual i ty bread making.

I t was opined tha t t r i t i c a l e f lour some-times ac t s in a

synergetic manner when added to wheat f lour , and the mixture

of the two f lours gives a b e t t e r product than e i t h e r used alone.

In some cases, the loaf volume of bread made with t r i t i c a l e -

wheat f lour mixture was higher than tha t of the loaf with 100%

wheat f lour (Anonymous, 1982).

Bri lhante and Baptista (1982) analysed a range of

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s in 18 t r i t i c a l e c u l t i v a r grown with wheat and

rye a t Lisbon (Por tuga l ) . They noted tha t mean and maximum

40

h e c t o - l i t r e weight was low in t r i t i c a l e although i t surpassed

the wheat and rye in crude pro te in and f lour y i e l d s . However,

in most of the baking qual i ty c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , the t r i t i c a l e s

were i n f e r i o r to the wheat, but most of them equalled the l a t t e r

in loaf volume. Of the five h ighes t -y ie ld ing c u l t i v a r s . Beagle

was low in baking qual i ty but Rahum was among the best while

the other three c u l t i v a r s were acceptable .

Chawla and Kapoor (1983) studied the baking qual i ty and

accep tab i l i t y of w h e a t - t r i t i c a l e chapa t t i s a t Hissar (Haryana,

Ind ia ) . They prepared chapa t t i s by subs t i tu t ing d i f ferent

proport ions of f lour from the wheat c u l t i v a r WH-157 with f lour

from each of the f lour t r i t i c a l e c u l t i v a r s . They noted tha t

increase in the amount of t r i t i c a l e f lour was responsible for

the decrease in mean scores for physical and sensory charac ter i s ­

t i c s . They, however, noted tha t the chapa t t i s containing upto

40% TL-183 and THS-9, upto 50% JNK6T-229 and upto 30% URT-217

f lour were acceptable .

2.6 Conclusion

I t may be concluded from the above review tha t , in view

of i t s l a t e recogniton as a commercial crop, t r i t i c a l e needs

more a t t en t ion for proper explo i ta t ion of the genet ic pool

ava i lab le a t p resen t . Recently, information regarding the

or ig in and perforniance was revitwed by Inam (1992), who has

pointed out tha t some mineral n u t r i t i o n a l aspects of t r i t i c a l e ,

41

specially in relation to phosphorus nutrition, still remain

to be investigated. Work on the efficacy of basal and foliar

nutrition of new triticale cultivars as and when they are

released should also continue.

Regarding the baking quality, it may be concluded that

the present triticales are bridging the gap with bread wheat

in flour extraction and in baking quality, except the colour

of the flour and baked material like tortilla, chapatti etc.

which requires more attention to make the crop and its products

more acceptable to the farmers and consumers.

CHAPTER 3

MATERULS AND METHODS

MATERIALS AND METHODS CHAPTER - 3

CONTENTS

Page

3

3

3

3

3 3

3

3

3

3.

3

3

3

3.

3.

3.

3<

3.

3.

3.

3.

3.

3.

3 .

3.

3 .

3 .

3.

3 .

3 .

.1

.?

.3

.4

.5

.6

.7

.7 .1

.7 .2

.8

.9

.10

.11

.11.1

.11 .1 .1

11 .1 .2

.11 .1 .3

.12

,12.1

12.2

12.3

13

13.1

13.2

13.3

M*

14.1

14.2

14.3

15

Agro-climatic condit ions of Aligarh Soil c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s Field preparat ion Experiment-I Experiment-? Experlment-3 Sampling technique Growth c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s Yield c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s Quality c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s Chemical ana lys i s Leaf n i t r a t e reductase a c t i v i t y (NRA) Estimation of leaf -N, -P and -K content Digestion of the sample Leaf ni trogen content Leaf phdsphorus content Leaf potassium content Grain prote in content Soluble p ro te ins Insoluble pro te ins Total p ro t e ins Grain carbohydrates Soluble carbohydrates Insoluble carbohydrates Total carbohydrates Milling and baking Preparation of loaf (Buns) Preparation of chapat t i Quality test S ta t i s t i ca l analysis

42 43 43 44 45 46 47 48 48 49 A9 50

51

51

52 53 53 53 5A

55

56

56

57 57

58

58

59 59 60

61

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The t h r e e f i e l d exper iments r e p o r t e d i n t h i s t h e s i s

were conducted dur ing the ' r a b i ' ( w i n t e r ) season of 1988-91

a t the Experimental Fann - cum-Botanical Garden of the Al igarh

Muslim U n i v e r s i t y , Al igarh (U.P . ) I n d i a . The aim of these

exper iments was to s tudy the e f f e c t of phosphorus app l i ed

b a s a l l y and through f o l i a g e on growth, y i e l d and q u a l i t y

pa rame te r s of improved t r i t i c a l e c u l t i v a r s De l f in , Dr i e ra ,

TL-419, Tigre ' S ' . Wheat ( c u l t i v a r HI>-2204) was taken a s

check. Crop response was a s s e s s e d a t t h r e e s t a g e s , i . e .

t i l l e r i n g , heading and milky g r a i n i n Experiment 1. Yield

and q u a l i t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s were s t u d i e d a t h a r v e s t i n a l l

t h r e e exper imen t s . In a d d i t i o n , baking q u a l i t y of t r i t i c a l e

was a l s o s t u d i e d i n comparison with wheat.

3.1 Agix)-cl imatic c o n d i t i o n s of Al igarh

Al igarh i a s i t u a t e d a t 27°53'N l a t i t u d e , 78°51'B

l o n g i t u d e and 187.45 m a l t i t u d e . I t has s emi -a r id and sub­

t r o p i c a l c l ima te with hot dry summers and cold w i n t e r s , the

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c l ima te of Western U t t a r Pradesh. The win te r

s t a r t s from October and ex tends up to March, with December

and January being t h e c o l d e s t months. The mean tempera ture

fo r December and January i s about 15»0 C and 13.0 C with an

extreme minimum record of 5.0 C and 2.0 c, r e s p e c t i v e l y .

F ros t does no t occur f r e q u e n t l y and i s not i n t e n s e . During

k3

summer, the average temperature for the h o t t e s t months, i . e .

May and June i s 34 C and 37 C, with an extreme maximum record

of 42 C and 45^C, respect ively (Fig. 1 ) . The average annual

r a i n f a l l of Aligarh d i s t r i c t i s given in Fife* 2, while the

average monthly r a i n f a l l a t Aligarh i s given in Fi^. 3 . More

than 85% of the t o t a l r a i n f a l l of the year occurs during June

to September and about ^0% occurs in winter .

3«2 Soil c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

Soil samples from the experimental f i e ld were collected

randomly before the sowing of each experiment from a depth of

about 15 cm. Composite so i l samples were prepared by mixing

them. These samples were then analysed for t e s t i ng the physico-

chemical c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s in the Soil Chemistry Laboratory of

the Department of Civil Engineering, Aligarh Muslim University,

Aligarh (U.P.) , India . The relevant data for each experiment

are given in Table 1 •

3.3 Field preparat ion

Before each experiment, so i l was thoroughly ploughed

up to a depth of 15-25 cm to ensure maximum so i l aera t ion and

complete removal of weeds. Standard agro-techniques,

recommended for the cu l t iva t ion of ce rea l s , were employed for

preparing a well l eve l led and weed-free f i e ld with the

required number of experimental p l o t s . A l i g h t i r r i g a t i o n

was given before sowing to ensure proper moisture content in

ALIGARH TEMPERATURE VARIATION BY MONTHS

•IOC L-J ' ' • I L—J I I I I L J F M A M J J A S O N D

Observations from 1 9 0 0 to I 9 6 0

FIG.l

•'•••'•'I Ex t reme maxiurn record

Mean daily maximum

Mean monthly

Mean daily minimum

Extreme minimum record

— — Year ly mean maximum

— — Y e a r l y m e a n tempera tu re

• * • • Yearly mean minimum

E E

200r-

150 -

100 -

<

J F M A M J J A S O N D

MONTHS

DATA BASED ON RECORD FROM 1901

F IG.3 . AVERAGE MONTHLY RAINFALL AT ALIGARH

K\ 1

r-

EQ •P c 0) s •H u

K\

+^-^ C T-a»c7\ a 1 • H O

(DON Q,t-

«

o w o CO «H l4 3 to

VI

o n o

a>

g (0

o

o •H

§ o I o o CO >>

^ ^

B t •H a\

0,r-

a

COv OJOO S I

S'

n o •H

(0

o

£ CO

>. TJ C «

O o * CM in

8 • \C\

K>.

O o • CVJ r-

o in •

CD

m to, •

o

O

i o o ifN

s CD O

> , 8 o ^ ^ 5 o o o C r - v £ ) < N J O O O m v O Q B| i n K T- (y» t?S rn

a CO o

r-i

>> T3 C (

•4-in • o in

o •

in fn

8 •

m T -

s •

t«-

n •

o 8 ?. o o

• o in

3

3

3

2 5 X

^

^-> •alt v^ •o c <^

.--N

^ •>.^

*» H •H ' 2

* - s • ^

v,-»

>> CO

O a: a

r^

8 o a a <« •

o •

CO J3 ^ v bC X •^^

•K

« f H 13 (0

iH

13 > <<

CO Si ^^ bO X •^^

a* a> <~i JO CD H •H (0 >

CD J3 ^>* (4 ^ >«

t>d

0) iH A (0

•ri CO

^

a> +i (0 c o XI (H

s i •d H

5

4A

the sub-surface of the s o i l . Pr ior to sowin;:^, properly

decomposed organic manures was minted in each p l o t .

The d e t a i l s of each experiment i s given in the following

paragraphs:

3.4 Experiment 1

The f i r s t f i e ld t r i a l was conducted in the ' r a b i ' season

of 1988-89. Tlie aim of t h i s exploratory f a c t o r i a l randomised

experiment was to compare the response of four c u l t i v a r s of

t r i t i c a l e and a loca l ly popular wheat check to two doses of

basal phosphorus, on the bas is of growth parameters, leaf NRA,

leaf-N,-P and -K contents , y ie ld c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and grain

qua l i t y . The r^ tes of applied phosphojrus were 45 and 60 kg PpO^/

ha. A uniform dose of 30 kg K/ha was applied a t sowing.

Nitrogen was given in two s p l i t s . At the time of sowing,

100 kg N/ha was applied unlfonnly. However, a t t i l l e r i n g , an

addi t iona l 50 kg N/ha was added in half of the experimental

p l o t s . Therefore, the p l o t s received e i t h e r N-^QQP^CK,Q or

^100^60^30 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^""^ °^ t i l l e r i n g and N^OOPA5^30' NIOO'P6OK30'

'^l00+50^45^30 °^ ^100+50^60^30 "thereafter. Nitrogen, phosphorus

and potassium were applied in the form of commercial grade urea,

calcium super-phosphate and muriate of potash, respec t ive ly .

The summary of the treatment i s given in Table 2. Thus, there

were four treatments and five c u l t i v a r s (one of wheat HD-2204

and four of t r i t i c a l e - Delfin, Driera, TL-419, T ig re ' ^ ) with

a

0)

\r\ o-CM 04

z

ir\ o

c>« cu

o

o u\ •¥

o o

in - *

o »r» + 8

o

O in + o o

m -;r

o m •f o o

o

O in + o o

m ^

o in •f

8

O

o m + 8

m ^

o m • f

8

S o in •f

o o

m ^

o in •••

8

(0 x:

n c «

CD 0)

in o . C V J cu

in o CM

04

m 04

CO

c •H

c8 in o CM

a,

m u (0

>

3

s o o

m -a-o o

v5 vT) vO v6

O Q O O 0 0 0 0

in m in m ^ <j- ^ ^

8 8 8 8

< ^ IMO VD VO Q ?

8 8 8 8 8

in in m m m ^ <r -^ <r ^

o o o o g 0 0 0 0 0

•J CD 0)

§

c •H «H f H

Q

CO

2 o\ -• H I M

fe 1 S

c •H

o (Q

«H O

0) a

5 •H c

01

(0

(fl CO

> (0 ja

45

three r e p l i c a t i o n s . The si2e of the p l o t was 5 sq m (2m x 2.5m).

Before sowing, the seeds were tes ted for t h e i r v i a b i l i t y and

s u r f a c e - s t e r i l i s e d with absolute a lcohol . The seed ra te was

100 kg/ha. The rows were kept a t a dis tance of 20 cm from

one another. The date of sowing was 10th November, 1988. The

method of sowing was " behind the plough" . The f i e ld received

three i r r i g a t i o n s upto crop maturation. Weeding was done when

required. The cjrop was harvested on 18th Apri l , 1989.

3.5 Experiment 2

This f i e ld t r i a l was conducted on the basis of the

findings of Experiment 1, during the ' r a b i ' season of 1989-90.

The Physico-chemical ana lys i s of the so i l i s ^iven in Table 1.

The design of the experiment was f a c t o r i a l randomised.

The aim of t h i s experiment was to determine the most su i tab le

s tage(s ) of growth for the purpose of spray of phosphorus to

optimise the y ie ld and qual i ty of Delfin, tha t performed best

in the e a r l i e r experiment among the t r i t i c a l e c u l t i v a r s . For

comparison, wheat c u l t i v a r HD-2204 was re ta ined as check.

The p lan t s were sprayed a t t i l l e r i n g (T), heading (H),

milky grain (M), t i l l e r i n g and heading (TH), t i l l e r i n g and

milky grain (TM), heading and milky grain (HM) and t i l l e r i n g ,

heading and milky grain (THM). The control was sprayed with

de-ionised water. Thus, there were e ight treatments (Table 3 ) .

Each treatment was rep l i ca ted three t imes. The t o t a l quantity

Tabl0 3 . Suaunary of tr««tnients (Sxperiotnt 2)

Treatments

Control

T i l l e r i n g

Heading

Milky g r a i n

Til ler ing-fHeading

(C)

(T)

(H)

(M)

(TH)

Remarks

Spray of d e - i o n i s e d water

Spray of 4 kg P/ha a t t i l l e r i n g s t a g e .

^ r a y of 4 kg P/ha a t heading s t a g e

Spray of 4 kg P/ha a t milky g r a i n s t age

^ r a y of 4 kg P/ha i n 2

Tillering+Miiky grain (IM)

Heading•MiIky grain (HM)

Tillerlngi-HeBding* (THM) Milky grain

equal s p l i t s a t t i l l e r i n g and heading stages

^ r a y of 4 kg P/ha in 2 equal s p l i t s a t t i l l e r i n g and milky grain stage

Spray of 4 kg P/ha in 2 equal s p l i t s a t heading and milky grain stages

^ r a y of 4 kg P/ha in 3 equal s p l i t s a t t i l l e r i n g heading and milky grain stages

N.B. A uniform basal dose of 100 kg N, 45 kg P Og and 30 kg K/ha was applied to t r i t i c a l e cv. Delfin a t the time of sowing and 50 kg N/ha as top-dressing a t t i l l e r i n g . Wheat cv. HD-2204 was taken as check.

46

of phosphorus applied in the form of monocalcium superphosphate

sprayed as a 0.29i solut ion in a l l treatment was k kg P/ha

(Table 3 ) . This source of phosphorus was selected in view of

i t s inexpensive nature and ready a v a i l a b i l i t y to the fanners.

The f i e ld was supplied with a uniform basal dose of

nitrogen (100 kg N/ha), phosphorus (45 kg P^Oj/^a) fjid potassium

(30 kg K/ha), with another 50 kg N/ha added as top-dressing

a t t i l l e r i n g . NPK were applied in the form of urea, monocalcium

superphosphate and muriate of potash respec t ive ly . The size

of each p l o t was 5 sq m (2m x 2.5m). The date of sowing was

10th November, 1989* The space between the rows was 20 cm. The

seeds were sown by the method of " behind the plough" and seed

ra te was maintained a t 100 kg/ha. The f i e ld received three

i r r i g a t i o n s between sowing and harves t ing . Weeding was done

as and when required. The crop was harvested on I6th Apri l ,

1990.

3.6 Experiment 3

Iliis l a s t f i e ld t r ia l was conducted in the ' r a b i ' season

of 1990-91. The physico-chemical ana lys i s of the surface so i l

of the f i e ld i s given in Table 1.

The aim of t h i s simple randomised experiment was to

confirm the r e s u l t s of Experiment 2 on t r i t i c a l e cu l t i va r

Delfin. In addi t ion observing the response regarding yie ld

and yield a t t r i b u t e s of t h i s c u l t i v a r to f o l i a r appl ica t ion of

A7

monocalcium superphosphate, two other sources of phosphorus,

namely sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate and diammonium phosphate,

were included in the spray treatments for comparison. The

f o l i a r sprays were applied a t heading and milky grain s tages,

which proved idea l in Experiment 2, a t the ra te of 4 kg P/ha

in the form of 0,2% aqueous solut ion applied in two equal

s p l i t s . The control was sprayed with de-ionised water (Table 4 ) ,

The wheat check was discarded in t h i s experiment as i t had

repeatedly proved i n f e r i o r in performance to Delfin.

The crop was grown with a uniform basal dose of 100 kg N,

45 kg PjO^ and 30 kg K/ha, with another 50 kg N/ha applied as

top-dressing a t t i l l e r i n g , as in Experiment 2. The p lo t s ize

was Increased to 10 sq m (4m x 2.5m). The seeds were sown by

dibbling, put t ing one seed a t a fixed distance from the other ,

and, therefore , the seed ra te was reduced to 40 kg/ha. Before

sowing, the seeds were t es ted for t h e i r v i a b i l i t y and surface-

s t e r i l i s e d with absolute a lcohol . The space between the rows

was kept the same (20 cm) as in the previous experiments. Sowing

was done on 10th November, 1990. The f i e ld was i r r i g a t e d tnree

times and weeded twice. The crop was hairvested on I5th April ,

1991. After harves t ing , y ie ld c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s were noted and

grain qual i ty was analysed.

3«7 Sampling technique

Three p lan t s from each r e p l i c a t e were taken randomly

a t t i l l e r i n g , heading and milky grain stages of crop growth

Table k, Suffjoary of t reatments (Experiment 3)

Treatments Remarks

Control

Monocalcium superphosphate

Spray of de-ionised water

^ r a y of 4 kg P/ha applied in 2 equal s p l i t s a t heading and milky grain s tages

Sodiumdihydrt>gen ortho-phosphate

-do-

Diammonium phosphate -do -

N.B. A uniform basal dose of 100 kg N, A5 kg P-Og and 30 kg K/ha followed by 50 kg N/ha added as top-dressing a t t i l l e r i n g . T r i t i c a l e cv, Delfin was grown as the t e s t crop.

48

for the study of growth c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , leaf IfRA and leaf NPK

contents in Experiment 1. Yield c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and grain

qua l i ty were noted a f t e r harvest in a l l the three experiments.

3.7.1 Growth c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

To detennine the ef fec t of the treatments on growth

of the p lan t , the following parameters were se lec ted;

( i ) Shoot l eng th /p lan t

( l i ) T i l l e r number/plant

( i i i ) Leaf number/plant

( iv) Fresh weight/plant

(v) Dry weight/plant

Growth ana lys i s i s a useful tool in studying the complex

in t e r ac t ion between p lan t growth and the enviironment. The

exercise i s simple as the measurements do not require elaborate

techniques. Whereas the fresh and dry weight would account

for t o t a l product iv i ty in terms of increase in weight, volume

and dry matter accumulation, leaf number would be a measure

of d i f f e r en t i a t i on and t i l l e r number of meris t imat ic a c t i v i t y .

Each of these parameters would thus throw " l i g h t on some

fundamental physiological p rocess" (Gregory, 1937).

3 .7.2 Yield c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

The following yield parameters were noted in all the

three experiments at the time of harvest to assess the final

yield response of the crop to the treatments:

49

(1) Bar number/plant

( l i ) Ear \»eight/plant

( l i i ) Length/ear

(iv) Spikelet number/ear

(v) Grain number/ear

(vi) 1,000 grain weight

(vi i ) Grain yield/ha

(v i i i ) Straw yield/ha.

3.8 Quality characterlst ica

The following grain quality parameters were estimated

interms of percentage:

(1) Soluble protein

( i i ) Insoluble protein

( i i i ) Total protein

(iv) Soluble carbohydrate

(v) Insoluble carbohydrate

(vi) Total carbohydrate.

3.9 Chemical analysis

For the estimation of leaf nitrogen, phosphorus and

potassium contents, leaf samples were collected randomly at

each growth stage and their oven dried powder analysed accord­

ing to standard methods, while leaf NRA was estimated in fresh

leaves.

50

3.10 Leaf-Qltrate reductase ac t iv i ty (NRA)

I t was determined according to the method of Jaworski

(1971). For the est imation of NRA, fresh leaf material of

each of three randomly selected p lan t s was taken a t t i l l e r i n g ,

heading and milky grain s tages .

Fresh leaves were cut in to small p ieces . 500 mg of leaf

pieces was weighed fi*om each sample and t ransferred to 10 ml

polythene v i a l s . 2.5 ml of phosphatic buffer (pH 7.5) and

0.5 ml of 0.2M potassium n i t r a t e solut ion was added followed

by the addi t ion of 2.5 ml 5% isopropanol . Two drops of

chloramphenicol were added to avoid bac t e r i a l growth in the

t e s t medium. For the manifestat ion of enzyme a c t i v i t y , these

v i a l s were incubated for 2 hours in the dark a t 30 C.

After incubat ion, 0.4 ml of t e s t ex t r ac t was taken in

a t e s t tube and 0.3 ml of ^% sulphanilamide solut ion, followed

by 0,02% of N-1-napthyl-ethylene diamine hydrochloride (NED HCl),

solut ion was added. The t e s t se t was l e f t for 20 minutes for

maximum colour development. The contents were d i lu ted to a

volume of 5 ml with d i s t i l l e d water. The op t i ca l density of

t h i s solut ion was read a t 540 nm by using Baush and Lomb

" Spectronic 20" colorimeter . A blank was run simultaneously.

The op t i ca l density of each sample was compared with standard

curve, p lo t t ed by taking various known d i lu t ions of potassium

n i t r a t e . NRA was calculated in M mole NOo/h/g (fresh leaf

t i s s u e ) .

51

3.11 Estimation of leaf-Nf~P and -K content

The N, P and K contents of the leaf were estimated by

the following method:

3.11.1 Digestion of the sample

Each leaf sample was dried in an oven a t 80°C for about

2h h. The dried sample was powdered and passed through a 72

mesh s ieve. The powder was sprayed over a clean sheet of paper

and l e f t overnight in an oven a t 80 C and cooled in a descicator

for 15 mln before d iges t ion .

The digest ion of the powdered leaf was done according

to the method of Lindner (194A). For t h i s purposet 100 ag

of the dried powder was careful ly t ransfer red to a 100 ml

KJeldhal f lask and 2 ml of chemically pure concentrated sulphuric

acid was added. The contents of each flask were heated for

? h on a KJeldhal assembly to complete reduction of n i t r a t e s

present in the plant ma te r i a l . The f lasks were cooled when

the p lan t mater ial turned to brownish-black, followed by

dropwise addi t ion of 0,5 ml of chemically pure 30% hydrogen

peroxide. The solut ion was heated again for about 0.5 hour

t i l l i t s colour changed from brownish-black to l i g h t yellow.

The f lasks were then cooled and an addi t iona l amount of 3-^

drops of 30% hydrogen peroxide was added, followed by gentle

heating for another 15 minutes to get the ex t rac t c lear and

co lour less . Precaution was taken while adding the hydrogen

52

peroxide as excess of i t might oxidise ammonia in the absence

of organic mat ter .

The digested peroxide mater ia l was t ransferred to 100 ml

volumetric f lasks and the volume was made upto the mark with

2-3 washings using double d i s t i l l e d water. The required amount

of a l iquo t (digested peroxide mate r ia l ) was used to estimate

i t s n i t rogen, phosphorus and potassium percentage.

3.11.1.1 Leaf-nitrogen content

The method of Lindner (19^4) was followed, wherein

10 ml a l iquo t of the d i lu ted peroxide-digested mater ia l was

taken in a 50 ml volumetric f lask and the excess of the acid

was neu t ra l i sed by 2 ml of 2.5 N sodium hydroxide solut ion.

1 ml of 10% sodium s i l i c a t e solut ion was added to prevent

t u rb id i ty and the volume was made upto the mark with double

d i s t i l l e d water. 5 ml of t h i s solut ion was taken in a 10 ml

graduated t e s t tube and 0.5 ml of Ness le r ' s reagent was added

dropwise, mixing i t thoroughly a f t e r each drop. D i s t i l l e d

water was used to make the f ina l volume upto 10 ml and the

tube was allowed to stand for about 5 minutes for proper

colour development. The solut ion was t ransferred to a co lo r i -

metric tube and the transmittance was noted a t 525 nm on a

Baush and Lomb " Spectronic-20" colorimeter . A blank was run

with each se t . A ca l ib ra t ion curve was obtained by using known

d i lu t ions of a standard ammonium sulphate so lu t ion .

53

3*11.1.2 Leaf-phospborus content

I t was estimated by the method of Fiske and SubbaRow

(1925). A 5 ml a l i quo t was taken in a 10 ml graduated t e s t

tube. To i t , 1 ml of 2.5% molybdic acid was added carefully

and then 0.4 ml of 1-amino-2-nepthal-4-sulphonic acid was

added, "Hie solut ion turned blue. The volume was made upto

10 ml with the addi t ion of d i s t i l l e d water. The solut ion was

s t i r r e d throughly and allowed to stand for about 5 minutes

for proper colour development. The solut ion was t ransferred

to a color imetr ic tube and the t ransmit tance was noted a t 620

nm on a Baush and Lomb " Spectronic-20" colorimeter . A blank

was run with each s e t . A standard curve was drawn by using

known concentrat ions of monobasic potassium phosphate solution,

3.11-1.3 Leaf-potassium content

The potassium content of the leaf was estimated using

a flame photometer. 1 ml a l iquo t was appropr ia te ly d i lu ted

with d i s t i l l e d water. A blank was run side by side which

contained only d i s t i l l e d water. Reading was taken using the

f i l t e r for potassium a t 740 nm and compared with a standard

curve which was p lo t t ed by using known graded concentrat ions

of potassium sulphate so lu t ion .

3.12 Grain prote in content

Protein in the grain powder was estimated by the method

of Lowry et £ l . (1951). 50 mg of dry grain powder was weighed

54

and tr^insferred to a mortar and ground by a pas t l e with 5 ml

of d i s t i l l e d water. The ground mater ia l was col lected in a

centr i fuge tube. Ilie tube was centrifuged a t 4,000 rpm. The

supernatant was col lec ted in a 25 ml volumetric flask using

two or three washings with d i s t i l l e d water. The volume was

made upto the mark with d i s t i l l e d water and kept for the

est imation of soluble p ro t e in . The residue was used for the

est imation of insoluble p ro te in .

The following reagents were prepared for the estimation;

Reagent A - 2% sodium carbonate in 0.1 N sodium hydroxide in

1:1 r a t i o .

Reagent B - 0.5% copper sulphate in ")% sodium t a r t a r a t e in 1:1

r a t i o .

Reagent C - Alkaline copper sulphate solut ion obtained by

mixing 50 ml of Reagent A with 1 ml of Reagent B.

Reagent D - Carbonate copper sulphate solut ion obtained by

mixing 50 ml of 2% sodium carbonate with 1 ml of

Reagent B.

Reagent E - Diluted fo l in reagent, obtained by d i lu t ing the

fol in reagent to make i t 1 N in ac id .

3.12.1 Soluble pro te ins

1 ml of water ex t r ac t was taken in a 10 ml t e s t tube

and 5 ml of Reagent C was added to the e x t r a c t . The solution

55

was mixed well and allowed to stand for 10 minutes a t room

temperature. 0.5 ml of Reagent E was added rapidly with

immediate mixing. The solution was l e f t for 30 minutes. A

blue coloured solution was obtained and transferred to a

oolorimetric tube and the optical density read at 660 nm on

a Baush and Lomb ** S^ectronic 20" colorimeter. A blank was

run with each sample. Optical density of each sample was

compared with standard curve, drawn using known di lut ions of

egg albumen.

3»12«2 Insoluble proteins

The residue l e f t af ter extraction of soluble protein

was taken and 5 ml of 3% tr ichloroacet ic acid was added to i t .

The solution was shaken thoroughly and allowed to stand at

room temperature. After 30 minutes, the solution was trans­

ferred to a centrifuge tube and i t was centrifuged for 10

minutes at 4,000 rpm. The supernatant was discarded. To the

residue, 5 ml of 1N sodium hydroxide was added and mixed well

and l e f t for 30 minutes. The solution was centrifuged and

the supernatant was col lected in a 25 ml volumetric f lask. The

residue was washed two to three times with IN sodium hydroxide

solution and washings, were col lected in the f lask. The

volume was made up to the mark with IN sodium hydroxide solution^

1 ml of t h i s sodium hydroxide extract was taken in a

10 ml t e s t tube and 5 ml of Reagent D wajs added. The solution

56

was mixed thoroughly and allowed to stand for 10 minutes a t

room temperature. 0*5 ml Reagent E was added rapidly with

immediate mixing. After about 30 minutes, the solut ion turned

blue . The op t ica l density of t h i s solut ion was read a t 660 nm

on a Baush and Lorab " Spectronic 20" colorimeter . A blanX

was run with each sample. The op t i ca l density of t h i s solution

was compared with standard curve, used for soluble p ro te in .

3.12.3 Total proteins

The t o t a l p ro te in content of the grain was obtained

by adding the values for the soluble and insoluble prote in

content .

3.13 Grain cai'bohydi*ate content

Soluble and insoluble carbohydrates were extracted

according to the method of Yih and Clark (1965) and estimated

by the method of Dubois et al» (1956). 50 mg of dried grain

powder was taken in a centrifuge tube. To i t , 5 ml of 80%

alcohol was added and heated on a water bath for 10 minutes.

The tube was cooled and then centrifuged a t 4,000 rpm for

10 minutes. The supernatant was col lec ted in a 25 ml volumetric

f lask ,us ing two to three washings with 5 ml of 80% alcohol .

I^e volume was made upto the mark. The residue was kept for

the estimation of insoluble carbohydrates.

57

3.13.1 Soluble carbohydrates

1 ml of the alcoholic extract was taken in a 10 ml

test tube and dried on a water bath. When the alcohol was

completely evaporated, the test tube was taken out from the

water bath. After cooling, 2 ml of distilled water was added

to the test tube. 1 ml of 5% phenol and 5 ml cone, sulphuric

acid was added and mixed, A light orange colour developed.

After cooling for 30 minutes, it was transferred to a coloro-

metric tube and the optical density of the solution was read

at 490 nm on a Baush and Lomb " Spectronic 20" colorimeter.

A blank was run with each sample. The soluble carbohydrates

of each sample were obtained by comparing its optical density

with a calibration curve plotted by taking known dilutions of

a standard solution of chemically pure glucose.

3.13.2 Insoluble carbohydrates

The res idues , a f t e r ex t rac t ion of soluble carbohydrates,

was used for tne estimation of insoluble carbohydrates. 5 ml

of 1.5 N sulphuric acid was added to t h i s residue and heated

on a water bath for about 2 hours. The tube was then taken

out of the water bath and cooled. After cooling, i t was

t ransfer red to a centr ifuge tube and centrifuged a t 4,000 rpm

for 10 minutes. The ex t rac t was col lec ted in a 25 ml volumetric

f lask . The residue was washed two to three times with d i s t i l l e d

water and the washings t ransfer red to volumetric f lask and the

volume was made upto the mark with d i s t i l l e d water. 1 ml of

58

t h e s o l u t i o n was taken from the v o l u m e t r i c f l a s k . To i t , 1 ml

of 5% phenol was added, fol lowed by 5 ml of cone, s u l p h u r i c

a c i d . A l i g h t orange co lour developed. The tube was cooled

f o r 30 minutes and then i t was t r a n s f e r r e d to a c o l o r i m e t r i c

tube and the o p t i c a l d e n s i t y of the s o l u t i o n was read a t 490

nm on a Baush and Lomb " Spec t ron ic 20" c o l o r i m e t e r . A blank

was run with each sample. The i n s o l u b l e ca rbohydra te con ten t

was c a l c u l a t e d by comparing i t s o p t i c a l dens i t y with a c a l i b r a ­

t i o n curve , used f o r so luble carbohydrate.

3 . 1 3 . 3 Tota l carbohydrates

The v a l u e s of so lub l e and i n s o l u b l e ca rbohydra tes were

added to ge t the t o t a l ca rbohydra te c o n t e n t of the g r a i n .

3.14 M i l l i n g and baking

The g r a i n s of t r i t i c a l e and wheat were gr inded once in

t h e commercial m i l l s and the f i n a l p e r cen t age of f l o u r of the

two crops was recorded a s i n d i c a t e d below :

Crop I n i t i a l wt. F ina l wt. Bran (%) Flour(%)

(kg) (kg)

T r i t i c a l e 10.00 8.00 20.00 80.00 (De l f in )

Wheat 10.00 8.50 15.00 85.00 (HD-220A)

For the assessment of some of the baking p r o p e r t i e s

the fol lowing procedure was adopted^

59

3.1A.1 Preparation of loaf ("Buns")

Loaves were made by using the method of " Remix"

baking test (Irvine and McMullan, I960) with some modifica­

tions. There were three samples of flour, triticale flour

(10096), wheat flour (10096) and a (1;1) blend of triticale

and wheat flour.

1 kg flour of each sample was taken and passed through

a 100 mesh sieve (Lorenz et al., 1972). Of this, 0.5 kg of

fine flour ^"Maida") was taken. 1.25 g of yeast was then

added and mixed properly with water and kept for 165 minutes

at 30°C (Irvine and Mc Mullan, I960) for fermentation. To

the fermented dough, 150 g sugar was added and the mixture was

Deat for about 10 minutes. After that, small round balls

were made, each containing 100 g of flour, and baked in an

oven at a temperature of 220 C for about 25 minutes (Irvine

and Mc Mullan, I960).

3.1A.2 Preparation of chapatti

The flour of wheat, triticale and 1 :1 blend was taken

separately. Water was added and mixed properly by hands and

dough was prepared. After that round balls, each containing

50 g flour, were made which were spread in round shape about

20 cm in diameter with the help of plane wooden base and a

wooden rolling pin and then baked on a slightly concave iron

plate kept over the direct flame of a gas burner.

60

3.14.3 Quality test

The softness and flavour of the loaf and chapatti were

evaluated by two different panels. The panel for evaluating

the loef consisted of 10 untrained university students and the

panel for evaluating the chapatti consisted a group of another

10 students. The samples were coded as A, B and C for each

sample distinctly marked for proper identification. The panel

members were asked to determine the softness of the loaf and

chapattis. They were also asked to taste them to decide

flavour with the help of the folowing key prepared for this

purpose. Three replications of each test were arranged on

different days.

Key for panel evaluation of softness and flavour of loaf and

chapatti -

Softness Flavour

Mushy 1 Cksod 1

Soft 2 Ukable 2

Slightly soft 3 Slightly likable 3

Slightly tough 4 Slightly distasteful.... 4

Tough 5 Di sta steful 5

61

3.15 S t a t i s t i c a l ana lys i s

All the experimental data were analysed by adopting

r igorous " F " ' t e s t s in which the e r ro r due to r ep l i c a t e s

was also determined, according to Panse and Sukhatme (1985)»

When " F ' ' value was found to be s ign i f i can t a t the 5% level

of prx>bability, c r i t i c a l difference (CD. ) was calcula ted.

The models of the ana lys i s of variance (ANOVA) are given in

Table 5.

Table 5. Models of the analysis of variance (ANOVA)

Experiment 1 (Factorial randomised block d e s i g n )

Source of v a r i a U o n D.F. S*S, M.S.S. ' F ' .

R e p l i c a t i o n 2

Treatments (T) 3

CXjltivars (Cv) 4

T X Cv 12

Er ro r 38

To ta l 59

Experiment 2 ( F a c t o r i a l randomised block

d e s i g n )

Source of v a r i a t i o n D.F. S*S* M.S.S. ' F '

R e p l i c a t i o n 2 Treatment (T) 7

C u l t i v a r s (Cv) 1

T X Cv 7

E r r o r 30 Tota l 47

Experiment 3 (Simple randomised block des ign )

Source of v a r i a t i o n D.F. S»S* M.S.S. ' F '

R e p l i c a t i o n 2

Treatment 3

E r r o r 6

Tota l 11

CHAPTER 4

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS CHAPTER - 4

CONTENTS

Page

4 .1 Bxperlment-1

4.1.1 Growth characteristics 4.1.1.1 Shoot length per plant

4.1.1.2 Tiller number per plant

4.1.1.3 Leaf number per plant

4.1.1.4 Fresh weight per plant 4.1.1.5 Dry weight per plant 4.1.2 Leaf analysis 4.1 .2 .1 Leaf n i t r a t e reductase a c t i v i t y 4 . 1 . 2 . ? Leaf ni trogen content 4 .1 .2 .3 Leaf phosphorus content 4 .1 .2 .4 Leaf potassium content 4 .1 .3 Yield c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s 4 .1 .3 .1 Ear number per p lan t 4 .1 .3 .2 Ear vreight per p lan t 4 . 1 .3 .3 Length per ear 4 .1 .3 .4 Spikelet number per ear 4 .1 .3 .5 Grain number per ear 4 .1 .3 .6 1,000 grain weight 4 .1 .3 .7 Grain y ie ld 4 .1 .3 .8 Straw y ie ld 4 .1 .4 Grain ana lys i s 4 .1 .4 .1 Soluble pro te in content 4 .1 .4 .2 Insoluble prote in content 4 .1 .4 .3 Total pro te in content 4 .1 .4 . ^ Soluble carbohydrate content 4 .1 .4 .5 Insoluble carbohydrate content 4 .1 .^ .6 Total carbohydrate content 4.2 Bxperiment-2 4.2.1 Yield c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s 4 .2 .1 .1 Ear number per p lan t 4 .2 .1 .2 Ear weight per p lan t

62 62 63 64

65 66 67 68 68

69

70

71

72

72

73 73 74

75 76 76

77

78

78

78

79

80 80 81

82

82

82

83

Page

4 . 2 . 1 . 3 Length p e r e a r . . . 84

4 . 2 . 1 . 4 p i k e l e t number p e r e a r . . . 84

4 . 2 . 1 . 5 Grain number p e r e a r . . . 85

4 . 2 . 1 . 6 1,000 g r a i n weight . . . 85

4 . 2 . 1 . 7 Grain y i e l d . . . 86

4 . 2 . 1 . 8 Straw y i e l d . . . 86

4 . 2 . 3 Grain a n a l y s i s . . . 87

4 . 2 . 3 . 1 Soluble p r o t e i n con ten t . . . 87

4 . 2 . 3 . 2 I n s o l u b l e p r o t e i n con ten t . . . 88

4 . 2 . 3 . 3 To ta l p r o t e i n con ten t . . . 89

4 . 2 . 3 . 4 Soluble ca rbohydra te c o n t e n t . . . 89

4 . 2 . 3 . 5 I n s o l u b l e ca rbohydra te c o n t e n t . . . 90

4 . 2 . 3 . 6 To ta l ca rbohydra te con ten t . . . 91

4 . 3 Experiment-3 . . . 92 4 . 3 . 1 Yield c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . . . 92

4 . 3 . 1 . 1 Ear number p e r p l a n t . . . 92 4 . 3 . 1 . 2 Ear weight pe r p l a n t . . . 92

4 . 3 . 1 . 3 Length p e r e a r . . . 93 4 . 3 . 1 . 4 S p i k e l e t number p e r e a r . . . 93 4 . 3 . 1 . 5 Grain number p e r e a r . . . 93 4 . 3 . 1 . 6 1,000 g r a i n weight . . . 94 4 . 3 . 1 . 7 Grain y i e l d . . . 9A 4 . 3 . 1 . 8 Straw y i e l d . . . 94

4 . 3 . 2 Grain a n a l y s i s . . . 95

4 . 3 . 2 . 1 Soluble p r o t e i n con ten t . . . 95

4 . 3 . 2 . 2 I n s o l u b l e p r o t e i n con ten t . . . 95

4 . 3 . 2 . 3 Tota l p r o t e i n c o n t e n t . . . 95

4 . 3 . 2 . 4 Soloble ca rbohydra te c o n t e n t . . . 96

4 . 3 . 2 . 5 I n s o l u b l e ca rbohydra te c o n t e n t . . . 96

4 . 3 . 2 . 6 Tota l ca rbohydra te con ten t . . . 96

4 . 3 . 3 M i l l i n g and baking q u a l i t y . . . 97

4 . 3 . 3 . 1 Visual o b s e r v a t i o n of l o a f . . . 97

4 . 3 . 3 . 2 Sensory e v a l u a t i o n of l o a f . . . 97

4 . 3 . 3 . 3 Visual o b s e r v a t i o n of c h a p a t t i . . . 98

4 . 3 . 3 . 4 Sensory e v a l u a t i o n of c h a p a t t i . . . 98

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

4 .1 ^PERIMENT 1

The aim of t h i s f a c t o r i a l randomised f i e l d experiment

was to t e s t the comparat ive performance of four c u l t i v a r s of

t r i t i c a l e , namely De l f in , Dr i e r a , TL-A19 and T i g r e ' S ' v i s - a ­

v i s wheat check HD-2204 under two l e v e l s of ba sa l phosphorus,

v i z . 45 and 60 kgf^O/ha and a uniform dose of potass ium (30 kg

K/ha) . Whereas 100 kg N/ha was supp l i ed in a l l 20 t r e a t m e n t s

a t the time of sowing, an a d d i t i o n a l 50 kg N/ha was t o p -

d ressed i n ha l f of them a t t i l l e r i n g . The response of the

v a r i o u s c u l t i v a r s to two t r e a t m e n t s i^^QQ^Le^^n ® * ^100^60^^0^

only was, t h e r e f o r e , recorded a t t i l l e r i n g s t a g e . However,

a t heading and milky g r a i n s t a g e s of growth, t n e r e were four

t r e a t m e n t s , namely, N^o0^45So ' ^ 1 0 0 ^ 6 0 ^ 0 ' ^100+50^45^0

^"^ ^100*50^60^0-

The da ta r ega rd ing growth and y i e l d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

a s wel l a s l «a f -N, - P and -K c o n t e n t s and g r a i n q u a l i t y

(Table 6 - 2 8 ) , a s a f f e c t e d by the t r e a t m e n t s , c u l t i v a r s and

t h e i r i n t e r a c t i o n s a t t i l l e r i n g , heading and milky g r a i n

s t a g e s of growth a r e b r i e f l y de sc r ibed below;

4 , 1 . 1 Growth c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

Shoot l e n g t h , t i l l e r number, l e a f number, f resh weight

and dry weight pe r p l a n t were noted a t t i l l e r i n g , heading and

63

milky girain stages of growth. The r e s u l t s are described

parameter-wise in the following pages:

4 .1 .1 ,1 Shoot length per p lan t

Table 6 c l ea r ly reveals t h a t appl ica t ion of the higher

dose of phosphorus (60 kgP^^/^a) produced s ign i f i can t ly t a l l e r

p l an t s than the lower dose (45 kg p Og/ha a t a l l the three

stages of growth of the c u l t i v a r s . Thus, treatment N-ioO^SO^ O

increased shoot length by 1.7896, 7.15% and 11.12% over

N^QQPACK^Q a t t i l l e r i n g , heading and milky grain stage

respec t ive ly . Similar ly, treatment N^oO+50^60^30 ^^^® 2.13%

and 11.42% t a l l e r p l an t s compared with N^oO+50^45^30 ^^

heading and milky grain stages respec t ive ly . I t was also

noted tha t p lan t height increased f a s t e r between t i l l e r i n g

and heading than between heading and milky grain s tage .

In general , shoot length per p l an t increased in a l l

c u l t i v a r s of t r i t i c a l e as growth progressed, whereas wheat

reached i t s maximum height a t heading ataga* Among the ^our

c u l t i v a r s of t r i t i c a l e , Delfin responded best , giving 21.69%»

17.28% and 35.50% more p lan t height a t t i l l e r i n g , heading

and milky gr^in stage respect ive ly than Tigre ' S ' , the l e a s t

responsive c u l t i v a r in t h i s regard, except a t t i l l e r i n g

s tage. On the other hand, Delfin was noted to be 17.93%,

23.91% and 50.95% t a l l e r than wheat a t t i l l e r i n g , heading and

milky grain stage respec t ive ly .

t>0

a 0)

H

O o x: 0)

C o c « « 0)

88 •P-H fl Q,

V H U CD (0 (U (0 0)

X) l4

x: V-l +->

o to o O CO

JC O +^ <D •H x: > o -o V 0 ) CO

r-i s: o. ? a CO ( 0

«-o 3 C t-< (0 o x: a> Q . H 03 CD O O x: 'H

•H r-i U « CO <H

JQ O

o u CO

m > a» -H Oi-(

o » ;<

•P 3 . O

o VH

•P O

o <H O

XI

CO

CO

a

c •H

s 150

>% ^ H

S

^^ CO £ ^v^

lA O

CM a. + z

^ N , ^

03 •P C (V

^ to <1) ^ H

(30

c •H a) « X

I (U

to x: ^v

in o

+ 2

bO

(0 • p c

CO

(

00 x: %. in

o

+

to

03

c

B CD 0) t<

C CD

O O

irv

o o

u CO >

c 00 (U s: o ^

o lf\ T—

i n

• $

^ r-

o ^ o o T—

i n

f 8 T -

c at « a? o ^

o i n r— i n

<r + o i n T -

o ^

o o T -

in -J

o o • o C7N

C\J

•

c cr> i n

•

CO

r -

CNJ ON

i n in

• CNJ

00

o <t

• ON CO

m •

fn cr> o M^

• CM ON

C^

• OA CD

8 •

CD

vD

O O

CO 0)

CO (T\

• i n f n r-

;?> •

CO ^

• CNi T -

Cg m

• o ^

i n f n

• C--C\J —

CO c^

• o T—

T -

m o

• r>~ T—

T -

m CM •

r< r-T -

C^ VO

• o r-T—

• CM o r—

t ^ o

* CO c^

s •

a\ c

m »n

• ^ c>-

G •H <H H

S

CM O

• a\ r-r-

• r yo

• c^ CM

§ •

S T -

- * -4-

» •4-CM

m r-•

vO O T -

^ i n

• CO o r-

m (T>

• f n T— T—

m < ! •

• CM T -T -

t>-m

• CO o T—

R •

CTN CTN

CM a\

• U3 -^

CM •

r--4-

t ^ i n

• ^ •^

t 0) •H ;< Q

t>-VO

• ^ O T-

o <J-

• T '

T -

CM

• s t— f n -a-

• i n o

f n i n •

c^ cr»

OD o

• >-crv

o CM •

t -o ^ m v£>

• 00 Q\

o <r

• VO a\

o •

CM cy\

m CM •

a\ \o

• p t ^

r o

• 00 VO

a\ r--^

1 »-3 H

in K>

• o o r-

i n CM

• <r o

• 8

R • CM

o

f n CM •

i n o\

i n - *

» • ^

CT\

N . VO

• CO CA

O O

• C^ CA

C^ N

• CM <7>

• 0^ 00

m ^-

• <r VO

• f n VO

m i n

• < ! •

VO

ch mm

0) 1^ bO •H EH

t^ co

• f -r-

00

• i n o r-

CO o

• K^ r-

VO r^

• T -

o T -

T—

CA «

-^ o r-

CM t^

• CM O r-

C7\ i n

• ^

CA •

CM CA

CA -4-

• i n VO

•4-f n

• -4-VO

C CO a; s:

^ i n

+ CO •

Q

CM CA

• O

m o

• T -

in o

• CM

o

• bO C •H > O to

Vl o (1) B

•H •p

0)

5 +J CO

>. rH a u o <H •H C 3

X) 0)

•H (H a a to

to CO f

CO

bO X

O K>

« m • z

i n

+J CO •

P •

CJ

•JR i n

-P CO •

Q •

CJ

o o

• r-

CM 0^

• o

n •p c (1)

^ CO

2i H

CM r-

• ^~

VO - :J -

• T~

u CO >

•H + rH 3

U

i n CM • CM

* CO •

Z

; CO >

+J rH

5 X

•p c a> ^ CO <v u H

V c s •H

•H c

•H to

c o 2

1

• cn • 2

6A

On comparing treatanent x c u l t i v a r (T x Cv) in te rac t ion

e f f ec t s , the combination found to be most effect ive was

^100 '50^60^30 ^ Del^in* I t increased shoot length by 43.06%

and 79.7096 a t heading and milky grain stage respect ively

over N^^r^PlcK,^ x wheat, which proved the l e a s t effect ive 1UU HO J'O

combination. However, the i n t e r ac t i on ef fec t of T x Cv a t

t i l l e r i n g stage was not s ign i f i can t . Comparing the in te rac t ion

ef fec t of Delfin with the treatments containing P^Q and P^^,

^100^60^30 ^ Del^i" produced B>,'52% and 10.18^6 t a l l e r p lan t s

a t heading and milky grain stage respect ive ly than N^QQP^^K,QX

Delfin, while N^oO+50^60^30 ^ Delfin increased p lan t height

over Nioo+50^45^30 ^ delf in by 3.3696 and 15.9796 respect ively

a t the two s tages . I t may be pointed out tha t , in general ,

a l l other t r i t i c a l e c u l t i v a r s a lso exhibited f a s t e r r a t e of

v e r t i c a l growth with 60 kg/^^ha a t the same level of applied

ni t rogen (100 or 100+50 kg N/ha) between heading and milky

grain stages when the i n t e r ac t i on ef fec t was s ign i f i can t .

Of course, t h i s pos i t i ve ef fec t of the higher phosphorus dose

on shoot length was more conspicuous in each cu l t i va r in the

combinations comprising N-^QQ^CQ than those with N^Q^/ha

(Table 6 ) .

4 ,1 ,1 ,2 T i l l e r number per plant

I t i s evident from Table 7 t h a t the higher dose of

phosphorus (60 kg;5''^/ha) produced more t i l l e r s than the lower

dose (45 kg/^Q/ha). Thus, a t t i l l e r i n g , heading and milky

u (0

H 05

c a O 0)

c 0) 0) bo a; o u u -c •H C <H

o CO C W OJ CO 0 )

o • m o a; 0) 03 SZ o o

T3

o a » a;

•P 'C •H C » CO

X) 0) Oi rH

ills

o o a « CO In O CO X! > D. -H

+J H H CO 3 CO O CO

X I t .

O <H

CO <H 0) O CO o +J •o c

CD O fH

? a

o a V 01 o> x>

«H E

w c

0)

4)

CO

bO

c a a

c •H

g tjO

>. <-{

g

-> CO

J3 • > »

l f \

S a. + 2

bO -«

• ^ - ^

CO

c 0)

^ CO 0>

u H

(50

c • H T3 CO 0) X

c •H

0)

f1

c CO 0) 2E:

o

o i n

^

o

o o T -

i n

- $

o o T -

00 o • o ^

c VO

• o

•

•<^ f<^

•

a\

• 00

i n Cvi

• K^ r-

K\ tr\

» t^

•

f o K^

• ro r -

• <7\

i n CM

• a\

f n

ro ff O

8 •

o t^ \o • 00

8 •

CO

00 ir\

• o T -

f-vO

• r-

•

f n f n

•

o r~

o o •

OS

<a SI

in o

+ iz:

tiO

c

CO

o;

CO

in o

(\j a, +

CO 4-> C 0)

CO OJ

u

CO

CO >

o o

fn

VO

CO

CO

CO

o o

o o

CO T -

c CO 0) z:

o

o m i n

o i n

o

o o r-

i n

t o o

c CO ai xc"

o

o o T -

i n

t o o T^

i n

r-• ON

C^ vO

• o

f n •

o

c \D

• C^

f n m • 00

> -r-

• OA

t ^ vO

• Q\

t-~ vD

• CO

+J CO

a> x: >

CO i n

•

C^ vO

• ^O

f n •

f n

c \D

• •4-r-

c»-vO •

o\

^ . T -

•

t^ VO

• <J-r—

t^ vO

• t—

r-

c <H iH

a

C^ vO

• Q\

> •

vO •

O

• o

t--vO

• oo

c VO •

CO

r«-T—

• o\

t^ VO

• o\

t> VO

• 00

s 0>

•H ^ Q

O O

•

m rn • eg

vO •

T—

t^ vO

• O T -

m f n •

a\

f>-T -

• 00

tc\

rn • CO

8 •

00

<f 1,

a EH

O i n

• Q\

m f n

• o

8 •

o

m f n

• o\

m K> •

00

m 00

• CO

rn f n

• (j\

m f n •

CO

ch 0)

u 60 •H H

m T-

• CsJ

^ •

T—

o VO

• o ^

t^ CO

• 00

f n

m • o r—

C^

o • a

C! CO 0) X,

in

00

Q

o in r-• •

o o

• 00

c •d 5 O CO

<H

o 0>

s •H 4->

a> x: •p

• p CO

>y

i H

e o <H •H C 3

T3 0) •H rH

a Q, CO

w CO ?

CO

x:

M X

o K^

in

+> CO •

P •

o

• *

i n •p CO • Q •

O

<f -J'

• o

CO

<r •

o

CO • p

c a>

<j\ • ^

• o

VO

r-•

o

u CO

C--

cr> •

o

c o •

T -

u CC >

•H •P rH

8 X

•p c 01

m

I ^ •p CO

0)

H 3

O

CO 0 1

EH

65

grain s tage, N^o0^60^30 P'^^^^®^ 13.89%, 19.50% and 14.43%

more t i l l e r s than N^o0^45^30' Similar ly, N^oO+50%0^30

produced 8.30% and 7.91% more t i l l e r s than ^100+50^45^30 ^^

heading and milky grain stage respec t ive ly .

Among the c u l t i v a r s t e s t ed , Delfin proved best

i r r e s p e c t i v e of the stage of growth. Wheat closely followed

i t a t t i l l e r i n g . However, the l a t t e r lagged behind Delfin

and even TL-419, a t heading and milky grain s tages .

T X Cv i n t e r a c t i o n e f fec t on t i l l e r production was

s ign i f i can t a t a l l s tages . Considering a l l combinations,

Delfin in te rac ted best with N^oO+50^60^30 ®^ ^^'^^ s tage .

On the other hand, N^o0^45So ^ TL-419 a t t i l l e r i n g and

^100^45^50 ^ Driera a t heading and milky grain s tages

produced minimum t i l l e r s (Table 7 ) .

4 . 1 ,1 .3 Leaf number per plant

Leaf number was s ign i f i can t ly affected by treatments

(Table 8 ) . N^J^QP^QK^, containing the higher dose of basal

phosphorus produced 8.53%, 9.13% and 9.09% more leaves a t

t i l l e r i n g , heading and milky grain stage respect ive ly than

^100^45^30- °" ^^« °*^^^ ^»"^ ' ^100+50^6oSo ^^^ '''^•'^®^ and 7.41% b e t t e r in i t s e f fec t a t heading and milky grain

stage respect ive ly than N^00+50^45^30*

u 9 £i

§ c

«H (0 QJ ^ - s

H n a>

c ••-> O CD

o C -H 0) iH bo a

•p

1 s ^ CO < H

i 3 O

«H C O 00

0)

« s d) v-.i' w o •

TJ J«J o

O 4) 5 x:

JO -P +J CO •H 0) 3 x:

» T3 0) CO

•H i H T J Q, C O. 00 CO

<u W r-l

25 O -H x: V a - H 0} { i O -P x; a ' H

o H

55 t . CO CO

n > •H

<H -P O iH

00 O 0) to JH O D

"O O <H

o f VH +> o

<H -M O C

CO V rH O Q. 0)

<H <U

w o,

• 00

<i) r-< J3 CO E-t

(Q a; W) CO +J (0

hO C

•H iH

a s

.55

c •H

2 t «

>.

£

CO x : *>^

i n O

CNJ d, + 2

C CO

^

o ^ o i n r-

i n

-? bO O ^ :

OQ >P C

1 g 6 H

i n T—

%

s »n

o k O

1 11-

bO C

•H •o CO

d

<<"% CO

x: irv

o ^ f ^ a, + 2:

bO ;<: >«x

CO +J c « ^ CO

9> u H

CO <1> S

o

o i n

i n •f o i n

o ^ o o T -

i n

• ^

o o T -

tiO c

•H U d)

rH rH •H H

/-» CO s: ^

irt O ^f^ 0^ + iz.

bO ^ v ^ m •P c 0) E

+J CO (1) U H

c CO CU £

o ^ o o r -

i n

• ^

o o T—

CO ^ CO > •H -P rH

C J

•

^

m m

• i n - t

t«-^

• t n -J-

f n K>

^

f n f<^

• "^

c^ v£)

•

S O

o • m ^

f n f n

•

§

o o • r-•4-

rn f n

• VO rn

m m

• r n • *

m fn

• c«-<r

m m

•

m

•p CO 0) x : >

i n

• vX) vO

m m

• o t ^

m m

• Q\ vD

f«-vO

•

t>-VO

• r-vO

C^ T-

• C^ VO

VO •

m f^

c^ vO

» CO VD

t ^ vO

•

VO

C--vO

• T -

vO

rn m

• < j vO

fn f n

• c^ vO

fn f n

•

vO

c •H <H iH

S

• K^

c^ VO

• t>. f n

r--vO

• r—

m m K>

•

8 •

o m

rn f n

• i n f n

8 •

S m K^

• <f m

t ^ VO

• -4-f<>

i n t n

• Co m

8 •

0\ K^

t^-vO

• 00 m

m fn •

rn

g <u

•H (H Q

• i n <r

f -vO

• T—

i n

m m

•

^

f<^ f n •

5 o o t o ^

00

o • o i n

• i n i n

m m • o i n

r-vo

•

o i n

o o

• •J--d-

o o • s

o o • o t n

o o • vO •4-

ON

~J 1,

i-l H

i n CM

• CO CM

o o t CM f n

N. VO

• <1\ CM

f--vO

%

t ^ VO

* <f CM

i n C--

• cr> CM

VO •

m N^

C^ vo

• ^

t ^ VO

• CM

o o • VD CM

m 00 •

00 CM

m m

• ^

m m

• 00 CM

«> CO

0) ^ bO

<H H

O <r • h-<r

K^ T -

• < ! •

<t

t ^ •4-

•

<*

f n o\

• CO fn

• cr> - t

t>-vO

• <t -^

ro C^

• rn >d-

c*-o • o < ! •

N^ i n

• VO •4-

C^ 00

• CM •4-

d CO 0) S

• tjO

c •H % o to

"H o 0) 8

• H • P

dJ x: •p

•p CO

>,

O «H •H C 3

T3 OJ

•H H c:u ex to (0 CO 3t

CO x :

>

o f n

• m • 2

>R m -p CO •

Q •

O

^ i n

CO •

Q •

O

^ i n •p CO •

Q f

(LJ

i n m

• T—

CM

fn • T -

>3--d-

• r -

co

c a> ^ CO <ti

u H

T-i n

• T-

5 • T "

f'-CM •

CM

U CO > •H +-> i H 3

CJ

O O

• m

« CO

• z

T-CM

• m

u CD >

•H -P rH

5

c 0)

^ CO 0) ( H

•P C CO o

•H V^ •H p 5: • H CO

C o 2

/

• CO •

fe:

66

Delfin proved most p r o l i f i c in leaf production and

T i g r e ' S ' , the l e a s t , a t a l l the three s tages . Wheat occupied

a middle pos i t ion . Thus, leaf production in Delfin was k8.U6%,

65.l69i and 6O.I896 higher than in wheat and t i l l e r i n g , heading

and milky grain stage respec t ive ly .

Ttie T X Cv e f fec t on leaf number was s ign i f i can t a t

t i l l e r i n g and milky grain stages only. In genera l , Delfin

produced more leaves with both phosphorus l eve l s compared with

the i n t e r ac t ion of other c u l t i v a r s with the respect ive

phosphorus leve l a t both s tages . Top-dressing with nitrogen

(N4Q04>50 augmented the ef fec t of phosphorus more than basal

appl ica t ion (N^QO^ alone (Table 8 ) .

4 . 1 . 1 .4 Fresh weight per p lan t

Like the o ther parameters considered above, t h i s

parameter was a lso s ign i f i can t ly affected by the treatments

(Table 9 ) . The higher dose of phosphonjs {P^Q) r esu l ted in

n.59?6, 14.64% and 10.85% higher fresh weight a t t i l l e r i n g ,

heading and milky grain stage respect ive ly than N-i00^45^30*

Similar ly , N^Qo+50^50^30 P^*^^^°®^ 9.50% and 9.46% more fresh

matter than N^oO+50^45^^ ®^ heading and milky grain stage

respec t ive ly .

Cult ivar differences were s ign i f i can t and c lea r -cu t

a t a l l s tages . Delfin proved the best performing cu l t iva r

for fresh weight and wheat occupied a middle pos i t i on .

y ^

n 0) p CO o •H

J 3 i H

w a 0) (1) fcl t . <H

0)

o t. JC

G +J 0) t ^ ' H

2° •P c •H CO C <U

s H ^ — CD • 01 X CO O XH oj

XI <H O O

• P to CO 0) <U CO J C

O 5 T3

CO o ? T)

•P C CO

x: P CD •H f-( > CO

O

CD 4^ •H -H H t . a-P a, CO <H

o Cfl

22 O CO Si >

^71 O H

a u H ^ CO 3 CO O CO <H n

<H «H O o

^ - N

CO (tf <U >,.x (0

o +* -d c

0} O H

30, L I

<H 0) 0 0 ,

+J -p 0 x : a> bo

? 3 ^ •

cr> 0)

fH X)

(0 0) bO

^ CO

SO c

• H H a a c^

a •H

2 bO

>> X rH

S

/—> CD

SZ -^

i n 0

C\J

a. + 2

bO X

< « i ^

(0 -p c 0)

^ CD 0)

bO C

^ CO 0)

.»«> CD x: ">^

l A 0

Cvi 04

+ 2

bO >: v ^

CO -p

0)

^ (0 0) LI H

bO G

•H (H 0)

r-i •H E-t

/"-N

CD JZ "^

i n 0 « ^ 0L4

+ z bO ^

0}

+* C 0)

B CO Q> L I

EH

CO U CO > 4I r -!

C CD d)

s:

0

^ 0 i n T—

i n

0 i n T -

0

^ 0 0 T -

i n

•? 0 0 r -

C CO 0)

z:

0

^ 0 »n r -

i n

t 0 i n r—

0

^ 0 0 r-i n

0 0 ' "

c CD 0)

s:

0

^ 0 0 r-

i n

0 0 T—

CM ON

• CO crv

vO fn

• - ^ T—

r -

•

m 0 T -

T -Cvj

• -^ OS

0

•

m 00

CA c • m

, ir»

f n <!•

• C\j ^

r-i n •

cr\ i n

m •

r -i n

i n •

-3-

0 r—

• f n CM

s •

i n C\J

0 -4-

• 0 <\j

•P CO 0)

-4-0 •

cu i n r-

vO 0

• cn <o T—

0 •

CO i n T -

-4 •4-

• C>--4-r-

m 0 • fn

m t—

0 i n

• Cvj 0 T-

IS r~

» i n T -r-

IS IS

• <\J 0

m •

r-0

«

g

m - 4

• -4 -4

f>-i n

• VX3 - 4

0 f n

• C\J •4-

C •H «H H

T~ Cvj

• c c

<}• 00

• 0 as

8 • ON

t ^

^ •>

v£) C^

i n

• ON vO

m c • c ^

0 \o • r -i n

m vD •

T -i n

£>>. C O

• v£) -4-

CO • s

CO VD

• Cvj (NJ

n -4-•

Co

m o\ •

CM

a V •H

8 •

m ( \ j T-

t n CO

• c^ m r-

0 i n

• i n C\J r -

0 \o • CvJ ra T—

<r CO

• c 0 r~

r-0

• CM OS

t-cr\ 9

0 0 r-

0 r--• CM

as

t> - 4

• r-c^

g •

CVJ

CO

i n CO

• -4 m

0 i n

•

^

0 CM

• t n m

ON

<r

fn i n

• \o CO

<r CM •

U3 0^

• C^ CO

VO 0

•

t CM CM

• 00 r-

s •

CM i n

f n m

• T—

\D

0 a\

• 0 i n

f n 0

• -4 i n

CM •

i n >4

i n -4

• 0 CM

0 0

•

CM

0 t^

• a\

m.

CO

0) L I bO

i n i n

• T—

CM T -

i n 0

• r-r -7 -

f n 0

• i n 0 r -

i n

• •4-ON

0 m

• CO

s T—

i n «

r— C^

h^ 0

J

'JS \D

'n .'M •

s

0 t ^

•

^

^ i n

•

CM

c «

• bO C

•H 5 0 m

<H 0

0) E •H •P

0)

5 4^

> . iH

^ 0 <H -H G 3

•o a>

•H r-t Q, a CO

n 2 >

CO x: ;? bO X

^

• CQ

^ i n

•p CO •

Q •

u

^ i n

+J CO

• Q

• 0

^ i n

+J CO •

Q •

U

•4- 0 ^ i n

• • 0 0

CO as CO as

• • 0 0

i n \o 0 v£)

• • T— r—

03 4-)

c u a> CO

•P -H CD + J j i r-l

0 0

• r—

CO as

• r-

• to

• 2

L I CO >

• H 4-> rH

3 ><;

+* c a> 3 CO P

G CO CJ •H

•H G bO

• H 0}

c 0 z 1 •

en

67

The i n t e r ac t i on e f fec t (T x Cv) was s ign i f i can t a t

heading and milky grain stages only. The combination

^^100+50^60^30 ^ Del^in Save the highest fresh weight a t both

s tages . The treatment N^oo+50^60^30 i^ ' teracted b e t t e r with

the remaining,cul t ivars also compared with t h e i r respect ive

i n t e r a c t i o n s with N'joo^45^30 ^"^ ^^^"^ ^100^60^0* Incident ly ,

^100^45^30 '^ wheat /Driera /Tigre 'S ' were among the combinations

tha t resu l ted in the lowest fresh weight a t each of the two

s tages . Even when the nu t r i en t dose was increased to

^100^60^30 ° ' ' ^100+50^45^30' * ®^® ^ ^®® c u l t i v a r s did not

i n t e r a c t well enough to give fresh weight anywhere near the

i n t e r ac t ion e f fec t of e i t h e r of these treatments with Delfin,

what to say of the ef fect of the best combination (N-IQO+50^60^30^

Delfin) noted above (Table 9),

4 ,1 .1 .5 Dry weight per p lan t

This most important among the growth c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

was s ign i f i can t ly affected a t a l l s tages (Table 10).

The treatment N ^ - ^ P ^ Q K ^ , containing the higher dose

of phosphorus, gave 18.299^, 13.86?^ and 16.1796 higher dry weight

than N^00^45^% ^^ t i l l e r i n g , heading and milky grain stage

respec t ive ly . The difference between the ef fect of

^100+50^60^30 " ^ ^100+50^45^30 ^ega^^^^g ^^T matter producUon

was 11.77:^ and 7.989^ a t heading and milky grain stage respec­

t i v e l y . In t e re s t ing ly a t milky grain s tage, ^-J00^60^30

4J J C bO •H 0) ^^

CO

^ ^ •og CJ-H O H

a G <U 0) U 00 O Q>

•35 H < H CD O OJ CO C

X> cd <D

<H S O ^ - '

• to X 0) O to 0) o x: •d o O - P > CD

4J 0, JC

x: 5 +J •H CO >

"O T3 G (U CO

•H H QJ Q , H CUCO CO O

to +>

gt o +J x: Q,<H to o o

- 1 8:3 CO H

^ 8 O (H

3 to o (U <H CO O V)

T 3 O

O / - ^ S bO

+ J - - '

<H +* O C

CO +>H o o. 0)

• o r—

9) H ^ CO

tfl <D bO

^ to

tso

c •H r 4 Q,

e 3i

fl •H

0 (< tsO

>> ^ 2

<'-\ CO x: " \

i n

o CM cu + 2 bO X •>.-»

5

CD 0) (H

H

bO C ^ CO 0) K

.^-N

CO x: ^^

i n

o -»^ cu + z «)

j i : v—^

0] V a o B CD 0)

^

bO C

• H

0) i H H •H H

^-\ CO

x: • ^ i n

o CM

cu + 2 bO ^ CO

+> a «

^ CO 0)

u

to ( CO >

+J i H ^ 5

c CD 0)

s

o ^ O i n T—

i n

i. o i n r -

§ 8 r -

i n -3-

+ o o r-

c CD 0)

s:

o ^ o i n —

i n

•f o i n r -

Q *>? + O O

i n

t 8 T-

§ 0) S

o ^ o o

i n

t 8

(j\ a\ •

m Cvl

f n CO *

o m

< f l A •

i n CM

• CM

C>-m r -CVJ

m C\J

• vO r -

O -^

« CTv r-

f n vo

• i n r*

o i n •

vo T -

« r"

CM CM

• \o

• t ^

t ^ CM •

i n

+> CD 0) c

CM (M

• o < f

c ^

» m < f

cr\ CM •

CM - *

• ON f n

CO r—

i n

m

CD

• m m

m i n

• c^ m

K> CM •

CM fn

o i n •

rn m

i ^ •

p^

p -t n •

cr\

o KD

• vi3

C •H «H rH <U

CM C^ *

T— CM

-d-00 *

CM CM

00 CM •

r-CM

9. »

CM CM

V£) CM

O CM

«43

• i n r -

m ^

• r r -

r-m •

vD T -

f n -d-

• i n T—

s •

r -

s •

vD

R •

V£)

t - -cr>

• i n

e a>

•H t^

i n

o •

m m

o r-•

•d-m

KO i n •

CM m

•4-•

i n r<>

CM r-

O f n

CM

• ON CM

o K^ •

CM m

^ •

r -m

t n m •

00 CM

* i n CM

f n

• C^

8 •

t>-

t ^

o •

T—

^ 1, 1-3

m r-•

f n CM

r-x~ •

-d-CM

o -J-•

CM CM

s •

J -CM

CM r—

r-CM

i n CM

• 00 r -

t - --*

• O CM

^ •

^

m i n •

c t —

^ •

»"

s •

i n

• i n

m •d-

• i n

^ CO

"oj p bO

_ i

r-r -•

T -

K\

1 "

CD •

CO CM

i n

• 0^ CM

T—

v£> J.

i n Cvi

m CO

• i n CM

T—

r-• n

CM

o (M •

CM CM

i n i n •

*"

CO

* t ^

h -o

t

C CO A t

• bO C

•H » O n

«H o di E •H • P

<b x: +J

+1 CO

1-i

g o

•H c D

X3 0)

•H

CX a CO

CO

s > CD

J C

bO

o m

• CQ •

^ i n

+J CD •

Q •

O

^ i n

+ j CO «

Q •

O

^ i n

•p (0 • •

O

CO CM

• o

ON CM %

o

i n CM •

o

to 4-> C a> ^ CD at t ^

CM ^

m vo * •

o o

CM < r f n vD • •

o o

o c <}• i n

• • o o

u CD >

•H 4-> r-t

8 ><; •p

u c CO 0 )

^ ^ 4-> CO iH 0* •^ t.

68

produced s l i gh t l y more dry matter than N^00^50^45^30*

Delfin, followed by TL-419, proved most e f f i c i e n t

for dry matter production a t each s tage, with wheat check

occupying a middle pos i t i on .

Regarding the T x Cv in t e r ac t i on e f fec t , N^00+50^60^30^

Delfin out yielded a l l o ther combinations with respect to

dry weight a t each of the three s tages . In fac t , Delfin

in t e rac t ed much be t t e r than a l l o ther c u l t i v a r s even with the

lower doses of f e r t i l i s e r ni trogen (N-,00^ ^ ^ phosphorus (P^c)

a t each s tage . The lowest dry matter was recorded among

combinations consis t ing of ^100^45^30 ^^^ wheat, Driera or

T i g r e ' S ' , (Table 10) as was noted for fresh weight (Table 9 ) .

4 .1 .2 Leaf ana lys i s

Leaves were analysed for studying the e f fec t of the

two doses of phosphorus applied under the two regimes of

n i t rogen. Of the a t t r i b u t e s inves t iga ted , n i t r a t e reductase

a c t i v i t y was assayed in fresh leaves and leaf -N, -P and -K

contents in dried leaf powder a t t i l l e r i n g , heading and milky

grain s tages . The data have been summarised in Tables 11-14

and are br ie f ly considered below:

4 .1 .2 .1 Leaf -n i t ra te reductase a c t i v i t y

Leaf NRA was affected s ign i f i can t ly by t reatments ,

c u l t i v a r and T x Cv in t e rac t ion a t a l l s tages .

69

Higher phosphorus dose increased leaf NRA a t both

regimes of nitrogen (N-,QQ and N^oO+50^* Thus, N^QQP^QK^

increased i t over N-JQQP^^K^ by 6.06%, 4.87% and 11.76% a t

t i l l e r i n g , heading and milky grain stage respec t ive ly , while

^100+50^60^30 ^^^ ^^ ^^S^ °^^^ ^^00*50^45^30 °^ 5-^5% and

7.69% a t heading and milky grain stage respect ive ly (Table 11).

Cul t ivars differed c r i t i c a l l y in t h e i r leaf NRA a t

each of the three s tages , with Delfin showing the highest

a c t i v i t y and T i g r e ' S ' , the lowest. Wheat had intermediate

leaf NRA a c t i v i t y .

Treatment x c u l t i v a r i n t e r ac t i on effect was also

s ign i f i can t a t a l l the three s tages . At both phosphorus

l e v e l s , Delfin showed the highest and T i g r e ' S ' , the lowest

NRA among comparable combinations.

4 . 1 . 2 . 2 Leaf-nitrogen content

The ef fec t of t reatment, c u l t i v a r and T x Cv

i n t e r ac t i on on the concentration of ni trogen in the leaves

was s ign i f i can t a t a l l the three stages (Table 12).

Of the two t reatments , v i z . N^QQP^CK,Q and ^-^00^60^50'

the l a t t e r resu l ted in 4.95%, 7.10% and 1.03% higher leaf

nitrogen content a t t i l l e r i n g , heading and milky grain stage

respec t ive ly . Considering the add i t iona l e f fec t of top-

dressing with 50 kg N/ha, N^oO+50^60^30 i"^^®^^^^ l^af

I

(0 0)

CO o

CO H 0) Q,

H 0)

a o c

0)

o U <H •P O •H

c c CO

H CO C O ' CO • x> >:

o <H <U O X!

O w CO ( 0

CD

x:

CO

o X)

o 4->

• P CO • H

(1)

X> m

cu

CO

H

a

c: •H CO ^ «)

> i

X i-{

^

--s CO x: *v .

ir\ o CM a. + 2

U) X v_#

CO +J c 0)

CO 0) (4 H

bO

(0 01

s

I cu

H H

CO

•^ ml

o +

(0 • p c 0)

B CO 0)

a CO

o

o i n

in

o in

o

o o r— i n

• $ o o

0)

o

o i n T-

i n

-i r-

O

o o

i n

o o

CO 0)

inl 2 : o a,

+

bO

CO

•P

c CO

t

o

o o

i n

(0 u CO >

•H +J

n

^

-4-

O

fn

i n

o -3-

fn

(0

x:

o fn i n fn

• • o o

Ln i n

^O ON

» I

o o

i n •4 -

CNJ

i n

Cvi CM

in c • »

o o C\i T -

-^ in

5 o o

rn • 4

i n

fn o

• • o o

fH 0)

rn

CSJ

^

U5 -4

i n

o

o

o -4

o

o

o

9 CM

e 0)

i n -4

r<S i n ^ • • • •

0 0 0 0

•4^

o •4-

n i n

O o

-4-

i n v^

- 4

00

^

o m

rn

C M fn

fn

in CM

^

•4

fn

-4

CM

CD vO rn CM

i n CM

« •

o o

CO ON -

-d- u I bO

>r3 -H

-4-

o

CO KN

• o

in

o w c

-4 i n

o

o (0

0) 8

a; x: • p

•p CD

o •H C 3

T3 0)

•H H CU

a CO

CO

CO

x:

9.

<D ( •

in fn

in

•P CO

i n

• p CD

a

0 0 0 • « «

0 0 0

r- r- m 0 0 0

• • • 0 0 0

i n

• P T - CM CM CO 0 0 0

• • • • Q o o o

CO

>

CO •P

c u 0) (0

CO

U

•P B 0)

n CO

u

M 0)

4-> CO o

•H 1 H

<H a CO Q) (U ( H

H 0)

c <u o t<

s: c + 0) bO«H

2° P C • H CD C QJ

s: CO • W ^ CO O

Xi Q)

s: <H O

o +> to CO

Q) <U W XT

o :» -o CO o ? -o +J c

CO x: •H H 5 CO

o Q) -P

•H -H H ^ a-p °^. ( 0 <H

o to

22 O CO

•s > m +J O H s: 3 ft O

iH U ^ 3 to o (0 V4 ^

<H VH O

o /"-v to "SR O ^ - ' to

o v •o c O P 35 c •p 0

0 «H 0 c

lU •P bO 0 0 <U t^

<H -P

* CM T ^

0) iH ^ flt

CO 0) bO CO -P to

bO d

•H ^ a s Si

a •H

2 bO

iH

g

/'^ CO s: ^v.

i n 0

C\J 04 + z (so

^

to •p

cs 0)

^ CO 0) ; 4

H

bO

c •H TJ CO 0) 3:

/•^ «

i n 0 ^f^ a, + 2: bO X >m^

00

a 0)

^ (0 0)

^

^ •H ^ <U

iH /H jH H

/ ~ N

CO x: •V.

i n 0

CM 04 + 2 :

t>0 X ^^ CO -P c cu ^ CO

g to U CO >

•P r-( '

C CO (U S

0 ^ 0 i n —

i n

t 0 i n T—

0 ^ 0 0

i n

•? 0 0 T—

c CO 0)

as 0 ^ 0 i n r -

i n

^ 0 i n T-

0 ^ 0 0

i n

•i 0 0 t—

c CO 0) S

0 ^

8 T—

i n t 8

Q\ CNJ •

J-

<J\ 0

• i n

-Cl­i n

• -3-

i n OD

• m

00 i n

• rn

0^ 0

• i n

CM

0 •

\o

<t 00

• i n

T—

• >d-

t^ 0

• -^

CNJ CM

• i n

• i n

<!• 0

• i n

•p CO dJ n

i n CM

• i n

\o - t •

vD

i n t>-

• i n

r -<f

• -:t

r--4-

• <t

<Jl 0

• <0

i n r -

• C

m ON •

vO

^ •

i n

(j\

o\ • ^

^ •

VD

5 •

vO

CM T-

•

•H «H H 0)

-J-T-

• •4-

m 00 •

<f

0 f n

• r

0 c»-• m

^ C

• K^

R •

•4-

:§ •

m

^ •

ITS

( ; •

•4-

<J\ tN.

• N^

CM o\

• <r

s •

i n

r -00

•

g 0)

•H U

°2 -3F * -J-

i n CM

• i n

r -t^

• - 4

i n 0

• •4-

-d-CJN

• f n

vo CM •

i n

i n CM

• vO

CO

o\ • i n

CM

m • •4-

T—

m • •4-

t^ -4-

• i n

CM

• i n

n fn •

i n

- 4 1,

^

\o 0 •

<r

0 t^

• ^

r-~t

• -:t

CO i n

• m

CO i n

• m

CM vO

• -4-

• i n

0 T—

• i n

• -4-

CO c^

• f n

0 0

* i n

•4-0

• i n

vo c^

•

^ 00

<u u •50

•r4

i

A D CM •

i n

<t c-• - 4

T—

ON •

m

c> 00 •

m

•

0 •

\D

m 00

• i n

CM

m • -4-

CM CM

• -4-

i n •

i n

i n CSJ

• i n

c CO <u

• CiO c

•55 0 CO

<H 0

0)

s +* 0)

5 +J CO

>. r-)

e 0

<H •H

a 3 TJ 0)

•H

Q, CO

CO CO 5 CO x: ;?

bO M

0 n

• CQ

t

^ i n

p CO •

Q «

U

^ i n

•P CO •

Q •

U

>« i n

p CD •

Q •

u

KN 0

• 0

<r 0 •

0

i n 0

• 0

CO +> e 0)

^ CO 0) u

<!• CO 0 0 * •

0 0

i n 0 0 r-

• • 0 0

g P • •

0 0

U CO >

•H V H

5 X

+* u a CO 4 )

^ ^ +^ CO iH (U . 3 t.

70

nitrogen content over N . ^ a^P, c:^^r^ ^Y ^*^^% and 10.97% a t

heading and milky grain stage respec t ive ly .

Among the c u l t i v a r s , Delfin possessed the highest and

T i g r e ' S ' , the lowest leaf ni trogen content a t each stage,

with wheat check occupying a middle pos i t i on . Almost a l l

cu l t i va r s differed c r i t i c a l l y with each other in t h i s respect

a t each s tage .

T X Cv in t e r ac t i on effect was maximum for each cu l t iva r

in the treatment N^QO•••50^60^30 ^^ ^^^ heading s tage, Delfin

giving the highest value. N^QQP.CK^ X T igre 'S ' gave the

lowest leaf ni trogen content a t milky grain s tage. In general ,

individual c u l t i v a r s in te rac ted b e t t e r with the higher

phosphorus level and resu l ted in higher leaf ni trogen content

a t each growth s tage . However, the difference was not marked

between N^QQP^QK,Q and ^^00^45^30 ^ ° ^ ® * ^ c u l t i v a r a t the

milky grain stage (Table 12).

^ . 1 . 2 . 3 Leaf-phosphorus content

The effect of treatment and treatment x cu l t i va r

i n t e r ac t i on was s ign i f i can t a t heading and milky grain stages,

whereas cu l t i va r s differed s ign i f i can t ly with each other in

t n e i r leaf phosphorus content a t a l l three s tages . At heading

and milky grain s tage , N-.QQPgQK,_ resu l ted in 10.34?^ and

1^.29% higher leaf phosphorus concentration than N-JQQPACK Q,

^^ i l ^ ^100.50^60^0 bet tered N^o0.5oP45So ^^ ^^-59% and

15.63% respec t ive ly .

71

Delfin possessed the highest leaf phosphorus content

and T i g r e ' S ' , the lowest a t each s tage . Wheat check was

intermediate in t h i s regard.

At both heading and milky grain s tage, the higher

dose of applied phosphorus (Pgo^* ^^ conjunction both with

N.QQ and ^^QQ^^Q' r e su l ted in higher leaf phosphorus concen­

t r a t i o n than P, c» "the lower basal phosphorus l e v e l , while

i n t e r ac t ing with individual c u l t i v a r s . The most effect ive

i n t e r ac t i on in t h i s respect was N^oO+50^60^30 ^ Delfin a t

milky grain stage (Table 13).

A.1.2.4 Leaf-potasslum content

As i s evident from Table 14, the ef fec t of treatment,

c u l t i v a r and treatment x c u l t i v a r i n t e r ac t i on on the potassium

concentration of leaf was s ign i f i can t a t a l l s tages .

Treatment N^QQP^QK^ r e su l ted in 5.9696, 2»59% and

4.4996 higher leaf potassium content than N^QQP^CK,Q a t

t i l l e r i n g , heading and milky grain stage respec t ive ly .

Treatment N^oo+50^60^30 ^®^^ ' ®' ^" 5.14% higher value than

^100+50^45^30 ^^ heading stage while a t milky grain stage

the values for the two treatments were a t par .

By and l a rge , c u l t i v a r s differed c r i t i c a l l y from

each other in t h e i r leaf potassium concentration a t each

s tage. Delfin cons is ten t ly exhibi ted the highest content

and T i g r e ' S ' , the lowest.

1

CO a> H

01 0) (H

JC C + J o a <u

«H O

bO C

o u

CO 0)

• P S •H C

^^^

i - » ^ CO (0 o 0) CO x :

j Q o <H +^ o CO

(U CO ^ 0) CO

o T3

o » •p

5 3

X) 0)

?

CO

T3 c CO

<u

s •H 4J •H h •H +>

H Ci4«H Q, O CO

CO

5 o x:

to ^H

CO >

•H +J

CXr-\

w o x:

3 O

cx^. H

3 o CD • H

to CO <H

J3

<H

o ,<—\

o>^ CO

v ^ '

0) +J CO

o -o 0

3 o

c 0) 4-> C 0 o CO (0

g ^ 4.ES O 0)

<H

^

• ro r-

0) H J3 (d H

a-H to rH O Q, x : 0)

- «

bO

>> M r-t >H s

. ^ • s

CO

x: ^ ^

m O

CNJ cu + 2 :

v _ ^

0}

+> C 0)

J CO 0)

^

bO

CO

I 0)

(0 x:

O

+ 2 :

C

CO

CO JC —

in o cu + bO

0)

0)

CO 0)

d CO

o

o

in + O in

o

o o

in -? o o

c CO 0)

o

o in r-

in

O in

o

o o

in

o o

a CO 0)

o

in

o O

(0

CO >

m

in

o

fn

o

m

o

fn

m

m o

in

o o

"^

o •4-

m

R

o tn

o

-4-

CO

cr\ in cvj rn * •

o o

00

CM

00 00

• • o o

• • o o

fn

cv

f n ^?^ c\j

C\J

m o

9P

m fn

m

^

?^ ^

o

• 0

CM •

0

• 0

• 0

rn •

0

in CM

• 0

^ •

0

0

» 0

• 0

in C\J

• 0

CSi

• 0

00

• 0

CNJ

C7^ c\-fn m

• • o o

in CM

CNJ

o

in CM

in

in CM

in CM

55

§ ^ h ^ ^ a> (H H L bO

O

(•J

CNJ

C\J

^

o

CO

c •H o CO

o 0) a

x:

CO

o •H c 3

T3

a. a CO « CD » CD

bO

O

fn

CQ

in • ( - >

CD

o

0 0 0 • • •

0 0 0

in

CO

Q

0 0 0 • • •

0 0 0

in

CO • *

CO o <^ • « •

2 0 2

CO > :;3

CO -P c 9)

CO

CO >

• p

c 0)

^ ^ ^

5 15

•p

§ <H •H

§) • H CO

a o 2

CO

CO

(u a, u

as: O - P

C M

<u o

9 ^ U CO -P O •H S 50 ^ to o (0 a>

jQ x : o

o+^ CO

(0 (U (1) x : 05 5 o

X J CD

o-a

• P 03 e <K

•5S •T3 ^

•H t^ r - ( V

Q,

(D O

CO 0 }

? M CO

o > « rH O 3 £ O a,

u rH 3

00 O

CO

O

<u to +j o c

• P

o c

o

o

a D 3 -P

• H CD • P CO O O CO - H a> cs) H

SH -p o, <H O 0) M a t .

0)

XI CO H

0}

(50

1^ 1 m

(0

c •H H

a

c •H

2 tjO

>. ^ H

^

* - N

CO

x: \ in

o CM ou + 2: tiO

j«j < « < ^ ^

CO +> c 0) B CD Qi

^

C

CO <U

(0 s: >».

m o

+

CO

d 0)

CD

o

o ir\

O i n

o

o o

m

o o

c CO 4)

o o i n r-i n

-I o i n

r-

O

o o r-i n

o o

C •H t . 0)

c 00 (1>

inl s o

C\J

+ IS

10 +> c 0)

CD (1) t . H

O

o o

i n

o o

to u CO

> •H +J rH 3 U

«i

C\J C M

C M

i n

CM

-3-

f i n

R

CO

i n

i n

i n u)

? g

00 KA

VD

l A

^ s ^ • • •

i n i n -:f

rn T- ^ O vO vO • • •

i n i n <j-

C M C M O i n ^ tn

• • • •;T i n <t

CM •4-

o fn cTi a\ (O ir\

• • • -4" i n -^

VO CTN Cg • • •

in vo m

i n

tn

C\J o

• • i n -^

CM CD

00 vo

in

•4-

i n

C M CO

in

o

C M

i n

CO

i n

-4

o

i n

C M

« -4-

r- i n tn CM

• • i n <f

vo

00

rn

• • in <j-

R

cr» o

0 3-

CM i n

<f vO CO tn

• • • J- -4 -J-

en

i n

i n o

• i n

i n vo

i n -4-

CM

m

•4-

i n

c\j

-4-

i n r-i n

vo CO

-4-

• H

O CO

o

(1)

• p CO

O «H

c

3

0)

a , CO

to CO

? CO

x:

O

2

i n

00

i n

(0

o

i n

•p (0 «

Q

O

o

in o O T-

o o

•^ in o O O T-

• a «

o o o

fn in 0^ o o o

• • • o o o

u >

w •p <U CO <U

CO - P

h ^ h H O EH

• P C

CD 0)

72

Highest leaf potassium content was recorded In the

combination N^oo"••50^60^30 ^ I^l^i"^ ^ t heading stage and the

lowest, in Nio0^45^30 ^ T lg re 'S ' a t the milky grain s tage.

Treatment x wheat i n t e r ac t ion e f fec ts were in tennedia te

between the two extremes a t each s tage . In general , r a i s ing

the basal phosphorus dose from 45 kg to 60 kg P-O^/ha

resu l ted in higher leaf potassium content in each cu l t i va r

a t the three stages (Table 14).

4 .1 ,3 Yield c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

Tables 15-22 reveal t ha t the ef fec t of t reatments ,

c u l t i v a r s and treatment x c u l t i v a r i n t e r ac t ion was s i g n i f i ­

cant on a l l y ie ld a t t r i b u t e s . These data are considered

parameter-wise below:

4.1.3*1 Ear number per p lan t

The ef fec t of higher basal phosphorus dose (.PCQ) was

b e t t e r than tha t of the lower dose (P/^c) a t both nitrogen

regimes. Thus, N^QQP^QK^ produced 19.07% more ears than

^100^45^30- Similar ly, N^oO+5oP60^30 l e t t e r e d N10O+50P45S0

in ear production by 8.11%.

Among the c u l t i v a r s , Delfin produced maximum ears

and Driera and T i g r e ' S ' , the minimum. Wheat occupied the

middle pos i t ion between these extremes.

73

Regarding the T x Cv in t e r ac t i on e f fec t s , N^oO+50^6oSo^

Delfin produced maximum ears per p l an t . N-,QQP^^K^ X Tigre 'S '

or wheat as well as N-JQQP^^^K^ X Driera had the poorest effect

on t h i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c and were a t par with each other

(Table 15) . Inc ident ly , t h i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c i s a measure of

production of f e r t i l e t i l l e r s .

4 . 1 .3 .2 Ear weight per p lan t

Table 16 c lea r ly reveals tha t the higher dose of basal

phosphorus was responsible for enhancing the weight of the

ears produced by each p lan t a t both regimes of n i t rogen .

Thus, Nio0^6o'^30 ^«*^ered N^QO^ASSO ^^ ''6.83% while

NioO>50^6oSo i^c^eased ear weight by 38.68% over N^QO+SO^AS^O'

The c u l t i v a r s wer« c r i t i c a l l y d i f fe ren t from each

other in t h i s respec t . Delfin gave the maximum ear weight

per p lan t and wheat, the minimum.

Whereas N-,QQ^cQPgQK^ x Delfin gave the highest value

for t h i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c and N-JQQPACK^ X wheat, the lowest,

each treatment x c u l t i v a r i n t e r ac t i on involving PgQ was

found more ef fec t ive than tha t with P, n ^or "the respect ive

c u l t i v a r (Table 16) .

^ •1 .3 .3 Length per ear

I t i s evident fi\Dm Table 17 tha t increasing the basal

phosphorus dose from A5 kg to 60 kg P_Oc/ha - r esu l ted in

H CO

a £ CO (0

» jo n

"H o

c CO

a> to H <U CO

CO o O -H

n +» o

•H ^

^ -p

+» ^ •H J

T3

«H

o CO ;4 CO

> d) -H •H •p r-H PH ft 3 O, O 0)

CO

s o

^ 3 O

J2 <H

a o CO O - P JS c

^^ CO (U

O. CD +^

H CD CO CO

X)

<H

o CO 0) CO

o •d

o » p

<H

o •p

o Q> <H

H 00 a o

•H t i H (U Q, a 0) t .

cu XI E

0) 0) u

3 ^ C - P

W^-i CD 0)

c o c U)

o c CO 0) z:

• o ^ ^ +J o

<u «H - H X : w c o

in

0) rH X I

CO x: • \

irj O

+

CO

c

B CD

a;

c CO (1) S

o ^ o in

i n

t o i n

K •

CTv

<— r-

• o

c ^ •

cr>

•

m m • vO

m N^ t

pn T—

^ •

OD

C^ vO

• cr>

t^ vo • a>

8 •

o

T—

r— •

T—

C^ v£>

• O T-

• Q\

T-

r~ •

O

C^ vO

• <J\

^ <t-• r-

O VO

• o

o o

in

o o

CO u CO >

3

o

m • •

CO <rv

tr\

CD

m '<> • o\

T—

(T>

• t»-

T -

0> • CO

c VO

• o

CO

CO

x:

c •H <H H

a

p b 0)

•H U Q

cr» T—

^ 1

l-J

• a> u to

•H

ON

cn ON

CO

CO 0)

t>0 c •H

o (0

o

s

CD

o <H •H C 3

•D a>

•H i H Q. a CO

^ i n

+* CO

• Q • O

T -C\J

• o

m KN

• o

i n i n

• o

(0

CO

s:

o fn

CO

> •H

><; 03

+» C 0)

^ CO

t H

l^ CO >

•H +> H 3

O

+J C 0)

^ CO 0)

H

r-i CD CO CO

XI

o CO <v CO o

T3

o ?

4->

x: +-> •H J

T3 i)

•H rH a a CD

CO

g o x: a CO o ^ a

r-t CD CO CO

jQ

<H O

CO (U CO O T3

O 5

+J

VH

o +J o <u

<H <H W

•o c CD

0)

s • H +J •H ^ 4->

«H O

(0

CD >

•H

:3 o u D O <M

<H o

bO v_>>

•t->

c CD

H a ^ (U a

4-> x: bO

•H <D 5

U. CD 0)

c o c <u bO o u •p •H c

<•> CO 0)

-p

8 •H iH a D u (U 0) t. J:: •p

«H O

c CO ll> s *- «

^ o 0) x: o V CO <u x: J

CO

vD

CU r-t

CO

i n

a. +

CO

CD 0)

cu

o o i n

in

o lA

O

o o

i n

o o

CO u CO >

3 C_)

vO O

• vO C\J

i n c • •n in

in C\J • r-

•4-

i n in

• m - : ! •

T-CD

• rn m

00 ^

• c f n

vO VO

• C\J c

c^ t^

• CNJ i n

r -< • vO

i n

CvJ T-

• CM <«•

c\j f n ON ^ T - T -

CVJ CVJ

CvJ

•p CO

7e

5 3

t - O

i n

CH

^

t

m

i n c\j VO rn

• • •

R

00 CO • (7

T-

00 o • m

-3-

CA cr> • m

f n

CO -^

• <f f<>

^ T-

• C^ CJ

CO

p u i) •H U Q

CT\ r-<r I i - j H

• (U ^ bO

•H £-•

C\J «

i n

o fn

CNJ

m

c CO

bo a •H

o CO

CH o 0)

CO

o <H •H c 3

TJ a>

•H H a a CO

to CD 5

CO x: t ^

«) J«J

o m

• CQ •

2

^ i n

- p cc •

Q •

o

i n i n •

o

to •p c d)

^ CO d) u, H

r-VO

• O

u CO > •H +J rH 3

O

C\J CvJ •

T-

u a >

•H 4J rH

3 U

X

•P c 0)

^ CD <u ^ H

s (0 0)

x:

<H C

o «

O -H ? tl

s: «H -P O •H f «

-C (0

Q,rH ft 3 CO O

2§ O 'H x: a,<H o w a s - p

O CO r H > - ' O

CO CO ex,

JO 9> <D

O 0) O

a <u CO ^4

Q) J 2 ^

O ^

<u o O H

§

5 • P

o

c a CD o <u

<u

o o j«; <u S-. o M -w x: M c o

0)

(0

CO S2 •^

in O a. +

bO

03

c

3 CO

u

c CO

o

o in

ir\

•i o in

o

o o

in

o o

m u CO

> •H 4-> rH 3

O

C\i

• p CO 0)

c-a • CVJ <M

CO a\ • CO v~

o in

KN (T\

• <r r-

CO a\ • ^ <M

i n r—

• o CM

;?; •

c T -

00 C\J

• c>-T -

- * ON

* CO T~

^ ^

• <t T—

OJ T -

• C\J C\J

c^ 00

• (h r-

r-VO

• v£> T—

ca O

• c>-T -

in in

i CVJ

CM O

in

<D

2 0)

•H U

a

a\ -0)

u bO

H

CM O

• i n V-

m C\J •

>* CM

m \D •

00 r-

m CM •

vi3 T -

C^ <»•

• VX5 T -

N^ r -

• CO r-

CO

in C M

CO

c •H o 03

«H O

<U

a

0) XJ +^ •p (0

g •H d 3

TJ 0)

•H H

CO

03

%

CO x:

o m

CQ

m p

(0

Q O

O^

* o

0) •p C 0)

^ CD 0) EH

U CO >

+ H

5

CO

>

rH

8 -p

c (U B P CO OJ (4 EH

74

longer ears both a t 100 and 100+50 kg N/ha l e v e l . Thus,

^100^60^30 P ^ ^ ^ ° ^ ^ ^^.5S% longer ea rs than N^oo^A5So'

Similar ly , appl ica t ion of N-^QQ^^Q^60^30 ^^^ulted in an

increase of 4,87?6 in ear length than tha t of N^oO+50^45^30*

In t e r e s t i ng ly , the e f fec t of N^QQP^QK^ was a t par with tha t

of ^"^100+50^45^0 ^^^"^ respect to ear length .

Each c u l t i v a r had c r i t i c a l l y d i f fe ren t ear length

than the other , with Delfin a t the top and wheat check a t

the bottom of the ladder .

Treatment x c u l t i v a r i n t e r ac t i on effect was most

pronounced In N-,00^50^50^30 ^ Delfin and l e a s t , in

N-JQQP. cK;^ X wheat (and TL-419). The treatments containing

P Q in te rac ted b e t t e r with each c u l t i v a r than those contain­

ing P^5 both a t N QQ and N^oO+50 1®^®^ (Table 17).

4 ,1 .3 .4 p i k e l e t number per ear

Perusal of Table 18 reveals t h a t N^QQP^QK^Q and

^100+50^60^30 (°°'°P^isi'^g "the higher dose of basal phosphorus)

produced 12.02;* and 9,i*0% more sp ike le t s per ear than did

^100^45'^30 ^^'^ ^100+50^45^30 (^^'^'^^'^i'^S " ^ lower basal dose

of phosphorus) respectively.

Spikelet production by each c u l t i v a r was c r i t i c a l l y

d i f ferent from the o ther . Delfin proved to be the most

p r o l i f i c in t!;is regard and wheat check, the l e a s t produc­

t i v e .

CO Xi M C CO CO

ja

«H H

og CO -H a> +> CO -H o u

•D ••->

O "H

> o CO

+^ CO •H > i ^

-O H 0) 3

•H O H a ^ p , D CO O

CO

o Q, 00 CO 0) o

X ! Ui a <i»

Q. i H CO (-1 CO a> CO X)

JO a

o •p

CO (U 4) r-{ to 0) O >J

a o w -p c

o o c .

a; -P V bO CD

0) f* ^

w c

CO

•p CO o

a, u

U s:

o c CD <U

o s: o

03

00

o jQ

(0 x: "^ o

+

•P C (I)

CO

u

c CC 0)

s:

in t«-

• T -

CvJ

in CVJ

• in fn

in C\i

• o tn

CO o • in C\J

fn K^

• c CO

o in

in

o in

o

o o

in

O o

CO u CO >

3 o

C\J

fn

C\J

ON

-P CO

8 8 o •4-

o o •

rn

rn

o o •

fn

r n CM

c>

c>^ m c ^ vo f^ vo

• • • T - C ^ CV m Cg Csj

fn

C\J

ON CNJ

rn

i

CO

0)

u

ON

o fn

C M

• 00 CNJ

o

CO cv

m in

• in C\J

c CO 0)

c •H

o CO

O

0)

a :^

J3 + i

•p CO

>>

o

0)

CO

CO CO

1

• 2

in

CO

Q s o

vo i n

u CO >

•H •p H

CO -p C 0)

^ CO 0)

( H

CO > •H • P i H

5

-p d 0)

^ CO 0)

^

75

Delfin i n t e r ac t ed best with the treatments and

wheat, the l e a s t as fa r as sp ike le t production was concerned.

Bach c u l t i v a r in t e rac ted be t t e r with the treatment containing

PgQ than with tha t containing P^^* However, t h i s did not

apply to N^00+50P45^30 ^"^ ^100+50^60^0 ^ ° ^ "^^^^ ^^^ ^^-"^^^ (Table 18).

4 .1 .3 .5 Grain number per ear

Higher phosphorus dose, p a r t i c u l a r l y with supplemental

top dressing of n i t rogen, increased s ign i f i can t ly the number

of gra ins formed in each ear . This r e f l e c t s the involvement

of phosphorus in promoting t i l l e r f e r t i l i t y . Thus,

^100^60^30 P < ^ <=« 8.739^ and N^oO+5oP6oSo' ^""'^^^ ^^^^

grain per ear than did N ^ Q O ^ ^ S S O ^"^ ^100+50^45^30 ^ ^ ^ P ^ ^

t ive ly (Table 19).

Among the c u l t i v a r s , Delfin produced maximum grain;

but the poorest performer in t h i s respect was TL-419 and

not wheat check.

11)6 number of gra ins produced per ear was highest in

the combination -*^i00+50^60^30 ^ Delfin and was minimum in

^100^45^0 ^ TL-419 (and wheat and T i g r e ' S ' ) . For each

individual cu l t i va r , the i n t e r ac t ion effect a t P^Q was

superior to tha t a t P^t: a"t N^QO ^^ well as N^^Q ^Q l e v e l .

H

CO

CO

c < H CO o

0) W rH a> (0 M O O -H

•H

o t. •P

M x: o -p •H W 5 U

CO -o > 0) H •H +•' (H H

a 3 Q, U CO

U, CO D - - ^ p O 05 o +J x : <H CO CO, O O CO ^ O t l r-l

x: ca a

u (V (U a, 0)

u u x:

<H JQ O S <H

D O CO C <u c CO C CO O -H 0)

^£5 O bO p c ^

o o c -c (U O

•M bO O p +J 0) M CO

VH P Q) <M -H x : M C 3

CO XI

O

r—

H XI

CO x:

o «^ +

bO

w p c

CO 0)

c CO 0)

z 8

• wt ^

O in

• K\

c

in C\J •

VO vO

in C\J •

o v£)

O O

• m vT)

o in

i n

o

o o

i n >

o o

CO

u >

3 O

fn

vO

• in

CO

x:

8 CO

O O

VO

VO VO vo fn

• • • ^ in cvj c- 00 r-

m

rn •

VO VO

vo

VO

c <H r-l

S

2 0)

•H

h

VO •

VO

VO

vo

fn

in

rn fn •

in in

EH

vO

VO

vo

VO

tn m

VO

fn

in

CO

<u

o

8 •4-VO

m

VO

rn in

•

in

a cc

bO C

•H

O CO

SH O

a> 8 •H +> OJ

• P CO

H

O VH • H

d 3

XJ

ft a CO

CO CO

CO

x:

PQ

i n

+J (0

• Q

VO ^ ^ o vO

u a > •H P H

•p c 0)

^ CO (1)

^

u CO > •P rH 3 O

•P

c a; n CO 9* £

76

4 .1 .3 .6 1,000 grain weight

Higher phosphorus conspicuously increased 1,000 grain

weight (Table 20). Thus, treatment N^o0^60^30 P^°^"^^^ 7.85%

heavier grain than N^o0^45^30* Similar ly , N^oO+50^6oSo

proved 11.79% superior to N-,00^=0^45^30 in 1,000 grain weight.

Among the c u l t i v a r , heavies t gra ins were produced

by Delfin and the l i g h t e s t , by wheat check.

Comparing the T x Cv i n t e r a c t i o n s , Table 20 reveals

t ha t each c u l t i v a r produced heavier gra ins while in t e rac t ing

with the treatments containing P^Q (a t basal 100 as well as

100+50 kg N/ha leve l of applied n i t rogen ) . The best combina­

t ion was N^0o^c0P5oK-5o x Delfin and the l e a s t e f fec t ive ,

^100^45^0 "" "^^^^^

4 . 1 . 3 . 7 Grain y ie ld

This most important yield c h a r a c t e r i s t i c showed the

same general pa t t e rn a t the growth and yie ld parameters

considered above. Thus, ^^00^50^0 °"^ yielded N^00P^^K,Q

by 5.80% and ^100+50^60^30 P ^ ^ ^ ^ 8.46% more eff icacious in

grain production than N-JOO^COP^CK^QI revealing c lea r ly the

involvement of phosphorus in t h i s morphophysiological

a c t i v i t y (Table 21).

Delfin out yielded a l l o ther c u l t i v a r s in grain yield

and produced 10.89% more gr^in than the wheat check tha t was

CO 0) -o CO C Q CO

Si a; O r-i

W § a> -H 03 -P O -H

•o u 4->

o -P O • p ^1 • H CO ? >

•H -O P <U iH •H 3 H O

^ , O, tn CO D ^

o «

d <H CO O O O

CO t ^ a

x: u Q , - P

i H bO (U M 0) x : CD 3E -P

C < H <H -H O

° £ c 03 bO CO (U 0) 03 O S O O ^

T3 O

O

-P

r- ^ O

C 0) O J=

o c QJ P bOcO

<H P J

W C CO

o •p o 0)

o C M

0) rH jQ CO

CO

^* o « ^ + •z

03 -P fl (1) s

p CO 0) l l

§ 0) £

i n 00

• ^

K^ K>

• r< i n

n vo • t«-- ^

o r-•

CTt <r

t^ < ! •

• t^ -4-

o in

in

o in

o

o o

in

o o

03

CO >

CD

• O

in

o

- p CO

3t

CM

o o

00 •

cv in

CNJ

00

rH

C7\ in C\J

in

fn n

-4-

2 •H U Q

i n

CD i n

i n

r-i n

00 r- m t>. ^ c\j c^ <r fn vD • • • • •

t~^ CM VsD t ^ VO <!• i n - ^ v t < t

CM

rn

CO

u

i n

CO

o

i

« in

c (0 0)

s:

c

o

03

«H

o s

•H

a>

• p

CO

>.

o

C! 3

a CO

03

(0

x: bO

X

o m

cri

2:

in •P r-CO T-

» • Q o

CM •4-C M

03 -P C 0)

B CO <u ^

PI CO > •H +> i H

5

CO

P

c

CO

g CO

X> (0

«H T3 O C

(0

w CD (U OJ r-( O CD T3 O

•H O +J

+* t,

+* <H •H O f

-o u <V (0 •H >

a + J

c o g CO ^ - N

p t i CO >-t :3 Qj o o+^

x : V H CO a o CO <H - H O Oi-I

s: a CO ( H

r-i s: C D ^ <U CO CT <X) CO •>«' t<

X) J:: XJ 4->

<H r-t O (1)«H

•H O CO > , <U C CO C CO O - H OJ

o «

o o o ex: 0) U

• P (30 o p+> a> C) CD

<H + > 0) s-^ -H S2 Cx3 C ?

C\J

CO

CO

in o CVJ a,

+

CO • p c 0)

CD <U P I EH

CO

o

o in

i n

o in

o

o o

i n

CO u CO >

C^ OD O CO r -(7> o\ in o (7k

• • • • • in Q '^ lA r--^ OS ^ - t - t

o in

CM

• P CD 0)

in

m

in m m

5 5

r-in

in

C M

in • o

in

in

• o

r-t

s

i n in -a-

in o t

vO

CO r -

i n C\i •J-

m m • CO -;f

^ •

c «*

m in •

(T\ tn

m o • ro •d-

^ -3-

• <9 KS

CO

CNJ

in

C\J

CNJ

a CO

bO c •H

o Cfl

o 0)

s • P

cu X2 - P

CO

g o v •H C

TJ 0)

•H i H

a CO

CO

% CO

bO

o m

2

in

CO

o

o in

in C\J

u CO

> •H •P

CO +J c 0)

^ CD d) u

;< cd > •H -P rH

5

4-> C 0)

3 CO <l) U EH

77

equalled by the indigenously produced t r i t i c a l e cu l t i va r

TL-419. The other two c u l t i v a r s (Driera and Tigre 'S ' tha t

were a t par) were a poor t h i rd in grain pix»duction.

Table 21 revea ls t ha t a t N^Q^Cas well as N^oo+50^ l eve l ,

p Q in te rac ted b e t t e r with individual c u l t i v a r than P^^.

Considering a l l combinations, N^oO+50^60^30 ^ Del^i^^ proved

the ojost p r o l i f i c for grain production and N- o0^45^^3Q~:

T i g r e ' S ' , the l e a s t product ive.

4 .1 .3 .8 Straw yie ld

Table 22 c l ea r ly shows tha t the higher do%e^^€l b a s a ^

phosphorus was more ef fec t ive in straw production than the

lower dose. Thus, N^oO%o^30 P^o^^^®^ 3.15% and N^^QQ^^QP^QK^Q,

9,3i*% more straw than N^00^45^0 ®"^ ^100+50^45^30 respec t ive ly .

Delfin out yielded the o ther c u l t i v a r s in straw produc­

t ion a l s o . The performance of each c u l t i v a r was c r i t i c a l l y

d i f fe ren t from the o the r s . T ig re 'S ' proved the poorest straw

producer, with wheat check occupying an intermediate pos i t ion .

The treatment x c u l t i v a r i n t e r ac t i on e f fec t on straw

yie ld was more c l ea r -cu t a t the higner ni trogen regime.

^100+50^60^30 ^ Delfin produced more str«w than a l l other

combinations and N-JQQP^^CK^Q X T ig re 'S ' as well as

^100+50^45^30 ^ T ig re 'S ' (being a t par) proved the poorest

straw producerc

CO

s

o d CD

to 0) 0)

o <fl

•p tn •p

»

0) (0

* > a-p CO 3

O w 2 ^ o o

SZ <H

ex o o m SI <i)

CO CO

CO'^-H to CTfH

X) a» "O In

O <U <D •H Q>

CO >, t i 0) x : to ? -p o CO

•P O o to

c C CO o a>

s: d ^

•P M • o p ^ <^ u o ^ C O

Csl

<u

X)

5

o

CO x: *^

to

c 4)

CO

d 00 (U

o ^ o i n

UA

-$ o i n

^ CO

• CM

<r ";

^

^ • in

^

K^ Q\

• i n

C\J

• i n -3-

CM Q\

• r-m

a CM

• ^

KO

• CO CM

O i n

• vO r-

a i n

• ^

ON in

• T'

<s

r-r<> • vO CM

o -3-

• O

tn CM

• <f T -

ON 00

• m o

crv o

• CM m

o CO

• o (\

o ^ o o

i n ^ + o o

c CM

• ^

t^ T—

• (Tl

P CO 0) x: 3c

0% CO

• -d-fO

o m

• r-K\

C •H <H i H

5

i n

• 00 r-

^ •

O r-

g 01 •H

h

i n o

• ^

m <f

• r-C\J

-3-1.

H-l

• VO O

r-<i

• r-O

CO

( H

tiO •H

•4-CO

• T -rvj

r-r-

• on r-

G CO

Si

O

a

0) x: p

CD

o <H •H d 3 T) 0) •H <-( a a CO

CO CO »

CO Si

bO J!»J

o to,

• oq

•

^ i n

-p CO • Q *

U

o r-•

T -

to

d <u ^ CD (U

f n CM •

r-

U to > •H +J H

5

VO <f

• C\J

u CO >

+J

3 )«;

p c 0)

3 CO 0)

78

4.1.4. Grain analysis

Ihe grain was analysed chemically for its protein and

carbohydrate contents and their fractions. The effects of

treatments, cultivars and T x Cv interaction were found to

be significant (Tables 23-28). The salient points of the

data for each component are briefly considered below:

4.1.4.1 Soluble protein content

The grains became r icher in soluble prote in as a

r e s u l t oi appl ica t ion of higher dose of phosphorus (P50)

compared with P^c(Table 25). The treatments N-JQQP^QK^Q and

^100-t-SO^60^30 ^®^^ ll 'SIJ^ and 8.15% higher soluble protein

than NiooP45^30 ^"^ ^100+50^45^30 respec t ive ly .

All four c u l t i v a r s of t r i t i c a l e possessed higher

soluble grain prote in than the wheat check. Delfin, the

best performer in t h i s regard, possessed 23.93% more soluble

pro te in than wheat.

The combinations N-,QQP5QK^Q and NioO+50^6oSo ^ delfin

(being a t par) gave the highest value and Nioo^45^30 ^ >'heat

the lowest value for soluble grain prote in (Table 23).

4.1.4.2 Insoluble protein content

The effect of the treatments on Insoluble protein of

the grain (Table 24) was similar to that on the soluble

fraction. Thus, N^QQP^QK^^ improved this component over

H CO CO

CO

o O W

W CO lU > CO -H O +^ T> iH

O s

•H O » JH -H

O r H •O SH Q, at 0) •H O '^

<a + t dx :

o o o a fl to C CO O -H Q> x : Q)S:

o CO a ^ to o CO G 0) i 3 -H x :

CO O «H U O ^ - P

CO (/3 0) 1) a> rH x : to r> 5 O 3 T3 H 03

O o CO -a

c C CO o

0) C<H Q) CO tiO O

O p -H

V4 ^ t i

c^J

H

CO

^ - p

v< o

CO

• \ in

o Da

+

OJ

c

CO

u

CO

o

o I m

o iTv i

O

o o

to

CO >

3 O

in t o o

00 o

m VJD

o -4-

in -4-

i n

•p CO

i

c •H

m

^ ^ *

in r « -^

CNJ

t^ •

in

•J-^•

* in

^

^

g 0)

Q

rn

UD i n i n

^ CO

m m

^

i n

CO

C O V -

in T-

i n

in

in

in vo in in i n

m

CO

-J-

C\J

in

in

i n

c CO

c •H o

to

o

s 4)

CO

t>,

O <H •H

c 3 n 0)

•H iH Q, Q. CO

CO

CQ

in

CO t

Q o o m

o

CO

>

+J CJ 0) a p CD <U

^ CO > •H • P H

5

• p

c (U

^ CD <U

H CO CO

JQ O

( H 03 o u

CO w > CO V O H TJ 3

O o

3 CO o <v

JC «H -»-> • P CO •H "H O 5 O -H

H

CO 0) (-1 •p£

CO

o i : c

ft-H

O-P x: o a u

a

o O <H

o c CO

CO C-i<i CO -H CJ CO CO (U

<H O 0> -P

P H CD CO 43 0) 0) 3 x : CO H :> o o

T3 CO (0 c

c C CO o

CD CrH <U CO

•P f^ O

Cl> t -P <H -P ^

M C P

-J-

iH

CO

O

4->

<H O

(0

^^ in

o CM

cu +

CO - p c

to u

c CO

cu S

00 f o

• c -

vO f<^

• a>

c^ irv

• c^

C\J T—

• 00

^ + o m

^ 00

• c

CM vD

• a>

r-

cn • r«-

5 •

00

in

o in

o

o o

in -? o o

CO u CD > •H P -H 3 U

(7\ CO

vO CO

CO

c\j in vo vO vo T - m N^ CO in

• « • • t

r^ (j> r«- t>^ c^

c^ r<> m vi3 m CO

* • • c^ cr» r -

in 00

cn + CD OJ

C

<H rH

2 (D

•H

C7

-:r \

0)

u (aO

5 c5 < ^ pi

o

00

in 00

o

00

m

c CO 0)

bO C

•H ? O CO

<H O

<D

e •H •p

(U £ • p

•p CO

>> i H

g o

CH • r ^

c a

"O

cu •H rH a a 00

CO

S » CO

x:

bO J«i

O m

• CQ

• 2:

^ i n

+J CO •

P •

o

CM

o •

o

CO •P C Q)

B m (U u, H

m o

• o

u CO > •p i H 3 O

i n

o •

o

{:< CO >

•P

3 X.

+J c (U

B CD

2J E H

79

^100-^50^45^0 ^y ^-"^^^ ^"^ ^100+50^60^30' °^^^ N^OO-.5oP45^30 by 7.00%.

Cult ivar differences a lso showed the same pa t te rn as

in the case of soluble grain p ro te in , a l l t r i t i c a l e cu l t i va r s

possessing more insoluble prote in than the wheat check,

Delfin, being the best performer in t h i s regard gave 26.83%

higher value than wheat.

Each treatment in te rac ted be t t e r with Delfin than with

the remaining c u l t i v a r s . Among the various combinations

^100+50^60^30 ^ ^ l ^ i " ^ resul ted in the highest insoluble grain

prote in and N^QQP/^CK^ X wheat gave the lowest value for

t h i s parameter (Table 24).

4 . 1 . 4 . 3 Total prote in content

I t i s evident from Table 25 tha t the higher dose of

phosphorus (PC^Q) increased tota l prote in by 10.47% and 7.46%

over P^c a t N^QQ and N^QQ^CQ r e spec t ive ly . Among the four

t reatments , N^oO+50^60^30 P " ®* best for t h i s important grain

qua l i ty parameter.

Delfin responded best for t o t a l prote in content. All

t r i t i c a l e cu l t i va r s gave higher pro te in content compared with

the wheat check.

The combination N^o0^6oSo ^ °^^^^" ^"^ ^100+50^60^30 ^

Delfin produced the highest concentration of t o t a l grain

CO

CO X3

"H C M

O (0 OJ CO CO U O CO

•o > •H

O - P > i H ' ^

4-> 3 CO O 0)

x : ^J

•P U c

» O -H

••o a •H O tn rH

CO 4-> +^

o ••-' o -C C a o c CO O CO O 0)

x: c s:

0)

CO f< O

CO Q , <U

c o O CD +>

U CO CO laO <U CO i H 5 O CD

TD V CD

o O -P TD 5 C

•P C CD O

<u C r-( 0 ) CD tiO (3 O -H

O tn -P <*-i •*-> -H

^ " 2 ^ in (\;

r - l

CO

H

o •p o

x:

9. a. +

n c e

•p CD 0) l

c CD (U S

CM •

CM

C\J <t

• lA

O t^ •

CM

i n in •

m

o c •

C\i

o in

in + o in

8

CO

CO

>

m

T -

o • vO

C^ CM

• m

m CM •

-:l-

CM

m • K^

c> (J\ •

m

CO

T- i n

O o in C M

CM i n

m CM

c ^ c ^ CM cTi c ^ CO cr> T- o o

* • « • • CM in fn -^ fn

i n <r + o o

-4 fn

• r-

m <o • -J-

c co • T—

i n c>«-• CM

-:r cr> • —

CO <v x: 3e Q

CO U <D

• H (< Q

to cr\ -OJ

O O

C M CO

n

in

C\J

c CD 0)

o (0

«H O

0)

a

CO

g o •H c 3

T3 <U •H H Q. D. CO

^ in •p CO •

« «

u

10

CO

60 M

O m

03

2

00 o

o

O

00

o

CO >

•p c 0)

^ CO 0)

u 00 > •H +J i H

-P C 4)

^ CD 0)

5 ^

80

prote in but were a t par In t h e i r e f fec t . The lowest value

was recorded in N-JQQP^^K^ X wheat (Table 23)*

4 .1 .4 .4 Soluble carbohydrate content

Table 26 shows t h a t the higher dose of applied

phosphorus increased soluble grain carbohydrate content

i r r e spec t i ve of the ni trogen regime. Thus, ^100^60^30 S® ®

8 .31^ and N-,QQ^5QP6OK30' ' '^•^9% more soluble carbohydrate

than NiooP45^30 ^^^ ^100*50^45^30 respec t ive ly .

Delfin possessed the highest content of soluble grain

carbohydrate and TL-419 and Tigre 'S ' (being a t p a r ) , the

lowest. The wheat check occupied an intermediate posi t ion

in t h i s regard.

Among the various combinations, the ef fec t of

^100+50^0^30 "" Del^i" ' followed by tha t of N^oO+50^60^30 ""

Driera, was the best and t h a t of N-|QQP^CK,Q X wheat, the

poorest (Table 26).

4 .1 .4 .5 Insoluble carbohydrate content

This f ract ion was a lso enhanced by the higher dose

of applied phosphorus, but to a l e s s e r degree (Table 27).

Thus, N^QQP^QK^ gave 2.4096 higher value than N^o0^45^30'

Similar ly , 1.85% higher insoluble grain carbohydrate was

the r e s u l t of appl ica t ion of N-,00+50^60^30 ^°'^P^^^^ '^^^

t h a t of N^oo+50^45^30*

H CO CO cd ja

<H

<H O

CO

CD >

O -H

CO +> H

^ B 0 n

9 4J

x: +J •H

3 O

<H CO a>

o+^

' 5 ^

T3 <S^<<'

0 4-> •H H

C o;

Q,+^ O, C CO

CO

s o

o

CO o

• H rH a, <U ^ 0) 0)

u o x: -p

0)

s O . ' O CO

o

c >»C0 o x: J::

0)

os: CXXJ

H (0 CO CO

X5

<H o CO

j - i CO

^-^

» o;«: d

o a>

• H x :

g o hC+J

O CO <u

4» H J3 W jO O D

t J H

O 5

+> <H o +J o 0)

O

» CO

CO - a

c o

d (0

0) d H 0) CO bO O O - H ^ - P

<H +» ^ «H u

•

CM

cu H XI CO H

•H ^ d - P

CO x:

o CM

+

J*; «

d

CD (U U

d (0 <U

o m

i n

o in

o

o o

i n

o o

CO

>

CM

C M

in

C M

in

CO 0)

o CO

00 ^O

in vo in in in

CM OS

• i n

r-«X)

• K£>

-^ T-

• VO

ON m • in

S •

i n

CM r -00 VO

• • in in

CM

CM r-

• • • i n i n i n

i n ^

i n

«H s a> I .

g in

o in

m

in

m m vD r-m ON m rn

• • • • vo in in in

m

in

CO ON CM

in

CO CTN -cu

u bO

§ ,5 , E fl d CO

1 0

d •H

o CO <H O

(U

a

0)

x:

CO

o

d 3

a ex CO

CO CO

CO

bO 4d

O fn

in

(0

a a

C M

o o o o

CO •P d

CD (1>

u

CD > -P

-P d v

+J CO rH Q)

5 ^

CO

>

H CO W W U

O

CO 0) W O

t 3

O

•P

3 O

U 3

0) <H +> O s

•H

Q,

cd

0)

<u 0)

O J2 O + J

Q> V I

o -d CO

O X)

5^ hOcfl

n 3 CD

H O'O W £J C CO

S

O

w 0) w o

T» O

+J

<H O

+> O 01

«H

1) C f - ( O CO

o

bO-H

• H « H

c o

0) H

(0

" ^

O

+ 2

to -p

g CO

c (0 0) s:

f -t^

• r-C^

v£) <t

• C\ c>-

CD a\ •

p h-

CD O •

cr« KD

o J -

• ON U3

o i n

ir»

O lA

o

8

i n

o o

0) U CO

>

VO

CM

^

00

o o

CO

00

CM

cv

00

CM

i n c>

i n i n r- 00

O

00

CTv

§ a

£

Q

O

J. E-i

O

CM i n cr\ 00

• • 00 00

SO t ^ <J- r - - * O 00 t - ^» 00. * • • • •

CM Cvj T - o> 0 ^ C^ C*- C^ vO 1 ^

i n

CO

CO

u

-J-

fn in

o

*

V£)

ON

c CO

c

o CO

<H

o

a>

(U JC •P

CO

o -H

3 -a (U •H ( H a a CO

CO CO

CD x: ^^

^: o m

CQ

2

in

•p

o

OD O CM

O •4-

(0

c 0) e CD

u H

CO

>

CO >

3 O

•P

c

CD

81

The pa t te rn for c u l t i v a r performance was d i f fe ren t

for t h i s f rac t ion . The wheat check was i n f e r i o r only to

Delfin with regard to insoluble grain carbohydrate content,

other c u l t i v a r s giving lower galues .

Among the T x Cv in t e r ac t ion e f f ec t s , N-j00^50^60^30 ^

Delfin, N^oO^eoSo "" °^^^^" ^ ^ ^^OO^^QP^OKJO X Driera

(being a t par ) gave the h ighes t values for insoluble grain

carbohydrate content and N-,00^45^30 ^ TL-A19 the lowest

(Table 27).

4 .1 .4 .6 Total carbohydrate isontent

A perusal of Table 28 reveals tha t app l l i ca t ion of

the higher dose of phosphorus (60 kg P O /ha ) was b e t t e r -for

t o t a l carbohydrate content than the lower dose (45 kg P„Oc/ha),

Thus, treatment N^QOP^QK^Q increased t o t a l carbohydrate

content by 2.8296 over N-JOQP^CK^Q. Similar ly, treatment

*^100+50^60^30 save 2.A796 higher carbohydrate content compared

with N-,oo^5oP45K3o.

Delfin gave the highest t o t a l carbohydrate content and

TL-419, the lowest. The wheat check stood a t number two in

cul t ivar -wise sequence of t o t a l grain oarbohyarate content.

Regarding the T x Cv i n t e r a c t i o n , ^'\Q,O+^O^^O^^O ^

Delfin, N^oo^60^30 ^ Del^^" and N^oo+50^60^30 ^ Driera gave

the highest values for t o t a l carbohydrate and they were

^' CO O X)

W <H U O CO

>

QJ-P « 0 H O 3

T3 O

O U

+> O W <H 0)

V < H CO •H O O > -H

'O'SR. Q,

•H t .

Q , C <U Q, 0) (1) (0 -«-) (H

C x : CO O +>

a (D c 0} (H CD 0 * 0 <1> x: >,s ax:^-'

o rH X3 . CO P I ^ 03 (0 O CO O (U

JO x : c o

O CO +J U CO

a> x : COrH S O CD -O -P CO

O - P TJ > C

•M C CO o

<M a> o c H

0) CO +> t ^ O O O -H

« H - H p. M C 4->

CD

0) rH X I CO

E H

CO

x: in

o

+

bO

« -P c <u

CO

t( H

c CO 0) s

< K

• c t -

CO in

• 00 c

o in

in

o in

o

o o

in

CO

CO >

00

- P CO <V

x:

in

o C M

CTv

in

^

^

o

c •H <H rH

S

SO ^ <u •H

h

C\J t

in •

in

o in

o C\J

6-t

o CM

f<^ C ^ v O ^ CO T - ON - ^ OO CO

in

in

CM

-4-

00

m

00

in

c cd 0)

150

c

O

n «H O

OJ B

• P CO

E U

o •H c 3

<u •H r-l a a CO

CO

§ CO

X!

to

m +> CO

*

^ CM < t

o o

CO >

- P H

0)

a Q)

^ CO 0) u

^ « > •H +J H

5

•p

c V

1 CO 0) u

82

s t a t i s t i c a l l y equal in t h e i r e f fec t . The treatment

NHQQP/cK^Q X TL-419 gave the lowest value for the parameter

(Table 28).

4,2 EXPERIMENT 2

This second f a c t o r i a l randomised f i e ld experiment was

.conducted with the aim to se l«ct the best atageCs) for the

appl ica t ion of supplemental phosphorris spray in the form

of monocalcium superphosphate. In a l l , e igh t t reatments

were tes ted (Table 3) including spray of de-ionised water

( con t ro l ) . The stage a t which phosphorus sprays were applied

included t i l l e r i n g (T), heading (H), milky grain (M), t i l l e r i n g

and heading (TH), t i l l e r i n g and milky grain (W) , heading and

milky grain (HM) and t i l l e r i n g , heading and milky grain

(THM).

4 .2 .1 Yield c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

After harves t , var ious yie ld parameters were studied.

The data, summarised in Tables 29-42, are described br ief ly

below:

4 .2 .1 .1 Bar number per p lan t

The effect of phosphorus spray on ear production was

s ign i f i can t (Table 29). The values obtained for THM

were a t par . In terms of percentage, the treatment THM gave

29.41^ more ears than the water-sprayed cont ro l .

Table 29* Effect of supplemental phosphorus spray a t various growth s tages of t x d t l c a l e and wheat on ear number per p lan t t (Mean of three r e p l i c a t e s )

Treatments

Control

T i l l e r i ng

Heading

Milky grain

Ti l ler ing•heeding

Tillering+Milky grain

Heading+Milky grain

Ti11ering•heading* Milky grain

Mean

(C)

(T)

(H)

(M)

(TH)

cm) (HM)

(THM)

Wheat (HI>-220A)

8.33

8.67

8.33

8.67

9.67

9.67

8,67

9.67

6.96

Crop

T r i t i c a l e (Delfln)

8.67

9.67

9.CX)

8.67

11.67

12 .CX)

9.33

12.33

10.17

Mean

8.50

9.17

8.67

8.67

10.67

10.83

9.00

11.00

N.B. A uniform dose of 100 kg N, 45 kg P O and 30 kg K/ha was applied a t the time of sowing, followed by 50 kg N/ha by top-dressing a t t i l l e r i n g .

l>ie quant i ty of phosphorus in the spray was U kg/ha applied in one, two or three equal s p l i t s .

C.D.at 5%

Treatments 0.65

Cult ivar 0.32

Treatment x Cult ivar 0.92

83

Among the two c u l t i v a r s , Delfin gave 13.50?6 more ears

pe r p l an t than wheat.

Considering the T x Cv i n t e r ac t i on ef fec t , THM x

Delfin, TH x Delfin and OM x Delfin, being a t par , produced

more ears than the other combinations. I t i s noteworthy

tha t wheat In te rac ted l e s s favourably with phosphorus spray

than Delfin a t almost a l l s tages with regard to ear production.

4.2»1.2 Ear weight per p l an t

The ef fec t of phosphorus spray on ear weight per p lan t

was s ign i f i can t (Table 30) . Among the e ight t reatments , spray

of phosphorus a t a l l three growth stages (THM), followed by

HM and TM tha t were a t par in t h e i r ef feot , proved most

e f fec t ive . The values recorded for these treatments were

44.0036 and more than 38?6 higher than t h a t of the cont ro l .

Among the c u l t i v a r s , the ear weight per p lan t was

48.5996 higher compared with wheat.

T X Cv in t e r ac t i on effect was a lso s ign i f i can t THM x

Delfin ( a t par with HM x Delfin) proved the most ef fec t ive

combinations and yielded maximum ear weight per p l an t (83.79%)

more than water spray x wheat t h a t proved the poorest combi­

nat ion.

Table 30. Effect of supplemental phosphorus spray a t various growth s tages of t r i t i c a l e and wheat on ear weight per p l an t {&)• (Mean of three r e p l i c a t e s )

Treatments

Control

T i l l e r i n g

Heading

Milky grain

T i l l e r i n g ••Heading

Til lering+Milky grain

Heading-^Mllky g i^in

Tillering-*H eading* Milky grain

Mean

(C)

(T)

(H)

(M)

(TO)

(IM)

(HM)

CIHM)

Wheat (HD-2204)

24.98

25.12

25.95

25.97

26.32

27.09

26.81

28,30

26.32

Crop

T r i t i c a l e (De l f in )

26.55

31.39

37.31

43.71

38.99

44.01

45.01

45.91

39.11

Mean

25.77

28.26

31.63

34.84

32.66

35.55

35.91

37.11

N.B. A unifonn dose of 100 kg N, 45 kg P«0 and 30 kg K/ha was applied a t the time of sowing, followed by. 50 kg N/ha by top-dress ing a t t i l l e r i n g .

The quant i ty of phosphorus in the spray was 4 kg/ha applied in one, two or three equal s p l i t s .

C.D.at 3%

Treatments 0.70

Cul t ivar 0.35

Treatment x Cult ivar 0.99

8^

4,2.1»3 Length per ear

Phosphorus spray s ign i f i can t ly affected ear length

a l so (Table 31) . Among the e ight spray treatments t r i e d ,

spray a t t i l l e r i n g heading and milky grain stage (THM)

produced the longest e a r s , followed by tha t a t heading and

milky grain stage (HM)and gave 2h.&h% and 13*52% longer ears

respect ive ly than the control sprayed with water.

On comparing t r i t i c a l e with wheat, Delfin showed

39.4996 increase in ear length over wheat.

As regards T x Cv in t e r ac t i on e f fec t , THM with Delfin

gave 73.24% longer ears than the combination control with

wheat, t ha t gave the lowest value . I t was followed by HM x

Delfin tha t gave 60.57% longer ears than water x wheat.

4 ,2 .1 .4 3Pikelet number per ear

Nximber of sp ike le t s per ear was s ign i f i can t ly affected

by the phosphorus sprays (Table 32) . All the treatments gave

higher values than the water^sprayed control with THM,

followed by TH and HM (a t p a r ) , proving the most e f fec t ive .

THM produced 64,60% and TH and HM, about 40% more sp ike le t s

than the cont ro l .

Like the other y ie ld parameters, Delfin again surpassed

the wheat check by producing 84.96^ more sp ike le t per ea r .

Table 31• Effect of supplemental phosphorus spray at various growth stages of t r l t l c a l e and wheat on length per ear (cm). (Mean of three repl icates)

Treatments

Control

Til lering

Heading

Milky grain

•

Ti11e ring +Heading

Tillering+Milky grain

Heading-fMilky grain

(c) (T)

(H)

(M)

(m) (OM)

(HM)

Wheat (HEK220A)

14,61

14,69

14.66

14.65

15.42

15,54

15.65

Crop Trit icale (Delfin)

19.84

19.83

20.39

19.79

22.76

20.11

23.46

Mean

17.23

17.26

17.53

17.22

19.09

17.83

19.56

Til lering "••Headlng+ Milky grain (THM) 17.70 25.31 21.51

Mean 15.37 21.44

N.B. A unifona dose of 100 kg N, 45 kg PgOc and 30 kg K/ha was applied at the time of sowing, followed by 50 kg N/ha by top-dressing at t i l l e r i n g .

The quantity of phosphorus in the spray was 4 kg/ha applied An one, two or three equal s p l i t s .

Treatments Cultivar Treatment x Cultivar

CD.at 5%

0.18

0.09

0.25

Table 32• Effect of supplemental phosphorus spray a t various growth s tages of t r l t i c a l e and wheat on sp ike le t number per ea r . (Mean of three r e p l i c a t e s )

Treatments

Control

T i l l e r ing

Heading

Milky grain

Tillering+Heading

T i l l e r i ng "•Ml Iky grain

Heading-fMilky grain

(C)

(T)

(H)

(M)

(OH)

(TM)

(HM)

Wheat (HEH2204)

17.67

18,67

20,33

19.67

20,67

20.33

19.67

Crop

T r i t i c a l e (Delfin)

25.67

34.33

36.33

33.67

40.33

35.67

40.67

Mean

21.67

26.50

28.33

26.67

30.50

28.00

30.17

Ti llering'»-Heading+ Milky gra in (THM) 22.67 48,67 35.67

Mean 19.96 36.92

N.B. A unifonn dose of 100 kg N, 45 kg P^Oe and 30 kg K/ha was applied a t the time of sowing, followed by 50 kg N/ha by top-dressing a t t i l l e r i n g .

The quant i ty of phosphorus in the spray was 4 kg/ha applied in one, two or three equal s p l i t s .

Treatments Cul t ivar Treatment x Cult ivar

C.O.at 5%

1.15 0.58

1.63

85

All the T X Cv i n t e r a c t i o n s for t r i t i c a l e were be t t e r

than the respect ive combinations with wheat. The maximum

number of sp ike le t s was obtained with IHM x Delfin. I t

proved 6A.6l% more ef fec t ive than water x wheat and was

followed by HM X Delfin.

A.2.1.5 Grain number per ear

Fol iar spiray of phosphorus s ign i f i can t ly increased

gi*ain number per ear (Table 33) . Most of the t rea tments ,

except M and TH which were a t par , were c r i t i c a l l y d i f ferent

in t h e i r e f fec t . Treatment THM resu l t ed in 49.59% more grains

per ear than the watei^sprayed con t ro l . I t was followed by

TM and HM, in t ha t order .

T r i t i c a l e c u l t i v a r Delfin produced 18.1896 more grains

per ear than HD-2204 wheat.

The combination THM x Delfin proved most e f fec t ive ,

followed by HM X Delfin. These produced 71.189^ and 53.10%

more grains than water x wheat, t h a t gave the lowest value.

4.2.1.6 1,CX)0 grain weight

1,000 grain weight, was a lso affected s ign i f i can t ly

by the phosphorus sprays (Table 34) . THM, closely followed

by HM, proved most e f f ec t ive . An increase of 21.62% in

1,000 grain weight over the control was recorded by THM.

Treatment HM increased 1,000 grain weight by 20.43% over the

water-sprayed con t ro l .

Table 33 . Effect of supplemental phosphorus spray a t various growth s tages of t r l t l c a l e and wheat on grain number per ear . (Mean of three r e p l i c a t e s )

Treatments

Control

Ti l lering

Heading

Milky grain

Tillering-t-Heading

Tillering+Milky grain

Heading-fMilky grain

(C)

(T)

(H)

(M)

(m) (TM)

(HM)

Crop

Wheat (HD-2204)

59.00

63.67

64.33

63.67

70.33

76.67

64.00

Trit icale (Delfin)

65.33

70.67

76.33

82.00

74.00

86 .33

90 .33

Mean

62.17

67.17

70.33

7?.83

72.17

81.50

77.17

Tillering+Heading* Milky grain (1HM) 85.00 101.00 93.00

Mean 68.33 80.75

N.B. A uniform dose of 100 kg N, 45 kg PpO^ and 30 kg K/ha was applied tit the time of sowing, followed by 50 kg N/ha by

top-dressing a t t i l l e r i n g .

The quant i ty of phosphorus in the spray was 4 kg/ha applied in one, two or three equal s p l i t s .

Treatments Cultlvar Treatment x Cultivar

C.D.at 5%

2.38 1.19 3.36

Table 3A. Effect of supplemental phosphorus spray a t various growth s tages of t r i t i c a l e and wheat on 1,000 grain weight ( g ) . (Mean of three r e p l i c a t e s )

Treatments

Control

T i l l e r i n g

Heading

Milky grain

Tillering-fHeading

T i l l e r i n g "••Ml Iky grain

Heading'•Milky gr«in

(C)

(T)

(H)

(M)

(m) (TM)

(HM)

Wheat (HD-2204)

45 .65

46.91

52.19

53.67

52.39

53.70

55.45

Crop T r i t i c a l e (De l f in )

48.21

48 .83

50.15

56.86

54 .93

57.13

57.58

Mean

46.93

47.87

51.17

55.27

53.66

55.42

56.52

Ti l l e r i ng •fHeading* Milky grain (IHM) 55.49 58.66 57.08

Mean 51.93 54.04

N.B. A uniform dose of 100 kg N, 45 kg PgO^ and 30 kg K/ha was applied a t the time of sowing, followed by 50 kg N/ha by top-dressing a t t i l l e r i n g .

The quant i ty of phosphorus in the spray was 4 kg/ha applied in one, two or three equal s p l i t s .

Treatments Cult ivar Treatment x Cult ivar

C D . a t 5%

0 .27 0 .14

0 .38

86

Delfin recorded 4,0636 higher, 1,CX)0 grain weight than

wheat*

T X Cv in t e r ac t i on effect was s ignif icantf Out of

a l l the combinations, IHM x Delfin proved best , followed by

HM X Delfin, the respect ive increase in 1,000 grain weight

over water x wheat ( t ha t was the l e a s t e f fec t ive) being

28.49% and 26.1396.

4 . 2 . 1 . 7 Grain y ie ld

Phosphorus spray s ign i f i can t ly increased grain yield

(Table 35) . THM and HM, being a t par , proved most effect ive

and produced 28.75% more grain than the control sprayed with

water.

Delfin proved 22.32% b e t t e r in terms of grain produc­

t ion compared with wheat check.

Among the i n t e r a c t i o n s , THM x Delfin and HM x Delfin,

being a t par , proved the best combination for grain yield

and produced about 55% more grain than water x wheat.

4.2.1.8 Straw yie ld

Production of straw was also affected s ign i f i can t ly

(Table 36) . THM gave 13.40% more straw, followed by TH

(11.06%), TM (8.14%) and T (5.84% more) than the con t ro l .

I t i s noteworthy t h a t the treatment HM, t h a t proved highly

Table 35• ELffect of suppleiiental phosphorus spray a t various gj-owth stages of t r l t i c a l e and wheat on grain y ie ld (q /ha ) . (Mean of three r e p l i c a t e s )

Treatments

Control

T i l l e r i n g

Heading

Milky g r a i n

Til ler ing-^Heading

T i l l e r ing+Mi lky g r a i n

Heading-^Milky g r a i n

Tillering+He€iding> Milky g r a i n

Mean

(C)

(T)

(H)

in) (TH)

(IM)

(HM)

(THM)

Wheat (HD-2204)

36.79

37.00

40.31

44 .32

40.90

44.85

46 .13

46 .54

42,10

Crop T r i t i c a l e ( D e l f i n )

43 .83

46 .34

48 .30

55.48

48,44

55.46

56 .88

57.25

51.50

Mean

40.31

41.67

44.30

49.90

44.67

50.16

51.50

51.90

N.B. A uniform dose of 100 kg N, 45 kg P^O- and 30 kg K/ha was applied a t the time of sowing, followed by 50 kg N/ha by top-dressing a t t i l l e r i n g .

The quant i ty of phosphorus in the spray was 4 kg/ha applied in one, two or three equal s p l i t s .

Treatments Cult ivar Treatment x Cult ivar

C.D.at 5%

0.51 0.26 0.73

Table 56. Elfect of supplemental phosphorus spray at various growth stages of triticale and wheat on straw yield (q/ha). (Mean of three replicates)

Treatments

Cont ro l

T i l l e r i n g

Heading

Milky girain

Ti11e ring•Hea ding

Til ler ing-fMil

Heading-fMilky

ky g r a i n

• g r a i n

Til lering-fHea ding* Milky g r a i n

Mean

(C)

(T)

(H)

(M)

(TH)

(TM)

(HM)

(THM)

Wheat (HD-220A)

116.10

110.41

113.17

108.17

117.49

117.32

119.35

118.44

115.06

Crop

T r i t i c a l e (De l f in )

118.20

137.59

120.36

120.75

142.73

136.07

124.99

147.26

130.99

• MPfln

117.15

124.00

116.77

114.46

130.11

126.69

122.17

132.85

N.B. A uniform dose of 100 kg N, 45 kg P^O. and 30 kg K/ha was applied a t the time of sowing, followed by 50 kg N/ha by top-dress ing a t t i l l e r i n g .

The quanti ty of phosphorus in the spray was 4 kg/ha applied

in one, two or three equal s p l i t s .

Treatments

Cult ivar

Treatment x Cult ivar

C.D.at 5%

0.49 0.24

0.69

87

e f f e c t i v e fo r a l l o t h e r y i e l d pa r ame te r s ( i n c l u d i n g g r a i n

y i e l d ) , was no t very e f f e c t i v e f o r s t raw p roduc t ion and

r e s u l t e d in only 4.28?6 i n c r e a s e over the c o n t r o l .

As f a r a s crop response was concerned, t r i t i c a l e

c u l t i v a r Delf in produced 13.849^ h i g h e r s t raw than the wheat.

Consider ing T x Cv I n t e r a c t i o n e f f e c t , THM x Delfin

proved most e f f e c t i v e . The s t raw y i e l d noted i n t h i s combi­

na t ion was 26,83% more than t h a t f o r wate r x wheat. I t may

be noted t h a t s t raw p roduc t ion was more i n a l l the spray

t r e a t m e n t combinat ions with t r i t i c a l e i n comparison to the

cor responding t r e a t m e n t x wheat combina t ions . Also , a l l

t r e a t m e n t s compris ing spray a t t i l l e r i n g (T, TH, TM and THM)

i n t e r a c t e d b e t t e r ( p a r t i c u l a r l y with De l f in ) than H, M and

HM.

4,2*2 Grain a n a l y s i s

To t e s t the e f f i c a c y of phosphorus spray on the g r a i n

q u a l i t y of t r i t i c a l e c u l t i v a r (De l f in ) and wheat c u l t i v a r

(HD-2204), the g r a i n s were chemical ly ana lysed fo r t h e i r

p r o t e i n and carbohydra te c o n t e n t s and the f i n d i n g s ( recorded

i n Table 37-^2) a r e de sc r ibed below:

4 . 2 . 2 . 1 Soluble prote in content

Spray of phosphorus i n the form of d i l u t e aqueous

s o l u t i o n a t d i f f e r e n t growth s t a g e s was b e n e f i c i a l f o r

88

increas ing the grain soluble pro te in content (Table 37) .

Among the t reatments , spray of phosphorus a t THM proved

most ef fec t ive and was closely followed by tha t a t HM. The

respect ive values were 16.2596 and 14.1996 more in comparison

to con t ro l .

Cul t ivars responded s ign i f i can t ly to the spray t r e a t ­

ment and Delfin grain possessed 15.9996 more soluble prote in

than wheat g ra in .

Regarding T x Cv in t e r ac t i on e f fec t , THM >c Delfin

proved the most • f r t o t l v t oomblnatlon and was cloaely followed

by HM X Delfin and proved auperlor over water x wheat

combination. The values recorded for IHM x Delfin and HM x

Delfin were 39.26?6 and 35.61% more than for water x wheat.

4 . 2 ,2 .2 Insoluble protein content

In general , spray of phosphoxnas s ign i f i can t ly affected

the grain insoluble pro te in (Table 38) . Treatment THM proved

most ef fec t ive and resul ted in 16,7596 more insoluble protein

than the contix>l. Spray a t heading and milky grain stages

(HM) was a lso benef ic ia l and produced 12.6496 higher insoluble

prote in over the con t ro l , which had the lowest insoluble

protein content in i t s gra in .

Delfin grain had 9.2996 more insoluble prote in than

the wheat check.

Table 37. Efl'ect of supplemental phosphorus spray a t various growth stages of t r i t i c a l e and wheat on soluble grain pro te in contfnt(%). (Mean of three r e p l i c a t e s )

Treatments Crop

Wheat (HD-2204)

T r i t i c a l e (Delfin)

Mean

Control

T i l l e r i ng

Heading

Milky gx*ain

Tillering+Heading

Tillering-H^ilky grain

Heading-»-Milky grain

(C)

(T)

(H)

(M)

cm) (IM)

(HM)

4 .38

4.71

4 ,91

4 .95

5.09

5 .13

5.16

5.34

5.47

5.65

5.67

5.85

5.86

5.94

4 .86

5.09

5.28

5.31

5.47

5.49

5.55

Ti l l e r i ng •••Heading-f Milky grain (IHM) 5.20 6.10 5.65

Mean 4.94 5.73

N.B. A uniform dose of 100 kg N, 45 kg PJ)^ and 30 kg K/ha was applied a t the time of sowing, followed by 50 kg N/ha by top-dressing a t t i l l e r i n g .

The quanti ty of phosphorus in the spray was 4 kg/ha applied in one, two or three equal s p l i t s .

Treatments Cult ivar Treatment x Cult ivar

C.D.at 5?6

0.03 0.02 0.05

Table 38. Effect of supplemental phosphorus spray a t various growth s tages of t r i t l c a l e and wheat on insoluble grain pro te in content(?6). (Mean of three r ep l i ca t e s )

Treatments

Control

T i l l e r ing

Heading

Milky grain

Tillerlng^Heading

T i l l e r ing "••MI, Iky grain

Heading+Milky grain

(c) (T)

(H)

(M)

(TH)

(IM)

(HM)

Wheat (HD-2204)

8 ,07

8.24

8.34

8 ,88

8 .93

8 .93

9.06

Crop

U p i t i o a l « (De l f in )

8 ,65

9 .03

9 .23

9 .52

9 .67

9.74

10.07

Mean

8.36

8.64

8.79

9.20

9.30

9.34

9.57

Tillering-fHeading+ Milky grain (THM) 9.24 10.27 9.76

Mean 8.71 9.52

N.B. A uniform dose of 100 kg N, 45 kg P^O^ and 30 kg K/ha was applied a t the time of sowing, followed by 50 kg N/ha by top-dressing a t t i l l e r i n g .

The quant i ty of phosphorus in the spray was 4 kg/ha applied in one, two or three equal s p l i t s .

Treatment Cult ivar Treatment x Cult ivar

C.D.at 5%

0.04 0.02 0.06

89

Considering the T x Cv i n t e r a c t i o n s , Delfin x THM

proved the best combination and resu l t ed in 27*26% more

insoluble prote in compared to water x wheat. Other combina­

t ions were also c r i t i c a l l y d i f fe ren t l i k e HM x Delfin, TM x

Delfin, TH x Delfin and M x Delfin and t h e i r respect ive values

were 2 4 . 7 8 ^ 20.69%, 19.83% and 17.96% more than tha t of

water x wheat. In t e re s t ing ly Delfin in t e rac ted with the

treatments b e t t e r than the respect ive treatment x wheat.

4 .2 .2 .3 Total protein content

As in the case of soluble and insoluble grain pro te in ,

t o t a l prote in content of grain was highest in treatment THI«1,

followed closely by treatment HM. These gave 16.56% and

14.37% higher vfilues than the control sprayed with water,

t ha t gave the lowest value for t o t a l grain prote in content

(Table 39) .

Delfin possessed 11.72% more t o t a l pro te in in the gr«in

than wheat check.

Among the treatment x Cv i n t e r a c t i o n s , the highest

value was given by THM x Delfin, followed closely by HM x

Delfin and the lowest, by water x wheat (Table 39 ) .

4.2.2.4 Soluble carbohydrate content

Soluble carbohydrate of the grain was significantly

affected by phosphorus spray at various growth stages (Table 40),

Table 39. Effect of supplemental phosphorus spray a t various growth stages of t r i t i c a l e and wheat on t o t a l grain pro te in content {%)• (Mean of three r e p l i c a t e s )

Treatments

Contro l

T i l l e r i n g

Heading

Milky g r a i n

T i l l e r ing+Heading

Til ler ing-^Milky g r a i n

Heading+Milky g r a i n

T i l l e r i n g "fHeading-f Milky g r a i n

Mean

(C)

(T)

(H)

(M)

(•m) (•m)

(HM)

(THM)

1

Wheat (HD-2204)

12.45

12.95

13.25

13.83

14.02

1A.06

14.22

14.44

13.65

Crop T r i t i c a l e (De l f i n )

13.99

14.50

14.88

15.19

15.52

15.60

16.01

16.37

15.25

Mean

13.22

13.73

14,07

14.51

14.77

14.83

15.12

15.41

N.B. A uniform dose of 100 kg N, 45 kg PpO^ and 30 kg K/ha was applied a t the time of sowing, followed by 50 kg N/ha by top-dressing a t t i l l e r i n g .

The quant i ty of phosphorus in the spray was 4 kg/ha applied in one, two or three equal s p l i t s .

Treatments Cult lvar Treatment x Cult ivar

C.D.at 5%

0.08

0.04

0.13

Table 40. Effect of supplemental phosphorus spray at various growth stages of triticale and wheat on soluble grain carbohydrate content {%), (Mean of three replicates)

Treatments

Control

T i l l e r i n g

Heading

Milky g r a i n

Tillering-»-Heading

T i l l e r ing+Mi lky g r a i n

Heading-fMilky g r a i n

(C)

(T)

(H)

(M)

(TH)

cm) (HM)

Wheat (HD-2204)

4 .18

4 .63

4 .82

4 .98

5.11

5.50

6.02

Crop T r i t i c a l e (De l f in )

6 .23

6.30

6.61

6 .83

6 .97

7.30

7.72

Mean

5.21

5.46

5.72

5.91

6.04

6.40

6.87

Tillering <»-Headin£t Milky grain (THM) 5.68 7.34 6.51

Mean 5.12 6.91

N.B. A uniform dose of 100 kg N, 45 kg P.O^ and 30 kg K/ha was

applied a t the time of sowing, followed by 50 kg N/ha by

top-dressing a t t i l l e r i n g .

The quanti ty of phosphorus in the spray was 4 kg/ha applied in one, two or three equal s p l i t s .

Treatments C u l t i v a r

Treatment x C u l t i v a r

C.D.at 3%

0.06

0 .03 0 .08

90

All the treatments were c r i t i c a l l y d i f fe ren t in t h e i r e f fec t .

Treatment (HM) proved most e f fec t ive for increas ing the

soluble carbohydrate content and resu l ted in 31«8696 higher

value than the con t ro l . I t was followed by THM which gave

24.95?6 higher soluble carbohydrate content over con t ro l . The

r e s t of the treatments l i k e TM, TH, M, H and T resu l ted in

22,Qh%t 15.9336, 13.44%, 9.79% and 4.80% higher grain soluble

carbohydrate content respect ive ly than the con t ro l .

Regarding c u l t i v a r response, Delfin recorded 34,96%

more soluble carbohydrate compared with wheat.

•Die sixteen poss ible combinations of T x Cv i n t e r a c ­

t ions had s ign i f i can t e f fec t and most of them c r i t i c a l l y

d i f fe ren t from each other in t h i s respec t . Combination HM x

Delfin proved best giving 84,68% higher"soluble carbohydrate

content than the water x wheat. The values obtained by the

combination of THM x Delfin and TM x Delfin were a t par .

4 .2 .2 .5 Insoluble carbohydrate content

g r a y i n g the p l an t s with phosphorus resul ted in

s ign i f i can t increase in grain insoluble carbohydrate (Table 41) .

Among the t rea tments , spray of phosphorus a t a l l the

growth stages were c r i t i c a l l y d i f fe ren t in t h e i r e f f ec t s . Ihe

treatment THM proved most ef fec t ive and gave 5.81% more

insoluble carbohydrate content compared to cont ro l . On the

Table 41• Effect of supplemental phosphorus spray at various growth stages of triticale and wheat on insoluble grain carbohydrate content (%)• (Mean of three replicates)

Treatments J2£2£. Wheat

(HD-2204) T r i t i c a l e (De l f i n )

Mean

Control

T i l l e r i n g

Heading

Milky g r a i n

T i l l e r i n g • H e a d i n g

T i l l e r ing+Ml lky g r a i n

Heading•MiIky g r a i n

(C)

(T)

(H)

(M)

(TH)

(IM)

(HM)

69 .24

69 .57

69 .83

70.13

76.70

71.14

72.92

69 .93

70.52

70.59

71.33

72.39

72.74

74.09

69.59

70.05

70.21

70.73

71.55

71.94

73.50

Tillering+Heading-*-Milky g r a i n (THM) 72.67 74.62 73.64

Mean 70.75 72.03

N.B. A unifona dose of 100 kg N, 45 kg PpO and 30 kg K/ha was

applied a t the time of sowing, followed by 50 kg N/ha by

top-dress ing a t t i l l e r i n g .

The quant i ty of phosphorus in the spray was 4 kg/ha applied in one, two or thr^e equal s p l i t s .

Treatments

Cult lvar

Treatment x CXiltivar

C.D.at 3%

0.06

0.03

0.09

91

other hand, TM tha t followed I t c lose ly , resu l ted In 5*62%

more insoluble carbohydrate content than the con t ro l .

On comparing the two crops t e s t ed , Delfin proved

super ior exhibi t ing ^,Q^% higher insoluble carbohydrate content

than wheat.

The T X Cv in t e r ac t i on THM >c Delfin was 1,11% superior

to the water x wheat i n t e r ac t ion regarding t h i s parameter.

4 ,2 .2 .6 Total carbohydrate content

A perusal of Table 42 c lear ly e s t ab l i shes tha t t r e a t ­

ment HM resul ted in the highest t o t a l grain carbohydrate

content (7.4556 b e t t e r than con t ro l ) , c losely followed by THM

(7.15% higher than c o n t r o l ) . In f ac t , the e f fec t of the

t reatments exhibited the same pa t t e rn for t h i s parameter as

for soluble carbohydrates (Table 40) .

Delfin possessed 4,05?6 more t o t a l grain carbohydrate

than wheat.

Among the i n t e r ac t i on e f fec t s (T x Cv), THM x Delfin,

followed very closely by HM x Delfin gave the highest value

and water x wheat, the lowest value for t o t a l grain carbo­

hydrate content (Table 42) .

Table 42. Effect of supplemental phosphorus spray a t various growth s tages of t r l t i c a l e and wheat on t o t a l grain carbohydrate content {%). (Mean of three r e p l i c a t e s )

Treatments

Cont ro l

T i l l e r i n g

Heading

Milky g r a i n

T i l l e r ing+Headlng

Ti l l e r ing+MiIky g r a i n

Heading-J-Mi Iky g r a i n

T i l l e r i n g •••Heading* Milky g r a i n

Mean

(c) (T)

(H)

(M)

(TH)

(1M)

(HM)

(THM)

Wheat (HD-2204)

73.42

74.10

74.65

75.11

75.81

76.64

78.94

, 78.35

75.87

Crop T r i t i c a l e (De l f in )

76 .16

76.82

77.20

78.16

79.36

80.04

81.81

81.96

78.94

MPAn

74.80

75.51

75.93

76.64

77.59

78.34

80.37

80.15

N.B. A uniform dose of 100 kg N, 45 kg P^O. and 30 kg K/ha was applied a t the time of sowing, followed by 50 kg N/ha by top-dressing a t t i l l e r i n g .

The quant i ty of phosphorus in the spray was 4 kg/ha applied in one, two or three equal s p l i t s .

Treatments C u l t i v a r

Treatment x C u l t i v a r

C.D.at 5%

0.09 0 .04

0 .13

92

4 .3 EXPERIMSNT 3

The aim of t h i s simple rendomised t r i a l was to confirm

the findings of Experiment 2 regarding the response of Delfin

to the spray of monocalcium superphosphate applied a t heading

and milky grain s t ages . In addi t ion , the ef fec t of t h i s

treatment was compared with t h a t of two other sources of

phosphorus, namely diammonium phosphate and sodium dihydrogen

or thophate .

A.3.1 Yield c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

The comparative response of t r i t i c a l e c u l t i v a r Delfin

with regard to various yield parameters, studied a t harvest

(TableJ!*3) as described below:

4.3«1«1 Ear number per p lan t

Ear production was s ign i f i can t ly affected by the spray

treatments and monocalcium superphosphate spray proved the

most e f fec t ive source of phosphorus. The other two sources

(NaHpPO^ and DAP) were equal in t h e i r e f fec t , ^ r a y of

deionised water (cont ro l ) resu l ted in the lowest number of

ea r s per p l an t . I t may be noted from Table 43 t h a t compared

with the contixjl, superphosphate spray produced.36.49?^ more

ears and the other two treatments about 15.56% more.

4 . 3 . 1 . 2 Ear weight per p lan t

Among the various treatments, superphosphate spray

gave the highest value for ear weight (Table 43 ) . I t was

4) H

s • ^

•H u +J

«H o CO o

• ^

to •H ( 4

o g (0 s: o x> H a> •H > ,

a> 5 c o

2 o £ a, (0

x: w aa>

+> « H CO o o

•H 0 3 H « O4

^t 3 0 tt)

«g 2 ^ ^'S <H « 0 c

00 s : u>~^ a 0) •

• H ^ 0 « H

tJai Oi <H * <H > Cd 0

• ^0 -d-

0) H ja 0] H

-P 00

• ^ Q i n •

0

(0

s 0

a CQ 0 £ ex. <H 0

(0 « 0

3

3 (0 J3 a w 0 x: a u 0) Q,

^

cu ^

J -

2 eg

X a s:

t4 9 •P (0 S ' - ^

»H •CJ p

to +J •H C

g5 1

a

CQ 0

:i (0 •H U • •P 0

£ CO x: 0

r-t ^

0

• r-T -

vO lA

• 0 r-

0 r-

• 0

- *

r-• 00

•p

S r-l Q,

'ft

(U l i

t i <l> x> s 3 c ^4

a

0 r—

i n •J'

• vO «*

0 •J-

• T -

<t

m t>~

• i n f n

en rn

• C\J

^ i * * ^

bO >-/

+ i C CO (H a (H

<u Q,

-P JC to

•H 0) i

;» <Q M

i n i n

g •

(NJ CNJ

0 T -

• tM CNJ

^ •

OJ

CO

• CO

* * i ^

(H CO 0)

u a> o x: +i tc c a>

HJ

m ^

5 •

r«-t n

c ON

• i n m

r (T\

•

i?,

CsJ •

f n

{4 CO

u 4) Q.

u (t> x> Q

3 d

•p 0 H Q> X •H o< yy

5

•

g

-4-ON

• t ^

r-

i n r-

•

! ;

8 •

vO

( 4

CD 0)

U 0) a ( 4

(1) x> s 3 a c •H

s 0

i n 0

ON •

f n i n

ON ON

• <M i n

ON ^

•

s

CNJ CO

• ON

t>0 S « *

•P ^ (JO

•H 0) 5

C •H

e bO

0 0 0

flk

t -

^ vo

^ *

c i n

R •

^

-J-r-

•

s •

;?;

^ - N

CD Si ^^ ty

>m^

•0 r-{ 0) •H > i

c •H

e 0

i n CO

CNJ

00

• CNJ c

ON t«-

• t n ON

t>-i n

• CNI ON

^ •

^

^"s CO Si ^^ c

> ^

•0 r-i OJ •H > i

»

e •p CO

>» JQ

•0 01 ^ 0 H H 0 <H

«h

bO a

•H

0 CO

•p CO

•a (U

•H H

a a CD

n

2S »

CO

>

bO J«S

0 rn

•d

§ • bO

in c 0 •H

CNJ U

cu bO

;>:

i n -3-

•» ^

bO X

8 T -

<H 0

0) (A 0 •0

g 0 <H •H C 3

*<

• CQ

• s

CJ (H rH •H 4->

-P CD

bO a •H (Q (0

•0 1 a B >>

X3

CD Si •^ •z bO

J«J

0 i n

bO a •H "d CO (U

x: •p CD

CQ •P •H (H a CO

iH CD 3 ry 9)

0

•P

C •H

•0 OJ •H H a a CD

CD

s: bO ^

< ! •

CO

S *

> .

2 a CO

OJ

5 c •H

CO

2 0 •

J C CO a <t> CO t^

i ^ a CO

VH C 0 -H

>. £ •P bO •H •P >> C X CO H 3 "H cr s 0) -o

P CO

93

followed by diammonium phosphate (DAP) and sodium dihydrogen

orthophosphate(NaH2PO^)spray, in t h a t order . I t was increased

by 43.41 ?i, 27*d2%.&nd 10.3736 by superphosphate. DAP and

NBH^POA respect ive ly over the con t ro l , which gave the lowest

ear weight.

4 . 3 . 1 . 3 Length per ear

Ear length was s ign i f i can t ly affected by the spray

t rea tments . However, superphosphate was as ef fec t ive in

enhancing i t as DAP and NaH^PO^* the increase being more than

13.289^ than the ear length in the water sprayed con t ro l .

4 .3 .1 .4 Spikelet number per ear

Like the other y ie ld parameters mentioned above,

superphosphate spray proved most e f fec t ive for the increase

in number of sp ike l e t s per ear , showing 12.85?^ increase over

the cont ro l . I t was followed by the appl ica t ion of DAP and

NaH~PO/, which were a t par and showed an increase of more

than 5.29% compared with the e f fec t of water spray (Table 43) .

4 . 3 .1 .5 Grain number per ear

Signif icant increase in grain number per ear as a

r e s u l t of spray treatments i s revealed by Table 43. The

value recorded for superphosphate spray was 5.81% more than

tha t for con t ro l . NaH^PO^ was a t par with DAP spray as well

as water spray in i t s e f fec t . The value for DAP was 2.55%

higher in comparison with cont ro l .

94

4.3.1.6 1,000 grmln wight

Maximum 1,000 grain weight was recorded in super­

phosphate spray, but i t was a t par with t ha t due to DAP spray.

This treatment enhanced seed weight by 8.21% when compared

with con t ro l . On the o ther hand, NaHpPO^ spray seemed to

have no ef fec t on t h i s parameters, as i t proved a t par with

the spray of de- ionised water, l ike grain number per ear

(Table 43) .

4 . 3 . 1 . 7 Grain y ie ld

Like the o ther y ie ld parameters mentioned e a r l i e r ,

grain y ie ld was maximum when the crop was sprayed with

aqueous solut ion of superphosphate. I t was c r i t i c a l l y

d i f fe ren t from those in the remaining treatments and gave

66.9?6 higher grain y ie ld than the con t ro l . Diaramonium

phosphate and sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate were equally

ef fec t ive in terms of grain production, being about 7-10%

more ef fec t ive than the deionised water sprayed cont ro l ,

which was the poorest in i t s e f fec t (Table 43) .

4 .3 .1 .8 Straw yie ld

Spray proved significantly superior to the control for

straw production,which was more than 9% higher than in the

control. However, superphosphate, DAP and NaHpPO^ treatments

were at par in their effect. The straw yield was poorest in

the control (Table 43).

95

4,3.2 Grain analysis

For the assessment of the quality of triticale grain,

the following parameters were chemically analysed. The data

summarised in Table 44 and are considered belowi

4 .3 .2 .1 Soluble protein content

I t was s ign i f i can t ly affected by the spray treatments

and i t was maximum in monocalcium superphosphate, followed by

diammonium phosphate and sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate,

which were a t par in t h e i r ef fec t on the soluble prote in

content of the gra in . The increase was 6,209^, when sprayed

with superphosphate and more than 2% in the case of DAP and

NaHpPO/ spr^y compared with con t ro l .

4 . 3 .2 .2 Insoluble prote in content

Insoluble prote in content, was s ign i f i can t ly affected

by the spray treatments and superphosphate spray gave the

highest value. Superphosphate, DAP and NaHgPO^ produced

7*^5%t 5.31 ?6 and 4.44% respect ively more soluble prote in over

the water sprayed control (Table 44) .

4 . 3 . 2 . 3 Total p ro te in content

Table 44 clearly indicates that the effect of the

treatments on this parameter of grain quality presented a

picture very similar to that for insoluble protein content of

to o

•H -P OT

« +J O

s CD JS o

^ •H i H 09 3 O*

c •H

£ tjO

<u s: P ' - s

W C 0) o+> M O

2;:J o ex s: V ft fc-o o x: Q) a t .

s: VH +J

o <H

W O

U 03 3 0) O £ a}v—'

0) • 0) C U-H

J3<H +JrH

«H Q O

t

>> > go 0. 0) WrH

<H 8 O -H

• f J

•P -H O (H 0) 4J

«H

w o

• -3-<r 0)

JCI

^

+i OJ -• ^

PITS •

o

n

2 o

0) O

JS

o. u o to i> o u 3

S^

u $

%^ H

T3 O V ( i JO 4-> •H C

§5 •H>—' 1

a

CQ O

4^ to

t 01

•p o £ 0)

3 (0

a. o

&

Q.

04

3

s

in K >

o o • •

o o

ON

4* d « c o o

0) r-i Xi 3

S

c in o o

• • o o

r-

O

^

•P

a

c o o

a

+>

2 ft

ft O

^ s

3 fH O 0) a

c^ »r\ 00 K> CO 00 r* vO

• • • • in vo tfN CM r - C ^ OO

5 in a> in in

c o o » • •

in m

m o> in m

^ ^ ^ CsJ

^

•p a

-;t vo • in

CO CNJ •

o\

vO 00

• •4-T -

rvj 00

• • 4

a\ r-•

r" C

T -

o • vO C

a a •

ina O -H OJ U

CU 0) H

5 >> £ ft CO

>R

/—\ ^ >.r*

•P

0) •p d o t)

d •H

^ 2 ft H

^

e

"P d ^ d 8 ^

£ 73 >> XI O

jQ U

8 0) H j Q

3

.^

0) +» d 8 5 2 -0 >>

J C

o ^ U 8 (U

f H ^ 3

H O CO

M

N . i ^

•P

1 d o o 0)

•p ?> u

TS >. £

5 u a o

i H

^ O

x»

o

H

d

s (0

(1) •H H ft ft CO

CO

cd

a) X]

m

o 0) 09 o

§

CQ

55

• P «

bO

a • H CO

n

2

k •p

>> X3 C0

JS

to ^: o in

bO

c

OD 01

X!

•P 00

CO •P •H H

&

cr

o

0) •H H ft ft 0)

CD

x:

X

<J-

00

01

5

(0

2 o X! 9< (0

o x: ft

(0

(0

CM d O "H

CO H 3 - H cr B

0) TJ

E H §

96

gra in . Thus, spray of superphosphate s ign i f i can t ly increased

i t by 6.8096, followed by DAP (4.17?6) and NaHjPO^ (3.509^) over

the water-sprayed cont ro l , t ha t possessed the lowest t o t a l

grain pro te in percentage.

4.3»2.4 Soluble carbohydrate content

Maximum soluble carbohydrate was recorded in super­

phosphate spray, followed by DAP and NaH2P04 i " t ha t order

(Table kU), The increase was 42.1196, 14.7396 and 6.0196 by

superphosphate, DAP and NaHgPO^ respect ive ly over the control .

4 . 3 . 2 . 5 Insoluble carbohydrate content

Signif icant increase was found in the insoluble

carbohydrate content of grain by the spray. Application of

superphosphate spray produced 6.4496 more insoluble carbohydrate

than tha t of deionised water. The value for DAP spray was

1.2396 more than t h a t for the con t ro l , while the e f fec t of

NaHpPOi was s t a t i s t i c a l l y equal to t h a t of control (Table 44) .

4 .3 .2 .6 Total carbohydrate content

A perusal of Table 44 shows t h a t the ef fect of treatments

on the t o t a l grain carbohydrate content was s ign i f i can t and

followed the same general pa t te rn as t ha t of soluble carbo­

hydrate . Thus, spray of superphosphate was 18.7096 more

ef fec t ive for t h i s parameter, whereas DAP showed an improvement

of 12.0996 and NaHpPO/ of only 0.4696,than spray of water.

97

4.4 Milling and baking quality

The comparative performance of t r i t l c a l e and wheat

regarding f lour ex t rac t ion was noted and i t was found tha t

t r l t i c a l e c u l t l v a r Delfin gave 8.00 kg f lour (80%) while

wheat c u l t i v a r HD-2204 gave 8.50 kg f lour (85%) out of 10 kg

of t r i t i ca l* and wheat g ra ins . The colour of the f lour

obtained from t r i t l c a l e was darker than tha t of wheat.

4 .4 .1 Visual observation of loaf

In external appearance, the loaves prepared with 100%

t r i t l c a l e f lour , 100% wheat f lour and t h e i r blend consist ing

of 50% wheat f lour ••• 50% t r i t l c a l e f lour were almost s imilar

(Plates 1-4 ) .

4 ,4 .1 .2 Sensory evaluation of loaf

Sensory evaluation was a lso made for the softness and

flavour of loaf and the data were analysed and tabulated

(Table 45) . I t was s ign i f i can t for both the characters

s tudied. The value regarding the softness of loaves of

t r i t l c a l e f lour were a t par with the softness of the blend

and those for the softness of the blend were a t par with

the values for the softness of loaves of wheat. However, a

s ign i f i can t difference in softness was noted when t r i t l c a l e

(100%) was compared with wheat (100%). Flavour of loaves

of wheat and loaves of the blend were equal in t h e i r values,

PLATE r

PLATE 2

Wheat .'Triticale 50=50

PLATE 3

W h e a t T r i T l c a l *

W h e a t .-TrlTlcale 5 0 = 5 0 n

U - BPr

PLATE If

n CD O

• H (H

a

>> u

o

c 00

s:

c JO

<H O

c o

• H • P CO 3

H CO >

s C

•J-

rH

ft

(0 O

W •H

0) +-> u

£ x: o

H T -

(0 {^ <»C\J

CTi 00 lA

CM

i n O

O C\j

in

to 0) <1> c •p

<H

U 3 O > (0

^ Ci.

0) o c CO

o J- . a>

0) 4-> +J Q)

J3

W 0)

•P

s •H

c

C

•H

g 01

CQ

«

98

but the loaves of 100% triticale flour were noted to give

comparatively poor performance.

4.4.1.3 Visual observation of chapatti

The colour of the chapattis was different in all the

three samples (Plates 5 -. 8 ). Wheat flour was distinctly

the whitest. It was noted that while the boundries of the

chapattis made from it were intact and smooth, those made

from triticale flour were light brown with broken edges wnile

the blended flour gave comparatively lighter coloured chapattis

with smooth margin.

4.4.1.4 Sensory evaluation of chapattis

The results regarding the softness and flavour of the

chapattis of the three samples were statistically analysed

(Table ^ ) and it was noted that the difference was non­

significant for the softness of chapattis. However, it

was significant for flavour. The flavour of chapattis ol

wheat flour was at par with that of chapattis made of blended

flour. Chapattis made from 100% triticale flour were different

in their taste and not liked but the chapattis of the blended

flour were not only acceptable but also appreciated.

Tritlcale

PLATE 5

PLATE 6

Wheat :Tr!tlcale 50^50

PLATE 7

PLATE 8

w 0)

cc o •. H a

o c 03

CD ft 0)

^

o c o •H •P CO 3

fH CO >

o (0

c

• P C0

CO

s u

o

to

o

£ CO s: o

0)

^ :

«

S5

4>CJ

X

CO

CO

K^

in O in

Q o5 • CM

fO ro •

T—

CQ (0 V c • p

<H

c$?

U 3 O > CO

H

• a> o c CO

6 o

«H U 0)

a

0) X I

(0

CO o •H

c

no C

2 u

3

* 2

-P C CO o

0)

C

CO

2 :

CHAPTER 5

DISCUSSION

DISCUSSION

CONTENTS

CHAPTER - 5

5.1 I n t r o d u c t i o n

5»2 Growth c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

5 .3 Leaf -N, - P and -K c o n t e n t s

5.4 Leaf n i t r a t e r educ t a se a c t i v i t y (NRA)

5.5 Yield c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

5 .6 Sprsy of phosphorus and growth s t age

5 .7 Eff icacy of phosphorus sources

5.8 Grain q u a l i t y

5 .9 M i l l i n g and baking

5.10 Conclusion

Page

... 99

... 101

... 105

... 108

... 111

... 115

... 121

... 123

... 127

... 150

DISCUSSION

5«1 Introduct ion

Being a newly Introduced and conunerclally l e s s v iable

cropt t r i t i c a l e has received fa r l e s s a t t e n t i o n of farm

s c i e n t i s t than most of the t r a d i t i o n a l c e r e a l s . Whatever

I n t e r e s t i s d i scern ib le during the short h i s to ry of t h i s

fasc inat ing crop i s t h a t among p lan t breeders as p lan t n u t r i t i o n

s p e c i a l i s t s and agronomists have not been able to keep pace

with them both in India as well as in o ther p a r t s of the world.

None the l e s s , the re lease of newer improved ou l t iva r s a t a

rapid pace during the l a s t two or three decades has been i n s t r u ­

mental in spurring a few workers to determine t h e i r optimum

f e r t i l i s e r requirements, p a r t i c u l a r l y t h a t of nitrogen (All and

Rajput, 1978; Etchevers and Morghan, 1978; Gajardo et a l« ,

1978; Kalra and Dhlman, 1979; Blshnol and Mugwira, 1980;

Famworth and Said, 1982; Graham £ t a l . , 1983; Ball et a l . ,1991).

I t may be pointed out , however, t h a t the laboratory of Plant

Nutr i t ion a t Aligarh Muslim Universi ty, Allgarh (India) has paid

considerable a t t en t ion to t h i s neglected aspect since the ear ly

1970*3. Afr ldl , Samlullah, Inam and t h e i r a s soc ia tes have

embarsked upon an ambitious pro jec t to inves t iga t e various

aspects of the mineral n u t r i t i o n of t r i t i c a l e (Slddiqui , 1974;

Inam, 1978; Abbas, 1980; Alvl , 1984; Ashfaq, 1986; Moinuddin,

1987; Aziz, 1991).

100

As part of the on-going studies, the present author

decided to f i l l some of the lacunae regarding the phosphorus

nutr i t ion of the newly released cult ivars of t r i t i c a l e . I t

may be worthwhile to recal l a t this stage that the study

comprised three field experiments of which the f i r s t was a

comprehensive t r i a l on four such cult ivars to study their

perfonnance in comparison with a locally popular wheat check

under two levels of basally applied pho»phoru«. The o r i t t r i a

for selecting the best responding cult ivar were: growth

character is t ics , leaf -N, -P , and -K contents, leaf NRA, yield

character is t ics and grain quali ty. The data revealed the

superiority of Delfin over the other cul t ivars , including the

wheat check, part icular ly when grown with the higher dose of

phosphorus (P^Q)* The next two experiments were, therefore,

confined to the cult ivar Delfin to t e s t i t s yielding ab i l i ty

under constraints of phosphatic f e r t i l i s e r application by

supplementing a sub-optimal basal dose with spray of a small

quantity of phosphorus a t various growth stages. The resul ts

confirmed the ve rsa t i l i ty of Delfin and also established that

considerable quantit ies of costly phosphatic f e r t i l i s e r could be

saved without »«crlficlng grain yield and quali ty. In what

follows hereafter, the physiological implications of the data

of a l l the three t r i a l s are discussed together parameter-wise

for the sake of convenience.

101

5»2 Growth c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

The growth parameters selected for Experiment 1 Included

some of the most important morphophysiological a t t r i b u t e s of

a cereal crop. As s ta ted by Gregory (1937), whereas shoot

length and t i l l e r number are a measure of meristematic a c t i v i t y ,

increase in the number of leaves a t d i f f e ren t s tages ind ica tes

the degree of d i f f e r en t i a t i on and photo synthe t ic r a t e and fresh

and dry weight account for t o t a l p roduct iv i ty of the p l a n t . I t

i s , therefore , l og ica l to conclude tha t the yie ld of a crop i s

the manifestat ion of t h e i r cumulative e f fec t through t h e i r

influence on the yie ld a t t r i b u t i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . More

recen t ly , Bunting and Drennan (1966) have emphasised t h a t " the

vegeta t ive stage may have an important and d i r e c t e f fec t on

grain y i e l d " . The review by Yoshlda (1972) a lso h ighl igh ts

t h i s a s s e r t i o n .

The data of Experiment 1 confirm these genera l i sa t ion

explici t5.y. The two doses of basal phosphorus i . e . A5 kg ^^^/

ha (PA5) aod 60 kg PpOc/ha (P5Q) were se lec ted so as to assess

c r i t i c a l l y the phosphorus requirement of the c u l t i v a r s under

local agro-c l imat ic condi t ions . In t h i s c u l t i v a r - c u m - f e r t i l i s e r

t r i a l , PgQ (the higher dose of basal phosphorus), proved more

benef ic ia l than P^c for shoot length (Table 6 ) , t i l l e r number

(Table 7 ) , leaf number (Table 8 ) , fresh weight (Table 9) and

dry weight (Table 10) of the p lan t a t a l l three s tages . These

102

data confirm the well es tab l i shed zx>le of phosphorus in c e l l

d iv is ion and expansion (Hewitt, 1963; Black, 1968; Patnaik,

1987). Adequate pzxjvision of the n u t r i e n t a t sowing through

appl ica t ion of PCQ promoted t i s s u e and organ formation and

growth, culminating it erjhanced leaf and t i l l e r formation

(Tamhane e t a l . , 1970). Expectedly, the r e su l t i ng increased

photosynthet ic area would have a higher photosynthet ic r a t e as

reported for phosphonjs appl ica t ion by Natr (1972), Osman ot a l .

(1977), Longstreth and Nobel (1980) and produce more dry matter

which i s the best measure of p l an t vigour. This i s v iv id ly

brought out by the study of cor re la t ion coeff ic ient ( r ) of

various growth parameters with the dry weight of p l an t s a t the

three stages of growth. Table A7 reveals t h a t each growth

parameter was highly associa ted (P-0,01) with the dry weight of

p l a n t s , p a r t i c u l a r l y a t the heading stage of growth. The

economic importance of t h i s observation cannot be over­

emphasised a s , according to Milthorpe and Moorby (1979), the

po t en t i a l y ie ld of a crop i s determined during the ear ly stage

of inf lorescence d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n .

I t i s a l so noteworthy t h a t a f t e r the addi t ion of 50 kg

N/ha as top-dressing a t the t i l l e r i n g s tage , the crop exhibited

a well-defined synerg i s t i c e f fec t between applied phosphorus and

n i t rogen , as phosphorus and ni trogen are known to acce le ra te

root p ro l i f e r a t i on (Grunes and Krantz, 1958), thus f a c i l i t a t i n g

the uptake n u t r i e n t s and water* More over, ni t rogen appl ica t ion

i s known to have a pronounced ef fec t on leaf area (Humphries

and Wheeler, 1963; Gardner et a^. , 1985). Thus, i t i s not

Table 47. Correlation coefficient (r) between growth parameters and dry weight at three growth stages (Experiment 1).

Parameters Stages r value

Shoot length

Tiller number

Leaf number

PYesh weight

Til lering

Heading

Kilky grain

Til lering

Heading

Milky gj?ain

Tillering

Heading

Milky grain

Tillering

Heading

Milky grain

0.5513

0.6906^

0.5018'

0,6523

0.823A'

0,8001

. * *

# *

« *

• •

0.7839

0,6836

0.5417'

0.8474

0.8965

0.9953'

# •

* «

• •

• »

##

•* Signif icant a t 0.01?6

• Signif icant a t 0.05%

103

surpr i s ing thai: N^oO+50^60 ®^^* " ®^ maximally a l l growth

parameters in the samples col lec ted a t heading and milky grain

s tages (Tables 6-10). To summarise, the data regarding the

response to the treatments in t h i s t r i a l h igh l igh t the

following i n t e r e s t i n g p o i n t s :

(a) Supplementing the basal dose of ni t rogen (N^QO^ with

50 kg N/ha by top-dressing proved inadequate with the lower

dose of phosphorus (P^c)! t h i s combination (N^oO+50^45^ being

a t par with N-.QQPgo for t i l l e r and leaf production a t heading

stage (Table 7 and 8) which c lea r ly ind ica t e s the importance

of phosphorus for t i l l e r and leaf formation.

(b) On the other hand, the same operation i . e . applying 50 kg

N/ha by top-dressing a t the t i l l e r i n g stage to p l an t s ra ised

with N-.QQ» the higher basal dose of phosphorus {PCQ) resul ted

not only in maximisation of t i l l e r and leaf production but also

of the height , fresh weight and dry weight of p l a n t s .

The observations confirm the benef ic ia l ro le of

phosphorus in the presence of su f f i c i en t q u a n t i t i e s of nitrogen

in various processes of growth. In t h i s connection i t i s

re levant to emphasise t h a t balanced n u t r i t i o n plays an i n d i s ­

pensable ro le in bringing about the f u l l r e a l i s a t i o n of the

genet ic po t en t i a l with respec t to the growth and development

of a crop (Milthorpe and Moorby, 1979? Noggle and F r i t z , 1986).

Therefore, appl ica t ion of N^oO+50%0 ^^" ^® presence of K,Q

104

added uniformly) may be considered a balanced f e r t i l i s e r

treatment under loca l condi t ions .

Regarding the c u l t i v a r d i f ferences , Delfin gave the

maximum values for almost a l l the growth parameters a t each

s tage, while TL-419 t r i t i c a l e and HD-2204 wheat followed i t

and T ig re 'S ' gave the lowest values (Tables 6-10) . The b e t t e r

growth performance of Delfin compared with the wheat check

would be expected as HD-2204 i s a dwarf c u l t i v a r of wheat, with

a lower inherent capacity for t i l l e r (Table 7) and leaf (Table 8)

production. As indicated by Tables 9 and 10, maximum fresh

weight and dry weight was also noted in Delfin. This might be

due to i t s g rea te r photosynthet ic area (Moss, 1988) because of

i t s h ighest number of t i l l e r and leaves a t a l l the stages noted

above. The present data thus confirm the findings on t r i t i c a l e

c u l t i v a r s of Gerek and Kutluk (1972), Sethi and Singh (1972),

Kiss (1973), Saini and Nanda (1974), Abdalla et a l . (1986) and

of Inam (1978), Abbas e t a l . , 1983a, Moinuddin e t a l . (1985),

Samiullah et al.. (1987) and Moinuddin et a l . (1990) from our

own labora tory .

After having considered the e f fec t of t reatments and

cu l t i va r s separa te ly , i t i s not surpr i s ing tha t the best

i n t e r ac t ion effect on each of the growth parameters a t a l l

stages was tha t of ^^QQ^^O^SO ^ Delfin (Tables 6-10).

105

5«3 Leaf -N» -P and -K contents

Leaf ana lys is i s recognised as a diagnost ic tool for

assessing the n u t r i e n t requirements of p l a n t s . I t i s widely

used to study the complex i n t e r ac t i ons between p lan t growth and

the environment (Lundeglirdh, 1951). The concentration of the

n u t r i e n t s in the leaves can influence the r a t e of photosynthesis ,

among other processes (Terry and Ulrich, 1973a,b,c) . According

to Milthorpe and Moorby (1979), far reaching influences of

n u t r i e n t s are l i ke ly to be exerted through the number of f e r t i l e

t i l l e r s produced and i n d i r e c t l y through the extent of leaf

surface generated. This view i s a lso shared by Gardner e t a l .

(1985).

In Experiment 1, the concentration of leaf -N, -P and

-K was higher a t t i l l e r i n g in comparison with the l a t e r s tages .

These f indings confirm the repor t s of Inam et a_l. (1982b),

Moinuddin (1989) and Samiullah £ t a l . (1991) on t r i U c a l e .

The increase in ni t rogen concentration a t heading stage

may be obviously due to the addi t iona l amount of 50 kg N/ha

a t t i l l e r i n g . I t confirmed the effect iveness of top-dressing

of ni trogen (Ashfaq, 1986). Increase in phosphorus and

potassium concentration was a lso noted due to the top-dressing

of n i t rogen . Grunes and Krantz (1958) noted t h a t , within

l i m i t s , n i t rogen , supply increases the p r o l i f e r a t i o n of roo t s ,

whereas, Grunes e t a l . (1958) a t t r i b u t e d increased absorption

to an e f fec t of ni trogen on the physiological processes tha t

106

control the absorption of phosphorus. The synerg i s t i c e f fec t

of ni trogen appl ica t ion on phosphorus and potassium uptake i s

well documented (Inam et a l . , 1982b; Samiullah e t a l , , 1991).

Tables 12 and 13 reveal t h a t , a t t i l l e r i n g stage, the

concentration of ni trogen and phosphorus was more in the leaves

t h a t received 60 kg P«0_/ha. This might be due to the pos i t i ve

e f fec t of applied phosphorus on ni t rogen €uid phosphorus uptake

and accumulation (Chahal et a l . , 1983). This observation i s

a lso in agreement with t ha t of Roy and Wright (1974) who

observed enhanced ni t rogen uptake with increasing l eve l s of

applied phosphorus.

In general . Table 14 reveals t ha t leaf potassium concen­

t r a t i on was higher in treatments containing higher dose of

phosphorus (Pgo^* " ^^ noteworthy t h a t Lundeg^rdh (1951)

and Dev (1965), among o the r s , have reported an increase in

leaf potassium concentration due to phosphate manuring.

A noteworthy feature of Tables 12-14 i s t ha t the concen­

t r a t i o n of leaf -N, -P and -K declined with the maturity of

the p l a n t s . This s i t ua t ion a r i s e s e s s e n t i a l l y due to an

exponential increase in the growth (weight and volume) of the

p l an t s as a r e s u l t of which even high q u a n t i t i e s of n u t r i e n t s

appear to be l e s s when expressed on per u n i t bas is and i s

general ly referred to as the " d i lu t ion with growth e f f e c t "

(Moorby and Besford, 1983). Besides, t rans loca t ion of n u t r i e n t s

107

to the sinks (g ra ins ) , during the emergence and subsequent

development of e a r s , could a lso deplete l ea f n u t r i e n t content

a t l a t e r s tages of growth.

Cul t ivar differences with regard to leaf n u t r i e n t

concentration are apparent in Tables 12-14. Delfin showed the

maximum ni t rogen, phosphorus and potassium concentration a t a l l

the growth s tages , followed^TL-419 and wheat in t ha t order,

while T ig re 'S ' came l a s t . These gene t ica l ly -con t ro l l ed

differences may presumably a r i s e , as reported by Gregory and

Crowther (1928), from differences in eff iciency of absorption

and u t i l i s a t i o n of the n u t r i e n t cons t i tuen ts of the s o i l .

Genotypes are known to d i f f e r considerably in t h e i r a b i l i t y

to absorb and d i s t r i b u t e the absorbed n u t r i e n t s among various

p a r t s of the p lan t (Vose, 1963; Epstein and J e f f e r i e s , 1964;

langer, 1966; Tnam, e t a l . , 1982b; Abbas £ t a l . , 1983a;

Moinuddin, 1989).

Last ly, a perusal of Tables 48 and 49 e s t ab l i shes , for

the f i r s t time for t r i t i c a l e , t h a t leaf -N, -P and -K contents

a t heading and milky grain s tages , are highly corre la ted

(P=0.01) with grain y ie ld and prote in content . Thus where

f a c i l i t i e s e x i s t for t h e i r determination these could be used

to p red ic t expected y ie ld and, i f found low correct ive measures,

such as f o l i a r spray could be undertaken a t heading stage

i t s e l f .

Table 48. Correlation coefficient (r) between various para­meters and grain yield (Experiment 1) .

Parameters

Growth pa ramete r

Shoot l e n g t h

T i l l e r number

Leaf number

Fresh weight

Dry weight

Leaf NRA

Leaf NPK c o n t e n t

Ni t rogen

Phosphorus

Potassium

Yield pa rame te r s

Bar number

Ear weight

Ear l eng th

p i k e l e t number Grain number

1,000 g r a i n weight

Str«w y i e l d

Stage

Heading

Milky g r a i n

Heading

Milky g r a i n

Heading

Milky g r a i n

Heading

Milky g r a i n

Heading

Milky g r a i n

Heading

Milky g r a i n

Heading

Milky g r a i n

Heading

Milky g r a i n

Heading

Milky g r a i n

At h a r v e s t

y va lue

0 .5163*

0.4098^^

0.7048**

0.715A**

0.6660**

0.4321'^^

0.7056 •M. M

0.7188

0.5798** 0.5104*

• • 0.8255

• • 0.7133

0.8350** WIT

0.7581

0 .8661**

0.8414 * •

0.8345

0.5638

0.7994**

0.5468*

0.5487

0.7742** 0.7768

0.7939** 0.5609

** Significant a t 0,0^% * Significant a t 0.059^ N.S. - Non-significant

Table U9» C o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t ( r ) between l e a f n i t r a t e r e d u c t a s e a c t i v i t y (NRA) and l e a f -N, - P and -K c o n t e n t s and g r a i n p r o t e i n c o n t e n t (Experiment 1).

Parameters Stage r va lue

Leaf NRA Heading

Milky g r a i n

0.6585

0.8657

# #

• •

Leaf »N> - P and -K

con ten t

Nitrogen Heading

Milky grain

0.5939

0.6568^

**

**

Phosphorus Heading

Milky g r a i n

0.8149

0.8330

• #

» «

Potassium Heading

Milky g ra in

0.5873 i

0.7034

• •

« #

• • S i g n i f i c a n t a t 0.01?<

108

5.4 Leaf n i t r a t e reductase a c t i v i t y (NRA)

Although the present study on leaf NRA i s the f i r s t on

t r i t i c a l e s , those on other crops, including ce rea l s , have

revealed valuable information regarding the associa t ion of NRA

with growth, development and y ie ld (Akhtar, 1985; Ansari et a l . ,

1985; Gardner e t a l . , 1985j Khan, 1988). I t i s a lso to be

noted t h a t NRA i t s e l f i s dependent upon photosynthesis

(Ziesel e t a l . , 1963).

Table 11 (Experiment 1) reveals t ha t the higher dose

of applied phosphorus (Pgn) resu l ted in higher leaf NRA than

did the lower dose (PAC)* I t i s noteworthy tha t addit ion of

NcQ by top-dress ing a t t i l l e r i n g had a very salutary e f fec t

on the a c t i v i t y of the enzjrme estimated a t heading and milky

gr«in s tages . Lastly, the data a lso reveal t ha t leaf NRA

decreased with the advancing age of the p l an t s from t i l l e r i n g

to milky grain stage (Table 11).

These r e s u l t s can be understood in the l i g h t of the

response of NRA to the a v a i l a b i l i t y of N, P and K a t the s i t e

of i t s formation and ac t ion . Thus, n i t r a t e being the inducer

as well as s t a b i l i s e r of the enzyme n i t r a t e reductase (Hewitt

and Afr idi , 1959; Afridi and Hewitt, 1964; Beevers and

Hageman, 1980), applied ni t rogen (absorbed by the roots commonly

in the form of n i t r a t e ) , p a r t i c u l a r l y by top-dressing a t the

t i l l e r i n g s tage, might have been d i r ec t l y responsible for the

109

higher leaf NRA l eve l s in top-dressed p l a n t s (N-ioo-«.50^45 ^"^

N^QQ^CQ^^Q) a t heading and milky grain s tages compared with

NRA in N^oo^45 ®"^ ^100^0 ^ ®®"* ^ p l an t s (Table 11).

The observed ef fec t of n u t r i e n t s on leaf NRA in the

present experiment could be bes t understood in the l i g h t of the

data on leaf -N, -P and -K considered above (Tables 12-1A)

which a lso show higher l eve l s due to applied nitrogen and

phosphorus. In cont ras t to the d i r e c t ro le of nitrogen

(as n i t r a t e ) , phosphorus and potassium play i n d i r e c t r o l e s .

The l eve l of inorganic phosphorus, for example, in the leaf

t i s sues i s known to be responsible for the phosphorylation and

diversion of simple sugar towards r e sp i r a t ion as a r e s u l t of

the re lease of photosynthates from the ch lo rop las t s . Oxidation

of these sugars produces more reducing power subsequently for

the n i t r a t e reductase-mediated NO reduction (Kow e t a l . , 1982 ;

Marschner, 1986), Similar ly , potassium, being involved in

peptide-bond synthesis (Webster, 1959) and in other energy

re leasing processes (£vans and Sorger, 1966), would be expected

to enhance NR4 in leaf t i s s u e s with higher K content (Table 14).

The c u l t i v a r s exhibi ted s ign i f i can t differences in

leaf NRA a t each of the three growth s tages a t which leaves

were sampled. Delfin gave the highest value for leaf NRA,

followed by TL-419 and wheat check. T ig re 'S ' gave the lowest

value (Table 11). This observation i s obviously due to inherent

differences in the capacity of the c u l t i v a r s to absorb so i l

110

n i t r a t e a t var ious gx^wth stages of the p lan t (Natar«Ju ^ a l . ,

1990). Similar c u l t i v a r differences in leaf NRA have been

reported for several o ther cereal crops (Rao et a l . , 1977; Nair

and Abrol, 1982; Naik £ t a l . , 198?; Singh and Singh, 1985).

For obvious reasons, N^oo+50^60^% ^ Delfin proved the

best combination for leaf NRA both a t heading and milky grain

s tages . However, a t the t i l l e r i n g stage before NCQ was added

by top-dress ing, N^-QQP^Q ^ Delfin proved superior to a l l other

combinations.

I t i s pe r t i nen t to note here t h a t , in addit ion to the

importance of i t s physiological ro le in the n i t r a t e metabolism,

NRA has been claimed to show a r e l i a b l e r e l a t ionsh ip with grain

yield and qua l i ty In ce rea l s (Croy and Hageman, 1970 in wheat;

Deckard et a l . , 1973 In Maize; E i l r i ch and Hageman, 1973 In

wheat; Dalllng and Loyn, 1977 in wheat; Nair and Abrol, 198? in

wheat). This has been extended by the present author to include

t r i t i c a l e for the f i r s t Ume (Tables A8 and 49) , l ike the leaf

-N, -P and -K associa ted with grain yield and qual i ty noted

above.

Hence, i t may be concluded tha t i f f a c i l i t i e s are

avai lable for the rapid assay of NRA, as employed in t h i s study,

a r e l i a b l e predic t ion could be made a t ear ly growth stages

about the y ie ld and qual i ty of t r i t i c a l e g ra in .

111

5*5 Yield c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

Ear emergence and grain f i l l i n g are the culmination of

var ious i n t e r - l i nked physiological a c t i v i t i e s of cerea ls which

depend upon the course of p lan t growth, development and d i f f e ­

r e n t i a t i o n . Grain y ie ld in a crop p lan t would, therefore , be

d i r e c t l y or i n d i r e c t l y r e l a t ed with var ious growth and yield

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . Being the ul t imate aim of the grower, e f for t s

to maxlsise grain y ie ld by farm s c i e n t i s t s i s bou^d to get a l l

round apprecia t ion and i f the qua l i ty of the grain i s a lso

improved in the process i t would be an added bonus.

In the Elxperiment 1, the e f fec t of the higher dose of

phosphorus ( P ^ ) a t both ni trogen regimes (N^QO' ^100+50^ °^

a l l y ie ld a t t r i b u t e s was noted to be s ign i f i can t ly b e t t e r than

t h a t of P.c (Tables 15-2?) . These r e s u l t s not only corroborate

the data of several f e r t i l i s e r t r i a l s on o ther cu l t i va r s of

t r i t i c a l e , p a r t i c u l a r l y those of Kiss and Feher (1968),

Andrascik and Matusov (1973), Dimltrov e t £ l . (1982), Moinuddin

gt a l . (19S0) and Samiullah £ t a l . (1991), but a lso es tab l i sh

the super ior i ty of Delfin over the o ther c u l t i v a r s of t r i t i c a l e

as well as the wheat check.

Treatment N^QQ^CQP^Q r esu l ted in the maximum value for

each of the yie ld a t t r i b u t e s (ear number, ear weight, sp ike le t

number, grain number and 1,000 grain weight) . In cont ras t ,

the lowest values for y ie ld a t t r i b u t e s were recorded in

112

treatment N-.QQP^C» These observat ions ind ica t e the e f fec t ive ­

ness of balanced n u t r i t i o n for maximisation of y ie ld a t t r i b u t e s

leading to high y ie ld , as already mentioned with regard to

vegetat ive gro\ifth (P. 101).

Considering each y ie ld a t t r i b u t i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

separa te ly , i t i s c lear from Table 15 t h a t more ears were

produced in N^oo^60 ^ ^ ^ ' ''lOO^AS ^^ "^^^ ^^ ^° Nioo+50%0

than in NHQQ^CQPAC* This c l ea r ly e s t ab l i shes the involvement

of phosphorus in the production of f e r t i l e t i l l e r s as noted

for other t r i t i c a l e s by Sethi and Singh (197?), Sethi e_t a l .

(1979) and Praiiad and Singh (1985). Moreover, the lower values

of ear numbers in N^QQ than in N^oo+50 ®^ ^°^^ ^ l eve l s are a

re f lec t ion of the requirement of adequate ni trogen in the

presence of phosphorus for t i l l e r i n g in grasses (Langer, 1972)

and ce rea l s , including wheat (Fuehring, 1969)*

The weight of the ear (Table 16) i s a measure of

p a r t i t i o n i n g of the photosynthate between the vegetat ive and

reproductive p a r t s of the p l a n t . The data again show tha t

^100+50^60 P^o<^"ced the heavies t ea rs , with N^QQP^^ giving the

lowest value, thus ind ica t ing the involvement of phosphorus in

the process (Black, I960) .

In Table 17, ear length also was found to be promoted

most by N^oo^5oP5o. However, N^oO+50^A5 ^ ^ ^^100^60' ^ ® ^

followed i t , were a t par . This reminds us of the proraotory

113

ro le of phosphorus in c e l l d iv is ion and expansion leading to

increased v e r t i c a l growth (Hewitt, 1963; Black, I968; Patnaik,

1987) even a t low nitrogen leve l noted e a r l i a r (P. 102) . In

fac t , phosphorus i s credi ted with increas ing the efficiency of

ni trogen for p lan t processes in general (Wallace, 196I)«

A perusal of Table 18 and 19 a lso c lea r ly es tab l i sh a

d i r ec t ro le of phosphorus in sp ike le t and grain number, with

NloO+50^60 «ivif^« ^ « highest values and N^QO^O ^'^ ^^00+50^45

(being a t par) following I t . Such an e f fec t of basal

phosphorus on promotion of sp ike le t production has been noted

in other ce rea l s , p a r t i c u l a r l y wheat (Rahman and Wilson, 1977;

Mohapatra e_t a l . , 1983) and for grain number in t r i t i c a l e

(Prasad and Singh, 1983).

Table 20 (1,000 grain weight) shows a s l i g h t va r ia t ion

from the other t ab le s of y ie ld a t t r i b u t e s considered so fa r .

^lOO+SO^O S " ® ^^^ h ighest value for 1,000 grain weight a l so ;

but i t was followed by N-^QQP^Q which differed c r i t i c a l l y with

the remaining two treatments in i t s e f fec t . That the treatments

with higher phosphorus (Pgg) l eve l promoted t h i s a t t r i b u t e

more than those with the lower dose (PAC) i s a c lear indica t ion

of the ro le of phosphorus in swinging the p a r t i t i o n i n g of

photosynthate towards grain f i l l i n g as noted for most cereal

crops (Black, 1968; Afridi and Samiullah, 1973; Qaseem e_t £ l . ,

1978; Giaquinta and Quebendeaux, I98O; Orphanos and Krentos,

1980).

114

Table 21 on grain y ie ld shows the pos i t i ve cumulative

ef fec t of the treatments on t h i s most important c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

That most of the growth c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , leaf -N, -P and -K

contents , leaf NRA a t l a t e r stages and y ie ld a t t r i b u t e s a t

harvest contr ibuted highly s ign i f i can t ly (PO.01) to grain

y ie ld i s bom@ out by cor re la t ion s tudies (Table 48)*

Not surpr i s ing ly , N^QQ^CQ^Q ^^^^ ^® highest value and

^100^45* ^^^ lowestt However, N^QQ^CQP^C was noted to out-

yie ld N-JQQP^Q. The r e s u l t s c lea r ly ind ica t e the necess i ty for

balanced f e r t i l i s e r appl ica t ion (note tha t K^ was also applied

uniformly in a l l t rea tments ) . The data of the experiment under

consideration confirm the f indings of a very l a r g e r number of

workers on wheat and other cerea ls (Yoshida, 1972). Similar

r e s u l t s have a lso been published for t r i t i c a l e cu l t i va r s

(Andrascik and Matusov, 1973; Reddy and Lai, 1976; Bishnoi and

Hughes, 1979; Ponce ^ a^. , 1981; Prasad and Singh, 1983;

Dimitrov, 1985; Dzlamba, 1987; Moinuddin e t a l . , 1990).

Last ly, in view of the best e f fec t of N^QQ^^QP^Q on a l l

growth (Tables 6-10) andyield (Tables 15-20) a t t r i b u t e s , i t i s

not surpr i s ing tha t t h i s treatment r esu l t ed in the highest

straw yield (Table 22)»

As would be expected from i t s a l l round superior perfor­

mance regardin^j; growth (Tables 6-10) and y ie ld (Tables 15-20)

a t t r i b u t e s noted above, Delfin out-yielded not only the other

115

three t r i t l c a l e s but a lso the wheat check in the present study

(Table ?1) . Such c u l t i v a r differences are well documented.

Among the t r i t l c a l e s , De l f in ' s p r o l i f i c y ie ld ing a b i l i t y has

also been es tabl ished by Moinuddin £ t a l . (1990) from our

labora tory . A noteworthy feature of t h i s c u l t i v a r i s i t s high

straw yie ld in addit ion to high grain yie ld which makes i t

outstanding among the present ly ava i lab le t r i t i c a l e s simul­

taneously for feed and fodder.

Not surpr i s ing ly , the combination N-.QQ eQPgQ x Delfin

proved best for a l l y ie ld a t t r i b u t i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s (Tables

15-20) as well as for grain (Table 21) and straw (Table 22)

y ie ld . This c lea r -cu t observation commends the adoption of

Delfin to be cu l t iva ted commercially with a basal dose of

^100 50^60^30 • ^ Western Uttar Pradesh, ( India) where the

t r i a l was conducted,

5.6 ^ r a y of phosphorus and growth s tages

Having establ ished the c l ea r - cu t r e l a t ionsh ip between

growth and yield a t t r i b u t e s as well as leaf nu t r i en t content and

NRA with grain yield in Experiment 1, i t was considered appro­

p r i a t e to s e l ec t Delfin, the best performing cu l t i va r of t h i s

ejfperiment for the next f a c t o r i a l randomised f ie ld t r i a l

(Experiment 2) and to confine the a t t en t i on on grain yield and

qua l i ty . The aim of t h i s experiment was to t e s t , on the basis

of yield a t t r i b u t e s and grain qual i ty only, the efficacy of

116

f o l i a r spray of 4 kg P/ha applied a t t i l l e r i n g and/or heading

and/or milky grain stage in equal s p l i t s (T» H, M, TH, TM, HM

and THM). The cu l t i va r a l p r a c t i c e s of the previous t r i a l and

the wheat check (HD-2204), were re ta ined for t h i s experiment

with the exception tha t only P^c» the sub-optimal dose of

phosphorus (45 kg PpOc/ha) was applied to the so i l together

with NioO+50 ^""^ ^30*

The data of t h i s experiment (Tables 29-36) lend

s ign i f i can t i n d i r e c t support to the f indings of Nicholls (1974)

who reported tha t the inf lorescence growth and development in

cerea ls are under the control of inorganic n u t r i e n t s (and

hormones). The sprayed phosphorus could influence both these

factors apa r t from having a d i r e c t e f fec t both a t the vegetat ive

(T) and reproductive (H and M) s tages . In t h i s connection i t

i s pe r t inen t to mention t h a t Mitchell (1957) noted tha t most

of the phosphorus present in the a e r i a l por t ions of wheat

migrates to the heads as the p l an t s mature. The ready ava i l a ­

b i l i t y of the sprayed phosphorus a t the s i t e of photosynthesis

and t rans locatory a c t i v i t y would, there fore , ensure f a s t e r and

sustained grain f i l l i n g , r e su l t ing in a l l round enhancement in

yie ld a t t r i b u t i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s as well as grain y ie ld .

Considering the parameters one by one, the inclusion of

t i l l e r i n g stage in the spray schedule (T, TH, TM or THM) had a

benef ic ia l ef fec t on ear production, t reatments H» M and HM

proving a t par with the con t ro l . I t may be pointed out tha t

117

the number of ears depends mainly on the number and f e r t i l i t y

of t i l l e r s . The appl ica t ion of phosphorus a t t i l l e r i n g in T,

TH, TM and THM might have i n i t i a t e d new t i l l e r s as phosphorus

«n8ur«s sustained meris t imat lc a c t i v i t y and grt>wth (Tamhane

e t a l . , 1970), thereby increasing i n d i r e c t l y the number of ea r s .

I t i s , however, noteworthy tha t the number of ears produced in

T was c r i t i c a l l y lower than t h a t produced in TH, TM and THM

( tha t were a t p a r ) . This ind ica tes t ha t a v a i l a b i l i t y of

phosphorus a t the two l a t e r stages i s equally necessary for

sustained ear production. The separate importance of T and

these two l a t e r stages i s brought out by the equal effect of T

and HM on ear number (Table 29). In t h i s connection,the work

of Thome (1965) assumes considerable importance. She estimated

tha t about hO% of the carbohydrates in the barley grain were

provided by photosynthesis in the ear which led her to conclude

tha t the contr ibut ion of ear photosynthesis to grain yield was

d i r ec t ly proport ional to the number of gra ins per p l a n t .

Ear weight per p l an t (Table 30) i s a lso an important

y ie ld a t t r i b u t e in r e l a t i o n to grain y i e ld . Unlike ear number

the more responsive stages to phosphorus spray for t h i s

parameters were those involving the milky grain stage (M, TM,

HM and THM). This confirms t h a t phosphorus i s required not only

for the formation and development of ea rs but also for gr«in

f i l l i n g . However, the data high l i g h t the super io r i ty of THM

over a l l o ther treatments for ear weight per p lan t possibly

because of more f e r t i l e t i l l e r s being formed due to the early

118

spray of phosphorus ( a t t i l l e r i n g ) coupled with b e t t e r grain

f i l l i n g due to addi t ional sprays a t the l a t e r s tages .

Ear length i s a measure of c e l l d iv i s ion , mul t ip l ica t ion

and elongation. According to Hewitt (1963) phosphorus i s

Involved in these processes . The ready a v a i l a b i l i t y of t h i s

e s sen t i a l n u t r i e n t to the developing ear by repeated (two or

three) sprays may, therefore , be expected to lead to longer

ears than those recieving only one spray of phosphorus or

water only (Table 31) .

One advantage of a long ear i s t h a t i t could provide

more space for sp ike le t formation and grain production. This

i s brought out, c lear ly by a perusal of Tables 32 and 33

respec t ive ly . Treatments THM, followed by HM and TH, tha t were

most e f fec t ive in increasing ear length a lso resul ted in enhanced

sp ike le t number and gra ins per ear, evidently due to ready

a v a i l a b i l i t y of phosphorus a t the growth s tages when i t was

needed most and could not probably be supplied in suf f ic ien t

quant i ty by the s o i l .

Regarding 1,000 grain weight and grain y ie ld . Tables 3A

and 35 c lea r ly ind ica te t h a t spray of phosphorus was more

benef ic ia l i f applied a t the milky grain s tage . Of course, two

or more sprays including t h i s stage (TM, HM and THM) gave s t i l l

b e t t e r r e s u l t s , reminding of Thome (1958), who s ta ted tha t

" maximum benef i t s can be derived from phosphorus appl icat ion

during flower bud development and an thes i s s t age" . I t i s

119

noteworthy tha t highest grain y ie ld was obtained when the p lan ts

were sprayed a t heading and milky grain stage (HM) or a t

t i l l e r i n g , heading and milky grain stages (THM). Treatment HM

i s , therefore , to be prefered on economic ground for grain

production as i t saves one spray operat ion. The data confirm

the f indings of Afridi and Samiullah (1973) who reported the

super ior i ty of spray of phosphorus a t heading and milky grain

stages for maximum grain y ie ld of bar ley .

The above findings of the present author thus confirm

the involvement of phosphorus a t t i l l e r i n g stage in the forma­

t ion of f e r t i l e t i l l e r s . This, coupled with fur ther supply of

the n u t r i e n t a t heading and milky grain s tages , leads to increase

in ear length, sp ike le t formation, grain formation and grain

f i l l i n g , through improved p a r t i t i o n i n g of photosynthates for

grain formation. This i s very c lea r ly borne out by the highly

s ign i f i can t cor re la t ion (P-0.01) between these y ie ld a t t r i b u t i n g

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and gra in yie ld (Table 50) .

Lastly the production of straw (Table 36) presents an

i n t e r e s t i n g p i c t u r e . Like ear number and ear length, spray a t

t i l l e r i n g stage proved to be indispens ib le for enhanced straw

production (see, for example T, TH, TM and THM), thus confirming

the p a r t i c i p a t i o n of the n u t r i e n t in t i l l e r and leaf formation

and growth in addi t ion to other a c t i v i t i e s . Spray a t t i l l e r i n g

stage seems to ensure ear ly vegeta t ive growth which i s sustained and

Table 50. Correlat ion coef f i c ien t (7) between y ie ld c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and grain y ie ld (Experiment 2)

Parameters r value

* Ear number 0.5879

Ear weight 0.7249

Bar length 0»S22U

p i k e l e t number 0.8383

Grain number 0.8760

1,000 grain weight 0.8168**

* • Straw yie ld 0.6445

• • Signif icant a t 0.01%

• Signif icant a t 0.05%

120

enhanced fur ther by the sprays a t heading and milky grain stages^

thereby Increasing the straw weight a t the time ot orop maturity

(Tamhane e t a l . , 1970; Yoshida, 1972).

With regard to the two crops taken, Delfin gave be t t e r

performance than the wheat check for a l l y ie ld a t t r i b u t e s .

(Tables 29-36). For example, i t s grain y ie ld was 22*32% higher

(Table 35), confirming the r e s u l t s of Experiment 1. I t may be

noted tha t Delfin in general proved superior to the other

cu l t i va r s of t r i t i c a l e as well as wheat in t h a t experiment with

regard to growth parameters l ike leaf number, t i l l e r number and

p lan t height e t c . This inherent qual i ty of Delfin must have

played a decisive role to give i t an edge over the wheat check

by providing a l a rge r surface area for the e f f i c i en t absorption

and t rans loca t ion of the sprayed n u t r i e n t . I t seems t h i s

improved c u l t i v a r of t r i t i c a l e i s a lso able to u t i l i s e the

sprayed phosphorus b e t t e r than wheat for formation of more

(Table 29), heavier (Table 30) and longer ears (Table 31) with

more sp ike le t s (Table 32) and grain (Table 33)» which were

heavier (Table 34) and thus contributed to b e t t e r y ie lds

(Tables 35 and 36).

When we consider the ef fec t of var ious T x Cv i n t e r a c ­

t i ons , which were sie^Tiificant, i t becomes evident tha t each

treatnient proved b e t t e r for Delfin than for wheat (Tables 29-36).

To c i t e the example of the most important c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , i . e .

grain y ie ld , i t i s revealed by Table 35 t h a t HM x Delfin and

121

THM X Delfin (which were a t par ) resu l ted in more than 23? higher

grain yield than HM x wheat and THM x wheat. Even water x

Delfin proved 19.359i b e t t e r than water x wheat and t h i s i s

t rue more or l e s s for a l l o ther comparable i n t e r ac t i ons .Las t l y ,

a measure of the effect of phosphorus spray i s afforded by

considering THM x Delfin or THM x wheat which produced 30.62%

and ?6.50?6 more grain than water x Delfin or water x wheat

r e spec t ive ly .

5»7 Efficacy of phosphorus sources

While t e s t i ng the efficacy of three common sources of

phosphatic f e r t i l i s e r in increasing t r i t i c a l e yield in the

l a s t simple randomised f i e ld t r i a l (Experiment 3 ) , monocalcium

superphosphate proved the best source of phosphorus. These

r e s u l t s are in conformity with those of e a r l i e r workers

including Gupta e t a l . (1972) in Maize; Sethi e t a l . (1979) in

t r i t i c a l e and Mishra et a l . (1980) in wheat. Incident ly , the

data also confirmed the r e s u l t s of Experiment 2 regarding the

general efficacy of f o l i a r appl ica t ion of phosphorus over the

water-sprayed control (Table ^ 3 ) .

The higher eff iciency of monocalcium superphosphate

seems to be due to i t s a b i l i t y to supply phosphorus in the

form of HpPO^ which i s taken up more readi ly than HP07~

released from diammonium phosphate (Hagen and Hopkins, 1955).

I n t e r e s t i n g l y , sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate, a lso provides

phosphorus in HpPO^ form but did not give as good r e s u l t s as

122

monocalcium superphosphate. I t may be due to the fac t tha t

the sulphur, present as an impurity in the l a t t e r (Black,

1968) a lso become ava i lab le to the p lan t s a t c r i t i c a l stages

of growth and i s incorporated readi ly in to pro te ins and enzymes,

r e su l t ing in superior performance of the crop. The findings

of Sacchidanand ejt a l , (1980) give addi t iona l support to

r e s u l t s obtained in the present study. They reported b e t t e r

u t i l i s a t i o n of spray of monocalcium superphosphate than of

DAP for dry matter production and 1CXD seed weight as well as

grain and straw yield of the crop. Sulphur, besides increasing

phosphorus a v a i l a b i l i t y (Upadhyay et a l . , 1988) also enhances

the ass imi la t ion r a t e , u l t imate ly leading to higher grain y ie ld .

Considering the e f fec t of applied sources on individual

y ie ld a t t r i b u t i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s (Table 43) , i t i s noteworthy

tha t commercial grade monocalcium superphosphate increased a l l

parameters including grain yie ld most. Diammonium phosphate

(DAP) general ly followed i t and was even a t par with i t for ear

length, 1,000 grain weight and straw y i e ld . Sodium dihydrogen

orthophosphate gave the lowest values for ear weight and 1,000

grain weight, while i t was a t par with DAP in i t s e f fec t on

ear number and length, sp ike le t and grain number and gr^in and

straw y ie ld . Correlat ion s tudies to determine the degree of

associa t ion of the yie ld a t t r i b u t i n g parameters with grain

yield were formed to be s ign i f i can t in t h i s t r i a l also^-patxe 51),

Table 51 . Correlat ion coef f ic ien t ( T ) between yield c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and grain y ie ld (Experiment 3 ) .

Parameters r value

» Ear number 0.8843

Ear weight 0.8714

Ear length 0.7087

£J)ikelet number 0,8532

Grain number 0.9557

1,000 grain weight 0.8025

Straw yie ld 0.5569^*^*

• • Signif icant a t 0.01%

• Signif icant a t 0.05?<

N.S. Non-signif icant .

123

I t may, therefore , be concluded t h a t t r i t i c a l e cu l t i va r

Delfin may be cu l t iva ted p rof i t ab ly with a sub-optimal phosphorus

dose of 45 kg PjO^/ha together with 100 kg N and 30 kg K/he

applied a t sowing and 50 kg N/ha added as top-dressing provided

h kg P/ha i s sprayed in two equal s p l i t s a t heading and milky

grain s tages as Monocalcium superphosphate. Being eas i ly

ava i lab le to the farmer, there should be no hes i t a t ion on b is

p a r t to adopt t h i s simple agro-technique in view of the saving

of phosphatic f e r t i l i s e r coupled with enhanced grain and fodder

y ie ld .

5*8 Grain qua l i ty

Cereals provide about 70-809^ of the t o t a l ca lor ies and

more than two th i rds of the protein in human d i e t (Hulse and

Spurgeon, 197A). As such, not only the grain yield but a lso

the prote in and carbohydrate content of the grain assume equal

importance.

In Experiment 1, treatment N^oO+50^60 P^'^®^ ^^^"^ ^°^

soluble , insoluble and t o t a l p ro te in . I n t e r e s t i ng ly , N-jno+50^60

and N^QQP^Q were equal in t h e i r ef fec t as fa r as soluble protein

was concerned while for insoluble and t o t a l prote in treatment

^100^60' ^ « ^ followed N^oO*50^60' ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^^^«^ ^ ^ ^100^50^45*

This observation e s t ab l i shes the c r i t i c a l importance of app l i ­

cation of su f f i c ien t amounts of phosphorus with basal nitrogen

ra ther than simply addi t ing more ni trogen through top-dressing,

to ensure high gr^in pro te in content . Results s imilar to these

124

have been reported by some of the e a r l i e r workers on cereals

including Eck et a l . (1963) and Afridi and Samiullah (1973).

The increase in grain prote in content as a r e s u l t of appl ica­

t ion of the higher dose of basal phosphorus (PCQ^ " ^^ ^^ ^^^ ^

i t s i n d i r e c t e f fec t a t the same level of applied N (N-^QQ or

NAQQ CQ) fis i't might have increased the uptake of nitrogen as

reported by Roy and Wright (1974) for sorghum. This assumption

i s supported by the high leaf -N, -P and -K contents in

treatments containing P^Q and by the highly s ign i f i can t (P»0,01)

r values between the n u t r i e n t s t a tus of p l an t s a t heading and

milky grain stages and grain prote in content (Table 49) .

Although ni trogen i s the chief cons t i tuen ts of p ro te ins ,

phosphorus i s involved in pro te in synthesis via the supply of

energy-rich ATP (Hewitts 1963) which explains the data presented

in Tables 23-25.

The other important component of the grain i . e .

carbohydrate, was a lso sigpiificantly affected by the t reatments .

^100+50^60 P * ®* best for soluble, insoluble and t o t a l carbo­

hydrate . Taoles 26-28 present a p ic tu re s imi la r to Tables 23-25

for various components of gr^in p ro te in , exhibi t ing higher values

for treatment N^o0^60 ^ ^ ^^100+50^45 ®"^ ^100^45' ^ig^l^Shting

ni trogen and phosphorxis while in the o ther treatment the

importance of phospbonjs through i t s role in energy-rich ATP

and NADP, which are involved in the conduction of carbohydrates

to the g ra in s .

125

Among the c u l t i v a r s t e s t ed , Delfin proved inherent ly

superior to a l l other t r i t i c a l e s as well as the wheat check for

a l l f rac t ions of grain prote in and carbohydrate (Tables 23-28).

Viewed in the l i g h t of the superior performance of t h i s cu l t i va r

regarding vegeta t ive growth and n u t r i e n t accumulation noted

e a r l i e r , these observations are not su rpr i s ing .

Another, i n t e r e s t i n g indica t ion of the data on prote in

f rac t ions of gi-*ain i s the overa l l super io r i ty of a l l t r i t i c a l e

c u l t i v a r s over the wheat check (Tables 23-25). This i s in

conformity witli the f indings of several workers, including

Vil legas (1973), Hulse and Spurgeon (1974), Kalra and Dhiman

(1979), Fencik e t a l . (1980), Kolevs and Khristove (1983),

Vaulina (1987), Moinuddin (1989), Moinuddin et a].. (1990) and

Samiullab £ t a l . (1991), apparently because of the rye genome

(Unrau and Jenkins, 1964).

In the l i g h t of the above observations on grain qual i ty

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s as affected by basal phosphorus appl icat ion and

c u l t i v a r s , the i n t e r ac t ion ef fec ts on these a t t r i b u t e s were

noted to be on pred ic tab le l i n e s . Thus, ^^QQ^C^Q^SO ^ Del- i"^

proved the best combination for a l l qua l i ty c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s with

^100^60 ^ Del i'f e i t h e r a t par with i t or following i t very

c lose ly , which again speaks for the requirement of adequate

phosphorus for the maintenance of good qua l i ty cereals gr^ in .

126

In Experiment 2 a l s o , the data confirmed tha t there i s

a close re la t ionsh ip between ensured and continued a v a i l a b i l i t y

of phosphorus and the qua l i ty of girain produced as s ign i f i can t

e f fec t of spray phosphorus applied a t d i f fe ren t growth stages

was noted, Te.bles 37-A2 reveal t ha t , in general , three sprays

(THM), followed closely by two a t heading and milky grain stage

(HM) gave the highest values , except for soluble and t o t a l

carDohydrates (Tables 40 and 42) for which HM proved bes t . This

probably accounts for the equal ef fec t of HM and THM on grain

yield (Table 35) noted e a r l i e r as the bulk of the grain i s

made up of carDohydrates. I t may be added tha t two sprays of

phosphorus (TH and TM) followed HM ra the r closely in t h e i r

ef fec t and t h a t , among s ingle spray t reatments , appl icat ion a t

milky grain stage (M) surpassed the o thers (T and H). These

r e s u l t s h igh l igh t the effect iveness of the f o l i a r appl ica t ion

of phosphorus a t l a t e r growth stages (THM, HM, TH, TM and M)

for ensuring good qua l i ty g ra ins . Similar r e s u l t s have been

reported for wheat and bar ley , including those from our own

laboratory (Qaseem, 1975; Qaseem e t a l . , 1978).

In Experiment 3 also spray of phosphorus affected grain

prote in as well as carbohydrate s ign i f i can t ly , with monocalcium

superphosphate giving the bes t r e s u l t s (Table 44) .

The appl ica t ion of phosphorus i s known generally to

decrease the grain pro te in concentration in cerea ls (Dreyspring

£ t a l . , 1931; Mukherji and Agarwal, 1944; Atkins e t a l . , 1955;

127

Eck £ t a l . , 1963; Singh and Gupta, 1969). Samiullah and Afridl

(1975) a lso reported a s imi la r depressing ef fec t of both s o i l -

applied and leaf -appl ied phosphorxis on grain protein content of

bar ley. However, i t may be pointed out t h a t these s tudies

vere done with basal dressing of ni trogen and no top-dressing

was appl ied. I t i s poss ib le t ha t ni trogen losses from the

so i l (Anonymous, 1971) rendered the p l an t s def ic ien t in t h i s

e s sen t i a l n u t r i e n t a t l a t e r s tages of growth which could account

for low prote in content . However, in a l l the three experiments

comprising the present study, ni trogen was added in two s p l i t s

(a t sowing and t i l l e r i n g ) which would be expected to maintain

i t s concentration in the p lan t t i s sues a t l a t e r stages of

growth. As a r e s u l t , in the presence of adequate quan t i t i e s

of phosphorus applied basa l ly or by supplemental f o l i a r spray,

high prote in content of grain was ensured.

Last ly, Table A4 also shows t h a t spray of monocalciura

superphate enhanced various f rac t ions of grain carbohydrate

more than tha t of the other two sources of phosphorus, supporting

the findings of Sharma £ t a^. (1971) and explaining the

au tho r ' s data on grain y ie ld (Table 43) in t h i s experiment as

well as in the e a r l i e r experiment (Table 35), as carbohydrates

contr ibute the major cons t i tuen t s of the cereal gra in .

5.9 Mill ing and baking

From the inception of t h i s crop in the l a t e 19th

century, the abnormal endosperm development with shr ivel led grain

128

had been a p e r s i s t e n t problem in the improvement of t r i t i c a l e .

This was re f lec ted in lower t e s t weight in many s tudies (Unrau

and Jenkins, 196A; Hulse and Spurgeon, 1974; Brower, 1977).

I t resul ted in low flour ex t rac t ion compared to wheats* However,

i t i s heartening to note t ha t the newly released c u l t i v a r s of

t r i t i c a l e show a s ign i f i can t improvement in terms of b e t t e r

t e s t weight thereby matching the f lour content of wheat

(Anonymous, 1979). In the present study the t r i t i c a l e cu l t i va r

Delfin was very close In terms of f lour ex t rac t ion with t ha t

of wheat c u l t i v a r HD-2P04 with a difference of only 5%»

Wheat i s one of the most popular cerea ls in the

human d i e t because of i t s v e r s a t i l i t y and qua l i t y . In addit ion

the protein of wheat has unique physiochemical p roper t i e s due

to i t s cohesive rubbery mass cal led gluten* The gluten made

from bread-wheat f lour developes in to a dough tha t i s strong

and e l a s t i c , i t can be streched and i n f l a t ed without tear ing

or breaking, a property much needed in chapat t i making. When

the dough i s baked, the gluten coagulates and the s tarch

g e l a t i n i s e s to yie ld the c rus t covered mater ia l we known as

bread (Hulse and burgeon , 1974).

In the present study the baking qua l i ty of three

samples of f lours were evaluated v i sua l ly as well as by

sensory t e s t i n g . I t was found tha t the blend of t r i t i c a l e and

wheat f lour produced the buns and chapat t i equal to wheat in

129

a c c e p t a b i l i t y . These r e s u l t s confirm e a r l i e r findings (Tsen

e t a l . , 1973; Berova, 1974; Saurer and Dormann, 1974; Chawla

and Kapoor, 1983). Improvement in qua l i ty of t r i t i c a l e wit^j

the addit ion of wheat f lour (50%+50%) may be due to the

gluten of wheat f lour which may be responsible for the b e t t e r

qual i ty of blended f lour , because gluten i s supposed to be

the major fac tor cont ro l l ing the dough strength and bread of

chapat t i making qual i ty (Hulse and Spurgeon, 1974; Anonymous,

1984; Anonymous, 1986).

Softness of the buns was not d i s t i n c t , except in 10094

wheat and 100?6 t r i t i c a l e f lour . When the blend was taken in to

account i t was a t par with 100?i wheat on the one hand and 100%

t r i t i c a l e on the o ther , presumably due to the presence of

gluten of wheat in the blend which was lower in the 100?6

t r i t i c a l e f lour .

Regarding the softness of chapat t i of the three f lour

samples (Table 45) nor-significant difference was noted.

Similar observation have been reported e a r l i e r (Anonymous,

1976t;Saurer and Dormann, 1979). The broken edges in t r i t i c a l e

chapa t t i s may be due to i t s lower gluten content which i s an

important technological l im i t a t i ons with t r i t i c a l e since i t

i s supposed to be pa r t l y responsible for the weakness of dough.

The blend of the two f lours (wheat + t r i t i c a l e ) shows an

improvement as i t s chapat t i margins were noted to be l e s s

broken due to the presence of wheat pro te in gluten and the

dough s t rength (Unrau and Jenkins, 1964; Anonymous, 1986).

130

I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g to note tha t the colour of the buns

was almost s imi lar in a l l the three samples ind ica t ing the

accep t ab i l i t y of the loaf for commercial purpose (Plate k )•

However, when the colour of the chapa t t i s i s taken

in to account, i t may be observed tha t wheat f lour chapat t i s

were more acceptable than those of t r i t i c a l e , while the blend

of the two f lours was matching with wheat (Plate 5 )•

5.10 Conclusion

From the present study the following points may be

drawn :

(1) T r i t i c a l e could be grown commercially under the

agro-c l imat ic condit ions of Aligarh, Western Uttar

Pradesh (India) as i t s c u l t i v a r Delfin out-yielded

to loca l ly popular high-yielding c u l t i v a r of wheat

(HI>-2?0A) in a l l r e spec t s , including grain yield and

qua l i t y .

(?) The higher dose of phosphorus (P^Q) proved adequate

with top-dressing of 50 kg N/ha a t t i l l e r i n g .

(3) Supplemental spray of phosphorus applied in treatments

including the t i l l e r i n g stage proved very ef fec t ive

for vegetat ive growth as well as straw y ie ld , whereas

appl ica t ion a t heading and milky grain stages proved

131

best for grain y ie ld and qua l i ty of p lan t s grown with

a sub-optimal dose phosphonas plus adequate ni trogen

and potassium applied to the s o i l . Two sprays a t

heading and milky grain stages proved as ef fec t ive spray

a t a l l three s tages , r e su l t ing in some saving in the

cost of f e r t i l i s e r and labour.

{k) For the purpose of f o l i a r spray the monocalcium super­

phosphate proved economical in comparison with DiAP and

NaH2P04«

(5) Flour yield of t r i t i c a l e cv. Delfin was close to wheat

check with only a difference of only 5%.

(6) Baking qual i ty of blended f lour of t r i t i c a l e and wheat

in 1 :1 r a t i o gave the acceptable qua l i ty (sof tness ,

colour and f lavour) of buns and c h a p a t t i .

CHAPTER 6

SUMMARY

SUMMARY

The thesis comprises six chapters.

Chapter 1 (Introduction) deals with the need of mineral

nutr i t ion studies with regard to growth and yield and the

importance of t r i t i c a l e as a new commercial cereal crop. The

selection of the problem regarding the phosphorus nutri t ion

of t r i t i c a l e has been c r i t i ca l ly considered and the proposed

field t r i a l explained.

Chapter 2 (Review of Literature) includes a brief

review ofthe available published work regarding the brief

history and origin of t r i t i ca lCi role of phosphorus in plant

nutr i t ion, and i t s requirement for growth, yield, grain quality,

fol iar nutr i t ion and milling and baking qual i t ies of t r i t i c a l e .

Chapter 3 (Materials and Methods) contains the detai ls

of the cult ivars and the methodology employed for the three

field t r i a l s planned according to standard s t a t i s t i c a l designs.

The procedure for evaluation of milling and baking quality i s

also given.

Chapter 4 (Experimental Results) comprises the important

data analysed s t a t i s t i c a l l y . These are summarised in Tables

6-46 and are briefly described below;

133

Experiment 1 (1988-89): The aim of t h i s f a c t o r i a l

randomised f ie ld experiment was to t e s t the comparative

performance of four newly released c u l t i v a r s of t r i t i c a l e

(Delfin, Driera, TL-419 and T ig re 'S ' )* keeping a loca l ly

popular high yielding dwarf c u l t i v a r of wheat (HD-2204) as

check, under two l eve l s of basal phosphorus i . e . 45 and 60 kg

PpOc/ha (P^c *ind PCQ) with a uniform basal dose of potassium

30 kg K/ha. In addi t ion , 100 kg N/ha was given a t sowing and

another 50 kg N/ha was top-dr«88ing a t t i l l e r i n g s tage. Thus,

in a l l , there were four treatments N-^QQP^CK^, ^100^60^30'

Nloo>50^45So ^ ^ ^100-.50^60^30- deeding r a t e was 100 kg

seed/ha. The performance of the c u l t i v a r s was assessed on the

basis of growth parameters, leaf NRA and -N, -P and -K contents ,

y ie ld c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and grain qua l i t y .

Growth c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the c u l t i v a r s were s i g n i f i ­

cantly enhanced by the higher dose of phosphorus (P^Q) under

both regimes of ni trogen i . e . N^QQ and N^OQ^.5O ^"^ "the three

s tages . Delfin gave the best performance, wheat occupied a

middle pos i t ion and T ig r e 'S ' gave the poorest performance.

'^I00+50^60^30 ^ Delfin proved the best combination for a l l the

growth parameters.

Leaf NRA and -N, -P and -K contents were s ign i f i can t ly

enhanced by the t rea tments . The higher dose of phosphorus

(P^Q) proved b e t t e r . The e f fec t was highl ighted by the top-

dressing with ni trogen a t heading and milky grain s tages .

134

The leaf NR/i and -N, -P and -K contents decreased with the

maturi ty of the crop* Maximum leaf NRA and -N, -P and -K

contents were noted in Delfin. N^oO+50^60^30 ^ Del^i" proved

the best combination for leaf n i t r a t e reductase a c t i v i t y as

well as leaf -N, -P and -K contents a t heading and milky grain

s tages , while a t t i l l e r i n g N-,00%0 ^ I^^^i" proved bes t .

Yield c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s were a lso s ign i f i can t ly affected

by the f e r t i l i s e r t rea tments . Like the growth parameters,

y ie ld c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s were enhanced by the higher dose of

phosphorus, p a r t i c u l a r l y a f t e r the addi t ion of nitrogen by

top-dress ing . Among c u l t i v a r s , Delfin gave the best performance

for a l l the y ie ld a t t r i b u t e s , including grain y i e ld . In grain

production, i t out-yie lded even the wheat check. T igre 'S '

gave the poorest performance.

Quality c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s comprising various f rac t ions

of prote in and carbohydrate contents of g ra in , showed the

same pa t te rn as the other parameters noted above. Thus,

treatment N^QQ^5O^60^30 ^®^® ^ ^ highest value for grain

prote in and carbohydrate contents .

Delfin again proved the best c u l t i v a r for grain qua l i ty .

Wheat gave the poorest grain prote in content , although i t

c losely followed Delfin in carbohydrate content . Among

in t e r ac t i on e f f ec t s , ^•)OQ^^Q^f,0 Del^iri proved the best and

NHQQP. c ^ wheat, the poorest combination for grain qua l i ty .

135

Experiment 2 (1989-90): The aim of t h i s f a c t o r i a l randomised

experiment, based on the data of Experiment 1, was to findout

the best s tage(s ) for the spi?ay of supplemental phosphorus

applied on, Delfin grown with a s t a r t e r basal dose of

''^100+50^45^30* " ^ response was compared on the bas is of

y ie ld and grain qua l i t y . For comparison wheat c u l t i v a r HI>2204

was re ta ined as check. The quant i ty of phosphorus applied in

the form of monocalcium superphosphate sprayed as 0.25^ solution

was h kg P/ha. The spray was applied e i t h e r once a t t i l l e r i n g

(T), heading (H) or milky grain (M) stage or in two equal s p l i t s

a t t i l l e r i n g + heading (TH), t i l l e r i n g + milky gr«in (TM) or

heading + milky grain (HM) stages or in three equal s p l i t s a t

t i l l e r i n g + heading + milky grain (THM) s t ages . The control

was sprayed with de-ionised water. The seed ra te was 100 kg/ha.

The spray of phosphorus a t a l l th ree stages (THM) proved

best for most y ie ld a t t r i b u t e s and qua l i ty c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of

gra in . For grain y ie ld , however, THM was a t par with HM. I t

was a lso noted t h a t , spray a t two stages (TH,TM or HM) proved

more benef ic ia l than s ingle spray (T, H or M). Delfin again

out-yielded the wheat check in grain y ie ld as well as grain

prote in and carbohydrate contents .

Experiment 3 (1990-91): The aim of t h i s simple randomised

block design experiment was to confirm the findings of

Experiment 2 on t r i t i c a l e c u l t i v a r Delfin. In addit ion to

f o l i a r appl icat ion of monocalcium superphosphate, two other

sources of phosphorus, namely sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate

136

and diammonium phosphate were taken as spray treatments in

view of t h e i r lower cost and easy a v a i l a b i l i t y to the farmers.

h kg P/ha in the form of 0,2% aqueous solut ion was applied

in 2 equal s p l i t s (while the control was sprayed with de-

ionised water) a t heading and milky grain stages (HM) tha t

proved optimum in Experiment 2. A uniform s t a r t e r dose of

^100+50^45^30 ^^^ applied a t sowing. Only 40 kg seed/ha was

sown by dibbl ing method to ensure a good stand.

Spray of monocalcium superphosphate gave the best

r e s u l t s for a l l y ie ld parameters and for grain protein and

carbohydrate contents .

Hi l l ing and Baking qual i ty ; The mil l ing and baking qual i ty of

the grain of t r i t i c a l e c u l t i v a r Delfin was t e s t ed . The

comparison was made with wheat check (HD-2204), Although, the

gra ins of Delfin produced 3% l e s s f lour in comparison with

wheat, a 1:1 blend (wheat;Delfin f lour ) gave acceptable colour,

shape and t a s t e of bun and chapa t t i .

Chapter 5 (Discussion) includes consideration of the

experimental r e s u l t s and t h e i r co r re la t ions (Tables 47-51) in

the l i g h t of research work of other s c i e n t i s t s on cereal crops

in general and t r i t i c a l e in p a r t i c u l a r .

Chapter 6 (Summary) i . e . the present chapter, gives the

g i s t of the en t i r e study and i s followed by an up-to-date

bibliography, comprising the references c i ted in the t e x t .

REFERENCES

Abb«s, 2 . 1980, "Mineral N u t r i t i o n of some New V a r i e t i e s o£

T r i t i c a l e " , Ph.D. T h e s i s , Al lgarh Muslim U n i v e r s i t y ,

Aligarh.

Abbas, Z , ; samlul lah; A f r i d i , M.M.R.K.; Inara, A. and

Ashfaq , N. 1983a. Response of t r i t i c a l e v a r i e t i e s

t o varying plant d e n s i t i e s , y i e l d components and

y i e l d . Acta Botanica Indlca^^i » 83 -85 .

Abbas, Z . ; Samlullah; A f r i d i , M.M.R.K.; Inam, A. and

Ashfaq , N. 1983b. Physiomorphological s t u d i e s of

e ight new t r i t i c a l e v a r i e t i e s . Geobios, JjO j 263-266.

Abdal la , o . s . ; Varughese, G.; s a a r l , E.E. and Braun 1986.

Spring T r i t i c a l e : names; parentage; pedigrees ;

o r i g i n s ; CIMMYT (Mexico),

Acosta , A. 1973. Table I . In j R e s u l t s of the second and

t h i r d I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r i t i c a l e Yie ld Nurser i e s ,

197 0 - 7 1 , 1971-72. Information B u l l e t i n No. 10,

CIMMYT, M e x i c o ,

A f r i d i , M.M.R.K, 1983. F o l i a r f e r t i l i s a t i o n and crop produc­

t i v i t y . National symposium on Plant Nutr i t ion ( A b s t . ) ,

Luc)cnow U n i v e r s i t y , Luc know.

A f r i d i , M.M.R.K. and Hewit t , E.J. 1964. "The inducible f o r ­

mation and s t a b i l i t y of n i t r a t e reductase in higher

p l a n t s . I . E f f e c t s of n i t r a t e and molybdenum on

enzyme a c t i v i t y in cau l i f l ower" . I . t x p . B o t , ,

15 : 251-271.

i.1

A f r i d i , M.M.R.K.I Naqvl, A, «nd M m l u l U h l97e» . Bffwot of

phosphorus spray on the seed q u a l i t y of mustard.

In : "Physiology of Sexual Reproduction In Flowering

P lants" 1976, C.P. Malik e t a l ^ . , E d s . , pp. 258-261:

Kalyani P u b l i s h e r s , New De lh i .

A f r i d i , M.M.R.K.; Parva i z , M.A. and samiul lah 1983. Cumu­

l a t i v e r o l e of basa l and f o l i a r f e r t i l i s a t i o n in

enhancing the y i e l d of Laha-lOi, J . Indian bot .

Soc. , 62 J 68-72 ,

A f r i d i , M.M.R^K. and samiul lah 1973, A comparative study of

s o i l and leaf app l i ed phosphorus on the y i e l d of

bar ley (Hordeura v u l g a r e ) . New P h y t o l , , 72. * 113-116.

A f r i d i , M.M.R.K.; samiul lah; Inam, A. and Ashfaq N. 1977.

Ef fec t of n i trogen on the y i e l d of wheat and

t r i t i c a l e ( A b s t . ) • Acta Botanies I n d l c a , ^ : 24.

A f r i d i , M.M.R.K.; Samiullah and Qaseem, S.M, l978b. On the

improvement of grain q u a l i t y in wheat by f o l i a r

f e r t i l i s a t i o n . In : "Physiology of Sexual Reproduc­

t i o n in Flowering P l a n t s " . 1976. C,T, Malik e t a l . ,

e d s . , pp. 226-270. Kaly/ani P u b l i s h e r s , New De lh i ,

A f r i d i , M.M.R.K. and Wasiuddin 1979. F o l i a r f e j r t i l i s a t i o n

of crop p l a n t s . A review. In ; "Recent Researches

in Plant Sc iences" . S .S . B i r , ed . pp. 390-394.

Kaiyani P u b l i s h e r s , New Delh i .

Agarwal, J . P . 1977. Response of t r i t i c a l e v a r i e t i e s t o

n i t rogen . Indian J. Agron. 2^ : 112.

I l l

Agarwal, J . P . 1979. R e l a t i v e performance of t r i t i c a l e

v a r i e t i e s t o n i trogen In Kabar s o i l of Bundelkhand.

Indian J» Agron. 2j4 : 2 4-26,

Akhtar. M. i985 . "Mineral Nutr i t i on of woono and Lent i l" ,

Ph.D. Thes i s* Al igarh Muslim U n i v e r s i t y , Al lgarh.

Akhtar, M.; samiul lah; A f r l d i , M.M.R.K. and Ansarl , S.A.

1984. Effect of l ea f appl ied N and F at two basal

f e r t i l i s e r l e v e l s on the y i e l d of l e n t i l , J.

Indian bot . Soc. , ^ : 91-96,

A l l , M. and Rajput, P.R, 1978, A note on s t u d i e s on ni trogen

requirement of t r i t i c a l e under ra in fed c o n d i t i o n s .

Annals of Arid Zone^r? : 229-232 .

A l v i , M,s, 1984, "Studies on The e f f e c t of Mineral Nutr ients

on the y i e l d and t h e Grain Qual i ty of t r i t i c a l e " .

Ph,D. T h e s i s , Al igarh Muslim U n i v e r s i t y , Al igarh.

Anand, s .C, 1972. Table 28, In : R e s u l t s of the F i r s t

I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r i t i c a l e y i e l d Nursery, 1969-70,

Infornaation B u l l e t i n No. 1, CIMMYT, Mexico.

Andra^<5lk, M, and Licko , J , 1977, R e a c t i v i t y of severa l

s p e c i e s and v a r i e t i e s of winter c e r e a l s on gra­

d u a l l y increased r a t e s of n u t r i e n t s under the

e c o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n s of the potato producing area,

Polnohos podarstvo , 2_3 : 665-675 ( c i t e d from

T r i i i i c a l e Abstr, , 5 : 143).

Iv

Andra^<51k, M, and Matui(ov, J . 1973, A study of the e f f e c t

of s y n t h e t i c f e r t i l i s e r s on the y i e l d of the

winter wheat and t r i t i c a l e in the potato growing

area, Polnohaa Podarstvo. , jL£ » 1043-1054 ( c i t e d

from f i e l d crop A b s t r , , 26 t 5402) ,

Anonymous, 1971, "Handbook of Manures and F e r t i l i z e r s " ,

pp, 195-210, Indian Council of Agr icu l tura l Research,

New De lh i .

Anonymous, 1972. T r i t i c a l e - CIMMYT Annual Report on Maize

and wheat Improvement, p. 32 .

Anonymous, 1975, T r i t i c a l e , Table 1,6, D. In j CIMMYT Report

on Wheat Improvement, p.

Anonymous, 1976a, T r i t i c a l e , In i CIMMYT Review, pp, 61-64 ,

Mexico,

Anonymous, 1976b, T r i t i c a l e , In : CIMMYT Report on wheat

Improvement, p . 5 1 , Mexico.

Anonymous, 1977, T r i t i c a l e , In t CIMMYT Report on wheat

Improvement, p. 53. Mexico.

Anonymous, 1978a, T r i t i c a l e , In : CIMMYT Review, pp. 76 -83 ,

Mexico.

Anonymous, 1978b. CIMMYT Qual i ty Laboratory, In : CIMMYT

Report on Wheat Improvement, pp, 135-138,

Anonymous, 1979. T r i t i c a l e . In : CIMMYT Report on Wheat

Improvement, pp, 51-60 , Mexico,

Anonymous 1980. T r i t i c a l e . In : CIMMYT Review, pp. 59-62,

Mexico.

Anonymous. 1982. T r i t i c a l e , In : CIMMYT Review, pp. 71-76,

Mexico.

Anonymous, 1986. CIMMYT Annual Report 1987. p, 32, Mexico.

Ansar l , S.A.; samiullah and A f r i d i , M.M.R.K. 1985. p r ed i c ­

t i n g seed y ie ld and pro te in content by leaf NRA

es t imat ion in pyridoxine-sprayed mungbean (viqna

r a d i a t a L. wilczek) cv, K-851, P lan t P h y s i o l , ,

77 (suppl) J 10.

Ashfaq , N. 1986. "Study of some Problems of the Mineral

Nut r i t ion of T r i t i c a l e " . Ph.D. T h e s i s , Aligarh

Muslim Un ive r s i t y , Aligarh.

Ashfaq , N,; Af r id i , M.M.R.K.; Samiullah and Inara, A, 1984,

on opt imis ing t r i t i c a l e yield by judic ious a p p l i ­

ca t ion of n i t rogen . Indian J , P lan t Nu t r i t i on .

3, » 2 09-213.

At)cin3, R.E.; Stanford, G. and Dumenil, L. 1955. Effect of

nitrogen and phosphorus fertiliser on yield and

malting quality of barley. J. Agri. Fd. Chem.

3 J 609-615.

Aquillna, M. 1987. The effect of nitrogen of triticale

quality. Aspects of Applied Biology. No, 15 :

293-296, (Cited from Wheat, Barley and Triticale

Abstr. , 5).

v l

Aust in , A. and Mir i , R.K. 1961. Ef fec t of n i trogen and

i r r i g a t i o n on the prote in and g lu ten content of

some new Pusa Wheats. Indian J . Plant P h y s i o l . ,

4 : 150.

A z i z . O . 1991. "Effect of Treated Oi l Ref inery Waste Water

on Physiomorphological C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t r i t i c a l e " .

Ph.D. Thes i s* Aligarh Muslim U n i v e r s i t y , Al lgarh,

Baler , A .c . 1991. T r i t i c a l e i n the warmer areas : I s i t s

e f f i c i e n c y in nutr i en t uptake enough t o bring

farmer acceptance ? A proceedings of the I n t e r ­

nat iona l Conference July 29 - Aug. 3 , 1990. pp.

390-3 99. Ed i ted , D.A. Saunders.

Bakhshi, A.K.; Sekhon, K. s . ; Sandha, G, s , and G i l l , K. s .

1979. Baking performance of t r i t i c a l e as a f f e c t e d

by l o c a t i o n and i r r i g a t i o n , J . Res. , Punjab

Agrlc . U n i v . , j ^ : 379-384. (Cited from T r i t i c a l e

Abstr . 8 : 52 ) .

B a l i , A . S . ; Shah, M.H.; Lahorl , J . L . ; Singh, K.N.; Khanday,

B.A. and Koul, R.N. 1991, s t u d i e s on the production

e f f i c i e n c y and economics of N f e r t i l i s a t i o n for

wheat and t r i t i c a l e genotypes under Kashmir v a l l e y

c o n d i t i o n s . F e r t i l i s e r Marketing News 2_2 j 11-13

( c i t e d from Wheat, Barley and T r i t i c a l e Abst. 9 ) .

Beevers , L. and Hageman, R.H. 1980, N i t r a t e and n i t r i t e

reduct ion (Cited from Noggle , G.R,, and F r i t z , G.J. 1986. "Introductory Plant Physiology" t l eds , p .282 . P r l n t i c e - H a l l of I n d i a , p r i v a t e Ltd. New De lh i ,

v i i

Berova, s. 1974. Teats of wheat and t r i t l c a l e flour mixture.

Rasteniev^dni Nauki IJL j 10-17 (c i t ed from T r i t i c a l e

Abst. ^ : 165),

Bhaid, S.U.; s r i v a s t av a , K.N.; Naik, M.S. and Daas, N.B.

1969. Effect of n i t rogen f e r t i l i s a t i o n on p ro t e in ,

lys ine and tryptophan conten ts of Indian and Mexican

wheat v a r i e t i e s . J . Post grad. school £ ; 143-147,

lARI. New Delhi .

BhardWIj, S.D,; Agarwal, J . P . 1978. Note on the effect of

n i t rogen f e r t i l i z a t i o n on growth and yield in

d i f f e r en t v a r i e t i e s of wheat and t r i t l c a l e . Indian

J , Agrlc. Research. Jj^ j 205-206.

Blshnol, U.R. and Hughes, J .L . 1979. Agronomic performance

and pro te in content of f a l l - p l a n t e d t r i t i c a l e , wheat

and rye . Agron. J . , 7^ : 359-3 60. ( c i t ed from

T r i t i c a l e A b s t r . , 6 : 75).

Blshnol , U.R.; and MuguxLra, L.M. 1980. Effect of ni trogen

r a t e s and sources on agronomic performance of spring

t r i t l c a l e . Conmiunicatlons in s o i l s c l . and Plant

Analys is . ^ 1 • 873-879 (c i ted from T r i t i c a l e Abstr .

7 i 139).

Black, C.A. 1968. "Soil P lan t Re la t ionsh ips" . I I ed. John

Wiley and Sons I n c . , New York,

v i l l

Bould, C. 1963, Mineral n u t r i t i o n of p l an t s in s o i l s . In :

"Plant Physiology - A T r e a t i s e " , vo l . I I I , F . C ,

steward, e d . , pp. 16-19, Academic P r e s s , New York,

Boynton, D. 1954, Nu t r i t i on by fo l i a r a p p l i c a t i o n . Ann.

Rev, Plant Phys io l . ^ : 31-34.

B r i l h a n t e , S .J .C.F. and B a p t i s t a , M.J.B.R.U, 1982, some

chemical and technolog ica l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t r l t l -

ca l e s being bread at p resen t . Melhoramento, ^ :

365-379, (Cited from T r i t i c a l e Abatr, 9 t 322).

Bunting, A,H, and Eirennan, D.S.H. 1966, some aspects of the

morphology and physiology of c e r e a l s in the vege­

t a t i v e phase. In : **The Growth of Cereals and Grasses" ,

Mil thorpe, F.L. and I v i n s , J ,D. e d s . , pp. 20-30.

Butterworth and Co . , P u b l . , Ltd. London.

Busch, R,H. and Wilkins, H.D. 1972. Agronomic performance

of t r i t i c a l e in North Dakota, North Dakota Farm

Res. 22 ' ^^* ( c i t ed from Pood Technology, 66-74,

Nov. 1972).

Bushuk, W. 1980. T r i t i c a l e chemistry and technology. Hodonela

Ros l in , Aklimatyzacja i Nosuenniclwo, 2 4 : 603-613

(Cited from T r i t i c a l e A b s t r . , 9 : 82) .

Brouwer, J . B , 1977. T r i t i c a l e : an a l t e r n a t i v e grain crop.

J . Agric. V i c t o r i a , 75 : 310-313,

i x

Chahal, R . s . , Singh, s. and Singh, M. 1983, Nitrogen, phos­

phorus and potassium uptake in groundnut at var ious

s tages of plant growth and l eve l s of phosphorus.

Indian J . p l an t P h y s i o l , , £6 :222-225.

Chauhan, K.P .s . and Ba jpa i , G.C, 1972. Pre l iminary data on

t he yield performance of hexaploid t r i t i c a l e s at

high a l t i t u d e s in the Kumaon h i l l s . Current S c i . ,

jtl : 852-853.

Chawla, V.K. and Kapoor, A.c, 1983. Accep tab i l i t y of wheat

t r i t i c a l e c h a p a t i s . Indian J . Agric . S c i , , ^ i

207-211.

Chergine ts , B . I , ; Ryadchikov, V.G.; and Pavlov, A.N. 1980.

The mineral n u t r i t i o n condi t ions and formations of

t r i t i c a l e grain q u a l i t y . Information 3 , Biological

value of protein.AgroXhimiya No, 5 : 61-65 (Cited

from T r i t i c a l e A b s t r . , ^ : 61),

Croy, L . I , and Hageman, R,H. 1970, Re la t ionsh ip of NR

a c t i v i t y to gra in p ro te in in wheat, crop S c i , ,

12 i 280-285.

Dalllng. M.J. and Loyn, R.H. 1977. Level of activity of

nitrate reductase at the seedling stage as a pre­

dictor of grain nitrogen yield in wheat. Aust. J,

Agric. Res., 23 : 1-4,

Deckard, E.L, ; Lambert, R . J . and Hageraan, R.H. 1973. N i t r a t e

reduc tase a c t i v i t y in corn leaves as r e l a t e d t o

y ie lds of grain and grain p r o t e i n . Crop Sci , , 12^ s

343-3S0.

Dev, G. 1965. Studies on t he inf luence of n i t rogen or phos­

phorus app l i ca t ion on the composition and nu t r i en t

uptake of wheat p l a n t . Agrochimica, 9. ^ 80-89.

Dhiman, s.D. and Kalra , G,s, 1977. Soil moisture uptake

p a t t e r n by t r i t i c a l e and wheat f e r t i l i z e d with

n i t rogen under ra infed cond i t ions . Indian J . Agric.

Res. XI » 229-234.

Dimitrov, D.G., Gvozdiev, K, and Georgiev, S. 1982.

I n v e s t i g a t i o n of c u l t i v a t i o n techniques for t r i t i ­

c a l e . Rasteniev^dni Nauki.» ^ : 88-96 (c i ted from

T r i t i c a l e Abstr . , 9 : U57) .

Dimitrov, s . 198 4. Study of p ro te in and lys ine content in

t r i t i c a l e gra in depending on condi t ions of growing,

Ras ten iev 'd Nauki, 2^ t 99-105. (Cited from Bio.

Abstr . 79 : 100968).

Dimitrov, s. 1985. Inf luence of decreas ing doses of mineral

f e r t i l i s a t i o n upon the t r i t i c a l e p roduc t iv i ty .

Rasteniev 'd Nauki, ^ : 62-66. (c i t ed from Bio.

Abstr . 81 : 81) .

xl

Dreyspring, C.; Kurth, H, and Heinrlch, F, 1931. The

Influence of phosphatic manuring on the yield and

quality of barley. Z. Pfl. Dung., 1013 : 217. (cited

from Mukherji, B.K. and Agarwal, R.R. 1944, Indian J.

Agric. Sci. , 2i » 109-116).

Dubois, M.; Gills, K.A,; Hamilton* J.K.; Robers, P.A. and

smith, F. 1956. Colorimetric method for determina­

tion of sugars and related substances. Ana Is, chem,.

^ : 350,

Dziamba, s. 1987. Effect of CCC and fertilizer application

on yield, yield components, protein and lysine

contents in the grain of triticale, rye and wheat.

Biuletyn Instytutu Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Roslin

No. 161. 105-112 (cited from wheat. Barley and

Triticale Abstr.5»5050).

Eck, H.V.; Tucker, B.B. and Schlehuber, A.M. 1963. Influence

of fertiliser treatments on yield, grain protein

and heading dates of five wheat varieties. Agron.

J. 5^ : 556-558.

Eilrich, G.L. and Hageman, R.H. 1973. Nitrate reductase

activity and its relationship to accumulation of

vegetative and grain nitrogen in wheat. Crop Sci. ,

J^ : 59-65.

Epstein, E. and Jefferies, R.L. 1964. The genetic basis of

selective ion transport in plants. Ann. Rev. Plant

Phy-siol. , 15 J 169-181.

x i l

Etcheverse , J .D, and Moraghan, J . T . 1978. The in f luence of

CCC and n i trogen on the y i e l d and performance of

wheat and t r l t l c a l e . Agro.Sur. 6 : 90-96 ( c i t e d

from T r l t l c a l e Abstr . 7 j 2 0 ) .

Evans, H,J. and Sorger, G,J, 1966. "Role of mineral elements

with emphasis on the univa lent c a t i o n s " . Ann. Rev.

P lant P h y s i o l , JL7 : 47-76.

Farnworth, J . and Said , S.A. 1982, The e f f e c t of ni trogen

on '-Beagle' t r l t l c a l e . P u b l i c a t i o n , Dhamar Agri ­

c u l t u r a l Improvement centre No. 50:3 ( c i t e d from

Wheat, Barley and T r l t l c a l e Abstr . 2 • 2014) .

Fenclk, R,; ^aputa, F. and Paszko, J . 1980, comparison of

t r l t l c a l e and winter wheat from the view point of

grain y i e l d and the accumulation and d i s t r i b u t i o n

of n i trogen In the main prote in f r a c t i o n s , o b i l n i n y

a Strukovlny, JJ7, 117-127 ( c i t e d from T r l t l c a l e

Abstr. 2 (2 ) J 151) ,

F i s k e , C.H, and sxibba Row, Y, 1925, The c o l o r i m e t r l c d e t e r ­

mination of phosphorus. J. B i o l . chem., ^ :

375-400,

Fodor, J , 1974. Effect of a p p l i c a t i o n of n i trogen on y i e l d

and composit ion of some winter fodder mixtures ,

Takarmanybazls. ^ : 27-36 ( c i t e d from T r l t l c a l e

Abstr. ^ I 2 1 ) ,

Fuehrlng, H.D, 1969, Agron, J . , 61 : 591-994, ( c i t ed from Gardner e t a l 198 5 ) ,

x i i i

Gajardo B.R.P, ; Parodi D.P.C. and Nebreda M.I.M, 1981.

Associat ion between leaf a rea , y ie ld components

and yield in wheat and t r i t i c a l e a t d i f fe ren t

n i t rogen r a t e s . Ciencia e I n v e s t i g a t i o n Agraria

8(3) : 183-195 (Cited from T r i t i c a l e Abstr. 9: 62).

Gajardo, R .P , ; Pa rod i , P.C, and Nebreda, I.M. 1978. T r i t i ­

ca le and wheat response to n i t rogen f e r t i l i z e r .

Agronomy Abstr, 9^ (c i ted from T r i t i c a l e Abs t r . ,

5 I 209).

Gardner, P . F . ; Pearce , R.B, and Mi tche l l , L.R, 1985.

"Physiology of Crop P l a n t s " . Iowa Sta te Universi ty

P r e s s , Amer,

Gerek, R. and Kutluk, H. 1972. Table 18. In ; Resul ts of

F i r s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r i t i c a l e yield Nursery.

1969-70. Information Bu l l e t i n No. 1. CIMMYT, Mexico.

Gericke, vf.F. 1922. Difference effected in the pro te in

content of grain by app l i ca t i ons of ni trogen made

i t d i f f e ren t growing periods of the p l a n t s . Soil

s c i . , _14 I 103.

Giaquinta , R.T. and Quebedeaux, B. 1980, Phosphate induced

changes in a s s i m i l a t e p a r t i t i o n i n g in soyabean

leaves during pod f i l l i n g . P lan t Phys io l . (Suppl.)

^ I 119.

Graham, R.D.; Geytenbeek, P.E. and Redc l i f f e , B.C. 1983. Response of t r i t i c a l e , wheat, rye and barley to n i t rogen f e r t i l i z e r . Aust. J . Exp. Agric, Anim.

x l v

Husb., 23^ J 73-79 (Cited from T r i t l c a l e Abs t r , ,

9 : 345).

Gregory, F.G. 1937, Mineral n u t r i t i o n of p l a n t s , Ann.

Rev. Blochem., 6 j 557-578.

Gregory, P.G, and crowther , F. 1928. A phys io logica l study

of v a r i e t a l d i f fe rences In p l a n t s . I . A study of

t he comparative y i e lds of bar ley v a r i e t i e s with

d i f f e r en t manuring. Ann, Botany, A^ : 757-770.

Gregory, R.s . 1974, T r i t l c a l e research programme in United

Kingdom. T r i t l c a l e . Ottowa, Canada, IDRC, pp. 2 50.

Grunes, D.L. and Krantz, B.A. 1958. Nitrogen f e r t i l i s a t i o n

Increases N, p and K concent ra t ion in o a t s . Agron,

J . , 50 J 729-732.

Grunes, D.L. , V l e t s , F.G. J r and sh lh , S.H. 1958. Propor­

t i o n a t e uptake of s o i l and f e r t i l i s e r P by p lan t s

as a f fec ted by N f e r t i l i s a t i o n . I , Growth chamber

Experiments. Proc. Soil Sci . Soc. Am, 22 : 43-48.

Gupta, A .P , ; Vlrraani, S.M, and Tyagl R.c . 1972. Rela t ive

d i r e c t e f f icacy of some phosphatlc f e r t i l i s e r s .

Indian J . a g r l c . Sc i . A2^ : 351-356.

Gupta, Y.P. 1990, Record food output . Hindustan Times,

117 t (12) , 12th Jan . 1990.

Hagen, C.E, and Hopkins, H,T. 1955, Ionic species in o r t ho -

phosphate absorpt ion by bar ley r o o t s . Plant Phys io l .

30 : 193-199 (Cited from " s o i l Plant Re la t ionsh ips" ,

C.A. Black, e d . , Wiley Eastern P r i v a t e L td . , New

Delhi , ) ,

XV

Hewitt, E.J . 1963. Mineral n u t r i t i o n of p l an t s in cu l tu re

media. In t "Plant Physiology - A Treatise**, vo l . I l l

F.C. steward, e d . , pp. 97-133. Academic P r e s s , New

York.

Hewitt, E .J . and A f r l d l , M.M.R.K. 1959» Adoptive synthes is

of n i t r a t e reduc tase In hic^er p l a n t s . Nature, 183 :

57-58.

Hulse, J .H. and Spurgeon, D. 1974, T r l t i c a l e , Sc i en t i f i c

American.231 : 72-80,

Humphries, E.G. and wheeler, A.W. 1963. Ann. Rev. p lan t

Phys io l , j ^ : 385-410 (c i ted from Gardner et_ a l ,

1985).

Inam. A. 1978. **Mineral Nu t r i t i on of T r l t i c a l e " . Ph.D.

T h e s i s , Allgarh Muslim Univers i ty , Aligarh (c i t ed

from T r l t i c a l e Abstr . 8 ( 2 ) .

Inani, A. 1992. T r l t i c a l e - A P o t e n t i a l Crop of Future.

Indian Rev. of Life S c l . , J 2 • 263-278.

Inam, A,; Saraiullahj Af r l d l , M.M.R.K,; Ahmad, A.; Ashfaq ,

N. and Alv i , M.S. I982a. Observation on the effect

of NPK f e r t i l i s e r on germination of t r l t i c a l e .

Comp. Physio l . Ecol . , 2 • 49-50.

Inam, A.; Samiullah; A f r l d l , M.M.R.K.; Ahmad, A. and

Sahni, M.L. 1982b. Leaf nu t r i en t content NPK

f e r t i l i s a t i o n r e l a t i o n s h i p among t r l t i c a l e geno­

types . Comp. Phys io l . Ecol. , 2 J 154-157.

xvl

Inam, A.; Samiullah and A f r l d i , M.M.R.K. 1985. T r l t l c a l e

in r e l a t i o n to NPK f e r t i l i s a t i o n , Geobios, ^2, :

193-196.

Inam, A.; Samiullah and Ahmad, A, l992. Effect of basal

n i t rogen and spray phosphorus on y ie ld charac­

t e r i s t i c s of t r i t i c a l e . Geobios, ^ : 137-139,

I r v i n e , G.N, and McMullan M.E. i960. The "Remix" Baking

Tes t . Cereal Chera. , 3_7 : 603-608.

Ivano, A. Prokopenko, S. 1976. Physico-chemical and

bread-making q u a l i t i e s of a amphidiploid t r i t i c a l e .

T r i t o log iya i Genetika, J^ j 114-118 (Cited from

T r i t i c a l e Abstr . _4 : 85) .

Jaworski , E.G. 1971. N i t r a t e reductase assay in in t ac t

p lant t i s s u e s . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 43^ :

1274-1279.

Jenk ins , B.C. 1974, Hexaploid t r i t i c a l e : p a s t , present

and fu tu re , 56-61 (Cited from ^ r i t i c a l e Abs t r . ,

^ : 46).

Kalra, G.s. and Dhiman, s.D. 1979, p r o d u c t i v i t y and

q u a l i t y response of wheat and t r i t i c a l e t o n i t rogen.

Indian J . a g r i c . Res. ^ : 225-228.

Khalique, A. 1975. "Comparative Studies of the Effect of

Soil and Leaf-Applied Nut r ien t s on Some Crop P lan t s"

Ph.D. Thes i s , Al igarh Muslim Unive r s i ty , Aligarh.

xvl l

Khan, F.A. 1988. "Growth and Yield Response of Lens

c u l i n a r i s L, Medic and Vigna r a d i a t a L, wilczke

to Nitrogen and Phosphorus Appl ica t ion" . Ph.D. Thes i s ,

Al igarh Muslim Unive r s i ty , Al igarh .

K i t s , A. 1968. T r l t l c a l a . Bud«p«at < Mezogazdosa'gi Kladd.

p . 180 (c i ted from Fie ld Crop, Abstr . , ^^ : 1545).

Kiss , A. 1973. Table 5. In : Resul t s of the Second and

Third I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r i t i c a l e y ie ld Nurseries

1970-71, 1971-72. Information B u l l e t i n No. lO,

CIMMYT, Mexico.

Kiss , A. 197 4. T r i t i c a l e - breeding experiments in Eastern

Europe. IDRC Report 024e, 41-50 (c i ted from Trans .

Bot. soc. Edinb. , j42 : 505-512).

Kiss , A. and Feher, B. 1968. Agrolechmics of T r i t i c a l e .

Bul l . Agric. Exp. I n s t . , 2 i 69-72 (c i ted from

Field crop A b s t r . , ^ : S61),

Kohli , M.M. 1973. Broadening adaptat ion in t r i t i c a l e .

CIMI«T Research B u l l . No. 24 t 70-73.

Kolev, D. and Khris tov, S. 1983. Effect of increas ing

f e r t i l i s e r r a t e s on grain yield and qua l i t y of

some t r i t i c a l e c u l t i v a r s gro\pm in North Eastern

Bulgar ia , Rastenlev dni Nauki, ^^ : 55-60 (Cited

from T r i t i c a l e Abstr . 6 : 4717).

xviii

Kow, Y.W.; Frb«s, D.L. and Gibbs, M. 1982, ch loroplas t

r e s p i r a t i o n . A means of supplying oxidized p y r i ­

dine nucleot ide for dark ch lo rop las t metabolism.

Plant P h y s i o l . , 69^ t 442-447 (Cited from Noggle,

G,R. and F r i t z , G,J. 1986),

Kb^mina, N.P , j Voronova, E.A.; Khachaturyan, E.E. ; and

Zagnetova, s . I . 1976. Evaluation of the baking

q u a l i t y of the f lour in t r i t i c a l e . Selekts lya i

Semenovodstvo No, 3 ; 27-28 (Cited from T r i t i c a l e

Abstr . , 2 • 51).

Kudryavtseva, A.A. 1977, Evaluation of hexaploid spring

t r i t i c a l e s for some economically useful cha rac t e r s .

Referat ivnyi Zhurnal , J^ j 145 (Cited frcxn T r i t i c a l e

Abstr . . 6 J 43),

Lafever, H.N. and Schmidt w.H, 1972. T r i t i c a l e , Ohio Report

on Res, and Deve, ^ i 3-5.

Lai , K.N. and Prasad, o, 1947, p roc , natZ, Acad, sci

( I n d i a ) . VI : 83 .

Langer, R.H.M. 1966. Mineral n u t r i t i o n of grasses and

c e r e a l s in "The Growth of Cereals and Grasses".

Mil thorpe, F.L, and I v l n s , J ,D. e d s , , p . 213

But terwor ths , London,

Langer, R,H.M. 1972. How Grasses Grow. London Edward

Arnold (c i ted from Gardner e t a l . 1985),

x i x

Larter , E,N.; Gustafson, J .P . and Z l l l i n s k y , F .J . 1978.

Welsii t r i t l c a l e . Can. J. Plant S c i . , ^ : 879-880.

Lewis, D. 1936. A note on the absorpt ion o f s o l u t e s by

l e a v e s . J. Pomal, , 1^ : 391,

Lindner,R.c. 1944. Rapid a n a l y t i c a l methods for some of the

more common inorganic c o n s t i t u e n t s of plant t i s s u e s .

Plant P h y s i o l . , ^ : 76-89 .

Longstreth , D.J. and Nobel , P .S . 1980. Nutrient in f luences

on leaf p h o t o s y n t h e s i s . Plant P h y s i o l . 6^ : 541-543.

l o r e n z , K.; Welsh, J . ; Nermann, R. and Maga, J . 1972.

Comparative mixing and baking p r o p e r t i e s of wheat

and t r l t i c a l e f l o u r s . Cereal Chem. £9 : 187-193.

Lowry, 0 . H. ; Rosebrough, N . J , ; Farr , A.L. and Randal l ,

R.J. 1951. Pro te in measurement with fo l iJ i phenol

reagent . J. B i o l . Chem., 193 : 265-275.

Lundeglrdh, H. 1951. "Leaf a n a l y s i s " (Translated by R . L .

M i t c h e l l ) . Hi lger and watts L t d . , London.

Marschner, H. 1986. "Mineral Nutr i t ion of Higher P lants" .

Academic P r e s s . London,

Mazurek J. and Mazurek J . 1974. I n v e s t i g a t i o n s on agro­

nomic p r a c t i c e s for t r i t i c a l e , 1. Ef fec t of sowing

ra te and date and of f e r t i l i z a t i o n on y i e l d of

t r i t l c a l e and of spring wheat, pamietnik PulQwski,

No, 60 : 67-76 (Cited from T r i t i c a l e Abstr. . 3":i36).

XX

McNeal, F.H.; Berg, M.A.; Brown, P.L. and McOuire, C.F.

1971. productivity and quality response of five

spring wheat genotypes Triticurn aestivum L. to

nitrogen fertilisers Agron. J. , 63_ : 608.

McNeal, F.H.; watson, C.A. and Kiltams, H.A. 1963. Effect

of dates and rates of nitrogen fertilisation on the

quality and field performance of five hard red

spring wheat varieties. Agron, J., ^ j 470,

Mengel, K. and Kirkby, E.A. 1982. '^Principles of Plant

Nutrition", III ed. , International Potash Institute

Bern., Switzerland,

Milthorpe, F.L. and Moorby, J. 1979, "An Introduction to

crop Physiology". Cambridge University Press,

London,

Misra, P,N. 1977. Note on response of triticale varieties

to nitrogen doses grown in alkaline soils. Pant

nagar J. Res, 2 : 95-96,

Mishra, B.; sharma, R.D. and Mishra, H.P. 198 0. Use of

Mussoorie rock phosphate mixed with superphosphate

or low-grade pyrites as alternative phosphorus

source for wheat on neutral soils. Indian J.Agrlc.

Sci, , 52 •' 346-351.

Mitchell, J. 1957. A review of tracer studies in Saskat­

chewan on the utilisation of phosphate by grain

crops. J. soil Sci., 8 : 73-85.

x x i

Modi, M.S. ana Lai , p . 1981. Grain y ie ld and nu t r i en t uptake

of t r i t i c a l e s in r e l a t i o n to wheat at varying leve l s

of ni t rogen under un i r r i ga t ed cond i t ion . Indian J .

Agron., ^^ : 3 07-312.

Mohammad, F. 1989. Effect of Soil and Leaf applied phos­

phorus on the yield and q u a l i t y of Linseed. Indian

J . Plant Phys io l , 3^ : 25-30.

Mohammad, F . ; samiullah and Af r id i , M.M.R.K. 1986a. Effect

of phosphorus and sulphur spray on mustard y ie ld .

Geobios, 21 • 8-12.

Mohammad, P . ; samiullah and A f r i d i , M.M.R.K. l986b. Compa­

r a t i v e response of ten v a r i e t i e s of mustard

(Brassica juncea L. czern & Coss) t o combined

spray of N, P and S. I b i d , _12 : 168-172.

Mohapatra, P.K.; p a t n a i k , D.p. and Mishra, B.C. 1983.

Phosphorus n u t r i t i o n and sp ike le t production the

main shoot apex in wheat, Tr i t icum aestivxim var .

Sonalika. Indian J . Plant P h y s i o l . , 2j5 : 314-318.

Moinuddin 1987. "Mineral Nut r i t ion of T r i t i c a l e in

r e l a t i o n t o i t s paren ts* . Ph.D. T h e s i s , Aligarh

Muslim Unive r s i ty , Al igarh.

Moinuddin, 1989. Nutr ient requirement of t r i t i c a l e I I I .

Leaf NPK index in r e l a t i o n t o grain yield and

q u a l i t y . J . Indian bo t . Soc. 68^ : 309-312.

x x i i

Moinuddin, samiullah; Af r i d l , M.M.R.K. and Inam, A. 1985.

Nutr ient requirement of t r l t i c a l e . I . Effect of

n i t rogen and phosphorus on growth c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

of four new v a r i e t i e s . National Seminar on Plant

Physiology. Abstr . No. 15, p . 12, Manipur Univer­

s i t y , Canchipur,

Moinuddin; samiullah; A f r i d i , M.M.R.K. and Inam, A. 1990.

Comparative s t ud i e s on physio-agronomic performance

of Mexican t r i t i c a l e s with wheat and rye . Geobios,

VI t 73-77.

Moorby, j . and Besford, R.T. 1983. Mineral n u t r i t i o n and

growth. In : "Encyclopedia of P l a n t Physiology'*,

15B : 481-527, A. Lauchli and R.L. B i e l e s k i , eds.

Springer-Verlag, New York.

Moss, D.N. 1988. Pho tosyn thes i s , Resp i ra t ion and photo-

r e s p i r a t i o n in Higher P l a n t s . In : "Physiological

Basis of Crop Growth and Development**, pp. 131-152

M.B. Tesar ed . American soc ie ty of Agronomy, crop

Science, Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin,

Mukherji, D.K. and Agarwal, R.R. 1944. Prel iminary study

of the influence of v a r i e t y , manures and i r r i ­

gat ion on the composition and q u a l i t y of bar ley .

Indian J . Agric. S c i . , 1± : 109-116.

Muntzing, A. 1974. H i s t o r i c a l review of the development

of t r i t i c a l e . IDRC Report 024e, 13-30, Ottawa,

Canada (Cited from Trans , Hot. Soc. Edinb. , _4 : 505-512).

xxlli

Murti, G.S.R. 1972. "Studies on nitrate reductase activity

as Influenced by photoperiods^ nitrogen and growth

regulators in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Ph.D.

Thesis* I.A.R.I., New Delhi.

Naik, M.S.; Abrol, Y.p,; Nair, T.V.R. and Rama Rao, C S .

1982. Nitrate assimilation its regulation and

relationship to reduced nitrogen in higher plants.

Phytechemistry 2_1 : 495-504.

Nair, T.V.R. and Abrol, Y.P. 1982. Nitrate reductase

activity in flag leaf blade and its relationship

to protein content and grain yield in wheat

(Triticum aestivum L.) Indian J. Plant Physiol. ,

2^ ! 111-122.

Naqvl. A. 1976."studies on the Effect of Foliar Nutrition

on the Growth and Yield of Barley and Mustard".

Ph.D. Thesis, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh.

Naqvi, A.; Afridi, M.M.R.K. and samlullah 1977. Effect

of phosphorus and sulphur on the growth and yield

of Laha-lOl. Geobios, 4 : 253-254.

Nass, H.G.; Kunelius, H.T. and Suzuki, M, 1975. Effect

of nitrogen application on barley, oats and

triticale grown as forage. Canadian J. plant Sci.,

55 : 49-53.

xxlv

Nasr, H. and Guivagosslan, V. 1972. Table 20, In : Resul t s

of the F i r s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r i t i c a l e y ie ld Nursery,

1969-70. Information Bu l l e t in No, 1, CIMMYT, Mexico.

Nataraju, S .P . ; Udaykumar, M,; Gurumurthy, B.R. and

Umesha, K. 1990, Genotyplc v a r i a t i o n s In n i t r a t e

reductase a c t i v i t y , n i t r a t e f lux and reducing sugars

in f inger m i l l e t (Elucine coracana Gaertn>, Indian

J . Plant Phys io l , 3^ : 145-149,

Natr , L. 1972, Inf luence of mineral n u t r i t i o n of photo­

syn thes i s of higher p l a n t s . Photosynthet ica ^ s

541-543. (Cited from Mohapatra e t SiU 1983).

N lcho i l s , P.B. 1974. I n t e r - r e l a t i o n s h i p between mer i s t e -

matic regions of developing inf lorescence of four

ce rea l spec ies . Ann. Hot . , ^S * 827-837,

Noggle, G.R, and F r i t z , G.J. 1986, " In t roduc tory p lan t

Physiology'*. I I ed. , P r i n t i c e Hall of I nd i a , P r iva t e

L t d . . New D e l h i ,

Noor. A. 1986."Mineral Nu t r i t i on of Radish and Turnip".

Ph.D. Thes i s , Allgarh Muslim Unive r s i ty , Aligarh.

Orphanos, P . I . and Krentos, V,D. 198 0. Concentration of

N, p and K in l eaves , straw and grain of wheat

and bar ley as influenced by N and p f e r t i l i s e r s

under semi-arid cond i t i ons . J , Agrlc . Scl (camb),

94 i 551-556.

XXV

Osman, A.M.; Goodman, P.J, and Cooper, J.P. 1977. The

effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on

rates of growth and photosynthesis in wheat, photo™

synthetica, jy j 66-75 (Cited from Mohaptra e^ ^ , ,

1983).

pancholi, D, K. and Blshnol, N.R. 1980, Effect of different

N fertilisation rates on trlticale In comparison

to wheat and rye. Agronomy Abstr, , IO4 (cited from

Trlticale Abstr,. 1_ ; 167),

Panse, v. G. and suWiatme, P.V. 1985. "statistical Methods

for Agricultural Workers". IV ed., Indian Council

of Agricultural Research, New Delhi,

Parvaiz, M.A. 1979. "Mineral Nutrition of Mustard". Ph.D.

Thesis, Aligarh Muslim University, Allgarh.

parvaiz, M.A.; Afridl, M.M.R.K. and samiullah 1982.

Critical growth stage for optimal response of

mustard to foliar application of nitrogen, phos­

phorus and sulphur, Indian J, Plant Nutrition,

_1 : 43-48.

Patnaik, N. 1987, soil Fertility and Fertiliser use.

In i "Hand Book of Agriculture**, pp, 212- By

the Indian Council of Agricultural Research

(ICAR), New Delhi.

xxvl

Pino, N . I . and Rodriguez, S.J. 1980, Nitrogen economy

in genotypes of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and

t r i t i c a l e (T r i t i co seca l e spp.) I . Effect of n i t rogen

on the production of dry ma t t e r , grain and p ro te in .

Anales de Edafologia Y Agrobiologia, 3^ : 1369-1377.

(Cited from T r i t i c a l e Abs t r , , 8 : 177).

Pleshkov, B.,P.; Shulyndin, A.F. and Emeryanova I . P . 1983.

Content and composition of grain p ro t e in s of

t r i t i c a l e under d i f f e r en t l eve l s of ni t rogen

n u t r i t i o n . Izvest iya Sel 'skokhozyuistvennoi Akademii No. 2, 74-79.

Ponce, A.O,; Zarate DEL.G,; Tah, I . J . F . 1981. Effect of

t h r e e methods of c u l t i v a t i o n with d i f f e ren t N,P,K

f e r t i l i s e r r a t e s in two t r i t i c a l e sp. c u l t i v a r s in

winter Chapingo No. 31/32, 67-73 (c i t ed from T r i t i ­

ca le Abstr . 9 : 163),

Prasad, R. and Singh, S, 1983, Rela t ive e f f i c iency of

t r i t i c a l e and spr ing wheat in u t i l i z i n g phosphate

from d i f fe ren t f e r t i l i z e r s . Cereal Research Commu­

n i c a t i o n , r i : 153-154 (c i ted from Wheat, Barley

and T r i t i c a l e A b s t r . , l_ : 2034).

Pr imost , E. 1956. The e f fec t of high n i t rogen appl ica t ion

on the qua l i t y of var ious winter wheat v a r i e t i e s .

Z, pf lernahr Dung., JA • ^^ (Cited from Field Crop

A b s t r . , 10 : 413).

xxvli

Prohaszka, K.; c z e r n i , I . and Feher, B. 1971, Effect of

n i t rogen on yield and mineral matter content In

t r l t l c a l e . Acta Agronomlca Academlae Sclentlarum

Hungarlcae 20 : I 0 l - l 0 7 .

Qaseem, s.M. 1975."Effect of ni trogenous and phosphatlc

spray on the yie ld and grain q u a l i t y of bar ley and

wheat*. Ph.D. T h e s i s , Aligeurh Muslim Univers i ty ,

Al igarh .

Qaseem, S.M,; Af r id i , M.M.R.K, and samiullah 1978. Effect

of leaf appl ied phosphorus on the y ie ld charac­

t e r i s t i c s of ten bar ley v a r i e t i e s . Indian J . Agric.

Scl. , 48 : 215-217.

Rahman, M.S. and Wilson, J .H. 1977. Effect of phosphorus

appl ied as superphosphate on r a t e of development

and spDcelet number per ear in d i f f e r e n t c u l t l v a r s

of wheat, Aust. J , Agric. R e s . , £8 j 183-186.

Rao, K,P, ; Rains , D.W.; Qualse t , C.O. and Huffaker, P.C.

1977. Nitrogen n u t r i t i o n and grain pro te in in

spr ing wheat genotypes d i f f e r i ng in n i t r a t e reduc­

t a s e a c t i v i t y , crop S c l . , _12 i 283-286.

Reddy, G.G, and Lai , P. 1976. Phys io log ica l ana lys i s of

y ie ld v a r i a t i o n in t r l t l c a l e and wheat v a r i e t i e s

under un i r r i ga t ed cond i t ions . Indian J . Plant

Phys io l . 22 ' 154-163

x x v i i l

Riraan, L. Rankoezi, L. 1977. Study of the ^111 and baking

q u a l i t y of s e l e c t e d c o l l e c t i o n of t r i t i c a l e .

Vedecki Pra'ce Vyskumne'ho dstaavu R a s t l i n n e j V^reby

V PieStanoch jj[ : 183-191 ( c i t e d from T r i t i c a l e

Abstr . 6 ( 4 ) .

Rooney, I ,W,; Gastafson* C.B,; Perez . N. and Por ter , K.B.

1969. Agronomic performance and q u a l i t y charac­

t e r i s t i c s of t r i t i c a l e grows in the Taxas High

Plc i ins , Progress repor t , Taxas Agri , Exp. Sta.

( c i t e d from Food Technology 66-74 , 1972).

Roy, R.H. and Wright, B.C. 1974. sorghum growth and

nutr ient uptake in r e l a t i o n t o s o i l f e r t i l i t y .

N, p and K uptake pat tern in var ious plant par t s .

Agron, J. , 66^ : 5-10,

R u s s e l l , E.J, 1950. " s o i l Condit ions and P lant growth",

VIII ed. , Longmans Green and Co , , New York.

Sacchidanand, B . ; sawarkar, N . J . ; Churayya, R . S . ; Shinde,

D.A. and s inha , S.B. 1980. Response of soyabean to

sulphur and phosphorus. J. Indian Soc, S o i l , £8 :

101-104 (Cited from Upadhyay e t a_l, 1988).

Safaya, N.M. 1971. "Studies on Nitrogen,Phosphorus and

Potassium N u t r i t i o n in Three v a r i e t i e s of Barley

(Hordeum vulgare L . ) . ph.D, T h e s i s , Aligarh Muslim

U n i v e r s i t y , Al igarh ,

xxix

Sain i , A.D. and Nanda, R. 1974. obse rva t ions on growth

and yield in wheat. Indian Journal of Genetics

and Plant Breeding 3 4A, lOOl- lOn.

Sa l i sbury , F.B. and Ross, C.w. 1991. "plant Physiology".

IV ed. pp. 116-135. Wadsworth Publ ish ing Company,

Belmont, Ca l i fo rn i a .

samlulXah l97 l . "Effect of Phosphorus on the Nu t r i t i on ,

Growth and Malting Qual i ty of Barley (Hordeum

vulqare L.)" Ph.D. T h e s i s , Aligarh Muslim Univers i ty ,

Al igarh .

Samiullah and Af r id i , M.M.R.K. 1975. Comparison of the

ef fec t of s o i l and leaf appl ied phosphorus on

the malting q u a l i t y of the grain of bar ley (Hordeum

vulgare L. ) . Indian J . P l an t Phys io l . , JL8 : 121-126.

Samiullah; Inam, A,; A f r i d i , M.M.R.K.; Ahmad, A. and

Pa rva i z , M.A. 1987. Effect of d i f f e ren t combi­

na t ions of basal NPK on growth c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of

T r i t i c a l e . comp, Phys io l . E c o l . , 1^ : 97-99.

Samiullah, Mohammad, F, and Af r id i , M.M.R.K. 1985. On

opt imising mustard yield by spray of n i t rogen ,

phosphorus and sulphur . In j "Recent Trends in

Botanical Research", pp. 137-143, Gohil , R.N. ( e d . ) .

X X X

Samiullah; Moinuddin; A f r i d i , M.M.R.K, and Inam, A, 1991.

Determination of sowing date for t r l t i c a l e . I .

Effect of four sowing da tes on leaf N p K conten t ,

grain yield and q u a l i t y o f f o u r new t r i t i c a l e s .

New Trends in P lan t Physiology j 211-216. K.K. Dhlr,

I . S . Dua and K.s. Clark (Eds . ) .

Saxirer, w. and Dormann, A. 1979, Some s tud i e s on the baking

q u a l i t i e s of t r i t i c a l e . Schweizerische Landwirlschaft ,

22 : 69-75.

Sayed, H.I , and Al-Saad, F.A. 1979. Fo l i a r app l ica t ion of

n u t r i e n t s and i t s e f fec t on grain y ie ld and qua l i ty

of wheat and t r i t i c a l e . Proceedings of the saudi

Bio logica l soc ie ty No. 3 : 47-56 (Cited from

T r i t i c a l e Abstr . 2 » 109).

Schlehuber, A.M. and Tucker, B.B. 1959, Fac tors affect ing

the p ro te in content of ^ e a t . Cereal s c i . Today,

4 i 240.

Se th i , Q,S,} Asawa, B.M.; Singh, H.B. and Asawa, R.K.

1979. Factor ana lys i s of grain y ie ld in t r i t i c a l e .

Indian J . Agric. Sc i . , 49 : 504-506.

Se th i , G.5. and Singh, H.B. 1972. I n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p of

q u a n t i t a t i v e t r a i t s with grain yield in T r i t i c a l e .

Indian J . Agric. S c i . , 42_ : 281-285,

Sharma, H.C and Singh, M,R, 1973. Effect of so i l moisture

regimes, phosphorus and ni t rogen on N and P uptake by bar ley (Hordeum vulqare L. ) Indian J . A g r i . S c i . ,

1 1 ' 5^*

xxxl

Sharma, Y.K.; Deodhar, A.D. and Mlshra, A. 1977, Evalua­

tion of physico-chemical characteristics determining

the chapati making qualities of triticale. Indian

Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics 1^ t 140-145.

Siddiqui, N. 1974. "Some aspects of the mineral nutrition

of selected cereals'*. M.Phil, dissertation, Aligarh

Muslim University, Aligarh.

Sllberstein, o. and wittwer, s.H. 1951. Foliar application

of phosphatic nutrients to vegetable crops. Proc.

American Soc, Hort. Sci., 58 : 179-198.

Singh, S.D. and Gupta, M.L. 1969. Relative efficiency of

nitrogenous fertilisers in the presence and absence

of phosphorus on wheat. I. Yield and grain protein

content, Indian J. Agron. \A : 262-270,

Singh, V.p. and Singh, M. 1985. Nitrate reductase activity

and-its relationship with grain protein and grain

yield, Indian J. Plant Physiol.. 2£ : 235-242,

Slootmaker, L.A.J. 1974. Tolerance to high soil acidity

in wheat related species rye and triticale.

Euphytica 2^ : 505-513.

smith, T.E, 1967. 'triticale grain of the future". Crops

Soils, iSi : 15.

Stankova, P.G. and Matsov, B,N, 1982. The drought resis­

tance of certain local and introduced cultivars

of wheat and triticale. Fiziol Rast., 8 : 84-92,

(cited from Biol. Abstr,, 76 : 79).

xxx i i

Stepanov, N.S. 1965. Spraying p lan t s with urea Improves

seed q u a l i t y , Selek Seraenorod No. 1 : 37 (ci ted

from Field Crop A b s t r . , JL8 : 1695).

Stepochkln, P . I . and Vladlmlrov, N.s , 1985. Frost r e s i s t a n ­

ce of Siberian (U.S.S.R.) t r l t l c a l e forms at

var ious ploidy l e v e l s . S-KH B i o l . , 0^4)> 56-58

(Cited from Bio l , Abstr . 80 : 917^95 .

Tabl , M.M. and Kiss , A. 1986, Inf luence of ni t rogen f e r t i ­

l i z e r and plant d e n s i t i e s on y ie ld and yield compo­

nents of hexaplold t r l t l c a l e and wheat. Acta Agro-

nomica Hungarica 3_5 : 91-96 ( c i t ed from wheat,

ba r l ey and t r l t l c a l e Abstr . £ : 683; 5918).

Tah i r , M. 1978. Achievements in research and production in

winter ce r ea l s in Pak is tan , In : "Technology for

Inc reas ing Food Product ion", Holmes, J .C . (ed.)

pp. 453-462. Rome, I t a l y (Cited from T r l t l c a l e

A b s t r . , 6 : 117).

Tamhane, R.V.; Motiramani, D.P,; B a l l , Y,P, and Donahue,

R.L. 1970, "So i l s ; Their Chemistry and F e r t i l i t y

in Tropica l Asia", P r i n t l c e Hall of India Pvt .

Ltd. , New Delhi ,

Ter ry , N. and Ul r lch , A. l973a. Effec ts of phosphorus

def ic iency on the photosynthes is and r e s p i r a t i o n

of leaves in sugar bee t , p l an t P h y s i o l . , 51 :

43-47.

xxxi l l

Te r ry , N. and Ulr ich A. 1973b. Effects of potassium

def ic iency on the photosynthes is and Respi ra t ion

of Leaves of Sugar Beet. Plant Phys io l . 5_1 : 783-786.

Ter ry , N. and Ul r ich , A. 1973c. Effects of Potassium

Deficiency of sugar Beet under condi t ions of Low

sodium supply. P lan t Phys io l , ,5^ : 1099-I l0 i .

Thorne, G.N. 1958. Fac tors a f fec t ing uptake of r ad ioac t ive

phosphorus by leaves and i t s t r a n s l o c a t i o n to other

p a r t s of the p l a n t . Ann, Bot. 2J. « 381-3 98.

Thorne, G.N. 1963. Va r i e t a l d i f fe rences in photosynthesis

of ears and leaves 4f ba r l ey . Ann. Bot. (A.s .>,

i l : 155.

Touraine , B, and Meimoun, A. 1985. Comparison of s a l t

t o l e rance in t r i t i c a l e and ba r l ey . Agronomic

( P a r i s ) , _5 I 391-396 (c i ted from Bio l . Abstr. ,

80 J 82629).

Tsen, C.C.; Hoover, W.J. and F a r r e l , E.P. 1971, Baking

q u a l i t y of t r i t i c a l e f l o u r s . Abs t r ac t , AAAC 56th

Ann. Meet. , Dal las (Cited from Food Technology

Nov.1972, pp. 66-74).

Tsen, C.C.; Hoover, W.J. and F a r r e l l , E.P. 1973. Baking

q u a l i t y of t r i t i c a l e f lours . Cereal Cham., _50 :

16-76.

xxxiv

Turbln, N.V.; Khllyupkln, V.M. and Zhebrak, E.A. 1980,

Spring t r i t i c a l e a cover crop for herbarge s p e c i e s .

Kormoproizvodstvo No. 8 , 24-25 ( c i t e d from T r i t i c a l e

A b s t r . , 8 : 114).

Unrau, A.M. and Jenkins , B.C. 1964. I n v e s t i g a t i o n s on

s y n t h e t i c c e r e a l s p e c i e s . M i l l i n g , Baking and some

composit ional c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of some "Tri t i ca le"

and parenta l S p e c i e s . Cereal Chem, , 4_1 : 365-374.

Upadhyay, A . P . ; DeshmuWh, M.R.; Rajput, R.P. and Deshmukh,

S.C. 1988. Ef fec t of sources , l e v e l s and methods

of phosphorus a p p l i c a t i o n of plant product iv i ty

and y i e l d of soyabean. Indian J . Agron. , 3^ ? 14-18.

Upadhyaya, Y.M. 1973. Table 6, In : R e s u l t s of the second

and Third I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r i t i c a l e Yield Nurser ies ,

1970-71, 1971-72. Information B u l l e t i n No. 10,

CIMMYT, Mexico.

Vaulina, G.I. 1987. Ef fec t of mineral n u t r i t i o n and

weather c o n d i t i o n s on formation of grain y i e ld

and q u a l i t y of t r i t i c a l e . AgroWiiraiya No, 7 : 37-43

( c i t e d from Wheat, bar ley and t r i t i c a l e A b s t r . ,

5 : 676) .

V i l l e g a s , E. 1973. Improving n u t r i t i o n a l q u a l i t y of

t r i t i c a l e . In : CIMMYT Res. B u l l . No. 24 : 55-63.

Z i l l i n s k y F.J. ( e d . ) CIMMYT, Mexico,

XXXV

Violk, R. and McAuliffe, C. 1954. Factors a f f e c t i n g the

f o l i a r absorption of N l a b e l l e d urea by tobacco.

Amer. soc . s o i l So l . Proc. » J;8 : 308.

Vbse, P.B. 1963. Var ie ta l d i f f e r e n c e s In plant n u t r i t i o n .

Herb. A b s t r . , 2 1 » 1-13.

wahhab, A. and Hussaln, I . 1957. Ef fec t of ni trogen on

growth, q u a l i t y and y i e l d of I r r i g a t e d wheat In

West Paldstan , Agron. J . , 49 : 116-119.

Wallace, T. 1961. "The Diagnos i s of Mineral D e f i c i e n c i e s

in P l a n t s " . ( I l l e d ) . Her Majestys Stat ionery

O f f i c e , London,

Webster, G.C. 1959. Nitrogen Metabolism i n p l a n t . Row

Peterson and Company, Evanston, 111 .

Yatazawa, M. and Higashlno , S, 1953. Mechanism of f o l i a r

ab;jorptlon of phosphate. I I , Forms of t r a n s f e r r i n g

phosphate a f ter the f o l i a r absorpt ion , J. Sc i .

s o i l Manure, Japan, 2J, : 193-196 ( c i t e d from

Chem. A b s t r , , 48 J 4057).

Yatazawa, M. and T a i , K, 1953. Mechanism of f o l i a r

absorpt ion of phosphate. I . The e f f e c t of accom­

panied sugars on absorption of phosphate. J. Sc i .

S o i l Manure, Japan, 2j4 ; 93-95 ( c i t e d from F i e l d

Crop A b s t r . , 8 ; 152) .

Yih, R.Y. and Clark, H.E. 1965. Carbohydrate and prote in

content of boron-de f i c i en t tomato root t i p s in r e l a t i o n t o anatomy and growth. Plant P h y s i o l . , 40 : 312-315.

xxxvi

Yoshida, s, 1^72. Phys io log ica l aspects of g ra in y ie ld ,

Ann. Rev. Plant P h y s i o l . , 23. j 437-464.

Zatko, J , 1978. Effect of some agronomic p r a c t i c e s on

the gra in yield of t r i t i c a l e No. 64. Pol 'nohospo-

d a r s t v , 2j4 : 125-132 (Cited from T r i t i c a l e Abstr , ,

6 : 61).

Zenyiak, I ,A. 1970. Role of N f e r t i l i s e r s in improving grain

q u a l i t y of winter wheat, SB. Nauchn. Trud. Grodnen

sel-Khoz. I n s t , No. 7 j18 (Cited from Field Crop

Abstr . . 2j4 : 4468).

Z i e se l , J . P . ; Rivenbark, W.L. and Hageman, R.H. 1963. crop

S c i . , 2 : 27-32 (Cited from Gardner e t al.. , 1985).

Z i l l i naky . F . J . and Borlaug N,E, 1971a. progreas in

developing t r i t i c a l e as an economic c rop . Research

Bu l l . No. 17, pp. 27, CIMMYT, Mexico.

Z i l l i n s k y , P . J . and Borlaug, N.E, 1971b. T r i t i c a l e research

in Mexico. Agric. S c i . , Rev. £ ' 28-35.

Z i l l i n s k y , F . J . and Lopez, B.A. 1973. Breeding for improved

agronomic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , In : " T r i t i c a l e Breeding

and Research at ciMMYT - A Progress Report" ,

Z i l l i n s k y , F . J . (ed. ) . Research Bu l l . No. 24 :

12-30, CIMMYT, Mexico.

Z i l l i n s k y , P . ; s>Dvmand, B. and Amaya, A. 1980. T r i t i c a l e :

adap ta t ion , production and uses . Span, £3 : 83-84,

CIMMYT, Londres, Mexico.