STUDIAISLAIIIKAIND0NESIAN JouRNAL FoR rsLAMrc sTUDTES Volume 2, Number 4, 1995

Ismv AND DEMOCRACY:

Iru STnncH OF A VIABLE SYNTHESIS

Bahtiar Effendy

MODERNITY AND THE CTIRLITruCT OF PLURALISM:

soME ltrtoorurstRtt LrssomsRobert W. Hefner

lsmurc PolrrrcRl Tnoucrr AND CULTURRI RrvtvntlN M0DERN ltrlporuesn

M. Din Syamsuddin

WeSreRru STUOITS Or SOUTUTAST ASIAN ISLAM:

PR0BLEM oF THEORY AND PRACTICE

John R. Bowen

tssN 0215-0492

STUDIA ISIAilIIKAlndonesian Journal for lslamic Studies

Volume 2, Number 3, 1995

EDITORIAT BOARD:

Harun NasutionMastubu

M. Quraisb Sbibab

A,Aziz DablanM. Satria EffendiNabilab Lubis

M. YunanYusufKomaruddin HidayatM. Din Syatnsuddin

Muslim NasutionWabib Mu'tbi

EDITOR.IN.CHIEF:

Azyumardi Azra

EDITON:

Saiful MuzaniHendro Prasetyo

Johan H. Meuleman

Nurul FajriBadriYatim

ASSISTANTS TO TTIE EDITOR;

Arief Subban

Heni Nuroni

ENGLISH I.ANGUAGE ADVISOR:

Juditb M. Dmt

AMBIC LANGUAGE ADVISOR:

Fuad M. Facbruddin

COVER DESIGNER:

S. Prinka

STUDTA ISI"{MIKA (ISSN 0215.0492) is a journal published quarterly by the /nstitut Agama Islam

Negen (IAIN, The State Institute for Islamic Studies) Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta. (STT DEPPEN

No. 129,61(IDITJEN/PPG/STT/1976) and sponsored by the Department of Religious Affairs of the

Republic of Indonesia. It specialDes in Indonesian Islamic studies, and is intended to communi-

cate original researches and current issues on the subject. This lournal warmly welcomes

conffibutions from scholars of related disciplines.

All artides published do not necessarily represent the views of the journal, or other insdrutions to

which it is afiiliated. They are solely the views the authors.

Suuito & Muhbib Abdul Wabab

Majlis al-'UlamA' al-Ind0ntsi fi MunAdalat al-BarnAmij al-SiyAsi

Abstract: The eswblishment of the council of Indonesian 'ulamh'(Majlis

Ukma Indonesia, Mtlr, uas proposed, dmong others, by the Neu Order

government of Indonesia. This gooernment proposal was issued in tbe

decree of the MinistrT of Religious Affairs, number 108/1969, uhicb or-

dered tbe esublishment of an Indonesian center for Islamic preacbing

(Pusat Dakutah Islam Indonesia, PDII). Conducting a zuorksbop dmong

the Islamic preachers of Indonesia uas one of the wsks of tbe center. One

of the recommendations of the uorkshop Teds a proposal to esablish the

MUL A requirement for the esablishment of the MUI at the national

level uas proposak and the consensus of Indonesian'ulamis fro?n ?nu'

nicipal and prooincial leaels. This requiremenr wasfulfilled by the Min-

ister of Home Affairs instructing the goaernmental apparatus at tbese

twso leveb to esablisb the council. REresenatiaes of these councils at-

tended tbe first national congress of Indonesian'ulami',from uhich the

council of the Indonesian'ulami' (the MUI) utas esablished.

Tlte aim of esablishing the MUI is to strengthen tbe national defence

and to increase'inw-religion tolerance for the success of the deaelopment.

Despite tlte government interest in using the'ulamAs to implement itspolicies, the esablishment of the MIJI uas also motioared bJ tbe prior

113 Strdia Ishmiha. Vol, 2, No, 4, 1995

114 Suuito & M*bib Abdil lYabab

esublishment of similar organizdtions: the Gredt Council of Indonesian

Churches (Majlis Agung Gereja Indonesia, the MAVI)for Catholics, and

the Council of Indonesian Churcbes (Dewan Gereja-gereja di Indonesia,

DGI)for Protestants.

The external influence of the government on the MUI is aery strong,

and subordinates it. This is reflected in its ideology, organizational struc-

tures, personnel, programs, and legal opinions related to Islamic mdtters

(fatw|s/ The MUI has accepted Pancasila (the Five Principles) as its ideol-

ogy. Accepting Pancasila and being loyal to it are requirements for one to

become amember of the MUI committee.In spite ofreligious dffirences,It bas also chosen the President and vice-president as pdtrons dt the na-

tional level, and gopernors and regents dt the provincial and municipallevels respectiztely. The Minister of Religious Affairs, the Minister of Home

Affairs, the Minister of Information Affairs, outsanding 'ulamls, andleaders of peruasive Muslim mass organizdtions, haoe also been chosen to

a.ct as ex-ofrcio chairmen of tbe Adztisoryt Board.

The influence of government cdn also be rneasured frorn the MUI\goals: strengthening the national defence and increasing inter-religiontolerance for tbe sake of developmental success. This goal is implemented

through its f.atwis . The majority of the faruAs produced are ansa)ers to

problems issuedfrom uithin the government sector. In line uith govern-

ment policies, the MUI has issued afatui allowingfrogs to be exported,

ahhough this is commonly considered by the majority of Indonesian Mus-

lims to be forbidden ftaram) This aroused d controversial debare among

the Muslim communiry. Another controversial fatw|, is related rc akingpart in celebrating Christmas day. Since then a new regulation has been

issued to preeent the issuing of conflicring fatwXs in front of the public.

Any fatwis made publicly, particularly those ubich are potentially con-

tropersial have to be passed through the collectiae body inaolving differ-

ent'Ukmisfrom Muslim communities. This regulation is seen ds respon-

sible for decreasing the number of fatuh. Nou, the opinion of the MUI are

expressed in the form of recommendations uhich is more political in its

nature. such tbat of urging Muslim communities to ake part in deoelop-

m e n a I pr o gr dm s o r in fi gh tin g again st p orn o gr dplry, a lc o h o lic drin k, s a-

dism and lotteries.

Sttdia Ishmiba, Vol, 2, No 4, 1995

Suuito & Mubbib Abdul \y/ahab

Majlis al-'UlamA' al-Indrinisi fi MunAdalat al-BarnAmij al-SiyAst

Abstraksi: Kelahiran Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI) antara lain dipra-karsai Pemerintah Orde Baru. Menteri Agama, melalui SKNo. 108 Th.

1969 membentuk Pusat Dakuah klam Indonesia (PDII)yang bertugas

menye lengarakan Lo kakarya Muballi gh se- Indone sia pada an ggal 2 6'

29 Nopember 1974, Di anara konsensus Lokakarya tersebut ialah pem-

bentukan MUL Sebagai tindak lanjutnya, pemerintah meklui MenteriDakm Negeri menginstruksikan babwa paling lambat Mei 1975 di se'

tiap Daerah Tingkat I dan II telah didirikan Majelis Ulama karena pusat

telah menyiapkan penyelengaraan Munas I Majelis Ulama seluruh In'do ne sia yang bertema: Den gan Memperko koh Ketah anan N asional dan

Menin gkatkan Kerukun an Hidup Ber agama, Maj e lis U lama Mensukse s-

kzn Pembanguan. Prakarsa tersebut selain karena pemerintah berkepen'

tingan adanya organisasi 'ukmL' untuk menlancarkan pelaksanazn ke-

bijaksana"annya, juga karena perkumpukn sejenis di luar Islam telah ter'benruk. Majelb Agung lY/ali Gereja Indonesia (MAIY/, untuk ummatKatolik telah dibentuk tahun 1924 dan Persekutuan Gereia-gereja di In'donesia (PGI) untuk ummat Protestan didirikan tabun 1950.

Studi ini menunjukkzn bahwa hubungan pemerinah Orde Baru de'

ngan MUI telah menyebabkzn pihak kedua di bauah pengaruh pihakpertama seperti tercermin dalam organisasi, personalia, program keria

dan fatua. Dalam hubungan dengan organisasi, misalnya, hasil Munas

115 Studia klamiha, VoL 2, No. 4, 1995

11.6 Suztito 0 Mahbib AH*l lYabab

III,23 Juli 1985, mencantumkan idiologi nasional Pancasila sebagai aza-snyd., pdddhal sepuluh ahun sebelumnyd orgdniwsi ini tidakpernah men-cantumkan azas. Pengdrub yd.ng samd. juga terjadi pada personalianya.Pengurus MUI terdiri pelindung deuan pertimbangan dan deuan pimp-inan. Untuk pelindung diteupkan terdiri pejabar tertingi. Di tinghatpusat adalah Presiden dan Wakil Presiden, di daerah tingkat I Gubernurdan ringkat II Bupati/\Y/alikota Laarbekkang agama mereka tidak dite-kankan. Sedang deuan pertimbdngdn tingkat pusdt diketudi secara ex

fficio oleh Menteri Agama ditambah dengan tiga menteri (MenteriDalam Negeri, Menteri Pendidikan sera Kebudayaan dan Menteri Pen-erdngan),'ulamh'terhemuka, pucuk pimpinan Ormas Is/am sera rckohmasyarakat. Salah satu slardt menjadi pengurus MUI ialah setia dan taatkepada Pancasila dan UUD 1945.

Pengaruh pemerinah tercermin juga pada penentuan program kerjaMUL Pada Munas I, 26 Juli 1975, misalnya, telah ditekankan bahuaprogrdm MUI ialah mensukseskan pembangunan nasional, ketahanannasional dan kerukunan ummat beragama. Program kerja MUI hasilMunas II dan III pada hakikatnya mengemban tugas pokok yangdileakkan pada saat didirikan. Namun demikian, redaksi Munas IIImencerminkan tekanan yang juga besar kepada peninghatan kualiaskehidupan beragama. Hasil Munas III, misalnya, menyatdkan bahuatujuan program MUI ialah menanamkan kesadaran hidup beragamamasyarakat dalam uadah negara RI yang berfalsafah Pancasila. Men urutpenulis, dalam bal perumusan tujuan pa.da periode terakhir, cdmpurangan pemerinah aus MUI kurangbegitunampak.

Keberada^dn pemerinah ydng tidak kalah pentingnya dalam mem-pengaruhi MUI tercermin melalui fatua/rekomendasi yang dike-luarkannya. Sampai ahhir ahun 1984, MUI telah mengeluarkan seba-

nyak 33 fatua. Limafatuta diajukan oleh indipidu/lembaga suasta dan25 oleb insunsi pemerinuh sedang sisanya aws iniatif MUI sendiri. Diantara fatana kontroversial ialah s o al diperbo leh kannya pembudidayaankodok, dan soal perayazn natal bersama- Mmgingatfatua-faruta semlrcam

itu tckh menimbulkan ptrtmtangdn pmdapat di kzlangan 'ukmL' sendi-ri maka sekarang diatur bahua fatwa tentdng isyu-iryu kontroversialdisampaikan setelab diadakan pembahasan bersama dari berbagai pihak.Akibatnya, menurut penulis, prkembangan fatua tidak sedinamis masa-

masa sebelumnya. Yang justru menonjol bekkangan ini ialah rekomen-dasi, sryrti seruan untuk berperdn strta secdra aktif dakm pembangunan,meningkatkan peranan kontrol sosial berupa pemberantasan sadisme,pornografi., minuman keras dan perjudian.

Studia Islamika, Vol. 2, No. a, i,995

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Majlisal-'Ulami'al-Indinki 119

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Majlisal-'Ulami'al-Indinisi \21

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Majlisal-'UlamA'al-Indinisi t23

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Sudia hlamiba, Vol. 2' No, 4, 1995

124 Savin 6 M*bib Abdul tVabab

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Sttdfu klamika, Vol. 2, No. 4, 1995

Majlisal-'Ulami'al'Indinisi 125

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Strdia Ishmika, Vol. 2' No 4, 1995

126 Su@ib e MabUbAHil \V'ahab

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Majlisal-Uhmi'al-Indinti L?7

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Studia Ishmiba, VoI 2, No 4, 1995

t28 Sauin Ar M*bib AHultVahab

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Studia klamiba, Vol. 2, No, 4, 1995

Majlkdl-'Uhmi'al-Indinist 129

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Strdia Islamika, VoL 2, Na 4, 1995

130 Stuito & Mahbib Abdul lVabab

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Studia klamiba, Vol, 2; No. 4, 1995

Majli s a I.'U lam i' a l- Indlni si

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Majlisal-'Ulami'al-Indinisi 133

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Strdia Islamiha, Vol. 2,No. 4, 1995

Maj li s a l-A lam /' a l- Ind ini si

:oirlJdlFatwa-fatrua ,dt---, ; G4-b. ,tte -u.s) Muhammad Atha' Mudzhar 6*r, . I

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.'J i/)\-)1 a--J-iJl ;r-< ;;z'a-\1> c.r*ey"t)l r LlJt , .l* .S )Vtl 1975 - 1988

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.f o.-YtA .r", c('\ 1lY cr.,t(lt qi,)'t-)'Peran Ulama dalam Masa Orde Baru: Studi tenung c(a;: p .rt"; Ali Mufrodi .'t-

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Studia Islamiha, VoL 2, No. 1, 1995

136 Ssvito O Milbib AHal \Vahab

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Sttdid Islanibd, Vol, 2, No. 4, 1995

aMaj li s a l-'U lam i' a l- Indinki 137

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. \ V1-\ \o .,f ca-'il 7+rJt (MU DKIJakarra . tA'\Vl .;r ca*i;7>jl ,l\

tL^Ul .r-14 fl,Jl d-JrlJ \ 1A1 Jil. o i rlJl .,-i4 ft jl i^,!t 6, .,,iv e.t.F , o ,

.sa cls3\41 -*f e).tl Pedoman Peneapan Fatata p;t r\ ltl y-1, \ Y .rr.YA-Y1

.Y' .ue (1. b p]t .allrl ;JJLjf""lJ i/Ull i*.til cMirnbar (Jlama .o\* J:,"1t;C-; ca:JuJt ;Jl :+ . y vr-y g st*b 7>;J/ cc.Juil drt-::-Yt -Jlt , o r

dtl .H"..p*Kita -^LiJt F* *.jl -*.Jt --tl ,,.;,U)t CSW TSge--dlJ oY-o. .ra c\tAl y-L,-/r 1AA ,;n*-;: rtt-1 ert cMimbartJlama up

.l 1Al ;1, o j cLLJt .J-.1* ft'Jl ;^,!1 .^. .r;-ajl

Sttdia klamiba, Vol, 2, No, 4, 1995

138 Silw;to C MAhUb Abdul lVabab

etllll:.ljl-l

,* ,:- aLll c*1,1J callrl i^.ul celt /.i;J Jr^LJl Jtf; /jd (J)\-Ji -$ ,o,lt.(\ 1v1 r Bulan Bintang :Uft*l

,3r!t ;.*"ulr c;1L(!t-9 rLJJt ;e.1 f)*)11 Islarn Ulama dan [Jmara ts-l\.t* ,,.stwt.(l 1AV,Pustaka Mantiq : |y4 S s r.3 / L c*r.l

u.)t 1;-tf:lr ,trf-tJ-y't -,t-rf c6,;trt f irr -rp r-!t -S ri "-rJr

,au pu)r ,4; j\-:o*J\

.11tJt fi p s, t$At r\:..ct1y)c912t ]-i;Departemen Agama F.I, Monografi Kelembagaan Agama di Indanesia lilt-r

t!*rrrl ,J o+-.tit r.*$t (akarra: n.p., 1987/82>.

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Departemen Agama F*I, Pedornan Dasar Kerukunan Hidup Beragatna pu,Jllta+_-dl ;re J1

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Sekretariat MUI, Keputusan Rahernas Majelis tJlarna se Indonesia u)A otttSltL-*-rJ,;l ,ei ;( ,L-Ur .rjl"Jil ;3\t [akana:1974).

Sekretariat MUI, Pedoman Dasar, Pedoman Rurnah Tanga dan Pedoman Penetdpan

Fatuta [rs_9L:iJl J)-i:'4-.-iYJ tJ+l-LJl i-..t)Ult d*-i-!l a-.t)Ul](]akarta: 1986).

Sekretariat MUI, Keputusan-kEutusan Munas IIMUI j\:Jl g;rL*-Yl lJJl c,Ul,jl

;ct-Ut ,-J-4 fiakarta: 1980)

Sekretariat MUI, KeputusanMunasUlama 1983 gct-IJt ,-i4 Gbj\ rij\\ c,\\jlflakarta: 1987).

Sekretariat MIJI, Keputusan Rahtrnas Majelis Ularna se Indonesia ,-J-A +trtiltL-*rJ;! ,ei ;( ,LLJI .rSrl j j\t [akana:197g)

Sekretariat MUI, Lima Belas TabanMajelis Ulama Indonesia W'adah MusyauarabPara Ulanta, Zu'ama dan Cendikiauan Muslim cLiJl .-l-4 aty- ;r."-c u*1t.*JJl J,;;!t) e\-s.)\) rLiJt ;ryt :, eLel .r--i;-r:)l $akarta: 1990).

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Majlisal-'Ulami'al-Indinisi I39

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Mimbar [Jlama, Nomor 130 Tahun XII, Juni, 1988.

Mirnbar (Jlama, Nomor 136 Desember /Januan, 1989.

Mimbar UlamaEdtst Khusus Munas IV MUI Periode 7990'1995, Nomor 152,

September, 1990.

Panji Maryarakzt, Tg,At rt,rJ1 , Nomor 333 tahun XXIII, 21 Agustus 1981.

Panji MaryaraAaf, Nomor 376 tahun XXIV, 1 Nopember 1982.

Panji MasyaraAaf, Nomor 437 tahun XXVI, 11 Juli 1984'

Panji Masyara,€af, Nomor 475 tahun XXVII, 1 Agustus 1985.

Panji Masyara,€ar, Nomor 5OZ tahun XXVII, 21 Januari 1986.

Panji MasyaraAal, Nomor 555 tahun XXIX, 31 Oktober 1987.

Panji Masyarakar, Nomor 601 tahun XXX, 10 Pebruari 1989.

Suara Muhammadiyab, Nomor 16, 197 5.

Ternpo, Nomor 13, Tahun XI, 30 Mei 1981.

Ternpo, Nomor 42, Tahun XIV, 15 Desember 1984.

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2. K. H. Hasan Basri, KetuaUmumMUI [.r"-*tJ)l ,LtJl .,-14 f\.jl .rirl] 12

Mei 1993.

Sttdia klamiha, Vol, 2, No. 4, 1995