Students knowledge slides

8/12/2019 Students knowledge slides

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Qualitative Data Analysis


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Session Aim and Objectives

Object ives

By the end students will have an appreciation of:

1 The principles of analysing qualitative data

2 The Qualitative Analytical Process

3 Qualitative Data Management Tools

4 How to present qualitative results

M.Phil Education 2


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Qualitative Research

Qualitative research is an interdisciplinary,

transdisciplinary, and sometimes counterdisciplinary field.

It crosses the humanities and the social and physical

sciences. Qualitative research is many things at the same

time. It is multiparadigmatic in focus. Its practitioners

are sensitive to the value of the multimethod approach.

They are committed to the naturalistic perspective, and to

the interpretative understanding of human experience. Atthe same time, the field is inherently political and shaped

by multiple ethical and political positions.

Nelson et als (1992, p4)

M.Phil Education 3


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Qualitative Inquiry

Purpose

The purpose of qualitative inquiry is to produce findings. The

Data Collection process is not an end in itself. The

culminating activities of qualitative inquiry are analysis,

interpretation, and presentation of findings.

Challenge

To make sense of massive amounts of data, reduce the

volume of information, identify significant patterns and

construct a framework for communicating the essence of

what the data reveal

Problem

have few agreed-on canons for qualitative data analysis, in

the sense of shared ground rules for drawing conclusions and

verifying sturdiness Miles and Huberman, 1984)

M.Phil Education 4


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The Creativity of Qualitative Inquiry

..the human element of qualitative inquiry isboth is strength and weakness - its strength

is fully using human insight and experience,

its weakness is being so heavily dependent

on the researchers skill, training, intellect,

discipline, and creativity. The researcher is

the instrument of qualitative inquiry, so the

quality of the research depends heavily onthe qualities of that human being (Patton,

1988)

M.Phil Education 5


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The Science and Art of Qualitative

Inquiry(Patton, 1988)

The Science

The scientific part is systematic, analytical,

rigorous, disciplined, and critical in

perspective The Art

The artistic part is exploring, playful,

metaphorical, insightful, and creative

M.Phil Education 6


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The Critical and Creative Thinker

Just as creative thinkers want to be creative, critical thinkers,it seems , want to be critical, or at least to be certain. Yet the

critical attitude and the creative attitude seem to be poles

apartOn one hand, there are those who are always telling

you why ideas wont work but who never seem able to come

up with alternatives of their own; and, on the other hand,there are those who are constantly coming up with ideas but

seem unable to tell good from bad. There are people in

whom both attitudes are developed to a high degree, but

even these people say they assume only one of these

attitudes at a time. When new ideas are needed, they put ontheir creative caps, and when ideas need to be evaluated,

they but on their critical caps

(Anderson, 1980:66)

M.Phil Education 7


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Analytical Thinking

Analytical Thinking involves additional processes:

Standing back form the information given

Examining it in detail from many angles

Checking closely whether each statement follows logically from what

went before

Looking for possible flaws in the reasoning, the evidence, or the waythat conclusions are drawn

Comparing the same issues from the point of view of other writers

Being able to see and explain why different people arrived at different

conclusions

Being able to argue why one set of opinions, results or conclusions ispreferable to another

Being on guard for literary or statistical devices that encourage the

reader to take questionable statements at face value

Checking for hidden assumptions

Checking for attempts to lure the reader into agreementsM.Phil Education 9


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Guidance for Creative Thinking

1 Be open

2 Generate Options

3 Divergence before convergence

4 Use multiple stimuli

5 Side track, zig-zag, and circumnavigate

6 Change patterns

7 Make Linkages

8 Trust yourself9 Work and Play at it

M.Phil Education 10


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The Credibility of Qualitative Analysis

The credibility for qualitative inquiry depends onthree distinct but related inquiry elements:

1 Rigorous techniques and methods for gathering

high-quality data that is carefully analysed, with

attention to issues of validity, reliability, andtriangulation

2 The credibility of the researcher, which is

dependent on training, experience, track record,

status, and presentation of self3 Philosophical belief in the phenomenological

paradigm, that is, a fundamental appreciation of

naturalistic inquiry, qualitative methods, inductive

analysis and holistic thinking M.Phil Education 11


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A Credible Qualitative Study

A credible qualitative study needs toaddress the following issues:

1 What techniques and methods were used

to ensure the integrity, validity, andaccuracy of the findings

2 What does the researcher bring to study in

terms of qualifications, experience, and

perspective3 What paradigm orientation and assumption

undergrid the study

M.Phil Education 12


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Qualitative Research:

Common Features of Analytic Methods

(Miles and Huberman, 1994)1 Affixing codes to a set of field notes drawn from data

collection

2 Noting reflections or other remarks in margin

3 Sorting or shifting through the materials to identify similar

phrases, relationships between themes, distinct differences

between subgroups and common sequences

4 Isolating patterns and processes, commonalties and

differences, and taking them out to the filed in the next wave

of data collection

5Gradually elaborating a small set of generalisations that coverthe consistencies discerned in the data base

6 Confronting those generalisations with a formalised body of

knowledge in the from of constructs or theories

M.Phil Education 13


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Principles of Analysing

Qualitative Data

1 Proceed systematically and rigorously (minimisehuman error)

2 Record process, memos, journals, etc.

3 Focus on responding to research questions

4 Appropriate level of interpretation appropriate for

situation

5 Time (process of inquiry and analysis are often

simultaneous)

6 Seek to explain or enlighten

7 Evolutionary/emerging

M.Phil Education 14


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The Analysis Continuum

Raw DataDescriptive

StatementsInterpretation

M.Phil Education 15


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The Qualitative Analytical

Process


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The Qualitative Analytical Process(Adapted from descriptions of Strauss and Corbin, 1990, Spiggle

1994, Miles and Huberman, 1994)

Components Procedures Outcomes

Data Reductions

Data Display

Conclusions &

Verification

Coding

Categorisation

Abstraction

ComparisonDimensionalisation

Integration

Interpretation

Description

Explanation/

InterpretationM.Phil Education 20

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