STUDENT ODYSSEY PRESENTATION BY MLD - Mrs. … · 2016-12-04 · The Iliad • In order to...

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The Odyssey By Homer

Transcript of STUDENT ODYSSEY PRESENTATION BY MLD - Mrs. … · 2016-12-04 · The Iliad • In order to...

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TheOdyssey

ByHomer

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TheOdyssey

Heroes– TraitsandExamples

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EssentialQuestions!

1.Whataresomeheroicqualitiesandpossibleflaws?

2. Isaleaderdifferentthanahero?3. Doheroesstillhaveresponsibilities?4. Isaheroperfect?

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EpicHeroesandEpithetFrontSideofWorkOnlyAnswerthefollowingQuestions

1. Whatisanepithet?2. Whyareepithetsused?3. Whatischaracterization?4. WhatisRealism?5. Whatdoesitmeantovisualize

somethingandwhydoauthorsusevisualization?

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EpicHeroesandEpithetExamples

”TheBoyWhoLived”“TheManofSteel”

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EpicHeroataGlance1. Epichereisthecentralcharacter,inanepic2. Largerthanlifepowers3. Strength&Power4. Theyarenotperfect5. TheydoNOTlackcourage6. Hero’sbirth7. Godlike8. TheirfinaltaskmustbecompletedaloneWewilldiscusstheepicheroindetaillater.

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EpithetAssignment1. Completetheassignmentonthebackof

yourworksheet2. Workwiththepersonbesideyou- doNOT

movefromyourseats.

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HowdoyoudefineaHero?

Thinkofthecharacteristicsyouwouldwantinyourhero.

Writeashortessaydefiningyourhero,whoitmightbe,andhowtheyhaveinfluencedyourlife.

Pleaseseethedetailedinstructionsheet&rubric.

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TheOdyssey

Module1Vocabulary

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Module1Vocabulary

1. Mortified2. Atone3. Rebuke4. Evade5. Impudence6. Tremulous7. Avenge8. Ruse9. Guile10.Ardor

11. Sage12. Mammoth13. Implacable14. Appalled15. Formidable16. Contrived17. Contentious18. Plunder19. Insidious20. Incredulous

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Plunder (v.):tostealgoods,especiallyusingforceandinatimeofwarorchaos

Example

After the hurricane devastatedthe coastal town, looters began to plunder everything they couldby breaking store windows and carrying off such goods as food and electronics.

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Formidable (adj.):inspiringfearorrespectduetoimpressivelylargesize,power,intensity,orskillExample

The undefeated wrestler would prove to be aformidable first opponent for the young rookie.

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Guile (n.):sly,crafty,ordeviousintelligenceExample

To a card counting expert, hissuccess may just be a matter ofusing his guile; however, most casino owners would probably beg to differ.

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Mammoth (adj.):huge

Example

Unfortunately, the employee’serror was not a tiny problem; rather, it was a mammotherror which could cost the company millions of dollars in profit.

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Incredulous (adj.):skeptical;unwillingorunabletobelievesomething

Example

The teacher couldn’thelp but be incredulouswhen the student claimed to have read the entire 400-page novel in one night.

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Evade (v.):toescapeoravoid,esp.bytrickeryorclevernessExamples

Many politicians try tocater to both sides by evadingdifficult questions and giving“fluff” answers instead.

The bandit could only evade the police for so long before he was finally tracked down.

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Insidious (adj.):causingharminawaythatisgradualornoteasilynoticed;treacherousorwaitingtoentrap;harmfulbutenticingorseductiveExample

He came up with an insidiousplan to frame his best friend for the crime, but he was not careful enough and ended up being exposed.

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Contrived (adj.)*:fakeorartificial;havinganunnaturalorfalseappearanceorquality;deliberatelycreatedExample

After such a great build up, the movie’s contrivedending left the entire audience feeling disappointed and let down.

*can also be used as a verb

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Avenge (v.):toinflictharminreturnforaninjurydonetooneselforsomeoneelse;togetrevenge

Example

The commander of the forces cried out “we must avenge our dead” before bravely riding his horse toward enemy lines.

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Tremulous (adj.):shakingorquiveringslightly;nervousandtimid;jittery

Examples

The last of her college admissionsletters had finally come in, and she opened it with tremulous hands.

Due to his extreme illness, he spokein a weak and tremulous voice.

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Rebuke (v.orn.):toexpresssharpdisapprovalorcriticismofsomeone;anexpressionofdisapprovalorcriticismExamples

Many people used Twitter to rebuke the comedian whoused profanity in what was supposed to be a family-friendly show.

The mayor’s statement was aclear rebuke of the corruptionof his predecessor’s administration.

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Contentious (adj.):controversial;causingorlikelytocauseanargument;involvingheateddebate

Example

Unless you live in a borderstate, you might not be awareof how contentious of an issueimmigration reform has become.

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Implacable (adj.)*:angryordeterminedinawaythatcannotbechangedorlessenedExample

The royal servants triedto beg and offer gifts to the king, but he was implacableand had them all executed.

*verb form is placate (to make less angry)

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Ruse (n.):atrick;anactionmeanttodeceivesomeone

Example

Be very cautious if someonesends an email claiming you’vewon a foreign lottery; most likely it is nothing but a ruse.

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Sage(adj.):verywise

Example

I always make a point oftrying to learn from myelders; their experience inlife makes it possible for them to offer sage advice.

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Atone (v.):tomakeupforpastmistakes

Example

The repentant criminal walked into the churchto beg forgiveness and pray for the help he neededto atone for his life of sin.

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Ardor (n.)*:enthusiasmorpassion

Example

Hefeltanardor forscienceveryearlyinlife,soitwasnosurprisewhenhedecidedtopursuemarinebiologywhenhebegancollege.

*ardentistheadjectiveformofardor

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Impudent (adj.)*:notshowingproperrespectforanotherperson,oftenduetobeingcockyorboldExample:

“Impudent fool!” roared thequeen. “Don’t you know whoI am? You must bow in respectbefore this most awesome throne.”

*impudence is the noun form of impudent

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Appalled (adj.)*:greatlydismayed,shocked,horrified,oroutraged

Example

My aunt was appalled whenshe tried to use her credit cardand she found out that her identity had been stolen.

*Other forms: appall (v.), appalling (adj.)

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Mortified(adj.)*:ashamed,embarrassed,orhumiliatedExample

Thestraight-Astudentwasmortified whensheaccidentallydozedoffinclassandhadtobeawokeninfrontofeveryonebyherdisappointedmathteacher.

*Otherforms:mortify(v.),mortifying(adj.)

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TheOdyssey

MythsandOralTraditionsNoteTakingGuide– Tobecompletedwithpresentation

ItisnotnecessarytowritedownALLinformation.Goodnote-takingmeansfocusingonlyonwhat’smostimportant,andalsoonbeingableto

useeffectiveshorthand.

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WhatareMythsandOralTraditions

• Mythswerefictional,narrativestoriesthatattempttoexplaintheactionsofgodsorthecausesofnaturalphenomena.

• Helpedexplaintheunknownandsometimesteachalesson.• MythsdescribedtheGreek’slivesandinteractionswiththegodsand

goddesses.

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WhatareMythsandOralTraditions

• Oraltraditionisthewayinformationwaspassedfromonegenerationtothenextgenerationduetotheabsenceofthewrittenword.

• Themessagesandstoriesweresharedthroughspeechorsongandmaytaketheformoffolktales,sayings,ballads,songs,orchants.

• Peopleusedoraltraditiontosharenews,history,lawandotherinformation

ReadtheexcerptontheTrojanWar,annotate,andidentifythreemainideas.Youwillbegivenanote—takingguidethatwillhelpyoufocusonthemostimportantinformationinthestoryandinthefollowingslides.

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Homer

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WhoisHomer?

• NooneknowsforsurewhoHomerwas!• SomeGreeksbelievedhewasablindminstrel(perhapsliterally,butlikely

metaphorically),orsinger,whocamefromtheislandofChios.• Somethinkhewasjustalegend(butsomehavearguedthatShakespeare

didnotexistordidnotwritehisownworks• HeiscreditedwithwritingtheepicstoriesofTheIliad andTheOdyssey,whichcontinuetoimpactWesternculturetoday.

• Hewasbornaround850BC,nearAsiaMinor– justfollowingatimeofgreatachievementinancientGreece.

Homer.(2014).TheBiography.com website.Retrieved05:39,Aug15,2014fromHttp://www.biography.com/people/home-9342775

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TheIliad

• InordertounderstandtheOdysseyyoumustfirstunderstandthatOdysseus,whowastheherointheOdyssey,wasalsoacharacterintheIliad.

• TheIliadwasanepicpoemabouttheTrojanWar,thewarlasted10years.

• Achaeans(Greekwarriorsoldiers)wereattackingTroybecausethePrinceofTroy,Paris,ranoffwithHelen,thewifeofthekingofAgamemnonofMycenae(Sparta).

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TheIliad

• ThemostfamousstoryfromtheIliadisthatoftheTrojanhorse.

• ItisunknowniftheIliad isbasedonhistoricalevidenceornot,thatisstillquestionable

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=COg7FaDie9E

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TheOdyssey

Homer’sOdysseyfollowsthestoryofthefamousAchaeanwarriorOdysseus

whofoughtintheTrojanWar.

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BackgroundInfoFortheOdyssey• HomersettheOdyssey600yearsbeforeitwaswrittendown.

• ItwasaglorioustimeinancientGreekhistory,withgreatculturalachievement.

• Gods/andGoddesseswerethoughttofrequentearth• GodlikemortalswithspecialqualitiesthoughttoliveinGreece.

• TheOdysseybeginsaftertheTrojanwar.• Thestorycentersaroundthe

struggle’sofaGreekheronamedOdysseusandhis10yearjourneyhometoIthaca

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Odysseus’JourneyHome,fromTroytoIthaca

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BackgroundInfoFortheOdyssey• Epicbeginsin“mediasres”orinthemiddleoftheplot.• TenyearshavepassedsincethefallofTroy• OdysseusisimprisonedontheIslandofCalypsobyaseanymph,namedCalypso

• OdysseushasnowaytoescapefromCalypsountilthegodsintervene.

• HermesissenttoCalypso’sislandtohelprescueOdysseus.HermeshelpsOdysseusmakeaboat.

• OdysseusthensalestoPhaeacia wherehetellshistaletoKingAlcinous.

• TheEpicBegins….

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TheOdyssey

EpicPoetry&EpicHero

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WhatisEpicPoetry?

• Anepicisalong,oftenbook-length,narrativepoemthatretellstheheroicjourneyofthedeedsofgodsandheroes.

• Epicpoetryfocusesonadventuresandaccomplishmentsofahero,whoinsomewayembodythevaluesoftheircivilizations.

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WhatisEpicPoetry?• Thestylisticfeaturesfoundinmanyepics:

• “Inmediares”(manyepicpoemsbegininthemiddle)• Epithets(descriptivephrases,characteristics)• UsuallyinvokeadivinespiritoraMuse• Startswiththestatementofthetheme• Conceit• Extendedmetaphorsandsimiles• Includeslonglistsorspeeches• Devineinterventiononhumanactions• HumandecentintoHades(knownastheunderworld)• TheHeroembodiesthevaluesofhiscultureorcivilization• Thesettingisvastandcoversalargerareaormanycountriesorstates

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WhatisEpicPoetry?• Epicpoetrywasparticularlycommonintheancientworldbecausetheepicwasidealforexpressingstoriesorally.

• Thesestoriesweretoldaloudtothosewhocouldnotreadorwrite.

• Manyofthesestoriesweremadeuponthespot,bytravelingsingersorentertainers,calledrhapsodies.

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WhatisanEpicHero?• Anepicheroisthemaincharacterinanepicpoem,typicallyonewhoembodiesthevaluesofhisorherculture.(http://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/lit_terms_e.html

• ThecharacteristicsofanEpicHeroare:• Nobelbirth• Capableofgreatstrengthandcourage

• Theactionsmustbebeyondwhatacommoneriscapableofdoing

• Travelsofavastdistance• Distancemakesthehero’sactionsbetter

• GreatWarrior• Goonalongjourneyorinvolvedinagreatwar

• NationalHeroism• Humility

• Theheroishumbleanddoesn’tbragabouthisaccomplishments• Hedoesthedeedsbecausetheyneeddone,notforfameandfortune

• SupernaturalFoesand/orReceivesSupernaturalHelp

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CornellNotes

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ErSjc1PEGKEhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lQvjvi08QSk

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TheShipofOdysseus

WhatqualitiesofthisshiphasSchmied emphasized

withhisuseofcolorandshape?Explain.

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HowtoproperlyciteTheOdyssey

MLAFormatting

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• IncitingTheOdyssey,citebydivision(book)andline,withperiods(butnospaces)separatingthenumbers.Forexample,(9.649)referstoBook9,line649.

Example:Forexample,afterPolyphemusasksOdysseuswhotheyareandwheretheyarefrom,Odysseusreplies,“WearefromTroy,Achaeans,blownoffcourse/byshiftinggalesonthe

GreatSouthSea”(9.204-05).

MLAFormatting

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Blockquotes:Versequotationsofmorethanthreelinesshouldbeginonanewline.Indenteachlineoneinchfromtheleftmarginandcontinuetodoublespacethelines,addingnoquotationmarksthatdonotappear

intheoriginal.Placethecitationafterthelastlineofthequotation(aftertheline’sendpunctuationmark,i.e.period).Reproducethearrangementoftheoriginallines(quotethepoemlinebylineasit

appearsontheoriginalpage)withoutslashmarks;ifalineistoolongtofitwithintherightmargin,continueitonthenextlinebutindentthe

continuationanadditionalquarterinch.

Example:Furthermore,Odysseustellsthe Phaecians abouthowPolyphemusbecameintoxicatedafterdrinkingOdysseus’wine:

Evenashespoke,hereeledandtumbledbackward,hisgreatheadlollingfromsidetoside;andsleeptookhimlikeanycreature.Drunk,hiccupping,hedribbledstreamsofliquorandbitsofmen.(9.319-322)

MLAFormatting

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TheOdyssey

TheHero’sJourney

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TheEpicHeroCycle

� Based on Joseph Campbell’s The Hero with a Thousand Faces (1949)

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TheHero’sJourney

1. Separation- leavesaplaceofcomfortorsafetytoventureoutintheworld.

2.Initiation- faceunfamiliarcircumstancesthatbegintoteachhimmoreabouthimselforthechallengeshemustface.

3.Conflict-Mustfightthebattleorfacehisenemy.Hemeetshisultimatechallengeandeithertriumphsordiesvaliantlyinhiseffort.

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TheHero’sJourney

4.Return- Theherousuallyreturnshometoacelebration.

5.Boon- Theherohasaprizetoshowforhistriumph(usuallyawoman).

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TheOdyssey

Conflict&Characterization

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Characterizations

Indirect andDirect

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Characterization

Istheartofcreatingcharactersforanarrative,includingtheprocessofconveyinginformationaboutthem.Itmaybeemployedindramaticworksofartoreverydayconversation.Charactersmaybepresentedbymeansofdescription,throughtheiractions,speech,orthoughts.• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/characterization

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Directvs.Indirect

• Thewritermakesdirectstatementsaboutacharacter’spersonalityandtellswhatthecharacterislike.

DirectCharacterization

• Thewriterrevealsinformationaboutacharacterandhispersonalitythroughthatcharacter’sthoughts,words,andactions,alongwithhowothercharactersrespondtothatcharacter,includingwhattheythinkandsayabouthimorher.

IndirectCharacterization

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IndirectCharacterization

•Speech:Whatdoesthecharactersayandhowdoeshe/shespeak?

•Thoughts:Whatisshownaboutthecharacterthroughhis/herprivatethoughtsandfeelings?

•Effect:Whateffectdoesthecharacterhaveonotherpeople?Howdotheyfeelorreacttohim/her?

•Actions:Whatdoesthecharacterdo?Howdoesthecharacteractindifferentsituations?

• Looks:Whatdoesthecharacter’sappearancesayabouthis/herpersonality?

STEALtoremember!

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Don’tWriteThisDown

Whenareyougoingtoletusintheclassroomtheloudstudentasked.ThesleepystudentsaidMr.Mortonsaidwecancomeinwhenwe’requiet.QuietdownstudentssaidMr.Morton.ThestudentswerestillverynoisystudentsIthoughtyousaidyouwantedtocomeinandsitdownsaidMr.Morton.

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Don’tWriteThisDown

“Whenareyougoingtoletusintheclassroom?”theloudstudentasked.Thesleepystudentsaid,“Mr.Mortonsaidwecancomeinwhenwe’requiet.”“Quietdown,students,”saidMr.Morton.Thestudentswerestillverynoisy.“Students,Ithoughtyousaidyouwantedtocomeinandsitdown,”saidMr.Morton.

Howarethesepassagesdifferent?

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DirectCharacterizations

Narrator explicitly describesacharacter.

Ex:Tomstruggledinschoolbuttriedhard.Pamwaslazybutlearnedreallyquickly.

Explicit:Clearlystated.

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IndirectCharacterization

Charactertraitsreveledthroughactions

Ex:Jessleftthepizzacrustonherfloor.Timhelpedold Ms.Joneswithherbags.

Indirectcharacterizations areimplicit.

Implicit:not clearlystated,implied.

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Review

Direct characterization: thenarratorexplicitlydescribesthecharacter.

Indirect characterization:character’straitsarerevealedthroughtheiractions.

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Practice

1. Readthepassage.2. Writewhatindirectcharacter traitisshown.3. Explainyouranswer.

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Example

Mr.Mortonwasteachingthestudentsaboutcharacterizations.Kyleletoutabigyawn.“IndirectCharacterizationsareimplied,notexplicitlystated,”saidMr.Morton.

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1

Afterclass,DeijaaskedDanaaquestion,“I’msorry,Dana,butmylittlebrotherwassickandmyparentsmademestayhomeandwatchhimyesterday.CanIseeyourreadingnotes?”Danahuffedandrolledhereyes.SherepliedtoDeija,“Uh,Idon’tknowwheretheyarerightnow.”

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SuggestedAnswerDanaisrude,uncaring,andunhelpful.

ExplanationDeija asks Dana for something reasonable. Rather than politely declining, Dana does a bunch of rude stuff.

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2Whileplayingfootballwithhisfriends,Evanoverthrewtheballandaccidentlybrokehismom’spicturewindow.Nobodywashome,butalloftheotherboyssoonfoundexcusestoleave.WhenEvan’smomcamehome,sheaskedwhathadhappened.Evanlookedherinthefaceandsaid,“Abirdsmashedintothewindow,Mom.”

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SuggestedAnswerEvanisdishonestandcowardly.

ExplanationRather than telling his mom the truth about what happened, Evan lies. This shows that he is dishonest and not brave enough to fess up to what he did.

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3

Tevinwasinexcruciatingpainfromfootballpractice.Hehadbeengettingterriblesleepeversincetrainingstarted.Hecouldhardlysleeptenminutesbeforethepaincausedhimtorollaround.Hisbodywastellinghimtoquittheteam,butTevinrefusedtohearit.Hehadonegoalinmind:tomaketheteam.Tevinwouldn’tstopuntilhisbodystoppedhim.

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SuggestedAnswerTevinisdedicatedorcommittedandheishardworking.

ExplanationTevin is working very hard on his training even though it is affecting him in painful ways. This shows that he is dedicated or committed to the cause and that he is willing to work hard.

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4

Timwaswalkingaroundthestorewhenhebumpedintoadisplayofsoupcans,knockingthemallover.Timboughttwocartonsofeggsthengothitbytheautomaticdooronthewayout.Italmostbroketheeggs.Timletoutasighofrelief.Whilewalkingthroughtheparkinglot,Timtrippedoverthecurbandlandedontheeggs,gettingthemalloverhisshirt.

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SuggestedAnswerTimisclumsyoraccident-prone.

ExplanationTim can’t even go to the grocery store without getting into several accidents. He is either clumsy or unlucky.

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5

Kimhadabunchofoutfitsandaccessories.IttookherforevertodecidewhichcombinationmightimpressKevin.Shecalledhersisterseveraltimesforadvice.Still,Kimcouldnotdecideontherightoutfittowear.

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SuggestedAnswerKimisfashionableandinfatuated.

ExplanationKim is infatuated with Kevin. This is why she is working so hard to impress him. Since she is trying to impress him with her clothing, this shows that she is probably fashionable.

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SpecificExamplesfromTheOdyssey

•Thedifferencebetweendirectandindirectcharacterizationistellingversusshowing.

•Example:ZeusgiveshisopinionofOdysseuswhenhesaystoAthena:“Mychild,whatawordtoletoutbetweenyourteeth!HowcouldIforgetthatfinefellowOdysseus,afterall!Heisalmostoneofus.Wisebeyondmortalmen,readybeyondalltooffersacrificetothelordsofthebroadheavens.”(indirectcharacterization)

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TheDifference

•Thedifferencebetweendirectandindirectcharacterizationistellingversusshowing.

•Example:“Thegoddessofwisdom”thistellsyoudirectlythatsheisthewisestofall.(directcharacterization)

•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HCshdu8loDo

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WhatisConflict• Conflictisaliteraryelementthatinvolvesastrugglebetweentwoopposingforces.• InternalConflicts

• Occurswhenacharacterexperiencesconflictingoropposingemotionsordesires.

• Goodvs.evilinsidethecharacter• Externalconflict

• Characterstruggleswithoutsideforcesorissues,whichimpacthisprogress.

• Mostcommonexternalconflictistheprotagonistfightingagainsttheantagonist.

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Externalvs.Internal• Externalconflicttakesplaceoutsideofthebody

• Internalconflicttakesplaceinsideofthebody

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FunctionofConflict

• Conflictisessentialwithinastoryline.• Internal,external,orbothtypesofconflictareessentialinthestorylineinordertodeveloparesolutionofaconflict,whichismeanttoentertainthereader.

http://literarydevices.net/conflict/#

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CONFLICTAllheroesmustfaceconflictatsomepoint.Conflict isthestrugglebetweenopposingforces.

Doyouknowwhatthefourmaincategoriesofconflictare?

manvs.man externalmanvs.societymanvs.naturemanvs.self internalå

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External

Man vs. ManThe most straightforward type of conflict pits the

protagonist directly against another character with apparently opposing aims.

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External

Man Against SocietyIn many stories, the protagonist battles an unjust

element of government or culture.

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External

Man vs. NatureThis type of conflict pits a story's main character

or characters against a natural force such as a flood, predatory animal, or disease epidemic.

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InternalMan vs. Self

Some literary conflicts take the form of a character struggling to overcome fear,

addiction, emotional damage or other crippling personal issue.

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MovieClipshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qHXak1aEexI&t=230s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cc1ePErv5ss

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5OERqTniro

REVIEW

https://www.schooltube.com/video/5853891486ab4a82a579/Clash%20of%20the%20Gods%20-%20The%20Odyssey%20Pt.%201

https://www.schooltube.com/video/60b192f5d7714c8a9fd0/Clash%20of%20the%20Gods%20-%20The%20Odyssey%20Pt.%202

http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xqgwxw_clash-of-the-gods-odysseus-warriors-revenge_school

http://www.learner.org/courses/worldlit/odyssey/watch/Sirens:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nu0aFTS9oA4&t=230s#t=0.833852

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Imagery

https://prezi.com/bezfovdvpwph/the-odyssey-imagery/

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Imagery

Alliteration:Therepetitionofthesameorsimilarsoundsatthebeginningofwords:“Bettyboughtsomebutterbutthebutterwasbitter.”

Assonance:Therepetitionorapatternofsimilarsounds,especiallyvowelsounds:“freeasabreeze”“highasakite”“quiteright”“mysterymastery”“Mosessupposeshistoesareroses”

Consonance:Therepetitionofsimilarconsonantsounds(especiallythoseattheendsofwords): “sweetsilentthought”

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Imagery

Imagery: figurativeordescriptivelanguage

Metaphor: Afigureofspeechcomparingtwothings,usuallybysayingonethingisanother: “Hewasalioninbattle”

Onomatopoeia: Awordthatisusedtoimitatesounds: “hiss,zing,cock-a-doodle-doo”

Personification: Whennonhumanorabstractthingsaregivenhumancharacteristics:“theskyiscrying”

Simile: Whentwothingsarecomparedusingthewords“like”or“as”:“Whathappenstoadreamdeferred?Doesitdryuplikearaisininthesun?”

Synecdoche: Whenapartisusedtodescribethewhole: “Allhandsondeck!”

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TheEpicHeroCycle

� Based on Joseph Campbell’s The Hero with a Thousand Faces (1949)

� Monomyth� Archetypes� Hero’s journey

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The image part with relationship ID rId3 was not found in the file.

Heroes!

Menelaus Paris Dtomedes Odysseus Nestor Achilles Agamemnon

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CompareandContrastHeroes

Takealookattheheroesonthepriorslide.Howdotheircharacteristicscompareto

thatofaGreekhero?

Remembertheheroyouwroteabout,compareandcontrasttheirtraitstothatof

aGreekhero.

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TheOdyssey

ReviewBooks1- 11

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TheOdyssey

GreekVirtues

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GreekVirtuesAllGreekswerechallengedtolivebythevirtuessetbytheirculture.BreakingoneoftheGreekvirtuesmeantangeringthegods.Thevirtuesare:1. Loyalty2. Hospitality3. Respectforthegodsandgoddesses4. Respectforallformsoflife5. Courage

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TheOdyssey

Theme

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ThemeRespectfortheGods

• Respectforthegodsisshownthroughthenumerousdescriptionsofsacrificesandofferings.Disrespectforthegodsinevitablyleadstodisaster.

Fate• Homerbelievedthatthegodscontrolled

fate.Odysseus’sfateistiedtohis’character’oractions.

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Theme1. Cunningoverstrength2. Temptation3. Hospitality4. Loyalty5. Perseverance6. Vengeance7. Appearancevs.Reality

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TheOdyssey

BookbyBookReview

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Book1– KeyPoints

1. ItisrevealedthatmostGreeksoldiershavemadeitbacktoSparta

2. Odysseus,sonofLaertes,hasnotreturnedhometoIthaca,hisnativeland

3. Hehasbeenmissingfor20yearsandisbeingdetainedonCalypso’sislandfor7ofthoseyears

4. Odysseus’swife,Penelope,waitsfaithfully5. Odysseus’sson,Telemachus,isstressingoutaboutthe

suitorswhohaveinvadedhishouse;theyarenothospitable

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Book1– KeyPoints

1. ThejourneybeginsafterOdysseusandhismenplunderTroy• TheyleftTroywithoutshowingrespectforthegodsandthe

godsbecameangry2. Epicpoetrytypicallycallsuponamusetostartthepoem

• Odysseuscallsuponthemuseforinspiration• Thepoembeginsinmediasres(inthemiddle)• OdysseushaslandedinPhaeacia andbeginstotellKing

Alcinious hisstory.3. Odysseusisdeterminedtogethome

• Heweatheredmanybitternightsatsea.Hehasadeepheartandfoughtforonlynoblepurposeofsavinghisownlifeandbringinghismenhome.

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Book5– KeyPoints1. AthenaappealstoZeusanddemandsthatitis

timeforOdysseustobefreed2. Zeuscomplies,andsendHermestoalertCalypso

thatthegodshaveorderedOdysseus’srelease3. CalypsoissaddenedtoseeOdysseusgo,but

followsZeus’sorders– after7years,heisfree!

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Book5– KeyPoints1. Odysseusisdowntroddenandheartbroken,oftencrying

abouthisfate• Heissearchingforhisownidentityandinnerpeace,but

feelscursedbythegods• HedesperatelywantstoreturnhometoPenelope,but

Calypsodetainshimfor7years.• EventhoughheisdetainedbyCalypsohisheartisloyalto

Penelope

2. CalypsoadvisesOdysseustobuildaraftandsailaway3. Hesailsfor18daysbeforePoseidonsendsstormsthat

capsizehim4. Athenacalmsthewindsandfinally,Odysseuslandsin

thelandofPhaeacians

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Book9– KeyPoints1. OdysseusiswelcomedbyKingAlcinous,who

givesabanquetinhishonor(9.1110)2. Alcinous demandstoknowwhoOdysseusis3. Odysseusrecountshistravelsoverthepast20

years• Hereiswheretheflashbackbegins• Books9-12areaflashbackofOdysseus’sjourney

aftertheTrojanWartopresentday4. Odysseus’desiretoreturnhomedrivesallof

theactionintheOdyssey

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Book9– LandoftheCicones1. FirststoponOdysseus’journeyhomeaftertheTrojan

War2. CarriedbythewindtotheIsleofIsmarus3. Odysseusandhismencauseamutinyonthelandand

lootthecity4. Theydranktoomuchwine,slaughteredsheep,and

kidnappedthewomen• Odysseus’menfelldrank,ate,andfellasleeponthe

beach.Thenextmorning,theCiconians returnediththeirfiece kinsmenfromthemountains.

5. TheCicones wagedwar6. Sixfromeveryshipwerekilled– atotalof72men

anddrivestherestouttosea.

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Book9– TheLotusEaters1. ZeuswasangrywithOdysseusforhisbehavior– Zeus

“stirredthenorthwind”andsentastorm2. Theysailedforninedaysandonthetenthdaylanded

wheretheLotusEatersLive3. Odysseussenthismenouttodiscoverwholivedonthis

land• TheyweregiventheLotusplanttoeat

• TheLotusplant“madeanymanwhosampleditlosehisdesiretoeverjourneyhome”

4. Odysseusforcedhismenbackontotheshipandtiedthemtotheirrowingbenches

5. Odysseusdisplaysepicherocharacteristics• Wisdom- whenhesendsoutasmallcrew,ratherthanhis

entirecrew• Odysseusrealizedthedangerofthelotusflower,heactsdecisively,

orderinghisshipstosailawayimmediately.

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Book9– TheCyclops1. Odysseusandhismenlandinthecountryof

theCyclops,“acrudeandlawlesspeople”• “Theylivewithoutacouncilorassembleorany

ruleoflaw”• Thecyclopses areuncivilizedandunintelligent

2. Odysseusandhismenfindahighcavewithmanyflocksofsheepandgoats

3. Thecyclopses liveinisolation,“notlikemanwholivesbyeatingbread”• lawless

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Book9– TheCyclops1. Odysseusandhismenlitafireandoffereda

sacrificetothegods,thenhelpedthemselvestotheCyclops’foodandcheese

2. TheCyclopsarrivesinthecave• WelearnthathisnameisPolyphemus,sonof

Poseidon• Heisruthlessandnothospitable

• PolyphemuseatstowofOdysseus’men

3. Polyphemussealstheentrancetothecavewithagiantboulderthatthemencouldnotmove

4. Odysseusdevisesaplantoescape

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Book9– TheCyclops1. WhenOdysseusfirstgreetstheCyclops,

Odysseusassertsthathisjourney’swaywardpathhasbeenwilledbythegodZeus• OdysseusthenaskstheCyclopsforhospitality

bothasamatterofcustomandoutofobservanceofcourtesytothegods• Note:ItwascustomaryinAncientGreecetooffer

hospitalitytoanyguest– anystrangerorfriendcouldbedisguisedasagod.

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Book9– TheCyclops1. Odysseusshapesagiantclubintoaspearand

heatsitinthefire2. OdysseusoffersPolyphemuswineandgetshim

drunk• OdysseustellsPolyphemusthathisnameis

“Nohbody”• ThisepicherocharactertraitshowsthatOdysseusisa

cleverandcunningman

3. WhenPolyphemusfallsasleep,heandhismenjamthespearintotheCyclops’eye,blindinghim• PolyphemuscallstotheotherCyclopsforhelp,

saying“Nohbody’s donethistome!”

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Book9– TheCyclops1. Polyphemusremovestheboulderfromthecave

entrancetolethisflockofsheepout2. Odysseusandhismenrideoutofthecaveonthe

underbelliesoftherams3. Astheysailaway,Odysseusmistakenlyyellsbackat

Polyphemus,“TellthemOdysseusdestroyedyoureye!”• Here,oneofOdysseus’sflawsisrevealed:arrogance

/pride4. Twice,Polyphemushurlsapartofthemountain

towardstheship,nearlycapsizingthemenastheysailaway

5. PolyphemusappealstoPoseidontocurseOdysseus’travels- FORESHADOWING

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Book10– CircetheGraceoftheWitch

1. OdysseusandhismensailtoAeolia,whereAeolus(keeperofthewind)lives

2. Odysseusrecountshistravels,andAeolusgiveshimanox-hidbagtiedupwiththewinds• Thiswastoaidtheshipsinsailinghome

3. Odysseus’smencontinuesailingandgetwithinsightofIthaca• Theyuntiethebag,andthewindrushedout,

sweepingtheboatsawayfromtheshoreandbacktoAeolia

4. AeolusdoesnotwelcomeOdysseusthistimeandbanisheshimaway

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Book10– CircetheGraceoftheWitch

1. OdysseusandhismensailtoAeolia,whereAeolus(keeperofthewind)lives

2. Odysseusrecountshistravels,andAeolusgiveshimanox-hidbagtiedupwiththewinds• Thiswastoaidtheshipsinsailinghome

3. Odysseus’smencontinuesailingandgetwithinsightofIthaca• Theyuntiethebag,andthewindrushedout,

sweepingtheboatsawayfromtheshoreandbacktoAeolia

4. AeolusdoesnotwelcomeOdysseusthistimeandbanisheshimaway

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Book10– CircetheGraceoftheWitch

1. Odysseusandhismensailforsixdays;ontheseventhdaytheylandinTelepylus wheretheLaestrygonians live

2. Theywanderashoretoexplore,onlytofindoutthelandishometoanotherraceofGiants

3. Thegiantsattack,killingmenandsmashingships

4. Onlyoneshipescapes,buttherestofthefleetisdestroyed

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Book10– CircetheGraceoftheWitch1. ThemenlandattheislandofAeaea,whereCircelives2. Odysseussplitsthecrewintotwogroups;Odysseusleadsoneand

Eurylochus leadstheother• Eurylochus’groupisinvitedintoCirce’shome

• Sheoffersthemadrinkthaterasestheirmemoryandthenturnsthemintopigs

3. HermesintervenesandgivesOdysseusanherbalremedysohewillnotbevictimtoCirce’scurse• OdysseusisunscathedbyCirce’sdrinkandexplainsthatallhewants

todoisgohome4. AfterhisOdysseusandhiscrewspentoneyearwithCirceonthe

island,CirceturnsthepigsbackintomenandadvisesOdysseustoventuretotheunderworldandmeetTieresias,thedeadsoothsayerwhoknowshisfate

5. OnCirce’sIsland,Elpenor,theyoungestofOdysseus’crew,gotdrunkandfelloffCirce’sroofanddied.• Hisdeathwasnotnoticed

• InGreekcultureonlytraitorandenemieswereleftunburried.• Itwasadisgracenottoreceiveyourlastrites.

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Book11– TheLandoftheDead

1. Odysseusmakesasacrificeto“sovereignDeath,”orHades,and“palePersophone,”hisbride,whowaskidnappedandforcedtolivewithhimforsixmonthsofeveryyear.• Persophone’s mother,goddessoftheharvest,

grievesduringthattime,causingwintertofall.

2. Elpenor,oneofOdysseus’men,wholayunburiedonCirce’sIslandvisitsOdysseusfirst• OdysseusweptinpityforElpenor.Thisaction

revealsthatOdysseusiscompassionateandcaring.

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Book11– TheLandoftheDead

1. Odysseusseeshisdeadmother,Anticleia,aswellasAgamemnonandAchilles(hiscomradesduringtheTrojanWar)• Anticleia (hismother)diedfromabrokenheart-

longingforOdysseus• Odysseuswasnotawarethatshehaddied,this

wouldhavebeenshocking• Anticleia revealsthePenelopeisstillwaitingfor

Odysseus,but“hernightsanddaysallendinsorrow”

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Book11– TheLandoftheDead1. OdysseusmeetsTiresiasintheunderworld2. Tireseias reveals,“Agodwillmakeyourjourney

bitter…”3. TiresiascautionsOdysseusabout”thecattleandrich

flocksofHelios”• IfOdysseusleavesthecattleunharmed,hewillreturnto

Ithaca• IfOdysseusharmsthecows,hiscrewwillbedestroyed

4. Tiresiasadvisesthat“evenifyouyourselfescape,you’llgethomeagainindistressandlate,insomeoneelse’sship,afterlosingeverysingleoneofyourcompanions.”

5. Finally,“Therewillbetroubleinyourhome”andOdysseuswilllikelytakerevengeagainstthem

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Book11– TheLandoftheDead

1. Anepichero’sfateisoftenamatterofgreatimportancetothegodsandtothehero’shomeland.In77– 117,Odysseus’fateisthesubjectofaprophecybyTiresias,ablindseerwhonowdwellsamongthedead.Aprophecysuchasthiscanserveasforeshadowinginanepicorotherstory.(11.1129)

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Book12

1. CircegreetsOdysseusandhismen,bringingfoodanddrinkandwarnsthemofthestrugglesahead

2. TheSirenswillluremeninwiththeirbeautifulsongs,theneatthemalive• CircewarnsOdysseustoputwaxinhismen’s

ears,andhavethemtiehimtotheshiptoresisttemptation

3. Scyllaisaviciousmonsterwith12feetand6headsand3rowsofteeththateatsmenpassingby

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Book12

1. Charybdisisawhirlpoolinthewaterthat“sucksblackwaterdown,andspewsitoutthreetimesaday”

2. Circewarnsthatifthemensurvivethis,theyareNOTtobotherthecattleofHelios,aherdthatbearsnoyoungandneverdies– “theirheadsaredivine”

3. Odysseusandhiscrewencountereachoftheseobstacles• TheyrowpasttheSirensandsailunderthecliffof

ScyllainordertoavoidCharybdis,but6menarecapturedbyScylla

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Book121. ThenmendocktheirshipandOdysseus

remindsthemennottokillacoworsheep2. Zeussendsanastywindthatkeepsthemen

quarantinedinsidetheshipforprotection;soontheirresourcesarealldepletedandthemengethungry

3. WhenOdysseusfallsasleep,EurylochusspeakstothecrewandsaystheyshouldeatthecattleandthenbuildatempletoHelios.TheykillthecowswithoutOdysseus’sconsent• Themenfeastfor6daysonthecattle

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Book12

1. Zeusretaliatesandthrowsathunderboltattheirship,killingeveryonebutOdysseus• Odysseussailsawayonthebrokenmastandox-

hidebagfromAeolusthatcontainstherestofthewind

• Hedriftsfor9daysandonthe10th daylandsontheislandofCalypso

• CalypsodetainedOdysseusfor7years

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TheOdyssey

WhatisPoetryCompletetheworksheet

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WhatIsPoetry?

Alliteration: Therepetitionofthesameorsimilarsoundsatthebeginningofwords:

“Bettyboughtsomebutterbutthebutterwasbitter”

Assonance:Therepetitionorapatternofsimilarsounds,especiallyvowelsounds:

“freeasabreeze”“highasakite”“quiteright”“Mosessupposeshistoesareroses”

Consonance:Therepetitionofsimilarconsonantsounds(especiallythoseattheendsofwords):

“Sweetsilentthought”

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WhatIsaParody

Imagery:FigurativeordescriptivelanguageMetaphor:Afigureofspeechcomparingtwothings,usuallybysayingonethingisanother:

”Hewasalioninbattle”

Onomatopoeia: Awordthatisusedtoimitatesounds:

Buzz,hiss,cock-a-doodle-doo

Personification:Whennonhumanorabstractthingsaregivenhumancharacteristics:

“Theskyiscrying”

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WhatIsaParody

Simile:Whentwothingsarecomparedusingthewords“like”or“as”:

“Whathappenstoadreamdeferred?Doesitdryuplikearaisininthesun?”

Synecdoche:Whenapartisusedtodescribethewhole:

“Allhandsondeck!”

POETRYSLIDESHOWUnit/Poetry/IntroductiontoPoetry1

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TheOdyssey

Symbolism

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Symbols in The OdysseyFood

² Food has a negative association in The Odyssey

²Hunger and consumption of food represent weakness, lack of discipline, or submission to temptation

² The suitors of Penelope are constantly eating, representing disrespect and gluttony

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Symbols in The OdysseyWedding Bed

²Wedding Bed symbolizes the constancy of Penelope and Odysseus’s marriage

² The symbolism is heightened by the trick that Penelope uses to test Odysseus when he returns

² The bed is a metaphor for the unshakable foundation of their love

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Symbols in The OdysseyOdysseus’s Bow

² Bow symbolizes the physical superiority and character of Odysseus

² The suitors can't come close to stringing it, illustrating the fact that none of them is capable of leading Ithaca

²Only Odysseus can string the bow, showing that he is the proper mate for Penelope and the only man ready to be king of Ithaca

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Symbols in The OdysseyThe Sea

²The sea represents a great man's journey through life with all its victories and heartbreaks

²The sea symbolizes this universal journey that we all undertake, in ways great or small

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Symbols in The OdysseyIthaca

² Ithaca symbolizes home for Odysseus

² Ithaca symbolizes the end of the journey, the goal of the mythic trek

²Nevertheless, it is not gained without a fight

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Symbols in The OdysseyThe Shroud of Laertes

²The shroud is weaved by Penelope

² It symbolizes her cunning as she confronts the suitors

²She lacks the power to fight them with physical strength so she wards them off with her wits

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TheOdyssey

TheParody

Howoriginaltextsareusedforinspiration

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WhatIsaParody• A parodyisanimitationofaparticularwriterorgenre,which

mimicsasubjectdirectlytoproduceacomicaleffect.(Spoof)– Thehumorouseffectisachievedbyimitatingandoverstressing

noticeablefeaturesinafamouspieceofliterature.– Mostofthehumorinrecentparodiesoffilmgenresisbasedonour

familiaritywithformulaplots,conventions,andcharacters.

• Aparody “mocks”anindividualspieceofwork.• Aparody appealstothereaderssenseofhumor.• FilmslikeScaryMovie,NotAnotherteenMovie,andTeamAmerica:

Wolrd Police,firstbuildonourhabitualexpectationsoftheirgenreandthenviolate/mockthem.

http://literarydevices.net/parody/

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TheOdyssey

TheParody

http://dailypicksandflicks.com/2012/10/14/snl-odysseus-and-the-sirens-video/

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https://vimeo.com/53622238

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TheOdysseyTP-CAST

ExaminingPoetryhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t5VoZX58vHI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Who8M_1iw7c

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Types of Questions

Factual:Simple,straightforwardanswersbasedonfactswithinthetext.Theseanswersarefrequentlyeitherrightorwrong.

Example:WhoistheprotagonistintheOdyssey?

Interpretive:Hasmorethanoneanswerthatcanbereasonablysupportedwithevidencefromthetext.Theseareopen-endedquestionsthatrequireyoutoformulateopinionsinresponsetoideaspresentedinthemedium.Theopinionsmustbesupportwithdirecttextualevidence.

Example:HowdoesOdysseusshowtheheroicqualityofloyaltyinlines823-825?

Evaluative:Evaluativethinkingquestionsarethosewhichdealwithmattersofjudgment,value,andchoice.Theyarecharacterizedbytheirjudgmentalordefensivequalities.Theyareopinionsthatarebasedonthecontextofthetext.

Example:WasOdysseus’sdecisiontowithholdinformationfromhismenrightorwrong?

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TheOdyssey

FigurativeLanguage

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FigurativeLanguage

• Adeviation fromwhatspeakersofalanguageunderstandasordinaryinordertoachievesomespecialmeaningoreffect.– Writinggoesbeyondtheactualmeaning

• Thetwomostcommonfigurativedevicesaresimile – acomparison betweentwodistinctlydifferentthingsusing“like”or“as,”andthemetaphor – afigureofspeechinwhichtwounlikeobjectsareimplicitlycomparedwithouttheuseof

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Examples:ofFigurativeLanguage

• Simile– Theboyisascunningasafox.

• (theboyisbeingcomparedtotheslynessofafox– theboyissly)

– Thebookwaslightasafeather.• (thebookisbeingcomparedtotheweightofafeather– meaningitislight)

• Metaphor– Mybrotherwasboilingmad.

• (thisimplieshewastoangry.)

– Theassignmentwasabreeze.• (Thisimpliestheassignmentwastooeasy.)

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EpicSimile• Aformalandsustained simile.Likearegularsimile,anepicsimilemakesacomparisonbetweenoneobjectandanother using“like”or“as.”

• However,unlikearegularsimile,whichoftenappearsinasinglesentence,theepicsimileappearsinthegenreoftheepicanditmaybedevelopedatgreatlength,oftenuptofiftyorahundredlines.

• ExamplesincludeHomer’scomparisonbetweenOdysseusclingingtotherocksandanoctopuswithpebblesstuckinitstentacles.

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EpicSimiles FoundintheOdyssey

• “Idrovemyweightonitfromaboveandboredithome likeashipwrightboreshisbeamwithashipwright’sdrillthatmenbelow,whippingthestrapbackandforth,whirlandthedrillkeepstwisting,neverstopping– Soweseizedourstakewithitfierytipandboreditroundandroundinthegiant’seye”– DescriptiveaccountofhowhedefeatstheCyclops

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EpicSimiles FoundintheOdyssey

• “itscracklingrootsblazedandhissed– asablacksmithplungesaglowingasoradzeinanice-coldbathandthemetalscreechessteamanditstemperhardens– that’stheiron’sstrength– sotheeyeofCyclopssizzledroundthatstake.”– OdysseuscomparesthesizzlingsoundoftheCyclops’eyetothatofstickingafire-hotmetalrodinice-coldwater

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Allusion

• Areference inliteraturetoaperson,place,event,oranotherpassageofliterature.

• Theuseofallusionsenableswritersorpoetstosimplifycomplexideasandemotions.

• Authorsassumethatthereaders willrecognizetheoriginalsourcesandrelate theirmeaningtothenewcontext.

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Personification

• Togiveaninanimateobjecthumanqualitiesorcharacteristics.– Examplesofpersonification

• “Heldbacktolong,thetearsrandownhischeeksasheembracedhisson”(1024).

• “Herewherethefire’shotbreathcame”(1027).• “ItisashroudIweaveforLordLaerteswhencoldDeathcomestolayhimonhisbier”(1033).

• “wesawacavernyawningabovethewater”(986)• “WhentheyoungDawnwithfingertipsofroselituptheworld”(990).

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Hyperbole

• Exaggerated statementNOTmeanttobetakenliterally.– Examplesofhyperbole

• “Anitwaslikeamastalugger oftwentyoars,broadinthebeam– adeepsea-going-craft– mightcarry:solong,sobigaround,itseemed”(990).

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Prologue

• Separateintroductory sectionofaliterarywork.

Epilogue

• Sectionattheendofaliteraryworkthatservestocommentonorconcludewhathashappened.

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TheOdyssey

BookbyBookReview

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Book161. TelemachusarrivesatEumaeus’s hutandtellshimto

keephishomecomingasecret2. Odysseusseeshisgrownsonforthefirsttimein20

years3. AthenatellsOdysseustospeaktoTelemachusand

makehimselfknownandtonotconcealthefactssotheycan“planthesuitors’lethalfate”• AthenatransformsOdysseustohisyouthfulself

4. Atfirst,TelemachusthinksOdysseusisagod,butOdysseustellsthetruth• Theyhaveatearfulreunion

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Book161. TelemachustellsOdysseusthatover100suitorshavemovedinto

theirhouse2. Telemachusfearsthat“revengemaybringabitterfate”but

OdysseusassureshimthatAthenaandZeuswillbeontheirsidegoingforward

3. Odysseuscomesupwithaplan• Hewillappearasabeggarandmingleamongthesuitors• Telemachuswillkeepquiet• Odysseuswilldivertthesuitors’attentionandTelemachus

willstealalltheweapons,leavingbehindonly2swordsandshieldsforeachofthem

4. Meanwhile,thesuitorscontinuewiththeirplantokillTelemachus.

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Book161. EpicSimile:

• SometimescalledaHomericSimile,isanelaboratecomparisonthatmayextendformanylines.

• Useslike/as/sotomakecomparisonsbetweentwoseeminglyunlikeideasorobjects.

2. TheOdyssey hasa“timemachine”quality;readingTheOdysseyislikelookingthroughawindowtoaworldthatisverydifferentfromours.Despitethis,TheOdyssey istimeless.• Asaquestnarrative– itconveysauniversallessonaboutdetermination

andovercomingobstacles.

3. Rereadlines26-30oHowdotheselinesindicateanepicsetting?• Epicsrequiretheherototravelavastdistance

4. Rereadlines19-23.Identifytheepicsimile.

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Book161. Whatsupernaturaleventisdescribedinlines61-67?

– AthenahascharmedOdysseusappearancesoheappearsyoungagain.

2. Rereadlines61-90.Whatcentralconflictisbeginningtofindresolutioninthisscene?Whatelementsindicatetheimportanceofthismoment?– Internalconflict– Telemachusdoesn’tbelieveOdysseusishis

fatherbecauseheappearsimmortalandgodlikebecauseofAthena’scharm.

3. Identifytheepicsimileinlines100-107.– ThecriesofTelemachusandOdysseusisbeingcomparedto

thatofahawkafterafarmerhasdestroyedhernestofbabybirds.

4. WhyisTelemachusinitiallydoubtfulofOdysseus’words?– Telemachusisinitiallydoubtfulbecauseofthechangein

Odysseus’appearance.Telemachusassumeshemustbeagod.

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Book171. Telemachuswillgohometoseehismother,Penelope2. PenelopeasksTelemachustosharewhathelearnedabout

Odysseusonhisjourney• Telemachusadmitshelearnednothing,butconcealsthatfactthatOdysseushasreturned

3. Eumaeus takesOdysseustothecity• Odysseusisindisguiseasabeggar• AsuitornamedMelanthius shoutsinsultsatOdysseus,callinghima“disgustingpig”

• Antinous callsOdysseusan“insolentandshamelessbeggar”

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Book171. AfterAntinous refusestogiveOdysseusbread,

Odysseusinsultshim,saying,“Itseemsasifthatmindofyoursdoesn’tmatchyourlooks”• Thereisplentyoffood,butAntinous isgreedy• Antinous isOdysseus’sfoilcharacter

2. Antinous angrilyreplies,“Inolongerthinkyou’llleavethishallunharmed”andthrowsastoolathim• Thisactofviolencewouldhaveangeredthegods

3. PenelopewantstospeaktothebeggartoseeifheknowsanythingaboutOdysseus

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Book171. Rereadlines28-41.Eumaeus stilldoesnotknow

thatheisspeakingtoOdysseusindisguise.– Thisisknownasdramaticirony– whenthereaderknows

morethanacharacterknows.– Whateventdoesthisspeechcauseyoutoanticipate?

• WhenOdysseusentershisownhomeheismocked,abused,anddisrespectedbyhisownservants.

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Book211. Penelopeissuesachallenge:

whoeveramongthesuitorsthatcanstringOdysseus’sbowandshootanarrowthrough12axehandleswillbehernewhusband• Anotherstalltactic• ThisisataskthatonlyOdysseuscanaccomplish

2. Thesuitorseachtryandfail3. Odysseusstepsupand

effortlesslyshootsthearrow

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Book221. Odysseusripsoffhisraggedclothingandcollectsaquiver

fullofarrows2. HisfirsttargetisAntinous,whoissippingfromoneof

Odysseus’sgoblets;Odysseusshootshiminthethroat3. Thesuitors,atfirst,donotbelievethiswasintentional;then

Odysseusrevealswhoheisandwillkillthemall• Odysseus:“Therewillbekillingtillthescoreispaid.Youforcedyourselfuponthishouse.Fightyourwayout.”

4. Eurymachus triestoreasonwithOdysseus,sayingitwasallAntinous’s fault,butOdysseuswillnotspareasingleman

5. Eurymachus drawshisswordtofight,butOdysseusshotanarrowstraightintohischest

6. Odysseusthenfiresarrows,killingeachman

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DepictionoftheSlaughter

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Book221. Melanthius,onesuitor,realizedtheweaponswere

hiddeninthestoreroomandwenttoretrievesomefortheremainingsuitors• TelemachusandEumaeus tiehimup,cutoffhisnoseandears,andthenfeedhimtothedogs

2. Odysseusthensummonsthe12women“who’vepouredinsultsonmyhead,onmymother,andwerealwayssleepingwiththesuitors”• Hemadethewomencarrythedeadbodiesouttotheyard

• Thenallofthewomenwerehanged

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Book231. Odysseus,nolongerindisguise,reuniteswithhiswife,

Penelope2. Sheisindisbeliefthathehasreturnedandkilledthe

suitors3. Sheissuesonelasttest:PenelopetellsEurycleia tosetup

herbedoutsideherbedroomsothatOdysseusmaygetsomerest• Yearsago,Odysseuscarvedthebedpostoutofthetrunkofanolivetree;itisimmoveable,andonlyOdysseusknowsthis

4. Odysseusdescribesthisbed(orsymboloftheirstrongmarriage)andPeneloperealizedthatherhusbandhasfinallyreturned

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Characters in The Odyssey

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Odysseus² The protagonist of the

Odyssey²Odysseus fought among

the other Greek heroes at Troy

²Now struggles to return to his kingdom in Ithaca to Penelope and Telemachus

² Is brave and heroic but gives in to temptation

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Penelope²Wife of Odysseus and

mother of Telemachus²Penelope spends her days

in the palace pining for the husband who left for Troy twenty years earlier and never returned

²Clever and steadfastly true to her husband

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Telemachus²Odysseus’s son²An infant when Odysseus

left for Troy, Telemachus is about twenty at the beginning of the story

²An obstacle to the suitors desperately courting his mother

² Despite his courage and good heart, he initially lacks the poise and confidence to oppose them

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Athena²Daughter of Zeus and

goddess of wisdom²Athena assists Odysseus

and Telemachus with divine powers

²She often appears in disguise as Mentor, an old friend of Odysseus

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Poseidon²God of the sea and

Odysseus’s divine antagonist

²Despises Odysseus for blinding his son, the Cyclops

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Calypso²Beautiful nymph who

falls in love with Odysseus when he lands on her island

²Holds him prisoner there for seven years until Hermes, the messenger god, persuades her to let him go

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Polyphemus²One-eyed giant ²Poseidon’s son² imprisons Odysseus and

his crew and tries to eat them

²Odysseus blinds him through a clever ruse and manages to escape

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Circe²The beautiful witch-

goddess who transforms Odysseus’s crew into swine

²With Hermes’ help, Odysseus resists Circe’s powers and then becomes her lover, living in luxury at her side for a year

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Tiresias²A blind prophet who

inhabits the underworld²Meets Odysseus and

shows him how to get back to Ithaca

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Sirens²Beautiful winged female

creatures who lure sailors with enchanting music

²Odysseus plugs his men’s ears with wax so they can’t hear

²He ties himself up so he is not tempted

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Charybdis²A creature Odysseus

must conquer²Appears as a devouring

whirlpool

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Scylla²A creature Odysseus

must conquer²Has six elongated necks

used to snatch men

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TheOdyssey

CharacterizationReview

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Directvs.Indirect

• Thewritermakesdirectstatementsaboutacharacter’spersonalityandtellswhatthecharacterislike.

DirectCharacterization

• Thewriterrevealsinformationaboutacharacterandhispersonalitythroughthatcharacter’sthoughts,words,andactions,alongwithhowothercharactersrespondtothatcharacter,includingwhattheythinkandsayabouthimorher.

IndirectCharacterization

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IndirectCharacterization

•Speech:Whatdoesthecharactersayandhowdoeshe/shespeak?

•Thoughts:Whatisshownaboutthecharacterthroughhis/herprivatethoughtsandfeelings?

•Effect:Whateffectdoesthecharacterhaveonotherpeople?Howdotheyfeelorreacttohim/her?

•Actions:Whatdoesthecharacterdo?Howdoesthecharacteractindifferentsituations?

• Looks:Whatdoesthecharacter’sappearancesayabouthis/herpersonality?

STEALtoremember!

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TheOdyssey

TheArgumentativeEssay

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TheArgumentativeEssay

• Youressayshouldinclude5paragraphs– Introduction– Paragraph#1SupportingEvidence– Paragraph#2SupportingEvidence– Paragraph#3SupportingEvidence– Conclusion

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TheArgumentativeEssay

• Developanintroductionparagraphwithathesisstatement.– Beginwithanattentiongetter.– Thenstateyourpurposeandgiveatleastthreesupportingideas.

– Stateyourthesisstatementattheendoftheparagraph.

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TheArgumentativeEssay• Paragraph#1shouldbethefirstideainyourintroductoryparagraph.– Purpose- toproveyourargument

• TopicSentence– Whatoneideacanyougivethereaderthatwillhelpthembetter

understandyouropinion?• ExplainTopicSentence• Introduceandstateyourevidence

– Whatsupportingevidencecanyouincludetoproveyourtopicsentence» Usecitationifpossible.

• Concludingsentence– Theconcludingsentencereassertsthetopicsentenceofthisparagraph

andhelpsustobetterunderstandand/orproveyourpaper’soverallopinion.

• RepeatforParagraph2and3

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TheArgumentativeEssay

• Conclusion– Thisparagraphrestatesyourpaper’soverallopinionandsupportingevidence.

– Remembertoleaveastronglastimpression!• Makesureyourfinalsentenceisassertiveandmemorable.

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LiteraryTermReview

HaveStudentsworkonLiteraryTermWorksheetinClass.

DefineTermsinNotebook/Journal(StudentswillcompleteIdentifyingLiteraryTerms

worksheet– canbedoneingroups/pairs)

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LiteraryTermReviewAudience:Theperson(s)readingatext,listeningtoaspeaker,orobservingaperformanceCharacterization:referstothestepbystepprocesswhereinanauthorintroducesandthendescribesacharacter.Thecharactercanbedescribeddirectlybytheauthororindirectlythroughtheactions,thoughts,andspeechofthecharacter.Connotation:aretheassociationspeoplemakewithwordsthatgobeyondbeingtheliteralordictionarydefinition.Manywordshaveconnotationsthatcreateemotionsorfeelingsinthereader.Connotationsrelatenottoaword’sactualmeaning,ordenotations,butrathertotheideasorqualitiesthatareimpliedbythatword.Conventions:Acommonfeaturethathasbecometraditionalorexpectedwithinaspecificgenre(category)ofliteratureorfilm.ItisconventionforanEnglishsonnettohavefourteenlineswithaspecific rhymescheme,abab,cdcd,efef,gg.TheuseofachorusandtheunitiesaredramaticconventionsofGreektragedy,whiletheaside,andthesoliloquyareconventionsinElizabethantragedy.Conventionsareoftenreferredtoapoetic,literary,ordramatic,dependinguponwhethertheconventionappearsinapoem,shortstoryornovel,oraplay.Denotation:Theminimal,strictdefinitionofawordasfoundinadictionary,disregardinganyhistoricaloremotionalconnotation.Dialogue:Thelinesspokenbyacharacterorcharactersinaplay,essay,story,ornovel,especiallyaconversationbetweentwocharacters,oraliteraryworkthattakestheformofsuchadiscussion.Dialogueeitherprovidescharacterizationoradvancestheplot.Inplays,dialogueoftenincludeswithinithintsakintostagedirections.DirectQuotation: areportoftheexactwordsusedinadiscourse.Antecedents: awordorphrasethatisrepresentedbyanotherword(suchasapronoun)Editing:toprepare(somethingwritten)tobepublishedorused,tomakechanges,correctmistakesinsomethingwritten.Epic:Anepicinitsmostspecificsenseisagenreofclassicalpoetry.Itisapoemthatisalongnarrativeaboutaserioussubject,toldinanelevatedstyleoflanguage,focusedontheexploitsofaheroordemi-godwhorepresentstheculturalvaluesofarace,nation,orreligiousgroupinwhichthehero’ssuccessorfailurewilldeterminethefateofthepeopleornation.Usually,theepichasavastsetting,andcoversawidegeographicarea,itcontainssuperhumanfeatsofstrengthormilitaryprowess,andgodsorsupernaturalbeingsfrequentlytakepartintheaction.Thepoembeginswiththeinvocationofamusetoinspirethepoetand,thenarrativestartsinmediasres(inthemiddle),Theepiccontainslongcatalogsofheroesorimportantcharacters,focusingonhighbornkingsandgreatwarriorsratherthanpeasantsandcommoners.

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LiteraryTermReviewEpicHero: Themaincharacterinanepicpoem– typicallyonewhoembodiesthevaluesofhisorherculture.Forinstance,OdysseusistheepicherointheOdyssey– inwhichheembodiestheclevernessandfast-thinkingGreekcultureadmired.EpicSimile:Aformalandsustainedsimile.Likearegularsimile,anepicsimilemakesacomparisonbetweenoneobjectandanotherusing“like”or“as.”However,unlikearegularsimile,whichoftenappearsinasinglesentence,theepicsimileappearsinthegenreoftheepicanditmaybedevelopedatgreatlength,oftenuptofiftyorahundredlines.ExamplesincludeHomer’scomparisonbetweenOdysseusclingingtotherocksandanoctopuswithpebblesstuckinitstentaclesoraHomericepicsimile.Epithets:Ashort,poeticnickname– oftenintheformofanadjectiveoradjectivalphrase- attachedtothenormalname.Frequently,thistechniqueallowsapoettoextendalinebyafewsyllablesinapoeticmannerthatcharacterizesanindividualorasettingwithinanepicpoem.TheHomericepithetinclassicalliteratureoftenincludescompoundsoftwowordssuchas“fleet-footedAchilles,”“Cow-eyedHera,”“Grey-eyedAthena,”orthe“wine-darksea.”Inothercases,itappearsasaphrase,suchasOdysseustheman-of-many-wiles.”Thehistoricalepithetisadescriptivephraseattachedtoaruler’sname.ThegenerallydescriptiveepithetwouldappearinOldNorseandGermanicculturestohelpdistinguishindividuals,thusgivingthemcolorfulnames.FigurativeLanguage:adeviationfromwhatspeakersofalanguageunderstandastheordinaryorstandarduseofwordsinordertoachievessomespecialmeaningoreffect.Thetwomostcommonfigurativedevicesaresimile– acomparisonbetweentwodistinctlydifferentthingsusing“like”or“as,”andthemetaphor– afigureofspeechinwhichtwounlikeobjectsareimplicitlycomparedwithouttheuseof“like”or“as.”Thesearebothexamplesoftropes.Anyfigureofspeechthatresultsinachangeofmeaningiscalledatrope.Anyfigureofspeechthatcreatesitseffectinpatternsofwordsorlettersinasentence,ratherthantwistingthemeaningofwords,iscalledascheme.Perhapsthemostcommonschemeisparallelism.Simile:Ananalogyorcomparisonimpliedbyusinganadverbsuchas“like”or“as,”incontrastwithametaphorwhichfigurativelymakesthecomparisonbystatingoutrightthatonethingisanotherthing.

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LiteraryTermReviewAllusion:Acasualreferenceinliteraturetoaperson,place,event,oranotherpassageofliterature,oftenwithoutexplicitidentification.Allusionscanoriginateinmythology,biblicalreferences,historicalevents,legends,geography,orearlierliteraryworks.Authorscanoftenuseallusiontoestablishatone,createanimpliedassociation,contrasttwoobjectsorpeople,makeanunusualjuxtapositionorreferences,orbringthereaderintoaworldofexperienceoutsidethelimitationsofthestoryitself.Authorsassumethatthereaderswillrecognizetheoriginalsourcesandrelatetheirmeaningtothenewcontext.Thehistoricalallusionassumesacertainlevelofeducationorawarenessintheaudience.Alliteration: Repeatingaconsonantsoundincloseproximitytoothers,orbeginningseveralwordswithehsamevowelsound.Mostfrequently,thealliterationinvolvesthesoundsatthebeginningofwordsincloseproximitytoeachother.Alliterationisanexampleofarhetoricalscheme.Alliterationcanoccuratthebeginningormiddleorendofthewords.Example:“Ileanandloafatmyeaseobservingaspearofsummergrass,”byWaltWhitman.Assonance:Repeatingidenticalorsimilarvowel(especiallyinstressedsyllables)innearbyword.Assonanceinfinalvowelsoflinescanoftenleadtohalf-rhyme.Consonance:aspecialtypeofalliterationinwhichtherepeatedpatterofconsonantsismarkedbychangesintheinterveningvowels–i.e.,thefinalconsonantsofthestressedsyllablesmatcheachotherbutthevowelsdiffer.Examples:linger,longer,andlanguor,orrider,reader,raider,andruder.Donotconfuseconsonancewithconsonant.Consonant:Aspeechsoundthatisnotavowel.Flashback: Amethodofnarrationinwhichpresentactionistemporarilyinterruptedsothatthereadercanwitnesspastevents–usuallyintheformofacharacter’smemories,dreams,narration,orevenauthorialcommentary.Flashbackallowstheauthortofillinthereaderaboutaplaceoracharacter,oritcanbeusedtodelayimportantdetailsuntiljustbeforeadramaticmoment.Imagery:Acommontermofvariablemeaning,imageryincludesthe“mentalpictures”thatreadersexperiencewithapassageofliterature.Itsignifiesallthesensoryperceptionsreferredtoinapoem,whetherbyliteraldescription,allusion,simile,ormetaphor.Imageryisnotlimitedtovisualimagery;italsoincludesauditory(sound),tactile(touch),thermal(heatandcold),olfactory(smell),gustatory(taste),andkinestheticsensation(movement)

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LiteraryTermReviewNarration:Narrationistheactoftellingasequenceofevents,ofteninchronologicalorder.Thetermalsoreferstoanystory,whetherinprose(ordinarylanguagepeopleuseinspeakingorwriting),orverse,involvingevents,characters,andwhatthecharacterssayanddo.Anarrativeislikewisethestoryoraccountitself.Somenarrationsarereportorialandhistorical,suchasbiographies,autobiographies,newsstories,andhistoricalaccounts.Plot: Thestructureandrelationshipofactionsandeventsinaworkoffiction.Inorderforaplottobegin,somesortofcatalystisnecessary.Whilethetemporalorderofeventsintheworkconstitutesthe“story,”wearespeakingofplotratherthanstoryassoonaswelookathowtheseeventsrelatetooneanotherandhowtheyarerenderedianorganizedsoastoachievetheirparticulareffects.OmniscientPointofView:Thestoryistoldformanall-seeingGod-like,omnipotentviewpoint.Youwouldusethirdpersonpronounsinthewriting,butyoucanchoosetodipintotheheadofanyofthecharactersandrevealthingsthathaveoccurredinthepastorwillhappeninthefuture.Onomatopoeia:Theuseofsoundsthataresimilartothenoisetheyrepresentforarhetoricalorartisticeffect.Forinstance,buzz,click,rattle,andgruntmakesoundsakintothenoisetheyrepresent.Revision:AchangeorsetofchangesthatcorrectsorimprovessomethingSetting: Thegenerallocale,historicaltime,andsocialcircumstancesinwhichtheactionofafictionalordramaticworkoccurs;thesettingofanepisodeorscenewithinaworkistheparticularphysicallocationinwhichittakesplace.Settingcanbeacentralorperipheralfactorsinthemeaningofawork.Thesettingisusuallyestablishedthroughdescription– butsometimesnarrationordialoguealsorevealsthelocationandtime.Thesis:Inanessay,athesisstatementisanargument,eitherovertorimplicit,thatawriterdevelopsandsupports.Inclassicalmetricalanalysis,Greeksreferredtothestressedsyllableinametricalfootasathesis,andtheunstressedsyllableinametricalfootasanarsis.Tone:Themeansofcreatingarelationshiporconveyinganattitudeormood.Bylookingcarefullyatthechoicesanauthormakes(incharacters,incidents,setting;inthework’sstylisticchoicesanddiction,etc),carefulreadersoftencanisolatethetoneofaworkandsometimesinferfromittheunderlyingattitudesthatcontrolandcolorthestoryorpoemasawhole.Thetonemightbeformalorinformal,playful,ironic,optimistic,pessimistic,orsensual.NotethatinPoetry,toneisoftencalledvoice.

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LiteraryTermReviewDramaticIrony:“Ciceroreferredtoironyas“sayingonethingandmeaninganother.”Ironycomesinmanyforms.Verbalirony(alsocalledsarcasm)isatropeinwhichaspeakermakesastatementinwhichitsactualmeaningdifferssharplyfromthemeaningthatthewordsostensiblyexpress.Oftenthissortofironyisplainlysarcasticintheeyesofthereader,butthecharacterslisteninginthestorymaynotrealizethespeaker’ssarcasmasquicklyasthereadersdo.DramaticIronyinvolvesasituationinanarrativeinwhichthereaderknowssomethingaboutpresentorfuturecircumstancesthatthecharacterdoesnotknow.Inthatsituation,thecharacteractsinawaywerecognizetobegrosslyinappropriatetotheactualcircumstances,orthecharacterexpectstheoppositeofwhatthereaderknowsthatfateholdsinstore,orthecharacteranticipatesaparticularoutcomethatunfoldsitselfinanunintentionalway.ThemostfamousdramaticironyisOedipusRex.Hyperbole:AdeliberateexaggerationoroverstatementPersonification:Givinghumancharacteristicstonon-humanthings

http://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/lit_terms_I.html#irony_anchorhttp://www2.uncp.edu/home/canada/work/allam/general/glossary.htmhttp://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/revisionhttp://www.the-writers-craft.com/omniscient-point-of-view.html