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Student Mobility Programs towards Asian Regional Networks in Higher Education:

Cases of Regional Organizations and Universities in Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, and Japan

Akiko Kamogawa, Ph.D Assistant Professor

Graduate School of Asia-Pacific Studies(GSAPS）Waseda University, Tokyo

CESA 2012 July 9, 2012 Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

Outline 1. Introduction 2. New Trends of student mobility in Asia 3. Multilateral Student Mobility Programs by

Regional Organizations 4. New programs and curricula by Leading

Universities 5. Conclusion: Issues and Future Directions towards

Asian Regional Network

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This research is financially supported by Grand-in-Aid for the Scientific Research by MEXT, Japan. The research is entitled “International student mobility and career development of women in Southeast Asia”(FY2009-12).

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Study

What is Asian Regional Network？

Korea

Japan

Malaysia

Korean Boom

China De facto Mobility

Necessity of Asian Regional Network

NEW TRENDS OF STUDENT MOBILITY IN ASIA

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Student Mobility (1980) Source: Mori Kazuko and Morikawa Yuji(2006) “ Asian Network Analysis”, Tokyo:Iwanami.

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Student Mobility (1985) Source: Mori and Morikawa2006.

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Student Mobility (1995) Source: Mori and Morikawa2006.

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Student Mobility (2002) Source: Mori and Morikawa2006.

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New Trends in Student Mobility Growing presence of

East Asian Countries as hosts of international

students. as origin countries of

international students (Kuroda 2008; 2009, pp.222-246)

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Necessity to construct ”Asian Network” in

international student mobility.

New Trend of Student Flow Student Flow between East

Asia and Southeast Asia. （Sugimura 2008, pp.10-25.)

From brain drain to brain circulation （Sugimura 2009, pp.282-300)

Necessity to develop

programs and curricula on ”Asia Studies”

in Asia Multilateral

Collaboration

1980 2002

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Objectives & Methodology

(1) literature review on the regionalization of higher education and an overview of the trends of student mobility in Asia.

(2) outlining of the new multilateral student exchange programs conducted by regional organizations based in Southeast Asia.

(3) introducing some programs and curricula in leading universities in order to enhance multilateral student mobility.

To reveal the possibilities and issues concerning multilateral student mobility programs

towards Asian regional networks in higher education.

Methodology: Comparative network analysis and case studies through interviews in July and August 2009 in Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, and Japan.

Regional Organizations

Governments

Higher Educational Institutions

Frame work By Jane Knight (2008)

MULTILATERAL STUDENT MOBILITY PROGRAMS BY REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

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Regional Organizations in Asia Southeast Asia East Asia

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Regional Organizations

Governments

HEIs

Regional Organizations

Governments

HEIs

AUN AUN/SEED Net SEAMEO RIHED APRU APEC ASAIHL UNESCO Asia-Pacific Bureau for Education

UMAP East Asia Summit

Doctoral Degree Sandwich Programs

M-I-T UMAP Joint Study Program

USCO UME

M-I-T

Doctoral Degree Sandwich Programs

USCO UME

Multilateral Student Mobility/Exchange Program by Regional Organization

Multilateral Student Exchange Program UMAP

UMAP Joint Study Program

3つの大学で１つの学位を取得できるプログラム

2007年 パイロット・プログラム実施 2008年 5カ国を対象にスタート 各大学の類似したコースによるネット

ワーク 成績評価を含むコース内容の統一 オンラインで学生が各種プログラム

を検索できるシステムを試行．

USCO UME Multilateral Student

Exchange Program UMAP Student Connection

Online(USCO) →difficulty in bilateral MOU

Year 2008 Three Programs

-Program B Bilateral UCTS Application twice a year in Dec.&

July One or half a year Undergraduates English Tuition waiver, accommodation 14

Students’ Reaction “ It is not easy. Students choose UMAP’s scheme among various options.” “(Secretariats asked reasons why students chose UMAP’s scheme) First, students want study abroad. Second, to strengthen their ability and third, for competitiveness) （August 2009，Interview at Office of the Higher Education Commision, Bureau of International Cooperation Strategy）．

Originality and Uniqueness of Multilateral Student Exchange

Program by Regional Organizations

Doctoral Degree Sandwich Program AUN/SEEDNet

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Successful Case in Regional Student Exchange（Umemiya 2009：52-60）．

New Student Flow Challenges English

Program, Financial Support , Difficulty in daily life-mobility each year （Interview in July 2009 in JICA and AUN/SEED Net in August 2009)

Master‘s Degree Program Doctoral Degree Sandwich Program Doctoral Degree Program in Japan Doctoral Degree Program in Singapore

Japanese government through the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and ASEAN Foundation.

M-I-T Student Mobility Programme SEAMEO RIHED Multilateral student exchange program Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand 2010 SEAMEO RIHED launched Pilot Program New Higher Educational Corporation and Student Mobility-

Partnership between government and Higher Educational Institutions

5 Fields- Agriculture, Hospitality&Tourism, Language&Culture, Food S＆T, International Business

Target 25 students in/out- total 150 Tuition fee-Host Univ – Transportation& Scholarship-

Sending Univ UCTS-SEA-CTS

Challenges Partnership with Japanese government J-M-I-T Mobility Program SEA-CTS（Southeast Asian Credit Transfer System) 16

Source http://www.rihed.seameo.org/files/harmonizMIT2.pdf

Reborn M-I-T Issues and Challenges

M-I-T Imbalance Academic calendar Participatory Country, Institution Number of Students.

Postgraduates Limitation of Fields Internship Certification by SEAMEO

RIHED Guidebook etc. Tuition waiver for all students VISA Issues of Bilateral relationship

AIMS(ASEAN International Mobility Scholarships)

New programme name Expansion of participation(-2013)

Malaysia 6 Univ. Indonesia 11 Univ. Thailand 6 Univ. Vietnam Join in 2012 Japan J-M-I-T

Handbook, Website Fields

5 to 7 fields(-2013)

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SEAMEO RIHED Regional Student Internship Program Tourism and Banking

Imbalance Out/Inbound

Outbound Student No. Inbound Student No. Discrepancy M to T 25 T from M 23 2 M to I 24 I from M 13 11 I to M 32 M from I 27 5 I to T 31 T from I 33 2 T to M 19 M from T 20 1 T to I 20 I from T 16 4 Total 151 Total 132 25

Exchanged Students 2010

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Inbound Malaysia Indonesia Thailand Total

Outbound

Malaysia 0 4 4 Indonesia 45 32 77 Thailand 22 14 36 Total 67 14 36

Exchanged Students 2011

(Supachai 2011)

Academic Calendar

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Indonesia

2nd. 1st. 2nd.

Thailand

2nd. 1st. 2nd.

Malaysia

2nd. 1st.

Vietnam

2nd. 1学期

Hiroko Akiba（2011）Bologna Process Impact on Asian Higher Education, The 47th JCES Annual Meeting.

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Malaysia/Thailand（3-6） ＋Vietnam?

Malaysia&Indonesia（6-9） ＋Vietnam?

Thailand （6-9） Indonesia（8-12）

Thailand （6-9?） Indonesia（8-12？） Malaysia（3-6?)

Malaysia（6-9？）

NEW PROGRAMS AND CURRICULA BY LEADING UNIVERSITIES

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シンガポール

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Chulalongkong Univ.

Univ. of Malaya

National Univ. of Singapore

Assumption Univ.

Mahidol Univ.

ASEAN Studies

S3 Asia

Map of SEA Campus Asia

Waseda Univ.

S3 Asia MBA Establishment：2008 Outline：Tri-university Double-degree program NUS Business School(Singapore) Fudan University(Shanghai) Korea University(Seoul) Features： 3 Semester Curriculum, 3 Cities and 3 Achievement Objectives: to meet the growing and diverse needs and expectations

of students, employers…by preparing students for senior leadership positions in major business locations in Asia and the world.

Credit Transfer: course credits will be directly accepted by the other S3 Asia MBA partner universities.

Students: to nature and produce leaders specializing in Asian business Practices. （Interview in February 2009）

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Multilateral Collaboration

NUS Business School

Background: Initiative on the establishment of the ASEAN Studies Program began in 1997 when ASEAN turned 30 years.

Objective: The eminently and increasingly close friendship and cooperation of ASEAN member countries made it imperative for the ASEAN people to better understand the region’s past, present and future history.

Outline: Scholars agreed to set up the ASEAN Studies Program at the postgraduate level comprising of 6 core courses with modules be opened for individual preferences.

Students: The program was first started in 2006 with an intake of 8 students. 6 from Thailand (2 from Chulalongkorn Univ. and 4 from Burapha Univ.) 2 from Japan and Korea. Language: All higher degree candidates are required to attend and pass

the Malay Language course which is a requirement for the award of the higher degree at the University of Malaya.

（Interview in August 2008, February, July & August 2009 ）

International Master in ASEAN Studies International Master in Regional Integration

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Asia-Europe Institute(AEI)

ASEAN Studies Program

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The program requires students to undertake a total of 13 academic courses, an internship and write a project paper, amounting to a total of 48 credits. The requirements are categorized in the following modules:

Regional Integration Program

East Asian University Institute (EAUI) for Asian Regional Integration

Objective: Establishment of EAUI by year of 2020 with the mission to develop human resources with high levels of expertise who are capable of contributing to the realization of both global and regional interests

Partners: Peking University (China), Korea University (Korea), Nanyang Technological University (Singapore),

Thammasat University (Thailand) Sponsor: Ministry of Education,

Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan

Supported Period: December 2011 – March 2016

“CAMPUS ASIA” Program

Waseda University Global Institute for Asian Regional Integration

Waseda and GSAPS Waseda has International

students 2,435 in 2007 and 2,830 in 2008(5.3% of total).

GIARI is based at Graduate School of Asia-Pacific Studies (GSAPS).

The Global COE(Center of Excellence) program is granted by Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan.

GIARI Three major fields of

research: Political Integration and Identity, Economic Integration and Sustainability, Social Integration and Networking.

Course: (1)Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methodology on Asian Integration, (2) Asian Integration Seminars1-3.

The summer institute and summer school are hold during every summer term.

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Regional Integration Studies

d

EAUI Plan Concept

Waseda University Graduate School of Asia-Pacific Studies

Peking University School of International

Studies

Thammasat University

Faculty of Political Science

Korea University Asiatic Research Institute,

College of Political Science and Economics

Nanyang Technological

University School of Humanities and Social Sciences

Evaluation Committee

2011-2016

Winter School Host in 2012 Summer School Host in 2012-2015

Plan: Winter School Host in 2016(TBD)

Plan: Winter School Host in 2014(TBD)

Plan: Winter School Host in 2013

Plan: Winter School Host in 2015(TBD)

Semester Student Exchange Double Degree Program

Joint Faculty/Staff Meetings Research Collaboration

Faculty Exchange

2016-2019 From “Hub & Spoke model”

to “Network model”

2020 Establishment of the EAUI

? ?

? ?

Program Plan in Initial 5 years 1. Semester Student Exchange Non-Degree ⇒Double Degree Program(PhD/MA Sub Major）

2. Summer School/Winter School

3. Internship

4. Research Collaboration (Int’l Symposium, Workshop, Working Paper, Textbooks）

6. Evaluation Committee

Mutual credits transfer by ACTS /Unified credits transfer grade management system to prepare for implementation of Double Degree Program

Summer School hosted by Waseda /Winter School hosted by 5 Universities in turn

Providing students with internships opportunities at organizations such as ASEAN Secretariat, ERIA, ADB etc

PhD students involving joint research on “Asian Regional Integration” & making presentations for research achievements

Development of curricula, Discussion to implement unified /common academic system , Strengthening of student support

Program achievements through each academic year will be evaluated every end of academic year by the committee.

Asian Regional

Integration Program

Support System

for Quality

Assurance 5. Joint Faculty/Staff Meeting, Faculty Exchange

CONCLUSION: ISSUES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS TOWARDS ASIAN REGIONAL NETWORK

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Summary Ⅰ．Expansion of Student Mobility in Asia Ⅱ．1990s- Higher Education Network & Corporation in Regional Organizations Ⅲ．2000s- Development of Programs & Curricula in Leading Universities

GOAL!

Students-Various Options contribute to Asian regional network

Issues and Prospects

START!

Multilateral Student Mobility Programs towards Asian Regional Network

Issues and Prospects 1. Attractive Programs and Curricula on/in Asia Q1-1. Will Asian universities create attractive programs and curricula

regarding Asia and how? Ex. ASEANess, Citizenship Education Q1-2. What kind of textbooks will be able to be published in English or

Asian languages?

2. Networks and Corporations in Asia Q2-1. How many countries will students go for destination or transit? Q2-2. To Where and with whom students study in Asian universities?

3. Demands from Students’ Perspectives Q3-1. Where will students be able to work? Q3-2. Will Asian students go back to their own country, or will they stay in

their host country, or will they go to work to Europe or U.S? ex. Internship and Career Development Programs

Q3-3. Can the students contribute to Asian regional network? 31

Towards Asian Regional Network

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References Asia-Europe Institute, University of Malaya, Prospectus, University of Malaya. Altbach,Philip, G. and Toru Umakoshi(2004), Asian Universities: Historical Perspectives And Contemporary Challenges,

Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Institute of International Education (2007), Open Doors 2007. Knight, Jane (2008), Higher Education in Turmoil, Sense Publishers. Kamogawa Akiko(2004), Higher Education Reform: Challenges towards a Knowledge Society in Malaysia”, N’Dri T.

Assie-Lumumba (ed.), Cyberspace and Higher Education in Developing Countries: Old and Emergent Issues of Access, Pedagogy and Knowledge Production , Leiden・Boston: Brill Academic Publishers, 2004, pp. 215-233

Kuroda Kazuo(2008), Formulating International Higher Education Framework for Regional Cooperation and Integration in Asia, International Symposium on Higher Education, January 17, 2008, Waseda University.

Lim Lrong(2006), Japan as a magnet for international students: a review of trends, problems and prospects. Report for Grants-in-aid research project number 16653082(Research Representative Miki Sugimura), pp.129-146.

Lim Lrong(2008), Japan’s 300,000 International Student Plan. MEXT(Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan)(2006), Outline of the Student Exchange

System in Japan. Mouri Kazuko and Yuji Morikawa(2006), Designing an East Asian Community for Network Analysis, Tokyo: Iwanami. Morikawa Yuji(2006), Asian Network Analysis, Waseda University COE Research 2001-2006, Tokyo : Unpublished

Data. NAFSA(2008), A Plan for 300,000 Exchange Students. Nguyen thuyanh (2008), East Asian Integration and Cooperation in Higher Education: Role of Regional Organizations,

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RIHED. Sugimura Miki(2008), Multilayered Mobility of International Student in Asian Higher Education, Japan Association for

Asian Studies, Asia Studies, Vol.54, No.4, October 2008, pp.10-25. Slaughter, S and Rhoades, G. (2004), Academic Capitalism and the New Economy: Markets, State and Higher

Education, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Teichler, U. (2005), Convergence and Diversity on the Way Towards a "European Higher Education Area" . UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2009), Global Education Digest 2009. 杉村美紀・黒田一雄（2009）『アジアにおける地域連携教育フレームワークと大学間連携事例の検証』文部科学省平成20年度

国際開発協力サポートセンター・プロジェクト報告書。

URL Internationalization of Higher Education and Student Mobility Open Doors Online Atlas of International Student Mobility The Boston College, Center for International Higher Education IDP Education Australia The Bostion College Center for International Higher Education International Higher Education Regional and International Organizations(Other than Regional Organizations mentioned above.) ASEAN Asian Regional Integration Center UNESCO Institute for Statistics ILO World Bank Japanese Government Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology JICA National Institute of Population and Social Security Research Gender Equality Bureau, Cabinet Office Statistics Bureau

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