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RESEARCHwww.policyalternatives.ca ANALYSIS SOLUT ION S

Stuck in a Rut

Harper Government Overrides Canadian Army,Insists on Buying Outdated Equipment

Michael Byers and Stewart Webb

Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives

September 2013


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About the Authors

Michael Byers holds the Canada Research Chair in

Global Politics and International Law at the Uni-

versity of British Columbia.

Stewart Webb is a Research Associate of the Cana-

dian Centre for Policy Alternatives and a Visiting

Research Fellow with the Rideau Institute.

AbbreviAtions

AEV Armoured Engineer Vehicle

APC Armoured Personnel Carrier

ARV Armoured Recovery Vehicle

C3I Command, Control,

Communications, and Intelligence

CCV Close Combat Vehicle

COIN Counterinsurgency

DND Department of National Defence

FMEP Force Mobility Enhancement Project

IED Improvised Explosive Device

IFV Infantry Fighting Vehicle

LAV III Light Armoured Vehicle III

LAV UP LAV III Upgrade

LCVS Land Combat Vehicle Systems

MGS Mobile Gun System

MMEV Multi-Mission Effects Vehicle

MRCV Multi-Role Combat Vehicle

NPP Notice of Proposed Procurement

PRT Provincial Reconstruction Team

SOIQ Solicitat ion of Interest and Qualification

SOR Statement of Operational Requirements

TAPV Tactical Armoured Patrol Vehicle

TUA Tow Under Armour

TOW Tube-launched, Optically-tracked, Wire-guided

VBCI Vhicule Blind de Combat dInfanterie

isbn 978-1-77125-083-2

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http://../Library/Caches/Adobe%20InDesign/Version%208.0/en_US/InDesign%20ClipboardScrap1.pdfhttp://../Library/Caches/Adobe%20InDesign/Version%208.0/en_US/InDesign%20ClipboardScrap1.pdf


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5 Introduction

6 The Tank in Canadas History

7 Canadas Leopard C1/C2 Fleet

8 Canada and APCs

9 Retiring the Leopards

10 Gordon OConnor and the Return of the Tank

11 Enter the Leopard 2

12 Were Tanks Effective in Afghanistan?

13 Force Mobility Enhancement Project

15 Close Combat Vehicle

16 Three Unnecessary Options

18 Evolution of COIN Operations

20 LAV III Upgrade (LAV UP)

21 An Adaptable Canadian Army

23 The Canadian Army No Longer Wants the CCV

24 Conclusion

26 Rc

32 N


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Stuck in a Rut 5

Stuck in a RutHarper Government Overrides Canadian Army,Insists on Buying Outdated Equipment

Ic

ince the end o the old ar, the anadian rmy has aced greater chal-

lenges o adaptation than the oyal anadian ir orce or the oyal an-

adian avy. he rmy was orced to shit rom preparing or a symmetric

engagement in urope, to dealing with the very dierent asymmetric re-alities o ghanistan. he threat posed by improvised explosive devices

(IED) was completely unlike that posed by oviet-built tanks. omplicat-

ing things urther, halway through the mission a radical new approach to

counterinsurgency (COIN) was introduced by anadas principal deence

partner, the nited tates.

ne o the greatest complications or the rmy was the act that, shortly

ater taking oce in ebruary 2006, the arper government had embraced

the tank. t the urging o eence inister ordon onnor, a ormer tank

commander, the government deployed some o anadas aged eopard 2s

to ghanistan, bought 80 second-hand eopard 2A4s rom the etherlands,

and borrowed some newer eopard 2A6s rom ermany.1 anada also pur-

chased an additional 20 eopard 2A6s rom the etherlands, which would

be converted to the erman specications and returned to ermany.2


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6 Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives

ot surprisingly, the tanks proved to be less than ideal or the ghan-

istan mission, especially ater the nited tates altered its approach to COIN.

t will always be dicult to win hearts and minds with heavy armour, and

despite all that armour, the fat-bottomed low-slung tanks were rather ex-

posed to the insurgents new weapon o choice the IE D.3 anks might, in

act, be the most poorly suited orm o equipment or the unconventional

missions o the 21st century.

he arper government, however, does not easily change course. o-

day, instead o moving away rom heavy armour and embracing contem-

porary COIN, it is about to spend billions o dollars on lose ombat ehi-

cles (CCV) that are designed to accompany tanks into conventional battles.

hat makes the situation all the more alarming is that the anadian rmy

has reportedly told the government that it does not want or need CCVs.4 he

rmy, which has recently come under budgetary pressure rom the arper

government, could use the unds or training, at a time when the rmy ishaving diculty maintaining a high level o readiness.5 his report recom-

mends that the arper government listen to the rmy and stop the CCV

procurement beore any contract is signed.

T Ta Caaa Hy

rmoured combat vehicles were a decisive addition to the battleelds o the

20th century. he tank, which arrived during the latter stages o the irst

orld ar, became the centrepiece or land operations during the econdorld ar. new doctrine o warare crated by erman eneral einz

uderian took urope by storm.6 ather than the trench warare o the irst

orld ar, it called or a quick armoured spearhead and supporting mech-

anized inantry units to punch through enemy lines, orm a pincher move-

ment, and thus encircle enemy orces. he litzkrieg strategy changed

the way wars were ought on land.

he rst tanks elded in anada were ritish-designed, anadian-built

ark alentines, delivered just beore the start o the econd orld ar

in the summer o 1939.7 he rst tanks used by anada in the econd orld

ar were the ritish-designed hurchill and atilda tanks.8 anada ac-

quired ..-designed herman tanks in 19439 and later deployed one bat-

talion o hermans in the Korean ar.10

uring the old ar, most o anadas tanks were stationed in est er-

many. n 195253, anada acquired 274 ritish-designed ark III enturions.


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Stuck in a Rut 7

anada replaced these with 127 erman-built eopard 1A3s (designated 1s)

in 1979.11 ter the 1999 Kosovo war, anada sent ve upgraded eopard 1s

(now designated 2s) to that country as part o a peacekeeping orce.12

he mechanization o warare did not stop with the tank. he need to

protect soldiers in the new battleeld environment led to the development

o the armoured personnel carrier (APC). n addition to armour, speed be-

came an essential requirement or these vehicles. ut or NATO, whose

orces were outnumbered in urope, there was also a need or orce multi-

pliers technological innovations that equalize quantitative disparities

with qualitative advantages.13 uclear weapons were the main orce multi-

plier; however, NATO strategy also ocused on disorienting and constrain-

ing the enemy by targeting ommand, ontrol, ommunications, and n-

telligence (3) acilities.14 hile tanks remained important, air power and

missiles dominated NATO strategy during the later stages o the old ar

and beyond.15

Caaa Lpa C/C F

he eopard 1 tank rst entered service in 1965.16 n 1979, anada procured

127 eopard 1A3s, which it designated as 1s.17 t the time, the 1s were

an advanced design with a welded turret, improved sighting device, night

vision capabilities, and more room or the crew.18 hey had crews o our, a

maximum speed o 65 km/h, and a maximum range o 600 km. he main

armament was a 105 mm cannon, supplemented by two 7.62 mm machineguns and smoke grenade launchers.

uring the old ar, most o the 1s were stationed in est ermany.19

ut when the old ar ended, the need or estern orces to maintain tank

feets in ermany disappeared. lthough a small number o 1s were later

deployed as part o anadas contribution to peacekeeping in Kosovo, geo-

political developments had weakened the rationale or anada to have a

substantial number o the vehicles.

evertheless, in 1996, the hrtien government announced that the 1s

would receive an upgrade. he existing turrets on 123 o the tanks (designat-

ed 2s ater the upgrade) were replaced with eopard 1A5 turrets equipped

with computerized re-control systems that incorporated thermal imagers.20

dding this capability cost an estimated $145 million.21 t the same time, a

urther $400 million plan to install additional armour on the tanks was let

unimplemented or cost-saving reasons.22


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Caaa a C

long with tanks came the need or armoured personnel carriers (APC). he

rizzly entered anadian service in 1976,23 ollowed by the ison in 1990.24

he ison has eight wheels and weighs 12.4 tons, with a maximum range o

665 km and maximum speed o 100 km/h. any o the original 199 isonsremain in service today as ambulances and other kinds o support vehicles.25

ith the end o the old ar came an increase in peacekeeping

missions, and with it the realization that anada needed a more lightly ar-

moured combat vehicle albeit one that could provide direct re support

when necessary.

n 1991, the ulroney government launched the $2.8 billion ulti-ole

ombat ehicle (MRCV) project with a view to replacing its various types o

APCs with a single chassis.26 t settled on the TH-495, an inantry ghting

vehicle (IFV) built by the erman company hyssen-enschel, now known

as heinmetall andsystems, part o the heinmetall group.27 he TH-495

was a tracked vehicle with a crew o three and room or seven inantrymen.

rmed with a 25 mm rapid-re cannon, the TH-495 was similar in appear-

ance and weight to the merican 2 radley ighting ehicle.

hyssen-enschel proposed to have the TH-495 built in ape reton by a

newly established company called ear ead ndustries. owever, the deal

had some murky aspects, including the involvement o Karlheinz chreiber,

and was ultimately abandoned by the ulroney government.

he hrtien government, shortly ater being elected in 1993, issued a

hite aper in which it announced a shit in ocus to land orces:

ost areas o deence will be cut. he relative weight o the naval, land and

air establishments will be altered to allow or the transer o more resources

to where they are most needed mainly to operational land orces. very-

thing is being made leaner. verything is undergoing the closest scrutiny.28

s part o the shit to land orces, the plans or a new combat vehicle

were resurrected. n 1996, the iesel ivision o eneral otors o anada

won a $1.59 billion contract or 651 o its ight rmoured ehicle IIIs (LAV

IIIs).29 he rm was acquired by ..-based eneral ynamics in 2003 and

became eneral ynamics and ystems-anada.

he LAV III entered service in 1999.30 t has a maximum range o 450

km and maximum speed o 100 km/hr.31 he LAV III comes in multiple vari-

ants, including inantry carriers, command vehicles, and orward observa-


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Stuck in a Rut 9

tion vehicles. nspecialized variants have a 25 mm M242 ushmaster can-

non, grenade launchers and machine guns.32

he acquisition o the LAV IIIs was a dening moment or the anadian

rmy. ndeed, t.-eneral eter evlin has said that anada now has a LAV-

based army and he expressed the view that anadians are the best in

the world ghting [in] that vehicle.33

he LAV III acquisition was also a very signicant commitment by the

hrtien government, in light o the more general deence cutbacks being

imposed at the time. t was oset by a reduction in spending on tanks, in-

cluding the limitations to the eopard 1/2 upgrades described above.

Rg Lpa

n ctober 2003, iberal eence inister ohn callum and hie o the

eence ta t.-eneral ick illier announced the retirement o anadas

eopard 2 tanks, which by this point had been in service or nearly a quar-

LAV-III Before Recent LAV Upgrades / Source: Canadian Armed Forces


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ter-century. hey also announced that anada would ocus on acquiring the

.. tryker obile un ystem (MGS).34 he tryker MGS is based on an-

adas LAV III but has a much larger, 105 mm cannon.35 s avid ugliese

o the Ottawa Citizen explained, illier was o the view that the eopards

had served their purpose and, despite recently undergoing a $145-million

upgrade, were now o limited use.36 uture combat scenarios required a

vehicle such as the tryker,37 and it was proposed that anada would ac-

quire 66 o them or $460 million.38

n illiers own words:

anks are a perect example o extremely expensive systems that sit in anada

because they are inappropriate to the operations we conduct daily around

the world.... he [tryker] MGS, in conjunction with other combat systems,

will give us a much greater capability on operations such as those being

conducted in Kabul, and still give us options or high-intensity combat.39

dopting the tryker was also seen as logistically sensible because, as

a variant o the LAV III, they would be easier and cheaper to maintain than

a set o entirely dierent vehicles.

ut the plan to scrap the tanks and acquire trykers was never imple-

mented.

G OC a R Ta

n ebruary 2006, tephen arper became prime minister and appointed aormer tank ocer, ordon onnor, as his minister o national deence.

ithin our months, onnor had set aside the plan to replace the eopard

2s with trykers even though the epartment o ational eence (DND)

had already blown up, sold or given away a little less than hal o the ar-

mys feet o 114 eopards.40

t the same time, anadas role in ghanistan was changing. s the

result o a decision taken by the aul artin government, the anadian

orces had just taken on the lead role in Kandahar rovince. three-phased

counterinsurgency (COIN) strategy was developed: strategic survival and

reorganization; establishment o oothold bases in remote areas; and mass

mobilization using tribal and religious elements.41

he arper governments decision to send tanks to participate in a COIN

operation came as a shock to many.42 he government, however, said the


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Stuck in a Rut 11

tanks were needed to provide more protection to anadas rovincial e-

construction eams (PRT), and not or direct combat missions.43

anada initially deployed 15 eopard 2s to ghanistan.44 he tanks

proved to be eective at knocking holes in earthen walls, which increased

the mobility o anadian inantry.45

hen, in eptember 2006, the anadian orces led peration edusa an

oensive aimed at re-taking areas o Kandahar rovince under aliban con-

trol.46 ore than 400 aliban militants were killed in battles in which they

engaged the anadian soldiers directly.47 ne o the lessons taken immedi-

ately rom peration edusa was the need or sustained high-intensity com-

bat operations operations in which, the arper government decided, tanks

could play a useul role. nortunately, the approach taken by the aliban

soon changed, with implications that will be discussed below.

E Lpa

y 2006, the eopard 2s were nearing the end o their service lives. or this

reason, simply delaying their retirement was not going to provide the ca-

pability that inister onnor insisted was needed.

DND determined that it needed a total o 100 eopard 2 tanks: 40 or

deployed operations, 40 or training, and a urther 20 or specialised unc-

tions.48 nd so, in pril 2007, an agreement in principle was announced

whereby anada would purchase 80 second-hand eopard 2A4s and 20

2A6s rom the etherlands.49

he deal was ormalized eight months later,in ecember 2007.50

ore advanced that the 2s, the 2A4s had fat titanium/tungsten ar-

mour, an automated re-and-explosion suppression system, and an all-

digital re control system that could handle new ammunition types.51 ow-

ever, the eopard 2A4s still required reurbishment a job that was done,

as part o the anada-etherlands deal, by the original erman manuac-

turer Krauss aei-egmann.52 ot all o the 100 tanks were reurbished;

some were cannibalized or spare parts.53

he acquisition cost o the utch eopard 2A4s and 2A6s was estimated

at $650 million, plus another $650 million or 20 years o in-service support.54

t the same time, DND announced that it was borrowing 20 o ermanys

eopard 2A6s.55 he 2A6s were more advanced than the 2A4s, with a longer

55 gun, an auxiliary engine, and crucially, both improved mine protection

and an air-conditioning system.56 he borrowed erman 2A6s were promptly


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deployed to ghanistan.57 hen, in 2008, anada decided to purchase 15

disused eopard 2A4s rom ermany or spare parts.58

ignicantly, ermany and the etherlands were only too glad to o-

load the tanks onto anada. ter the old ar ended, rendering large tank

feets obsolete, the two countries embarked on what was dubbed der grosse

eutscheanzerchlussverkau (the great erman tank re-sale).59

W Ta Efc gaa?

n the end, the eopard tanks were only o limited eectiveness in ghan-

istan, because the aliban quickly abandoned the stand and ght ap-

proach in avour o the IED. lat underbellies are acutely vulnerable to the

explosive orce o a mine or IED,60 which is why anada later upgraded its

LAV IIIs (through the LAV UP program described below) with defective -

shaped hulls.61 ut tanks cannot be modied in this way, since they are de-

signed with low clearances so as to reduce their proles as targets. oreover,

Leopard 2A6 / Source: German Army/Katharina Winkler


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Stuck in a Rut 13

the majority o a tanks armour is located in the ront and side sections, not

underneath. ne o the reasons anada borrowed the eopard 2A6s rom

ermany is that the 2A6 has additional belly plates that provide it with some-

what improved protection against mines and IEDs.62

ne o the arguments or the deployment o the eopard tanks in -

ghanistan was that they would be more eective in dicult terrain than

the LAV IIIs. owever, the tanks also had diculty in cultivated areas, cul-

verts and canals [which] presented numerous opportunities or tanks to be-

come hopelessly mired.63

anks are not integral to COIN operations and can in act hinder them,

since it is dicult to win hearts and minds rom behind heavy armour.

hen the ghan government expressed a desire to acquire tanks or its

army, ustralian rigadier eneral dam indlay, the deputy chie o oper-

ations or ISAF, dismissed the request: e are making a counter-insurgen-

cy orce and we have our ghan partners asking or things we would callhigh-end war ghting tanks and what have you.64

n anadas case, PRTs were deployed to repair the damage caused when

the tanks were operationally deployed: or instance, damage to earthen

walls.65 he repairs were done to molliy local populations, though arguably

there were other things the PRTs could have been doing instead had they

not been cleaning up ater the tanks to win the locals over.

everal o anadas allies deployed some tanks to ghanistan, though

the nited tates did not do so until 2010, and only then in limited num-

bers.66 enmark sent a small detachment o eopard 25 tanks to elmand

rovince in 2007.67

ignicantly, the nited Kingdom has a modern tank feet but never de-

ployed any o those vehicles in ghanistan, though it did sometimes make

use o the presence o anish and anadian ones.68

Fc My Eac jc

he arper governments decision to procure and deploy tanks quickly re-

sulted in some unortunate mistakes. or instance, the tatement o per-

ational equirements (SOR) was incomplete, and ailed to address all o the

deciencies in capability that the project was intended to remedy.69 t was

not until the eopard 2s arrived in ghanistan that anyone realized they

could not be tted with implements the anadian orces considered neces-

sary, such as mine ploughs, mine rollers, and bulldozer blades. ndeed, the


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uditor eneral ound that no research was done to nd out i these im-

plements could actually be tted on the tanks.70

or this reason, some o anadas old eopard 2s were kept in ghan-

istan to perorm roles the better-armoured eopard 2s could not accomplish.

his was very hard on the eopard 2 crews, since air-conditioning units

had not been installed in those older vehicles.

ter the eopard 2s inability to operate implements became apparent,

the oshoot orce obility nhancement roject (FMEP) was approved by

the government, in the spring o 2007.71 he FMEP entailed the purchase o

13 rmoured ngineer ehicles (AEV) and 2 rmoured ecovery ehicles

(ARV),72 as well as mine ploughs, bulldozer blades and tactical mobility im-

plements (i.e., mounting brackets).73

he total project value o FMEP hasbeen estimated at $376 million.74 he AEVs and implements are supposed

to reach initial operational capability by ebruary 2015 and ull operation-

al capability by ecember 2016.75

Leopard C2 With Plough / Source: Canadian Armed Forces


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Stuck in a Rut 15

he FMEP is part o a larger and ombat ehicle ystems (LCVS) pro-

ject. he lose ombat ehicle (CCV) project, which was announced in uly

2009,76 is located within the LCVS and closely associated with the FMEP.

C Ca Vc

he decision to procure CCVs or anada today is directly linked to the fawed

decision, taken in 2006, to retain and grow anadas feet o eopard tanks.

he purpose o the CCV is to provide an operational capability that can

operate in intimate support o the ain attle ank or independently within

a high-intensity environment.77 n other words, the CCV will deend an-

adas eopard 2s against inantry, in traditional battleeld situations where

the tanks themselves are engaging enemy armoured vehicles. lthough the

LAV III could ulll this role, the heavier armour o the CCV would provide

better survivability.78

he olicitation o nterest and ualication (SOIQ) to industry set out

the requirements or the CCV, including a maximum range o at least 450

km and maximum speed o at least 60 km/h.79 he CCV must carry a crew o

three and have room or at least ve inantry.80 (y comparison, the LAV III

can carry 67 inantry.)81 ccording to ajor oward ark nthony, there

is no requirement that the CCV be tracked, which opens up the possibility

that the vehicles might be wheeled.82

he SOIQ also species that the CCV must provide protection to its oc-

cupants against NATO evel 4, Kinetic nergy hreats and rtillery hreatsor a ull 360 degrees arc.83 NATO evel 4, according to the NATO AEP-55

STANAG 4569, means that the vehicle has to provide protection against heavy

machine gun re (14.5 mm calibre).84 he CCV must also provide protection

against NATO evel 4 or renade and last ine hreats.85 evel 4 is a

10 kg explosive device under the centre o the vehicle.86

ignicantly, the LAV III has the same 14.5 mm calibre protection.87 nd

while the LAV IIIs level o mine protection is not public inormation, the

LAV UP upgrade (discussed below) includes a double -shaped hull which

likely also provides NATO evel 4 protection. n other words, the SOIQ does

not require a vehicle with dierent traction (tracks versus wheels) or armour

than anadas recently upgraded LAV IIIs.

evertheless, the CCV is supposed to bridge the armoured weight gap

between light (525 tonnes) and heavy (45 tonnes) armoured vehicles, a

weight class anada does not operate.88 t is proposed that 108 CCVs will


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be procured in our dierent variants: nantry ighting ehicle, orward

bservation cer, ngineer econnaissance, and actical ommand con-

gurations.89 here is an option to procure up to 30 more vehicles and the

development and implementation o an in-service support contract.90 he

estimated cost o the CCV project is $2 billion.91 he in-service support con-

tract will be bundled with the acquisition contract.92

n the actual circumstances o 2013, the CCV is both redundant and out

o date. his procurement is proceeding only because o the arper govern-

ments 2006 decision to retain and acquire tanks, and its stubborn reus-

al to back away rom that error. s ormer ADM ateriel lan illiams has

commented about the CCV project, the government [is] again politicizing

the acquisition o military hardware.93

T Ucay Ophe CCV procurement was mishandled rom the outset, when the origin-

al otice or roposed rocurement (NPP) and the olicitation o nterest

and ualication (SOIQ) disqualied every competitor or not meeting the

armour requirements.94 he SOIQ was then rewritten and all the competi-

tors95 the hicule lind de ombat dnanterie (VBCI), the CV9035, and

the iranha 5 were deemed compliant.

nother aspect o mishandling concerned the issue o whether the CCVs

would be tracked or wheeled. n 2008, the ttawa itizen reported: eence

sources say the current LAV III does not have the mobility needed or thejob in o-road conditions. he likely preerred option is to go or a tracked

vehicle.96 owever, the SOIQ did not speciy that the vehicles had to be

tracked, and as a result, two wheeled vehicles (the VBCI and iranha 5) en-

tered the competition, reportedly catching DND and analysts by surprise.97


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Stuck in a Rut 17

. VBCI

he VBCI is built by rench government-owned exter. wheeled vehicle,the VBCI has a maximum range o 750 km and a top speed o 100 km/h.98

ts main armament is a 25 mm (NATO standard) cannon. 99 he VBCI has a

fat-bottomed, all-welded aluminum hull onto which steel or titanium ar-

mour plates can be bolted. ue to the lighter aluminum armour, its max-

imum weight is 28 tonnes. he rench deployed the VBCI in the recent con-

fict in ali.100 t is operated only by the rench rmy and can accommodate

two crew, eight inantry and a commander.101

VBCI / Source: French Armed Forces


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. aa

he iranha 5 is built by eneral ynamics and ystems, the same companythat built anadas LAV IIIs. ts main armament is a 30 mm cannon made

by Kongsberg.102 wheeled vehicle, the iranha 5 has a maximum speed o

100 km/h and maximum range o 550 km. ts armour is made o steel.103 t

has a total weight o 30 tonnes and can carry up to 8 inantry personnel.104

Piranha 5 / Source: General Dynamics Land Systems Canada website


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Stuck in a Rut 19

. CV

he CV9035 is built by BAE ystems. t has a maximum speed o just 70km/h and a maximum range o 600 km.105 he CV9035s main armament is

a 35 mm or 50 mm ushmaster cannon. t is the only tracked vehicle in the

competition, with a low ground clearance and fat bottom. ts steel armour

plating gives it a maximum weight o 35 tonnes.106 hat weight, combined

with the tracks, lower prole and heavier gun, make the CV9035 more like

a tank than the other two competitors. t can accommodate up to 10 inan-

try personnel.107

CV9035 / Source: Wiki Commons


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E COIN Opa

or decades ater the old ar, the .. rmy made no signicant changes

to its counterinsurgency (COIN) doctrine until ecember 2006, when a new

merican eld manual on COIN operations was published.108 he manuals

lead author was eneral avid atraeus, who was appointed head o ..orces in raq in 2007 and head o .. entral ommand (which includes

ghanistan) in 2008. he new etraeus octrine was promptly imple-

mented in both theatres.

he doctrine calls or soldiers to go outside their bases and engage with

the local people in a population-centric approach. tep one is to secure

concentrated populated areas, provide or law enorcement and engage the

local population so as to gain their trust, determine what their concerns

are, and maintain the host governments legitimacy by addressing those

concerns.109 he theory is that, i the population does not eel isolated rom

its government and has the means to live adequately, this will erode any in-

centive to side with insurgents. n short, COIN operations are not about de-

eating the insurgents with orce, but winning the hearts and minds o

the indigenous population.

anks and CCVs do not t well into the etraeus octrine. nd while

heavier armour might be needed to protect against the threat rom IEDs, or

anada that issue has already been addressed through the LAV UP project.

LV III Upga (LV U)anadas LAV IIIs are somewhat reduced in number, 13 o the original 651

vehicles having been destroyed in ghanistan.110 ut the remaining LAV

IIIs will soon be better than when they were new.

he LAV III upgrade project (LAV UP) was announced in 2009, the same

year as the CCV project.111 n ctober 2011, the $1.064 billion contract was

awarded to eneral ynamics and ystems, which is doing the work at its

plant in ondon, ntario.112

LAV UP is intended to improve the survivability, mobility and lethality

o the LAV II I.113

ne upgrade includes the installation o a double -shapedhull in the undercarriage that is designed to defect explosive orce away

rom the personnel inside. dditional upgrades include a more powerul

engine and improvements to the drive train and suspension.114

ther upgrades include larger tires, air brakes and an anti-skid braking

system,115 all o which will provide better traction. mprovements to the tur-


21/40

Stuck in a Rut 21

ret sights and gun control electronics will increase the range o the vehicles

gun and reduce the demands on the crew.116

ogether, the upgrades increase the weight o the LAV I II rom 17,000 kg

to 25,000 kg, which accounts or the need or a more powerul engine.117 ig-

nicantly, the new weight also puts the LAV III in the same medium-weight

(25,000 kg45,000 kg) class as the CCV.

he LAV III is tted with a 25 mm M242 ushmaster cannon, which is

comparable to the main weapon on two o the contenders or the CCV con-

tract. he VBCI also has a 25 mm cannon, while the iranha 5 carries a 30

mm cannon.118 nly the CV9035, which can be tted with either a 35 mm or

a 50 mm cannon,119 carries substantially more repower than the LAV III.

t is also noteworthy that the LAV UP project will extend the liespan othe LAV IIIs to 2035.120 n other words, the upgrades are so extensive that

they are essentially creating new vehicles. his raises the question: ter

having just spent $1.064 billion to upgrade more than 550 LAV IIIs,121 why

spend another billion dollars to purchase 108 CCVs that add little in terms

o capability?

LAV III After LAV UP Upgrades / Source: Canadian Armed Forces


22/40


apa Caaa y

he anadian rmy saw the wisdom o the etraeus octrine and ollowed

the .. military in shiting its ocus to low-intensity asymmetrical COIN oper-

ations. he epartment o ational eences 2009 document Towards Land

Operations 2021: Studies in Support of the Army of Tomorrow Force Employ-ment Conceptoresaw a orce that would be joint, interagency, multination-

al and public (JIMP)-enabled. uch a orce would see diplomatic, deence,

development and commercial resources, aligned with those o numerous

other agencies, coordinated through an integrated campaign plan and ap-

plied in areas o operations as needed.122 n the same document, DND rec-

ognized that the anadian orces will have to counter not only insurgents

but also media-savvy terrorists and other criminal organizations.123

everal recent moves by the anadian rmy maniest its desire to move

towards a broader, lighter ootprint, consistent with modern COIN. rom-

inent here has been the replacement o the rmys light patrol vehicles.

. TV c

n June 2012, a contract was awarded to extron or 500 new actical r-

moured atrol ehicles (TAPV).124 he TAPVs will replace 202 oyote light

armoured reconnaissance vehicles,125 76 yala RG-31 armoured patrol vehi-

cles,126 some o the 1,039 tandard ilitary attern ight tility ehicles,

heeled (ercedes -wagons)127 as well as a portion o the remaining

isons.128

he TAPVs, the design o which is based on the nited tates M1117rmoured ecurity ehicle,129 will provide better protection rom IEDs than

any o these existing vehicles.130

he acquisition cost o the TAP Vs is estimated at $603.3 million. n addi-

tion, extron has been awarded a ve-year in-service support contract or

$105.4 million. dditional in-service support contracts will be needed be-

ore very long. he total project cost or the 500 vehicles is estimated at

$1.25 billion.131

. TOW II M a Lac

he ube-launched, ptically-tracked, ire-guided (TOW) missile system is

the anadian orces primary long-range anti-armour weapons system. he

system requires an operator to guide the missile while in fight by keeping

the target centred in crosshairs.132 he TOW system, which is composed o


23/40

Stuck in a Rut 23

the launcher, sight unit, missile guidance set and the TOW encased mis-

siles,133 is usually mounted on a vehicle. he anadian rmy has used some

o its remaining M113A2 armoured personnel carriers or this purpose, with

the combination being known as TOW nder rmour (TUA).134 n 2004,

anada procured 33 LAV IIIs mounted with the TOW nder rmour launch-

er/system.135

n the past decade, anada has spent hundreds o millions o dollars

on TOW missiles and launchers. owever, in ay 2012, documents leaked

to the Ottawa Citizen revealed that 40 TOW missile systems, 33 TUA turret-

mounted launchers, and 2,200 TOW missiles are being removed rom ser-

vice. he anadian rmy will retain just 33 TOW mproved arget cquisi-

tion ystems.136

n rmy public aairs ocial, aptain arc reatti, was quoted at say-

ing that the retirement o most o anadas TOW missile systems will have

no impact on the anadian rmys ability to deend anada and protectour interests.137 e was right: in an age o asymmetrical COIN operations,

anti-armour weapons systems are increasingly out o date.

. Cacg c MMEV

ack in 2006, the arper government cancelled another procurement that

was geared towards conventional, symmetrical warare. n eptember 2005,

the aul artin government had announced the purchase o 33 ulti-is-

sion ects ehicles (MMEV) or $750 million.138 he vehicles would have

been equipped with a missile battery able to engage both enemy tanks and

aircrat. owever, asymmetrical operations (including COIN) generally take

place without any threat rom enemy tanks or aircrat the kinds o threats

the MMEV was intended to counter. nd so in uly 2006 DND asked or per-

mission to cancel the MMEV program and use the money that would be

saved on urgently needed equipment such as automatic grenade launch-

ers and missiles designed to destroy bunkers and other ortications. uch

equipment would be o use in ghanistan and in uture missions.139 he

MMEV project was cancelled.140

ore recently, the anadian rmy made a similar request, this time con-cerning the CCVs.


24/40


T Caaa y N Lg Wa CCV

onsistent with the changing geopolitical, technological and economic cli-

mate, the anadian rmy has reportedly expressed its desire to cancel the

CCV project. s avid ugliese o the Ottawa Citizen wrote on ay 21, 2013:

he anadian rmy tried to cancel the purchase o a new armoured vehicle

feet, wanting to use the $2 billion instead to oset budget cuts that are hurt-

ing its combat readiness.

ut the onservative government decided against scuttling the lose om-

bat ehicle project, worried that the cancellation would give it yet another

military procurement black eye. nstead, it is proceeding with the purchase

o the new armoured ghting vehicles the militarys leadership is not over-

ly keen to acquire.141

ugliese explained that the anadian rmys request came ater a 22 per-cent cutback in the anadian rmys budget, as well as billions o dollars

in contracts to purchase new tactical armoured patrol vehicles or the army,

reurbished eopard tanks, and an upgrade to the militarys feet o light

armoured vehicles. ome senior members o the anadian orces, he re-

ported, saw the lose ombat ehicle (CCV) as something that, while nice

to have, is not essential at a time o cost-cutting.142

he most serious impact o the CCV procurement may be on the an-

adian rmys ability to engage in training. n ecember 2012, t.-ener-

al eter evlin, then the ommander o the anadian rmy, told the en-

ate ommittee on ational ecurity and eence that the real eect on me

with the 22 per cent reduction is that it touches people, inrastructure and

training.143 e said the anadian orces were already training to a lower

level than during the ghanistan mission, with training budgets about 45-

plus per cent lower.144

tuck in a rut, the arper government is pressing ahead with the CCV

procurement. s ugliese reported in ay 2013: ndustry representatives

have been told that a winning bidder has been identied. hat winning com-

pany will be announced when it suits the onservative governments pub-

lic relations plan.145

he announcement may be imminent. reasury oard, the cabinet com-

mittee that needs to provide nal approval or the contract, is meeting to-

morrow, eptember 19, 2013. ill the arper government persist in ignor-

ing the advice o the anadian rmy?


25/40

Stuck in a Rut 25

Cc

or some, the arper governments recent cutbacks on deence spending

have raised the spectre o another decade o darkness with regard to mil-

itary procurement.146 ut it is not as i the government has stopped spend-

ing on military equipment. he problem, instead, is that it is spending themoney unwisely, on equipment including lose ombat ehicles which are

designed to accompany troops into the symmetrical wars o the last century.

he impact o this mistaken approach is compounded when the billions o

dollars being spent on outmoded and thereore not particularly useul equip-

ment result in deep cutbacks to training or todays complex counterinsur-

gency (COIN) missions. the anadian rmy is to remain available or de-

ployment, and i our soldiers are to be eective and sae, training must be

an ongoing priority.

nd so we conclude:

The CCV is based on outdated old War tank doctrine.

The CCV would duplicate a capability anada already possess-

es as a result of the recent LAV III upgrades.

The anadian rmy does not want this $2 billion procurement.

The Harper government should not proceed with the CCV pro-

curement.


26/40


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28/40


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Stuck in a Rut 31

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at http://www.ottawacitizen.com/business/rmy+tried+scuttle+combat+vehicle+purchase+

amid+deep+cuts/8416041/story.html (accessed 6 eptember 2013).

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tone, ajor . raig. n xamination o the rmoured ersonnel arrier eplacement roject.

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vo2/no2/doc/59-66-eng.pd(accessed 6 eptember 2013).

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ate ommittee on ational ecurity and eence: ssue 11 vidence eeting o ecember

3, 2012, available at http://www.parl.gc.ca/content/sen/committee/411//11-49878-.


allace, ichael. eopard anks and the eadly ilemmas o the anadian ission in ghan-

istan, ebruary 2007, available at http://www.policyalternatives.ca/sites/deault/iles/uploads/

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Notes

eence-erospace.com, he ank eplacement roject, available at http://www.deense-

aerospace.com/article-view/eature/110383/canada-details-tank-replacement-project.html (ac-


bid.

ee, e.g., teven Komarow, anks take a beating in raq, USA Today, 29 arch 2005, avail-

able at http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2005-03-29-abrams-tank-a_x.htm(ac-

cessed 10 eptember 2013); aron ehta, he rmy tank that could not be stopped, he entre

or ublic ntegrity, 30 uly 2012, available at http://www.publicintegrity.org/2012/07/30/10325/

army-tank-could-not-be-stopped (accessed 10 eptember 2013)

4 avid ugliese, rmy tried to scuttle combat vehicle purchase amid deep cuts, Ottawa Cit-izen, 21 ay 2013 available at http://www.ottawacitizen.com/business/rmy+tried+scuttle+c

ombat+vehicle+purchase+amid+deep+cuts/8416041/story.html (accessed 6 eptember 2013).

tanding enate ommittee on ational ecurity and eence, roceedings o the tanding

enate ommittee on ational ecurity and eence: ssue 11 vidence eeting o ecember

3, 2012, available at http://www.parl.gc.ca/content/sen/committee/411//11-49878-.


6 ajor-eneral einz uderian,chtung Panzer!: The Development o rmoured Forces, Their

Tactics and Operational Potential (ondon: assell ublishing, 2000).

anadianoldiers.com, ain attle ank, available at http://www.canadiansoldiers.com/

vehicles/tanks/mainbattletanks.htm (accessed 6 eptember 2013).

bid.

bid.

bid.

bid.
http://www.defense-aerospace.com/article-view/feature/110383/canada-details-tank-replacement-project.htmlhttp://www.defense-aerospace.com/article-view/feature/110383/canada-details-tank-replacement-project.htmlhttp://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2005-03-29-abrams-tank-a_x.htmhttp://www.publicintegrity.org/2012/07/30/10325/army-tank-could-not-be-stoppedhttp://www.publicintegrity.org/2012/07/30/10325/army-tank-could-not-be-stoppedhttp://www.ottawacitizen.com/business/Army+tried+scuttle+combat+vehicle+purchase+amid+deep+cuts/8416041/story.htmlhttp://www.ottawacitizen.com/business/Army+tried+scuttle+combat+vehicle+purchase+amid+deep+cuts/8416041/story.htmlhttp://www.parl.gc.ca/content/sen/committee/411/SECD/11EV-49878-E.HTMhttp://www.parl.gc.ca/content/sen/committee/411/SECD/11EV-49878-E.HTMhttp://www.canadiansoldiers.com/vehicles/tanks/mainbattletanks.htmhttp://www.canadiansoldiers.com/vehicles/tanks/mainbattletanks.htmhttp://www.canadiansoldiers.com/vehicles/tanks/mainbattletanks.htmhttp://www.canadiansoldiers.com/vehicles/tanks/mainbattletanks.htmhttp://www.parl.gc.ca/content/sen/committee/411/SECD/11EV-49878-E.HTMhttp://www.parl.gc.ca/content/sen/committee/411/SECD/11EV-49878-E.HTMhttp://www.ottawacitizen.com/business/Army+tried+scuttle+combat+vehicle+purchase+amid+deep+cuts/8416041/story.htmlhttp://www.ottawacitizen.com/business/Army+tried+scuttle+combat+vehicle+purchase+amid+deep+cuts/8416041/story.htmlhttp://www.publicintegrity.org/2012/07/30/10325/army-tank-could-not-be-stoppedhttp://www.publicintegrity.org/2012/07/30/10325/army-tank-could-not-be-stoppedhttp://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2005-03-29-abrams-tank-a_x.htmhttp://www.defense-aerospace.com/article-view/feature/110383/canada-details-tank-replacement-project.htmlhttp://www.defense-aerospace.com/article-view/feature/110383/canada-details-tank-replacement-project.html


33/40

Stuck in a Rut 33

12 oyal dmonton egiment ilitary useum, Kosovo, 2010, available at http://www.

lermuseum.org/en/canadas-military-history/1945-to-present/kosovo/ (accessed 6 eptember 2013).

illiam . erry, esert torm and eterrence,Foreign fairs 70 (all 1991), 69.

14 ederation o merican cientists, VIII HYPERWAR: he egacy o DESERT STORM, avail-

able at http://www.as.org/spp/aircrat/part08.htm (accessed 10 eptember 2013).

.. ason, he ir ar in the ul, urvival 33 (ay/une 1991): 211229.

16 ilitary actory.com, eopard 1 MBT ain attle ank, available at http://www.

militaryactory.com/armor/detail.asp?armor_id=58 (accessed 6 eptember 2013).

anadianoldiers.com, ain attle ank.

ilitary actory.com, eopard 1 MBT ain attle ank.


20 rmy uide, eopard 1, available at http://www.army-guide.com/eng/product3489.html


bid.


ilitary oday, rizzly AP C, available at http://www.military-today.com/apc/grizzly_apc.

htm (accessed 6 eptember 2013).

24 ilitary oday, ison APC, available at http://www.military-today.com/apc/bison.htm


25 bid.; see also anadian rmy, ison rmoured ehicle 10 uly 2013, available at http://www.

army-armee.orces.gc.ca/en/vehicles/bison-armoured-vehicle.page ? (accessed 6 eptember 2013).

6 ajor . raig tone, n xamination o the rmoured ersonnel arrier eplacement ro-

ject, Canadian Military Journal ummer 2001, p. 60 available at http://www.journal.orces.gc.ca/

vo2/no2/doc/59-66-eng.pd(accessed 6 eptember 2013).

rmy uide, -495, available at http://www.army-guide.com/eng/product4317.html

28 overnment o anada, 1994 hite aper on eence, 1994, p. 6 available at http://

publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2012/dn-nd/3-6-1994-eng.pd

29 ndustry anada, ight rmoured ehicle - rmoured ersonnel arrier (LAV - AP C), 12 u-

gust 2008, available at http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/043.ns/eng/00021.html

ilitary-oday.com, LAV II I Kodiak rmoured ersonnel arrier, 1 anuary 2013, available

at http://www.military-today.com/apc/kodiak.htm (accessed 6 eptember 2013).

bid.

32 anadian rmy, ight rmoured ehicle (LAV) II I), 28 une 2013, http://www.army-armee.

orces.gc.ca/en/vehicles/light-armoured-vehicle.page? (accessed 6 eptember 2013).

avid ugliese, LAV-3 pgrade till a riority or anada, 17

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