Struggles in Africa
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Transcript of Struggles in Africa
Struggles in Africa
Chapter 17Section 2
South Africa
Apartheid in South Africa In the 1950s and 1960s, many new nations
won independence in Africa Several other African nations suffered internal
conflicts and civil wars In 1910, South Africa achieved self-rule from
Britain Most civil rights, however, were limited to
white settlers The black majority had few rights under a legal
system of racial segregation called apartheid
Apartheid
Apartheid Laws Prohibited marriages between white people and people
and non-white people Prohibited adultery between white and non-white
people Required every South African to be racially classified Forced separation between races through the creation
of residential areas designated for certain races Prevented black Africans from performing skilled work in
any areas except those designated for black occupation
Apartheid Laws Led to the removal of Coloureds from the common
voters' roll Gave the Minister of Native Affairs the ability to displace
blacks from public and privately owned land and to place them in resettlement camps
Created black homelands Forced black people to carry identification (which
included a photograph, place of origin, employment record, tax payments, and encounters with the police)
at all times
Apartheid Laws Prohibited black people to go on strike Prevented black students from attending white
Universities Removed black South African citizenship and required
all black people to become a citizen of the homeland
designated for his/her ethnic group
Houses in Soweto, a Black Township
“Blacks, Coloureds & Asians”
Apartheid in South Africa Under apartheid, nonwhites faced many
restrictions For example, laws banned marriages between
races and stipulated segregated restaurants, beaches, and schools
ANC The African National Congress (ANC) opposed
apartheid and led the struggledfor majority rule In 1960 police gunned down 69 people during a
protest in Sharpeville, a black township The government then outlawed the ANC Nelson Mandela, an ANC leader, was
sentenced to life imprisonment
Nelson Mandela
The anniversary of the Sharpeville Massacre of March 21, 1960 has been designated as a day against racial discrimination and for human rights. The apartheid police on this day slaughtered 69 Africans and wounded many others. The liberation movements were banned in South Africa in the immediate aftermath of the carnage
Sharpeville
End to Apartheid In the 1980s, international demands for an end
to apartheid and for Mandela’s release increased
In 1984, Bishop Desmond Tutu won the Nobel Peace Prize for his nonviolent opposition to apartheid
In 1990, South African president F.W. de Klerk ended apartheid and freed Mandela, who was elected president in 1994
Bishop Desmond Tutu
F.W. de Klerk
Portugal in Africa South Africa’s neighbors also experienced long
conflicts to attain independence Portugal granted independence to Angola and
Mozambique in 1975 South Africa and the United States saw the
new nations as threats because some liberation leaders had ties to the ANC or the Soviet Union
Angola and Mozambique
Rwanda After independence, ethnic conflicts plagued many
nations Historic resentments divided nations, and regional
rivalries fed ethnic violence In Rwanda, one of Africa’s deadliest wars occurred There, the Hutus were the majority but the
minority Tutsis dominated Rwanda In 1994, extremist Hutus slaughtered about
800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus
Rwanda
Rwanda Genocide Victims
Rwanda (continued) Another 3 million Rwandans lost their homes In response, world leaders pledged to stop genocide
wherever it may occur Their power to do this, however, was limited
Darfur
In Sudan, non-Muslim, non-Arab rebels in the south battled Arab Muslims from the north
This war, drought, and famine caused millions of deaths
Finally, southern rebels signed a peace agreement in 2004
In 2004, however, ethnic conflict spread to Darfur in western Sudan
This conflict raises fears of a new genocide
Powerpoint Questions (13 points)
1. What term is given to the legal system of racial segregation?
2. What were black people force to carry at all times?
3. What public areas were segregated? (3 points)
4. What were blacks prevented from attending?
5. What happened in Sharpeville on March 21, 1960?
6. Who was the imprisoned leader of the African National Congress (ANC?)
Powerpoint Questions (13 points)
7. Who was Desmond Tutu?
8. Who was F.W. de Klerk? What did he accomplish?
9. What two ethnic groups fought each other in Rwanda?
10. What is the term for the ethnic cleansing of a population?
11. What happened in 1994 in Rwanda?
The End