Structure of English Review Mat June 2011

7/29/2019 Structure of English Review Mat June 2011

1/162

Structure of EnglishLET Review

for 2011

ALICE M. KARAANFormer Head, Department of

English


2/162

Basic sentence patterns

N1 be N1 N be Adj

N be UW N InV N1 TrV N2

N1 TrV N2 N3

N1 TrV N2 N2


3/162

VERBS


4/162

Semantic/notional definition

Denotes an action or state of being


5/162

Progresssive, dynamic and stativeverbs

The progressive forms of a verb indicate thatsomething is happening or was happening or willbe happening

Dynamicverbs are verbs that show qualitiescapable of change.

Stative verbs show qualities not capable ofchange

The progressive forms occur only with dynamicverbs.


6/162

Examples of dynamic and stativeverbs

Dynamic

Activity verbs: ask, eat, play, throw

Process verbs: change, grow, deteriorate Verbs of bodily sensation: ache, feel, hurtsStative

Verb of inert perception or cognition: hear,prefer, believe Relational verbs: be, equal, need, own


7/162

Examples

Theyswimin the warm pool every day.

The babyappearshealthy.

The temperature in Baguio Cityiscolderthan Tagaytay.


8/162

Other distinctions

Verbplan, begins, ranVerb phrasewill be planning, hasseen

Auxiliary (helping) and main verb

Didyou join the torch parade?

The club membersarepreparing for theannual fair.

My motherhasleft for a job abroad.


9/162

Finite and non-finite verbs

Theyhave formedthree teams to searchfor the jewels taken from the vault last

night.

Reading is a worthwhile activity.


10/162

Ways of identifying verbs: form

Inflectional suffixes

-s 3rd person sg. present tense

-ed simple past-en past participle

-ing present participle

Derivational affixes

bathe, beautify, colonize, lengthen, strive

ripen, save, solemnize, solidify


11/162

Position

The law enforcers arecautious.

They workefficiently.

They implement their plans.

Usually follow nouns and may be followedin turn by adverbs, adjectives, and othernouns.


12/162

Types of verbs

Linking verbs: what follows the verbrelates back to the subject

Weareteachers. (N1 LV N1)

Webecomemolders of minds.

The childrenseemscared. (N LV Adj)


13/162

Types of verbs

Intransitive verbs: take no followingobject

The teamwon. (N IV)

Transitive verbs: require an object

My fatherraisesrabbits. (N1 TV N2)


14/162

Types of verbs

Prepositional verbs: require aprepositional phrase to be complete

Iglancedat the mirror.


15/162

Types of transitive verbs

Monotransitive: takes one object (directobject)

My fatherraisesrabbits. (N1 TV N2)


16/162


Ditransitive : takes two objects (direct andindirect)

The postmandelivereda package to mysister. (N1 TV N2 N3)

The postmangavemy sister a package.(N1 TV N3 N2)


17/162


Complex transitive: takes two objects,but what follows the direct object relates

back to it

The classelectedJose their

representative. (N1 TV N2 N2)


18/162

Regular verbs forms:unmarked

Simplepresent

Simplepast

Pastparticiple

Presentparticiple

work/s worked worked working

dance/s danced danced dancing


19/162

Irregular verb forms: marked

Simplepresent

Simplepast

Pastparticiple

Presentparticiple

break/s broke broken breaking

come/s came come coming

find/s found found finding

hit/s hit hit hitting


20/162

Tense and aspect

1. Tense gives information about the time when anevent takes place.

Present / Past / Future

2. Aspect gives information on completion and durationof an event.

Simple / Progressive / Perfect / Perfect progressive


21/162

Meaning of the aspects

1. Simple aspect= complete; unchanging nature; immediate

factuality/strong prediction

2. Perfect aspect= prior/before

3. Progressive aspect= incomplete; changing


22/162

Verb tense and aspect forms

Simple

-s /

Perfect

have -en

Progressive

be -ing

Perfect Prog.

have -en +

be -ing

Present work/works

write/writes

has/haveworked

has/havewritten

is/areworking

is/arewriting

has/havebeen

working

has/havebeen writing


23/162

Verb tense and aspect forms

Simple Perfect Progressive Perfect

Progressive

Past worked

wrote

had worked

had written

was/wereworking

was/werewriting

had beenworking

had beenwriting

Future will/shall

work

will/shallwrite

will/shall

have worked

will/shallhave written

will/shall

be working

will/shallbe writing

will/shall

have beenworking

will/shallhave been

writing


24/162

Present tense/Presenthabitual

Not usually used to describe present time Describes activities and states which are

generally and universally true The tense for description, definition, and

statements of general truth

Used for repeated habitual actions Common time markers: always, usually,often, sometimes, occasionally, seldom,rarely, hardly ever, never.


25/162

Hewalksto schoolevery day.

habitual action in thepresent

Waterfreezesat 0degrees centigrade.

general timeless truth

There isa large store atthe corner.

a state/condition

If Alanpassesthe bar

exam, he will practicelaw.

subordinate clause of

conditional


26/162

Ihavea meeting next

week.

future

Now Iaddthree eggs tothe mixture.

present action indemonstration/

procedure

So hestandsup on the

boat andwaveshishands to catch ourattention.

narration - historical

present


27/162

The simple past tense

1. Most basic use: To describe one completedaction in the past

Common time markers:- yesterdayand its combinations (yesterday

morning)- combinations with last (last night)- combinations with ago (two days ago)- specific points in time with the prepositions

in, on, and at (in 1964, on Monday, at 9:15)


28/162

Simple past

2. A series of verbs in the past tense is oftenused to tell about events that happen

quickly, one right after the other

Markers of chronological sequence to tellthe order of actions:

first, second, almost immediately,before, after, then, next, finally


29/162

Simple past

3. Can also describe a period of time in the

past, which began and ended in the past.

Time markers which show length of thetime period:

for (for 120 million years)from to (from 120 million years to 50

million years ago)


30/162


31/162

Past habitual: used to

Can describe a state or an activity which lasted for aperiod of time

For many years, camelsused tobe the only formof transportation in the desert.

Can also describe repeated, habitual actions for a periodof time in the past

Heused toride horses every day before he soldthem all.

Statements with used toare no longer true of thepresent.


32/162

The simple future tense with will

Describes actions, activities, and states in thefuture.

Common time markers:Combinations- with next (next year)

- with in (in two days, in the future)

- with from now (ten years from now, sixweeks from now)


33/162

Examples of the simple futuretense

Joelwill takethe boardexam next month.

definite future time

After this month, Iwilltakea public transportto and from school.

future habitual action

If you leave, youllbesorry. in the main clause[result] of futureconditionals


34/162

The simple future tense withbe + going to +verb

Future predictions like will, but more informalImgoing to be66 next year.

Future intentions (based on prior decision)Jose and Nenaare going to getmarried inDecember.

Future certainty based on current condition orpresent evidence

Ricais going to havea baby.


35/162

The present perfect tense

1. An action has been completed before thepresent time. This action has an effect on thepresent situation.

Common time markers: already, not yet, andjust

My brothershave just returnedfrom abasketball game.


36/162

Present perfect

2. Shows an activity or a state that has continuedfor a period of time, from a point in the pastuntil the present. The action is not completed.

Theyhave visitedeach other every monthfor 15 years.

Time markers:

- for (for many years)- since (since they were children)


37/162

Examples of the present perfecttense

Ihave beena teachersince 1964.

began at a prior point intime and continues tothe present

I have[already]readthat book.

action occurring at anunspecified prior time

Jeanhasjustfinishedher homework. very recently completedaction


38/162

The past perfect tense

1. Shows an action which was completed before a secondaction/time in the past. One point in time serves as areference point. Everything that comes before it is inthe past perfect tense.

The shiphadalreadyreceivedsix ice warnings onits radio [when it struck the iceberg].

The passengershadnotyetreceivedtheir lifeboatnumbers, norhadtheypracticedlifeboat drills

[before the accident].

[When the Titanic hit the iceberg], the radio officeron the Californianhadjustgoneto bed.


39/162

Past perfect

2. May be used to describe an activity or a stateover a period of time

Common time markers show both the length of

time (for an hour, up to that time, the wholetime) and the time of the second action in thepast (when the doctor came)

The familyhad waitedfor an hour [whenthe doctor came].


40/162

Past perfect

3. May be used to show habitual or repeatedaction in a time period (every day for threedays, from time to time)

Marios motherhad givenhim medicineevery day for three days [before she broughthim to the hospital].


41/162

Examples of the past perfecttense

Hehadleftbefore Icouldofferhim a ride.

completed in the pastprior to some other pastaction

If Sallyhad studiedharder, she would havepassed the exam.

imaginative conditionalin the subordinateclause [referring to the

past]


42/162

The future perfect tense

1.To show a completed action which happensbefore a second action in the future. The futureperfect is used with the action that happensfirst.

The other action is often introduced by a timewords such as when, by the time, or beforeandtakes a present tense.

The mechanicswill have checkedtheracing car [when it leaves the pit].


43/162

Future perfect

2. Can describe a state, an activity, or a period oftime before a second action in the future.Usually two time markers appear in thesentences: one for the length of time, and onefor the end point.

He will have run for three hours(duration)

by the time he finishes. (endpoint)


44/162

Examples of the future perfecttense

Iwill have finishedthis review by 12oclock.

future action completedprior to a specific

future actionThe Albaswill havemarriedbefore theirgraduation in June next year

state that will becompleted in the future

prior to some otherfuture time/event


45/162

The present progressive tense

Describes present time. It is used for actions which arehappening in the present and for a period of time whichincludes the present.

Time markers are not always used. The tense isunderstood to meanright nowora period of timeincluding right now.

Other time markers for present time:- combinations with

-- this (this week, this term, this year)-- these (these days)

- today- tonight


46/162

Present progressive

The girlis holdinga kite. Shes runningas fast as she can, and the kiteis rising

into the air. While running, sheslettingout string.

Examples of present progressive


47/162

Examples of present progressivetense

The examineesarereviewingright now.

activity in progress

Hes studyinggeology inJapan.

extended present; action willend

Sheis livingwith hercousin.

temporary situation

The birdis hoppingin theyard.

iteration/repetition

My unclesare comingtomorrow.

future; event is planned

Ellais becomingmore andmore like her mother.

change in progress


48/162

The past progressive tense

Rarely used by itself.

Rather used to describe what was taking placewhen another activity happened in the past.

Usually joined to another clause in the pastcontinuous or in the past tense.

Shewas watchingTV, while her brotherswere playing chess.The childrenwere playingin the yard whentheir parents arrived.


49/162

Examples of the past progressive tense

Hewas watchingTV at 12last night.

in progress at a specificpoint of time in the

past

Karenwas washingherhair when the phone rang.

past action simultaneouswith another event

stated in the past


50/162

The future progressive tense

Generally used to set up a background activity that is inprogress when another action takes place.

Shewill be cookingin the kitchen, when herchildren arrives from school.

When is often used to introduce another future action ata specific point in time.

Often used with specific time markers (e.g., clock time)

to tell what a person will be doing in the future.Combination with:- at (at 5:00)- next (next year)- in (in two days)


51/162

Examples of the future progressivetense

Hewill be takingatest at 8:00 tomorrowmorning.

action in progress at aspecific time in future

Corawill be workingon her thesis for thenext two years

duration of some specificfuture time

.


52/162

Uses of the present perfectprogressive

Berthas been going outwith Jam.

habit started in the past,continues up to the present[and possibly into the

future])Ihave been readingthatbook.

an action in progress that isnot yet completed

The studentshave beengettingbetter and better. state that changes over time


53/162

Uses of the past perfectprogressive

Carolhad beenworkinghard, so her

doctor told her to take avacation.

action taking place overa period of time in the

past prior to some otherpast event)

Wehad been planningto vacation in that place,but changed our mindsafter receiving the scarynews.

past action in progressinterrupted by a morerecent past action)


54/162

Uses of the future perfect

progressive

(durative or habitual action taking place inthe present and will continue into the

future up until or through a specific time)

Hewill have been keepinga diary

for 10 years next time.

S bj t V b A t


55/162

Subject-Verb Agreement

1. Our school team has won all itsgames.Our school team have won all theirgames.

2. No news is good news.Physics is a difficult subject.

Wales is a lovely to visit.

3. Good Expectations was written by Dickens.The Ten Commandments is a wonderful movie.

4. A pair of trousers is on the sofa.Bens trousers are on the sofa.


56/162


5. A number of students have dropped the course.

The number of students in this school is 2,000.

6. One half of the toxic waste has escaped.Fifty percent of the toxic waste has escaped.

Two thirds of the students are satisfied with the

class.Sixty percent of the students are satisfied with theclass.

S bj b


57/162


7. The great majority is helpless.A majority of my friends advise it.The majority was/were determined to pressits/theirvictory.

8. 1,000 kilometers is long distance.2 million dollars is a lot of money.5 years is long time to be away from home.

(one entity)


58/162


9. 10 miles are to be added to this freeway nextyear.20 pesos are on the table in the kitchen.3 years are missing from this set of calendars.

(more than one entity)

10. One plus one is/equals two. (1 + 1 = 2)Four minus two is/equals two.

Two times two is/equals four.Ten divided two is/equals five.(perceived as a single numerical entity on bothsides of the entity)


59/162


11. A lot ofnonsensewas published about thatincident.A lot ofpeoplewere present when it happened.

12. Noneof the toxic wastehas escaped.None of the negotiationsis likely to succeed.

(none = one)None of the boysare here. (informal)

All (of) the wateris polluted.All (of) (the) studentshave arrived.


60/162


13. One of my friends is here.Each of my friends is here.

Every one of my friends is here.

14. Every man, woman, and child needslove.

Each book and magazine is listed in the card

catalogue.Each and every student has a textbook


61/162


15. The book on political parties is interesting.

My dog, as well as my cats, likes cat food.

The book that I got from my parents isinteresting.

16. Growing flowers is her hobby.

S bj V b A


62/162


17. The ideas in that bookare interesting.

The pens that I bought at the bookstore

were expensive.

18. There is a book on the shelf.

There are no books on the shelf.

Theres some books on the shelf. (informal)


63/162


19. The United States is big.

The Philippines consists of more

than 7,000 islands.

The United Nations has its

headquarters in New York City.


64/162


20. English is spoken in many countries.Chinese is his native language.

21. The English drinktea.The Chinese have an interesting history.

The poor have many problems.

The rich get richer.

S bj t V b A t


65/162


22. These people are from Canada.The police have them called.

Cattle are domestic animals.

23. Either my sister or my brothers are going todo it.

Either my brothers or my sister is going to do

it.


66/162


24. Ella is one of those rare individuals whohave finished their M.A.

25. Neither of them is available to speak rightnow.

Either of us is capable of doing the job.


67/162

Auxiliary/Helping verbs

Modal- true modals

- phrasal modals

Non-modal- be: am, is, are, was, were, will be

- have: has, have, had

- do: do, does, did

These forms serve as operator verbs.


68/162


69/162

Non-modal auxiliaries

1. The graduates are reviewing for the LET.

2. They have learned a lot while in college.

3. Do they feel confident of passing the

exam?


70/162

MODALS

AND PHRASAL MODALS


71/162

Modals and Phrasal Modals

True Modals Phrasal Modals

can, could be able to

will, shall be going to, be about tomust have to, have got to

should, ought to be to, be supposed to

would (= past habit) used to

may, might be allowed to, bepermitted to

Distinguishing Characteristics


72/162

Distinguishing Characteristics

True Modals Phrasal Modals

Do not inflect

canpass

Inflect

am/is/areable to pass

Lack tense and S-Vagreement

We/Hecanpass thetest.

S-V agreement ruleapplies

Heisable/Weareableto pass the test.

No infinitive marker tobefore the main verb

muststudy hard

Infinitive marker toprecedes the main verb

has/have/hadto

study hard


73/162


74/162


75/162

Voice

ActiveThe janitor openedthe gate.

PassiveThe gate was openedby the janitor.

MiddleThe gate opened.

Verbs which express all three voices areergative verbs.


76/162

NOUNS


77/162

Form and position

1. Inflections

-s plural

-s possessive/genitive

2. Derivational Affixes

protest, post-test, exhale, superman

entertainment, implementation, clarity, happiness

3. Position

Frequently preceded by determiners


78/162


79/162

Functions of nouns

1. The guest is amiable. (subject)

2. He is my hero. (subject complement: predicatenoun)

3. They are excited. (subject complement:predicate adjective)

4. Mother gave a gift to the orphan. (direct

object)Mother gave the orphana gift.

F ti f


80/162

Functions of nouns

5. They elected Mario president. (objectcomplement)

6. Baguio City, the summer capital of thePhilippines, is no longer as beautiful as it wasbefore. (appositive)

7. Friends, shall we play tennis tomorrow?(vocative/noun of address)

8. PNU is at the corner of Taft Avenue and AyalaBoulevard. (object of the preposition)

No n pl rals


81/162

Noun plurals

1. Irregular plural formsfoot-feet ox-oxen

mouse-mice child-children

2. -o ending nouns

heroheroes potatopotatoes kilokilos pianopianos zerozeros/zeroes

volcanovolcanos/volcanoesmosquitomosquitos/mosquitoes

Noun plurals


82/162

Noun plurals3. Have the same singular and plural form

one deer two deeronespecies two speciesoneseries two series

4. Have foreign plurals (borrowed)criterion criteriafungus fungiformula formulae/formulasappendix appendices/appendixes

analysis analyses` curriculum curricula


83/162

Noun plurals

No plural formbaggage equipment personnelfurniture jewelry information

Always pluraltrousers scissors pliers

-ics endingsg. physics mathematics linguisticspl. athletics acrobatics acoustics


84/162

Noun plurals

Hyphenated or compound nouns

mothers-in-law editors-in-chiefofficers-in-charge


85/162

Noun possessive (genitive)

Two possible forms, if the singular nounends ins:

- Add an apostrophe and -s

ThomasThomassbook

- Add only an apostrophe

ThomasThomasbook


86/162

Noun possessive (genitive)

Phrases of timea months pay seasons greetings

Certain idiomsat arms length our moneys worth

Higher animals

a dogs life a birds nest


87/162


88/162


89/162

Common noncount nouns

Abstractions

beauty, advice, time, homework, news

Languages

English, Spanish, Arabic

Fields of study

chemistry, engineering, history,literature


90/162

Common noncount nouns

Recreation

baseball, tennis, chess, poker

Activitiesdriving, studying, swimming

Natural phenomena

weather, fog, heat, humidity, lightning,

rain, thunder


91/162

DETERMINERS

Order of determiners


92/162

Order of determiners

Pre-Det Core Det Post-Det Adj NounQUANTIFIERS

all

both

half

MULTIPLIERS

twice

four times

ARTICLES

a/an, the

POSS. ADJECTIVES

my/your/his

DEMONSTRATIVES

This/these

NOUN POSSESSIVES

INDEFINITE WORDS

some, any, no,

each

CARDINALNUMBERS

One/two

ORDINALNUMBERS

First/second

QUANTIFIERS

little, some,

most

young boys

Classification of nouns and


93/162

Classification of nouns andarticles

Nouns: common / proper Common nouns: count / noncount (mass)

Count nouns: singular / plural Noncount nouns: no number distinction

Articles: definite (the)indefinite (a, an, some)

i l


94/162

Article use

Nouns

Common Proper

Count Noncount

sg. pl. sg. pl.

Definite the the the 0 the

Indefinite

a/an some/0 some/0


95/162


96/162

Concepts

1. Refer to or replace NPs within a text or as

direct reference to an outside situation

2. Occupy the same position as NPs

3. Kinds: subject, object, possessive,demonstrative, reflexive, indefinite,

reciprocal, relative


97/162


98/162


99/162

A studentshould always dohis/herassignment.

Studentsshould always dotheirassignments.

Agreement with generic nouns


100/162

Agreement with generic nounsand indefinite pronouns

everyoneeverybody

everything

someonesomebody

everything

anyoneanybody

anything

no onenobody

nothing

Somebodyhas lefthisbook on the table.

Everyonehashis or herown ideas.

Somebodylefttheirbook on the table.

Reflexive pronouns


101/162

p o o

Singular Pluralmyself ourselves

yourself yourselves

himself, herself, itself themselves

I saw myself in the mirror.

I looked at myself in the mirror.

*I saw me in the mirror.

E h ti fl i


102/162

Emphatic reflexive pronouns

A: Did someone fax the report to Mr.

Alba?

B: Yes.C: Are you sure?

B: Yes, I myself did it./

I faxed the report to him myself.


103/162

Defining characteristics of


104/162

Defining characteristics ofadjectives

1. Modify or complement nouns

2. Commonly occur between a determiner and anoun, or after be or other linking verbs

3. Inflections:

-er comparative degree-est superlative degree

4. Derivational affixes: - able, -ish, -ful, -ous

Adjective types


105/162

Adjective types

1. Attributive / predicative

The young man is tall.My late father was an honest person.

2. GradableHe is stronger than the other boys.

[less intense] [more intense]somewhat strong, strong, quite strong, very strong, extremely

strong


106/162

Gradable and absolute


107/162

adjectives

Gradabletall taller tallest

polite more polite most politedifficult less difficult least difficult

Absolute(nearly, almost) round(nearly, almost) perfect

Restrictive and non-restrictive


108/162

relative clauses

1. Restrictive: necessary for defining whichnoun is being referred to

The house [which is] decorated by the

Albas is quite unusual.

2. Non-restrictive: not necessary, non-essential, simply adds information

The house,[which is] decorated by theAlbas,is quite unusual.

Pre-nominal/post-nominal


109/162

/padjectives

Pre-nominallovely flowers

a nice big round box

Post-nominal

the trees in the yard

the trees which my father planted


110/162

Kinds of adjectives


111/162

Kinds of adjectives Possessive

my/your/his/our/their tasks

Demonstrativethis/that conceptthese/those generalizations

Interrogativewhat information which housewhose birthday

Indefinitemany fruit/s several participants some places

Order of adjectives


112/162

Order of adjectives

Observation/opinion Size Shape

Age Color Origin Material

Qualifier

pretty small round antique blue Chineseporcelain servingBOWL


113/162


114/162

Distinguishing characteristics


115/162


3. Take different forms:

Adverbial clause:

She cried because she lost her wallet.

Adverbial phrase: She cried very silently.

Prep. phrase: Jason woke up at seven oclock.



116/162


4. Usually flexible in position: sentence initial,medial, or final

Unfortunately, we missed the bus.We missed unfortunately the bus.

We missed the bus unfortunately.


117/162


118/162

CONJUNCTIONS



119/162

g g

1. Conjunctions: words that join

2. Types: coordinating / subordinating

3. Coordinating conjunctions: join elementsthat are grammatical equal; FANBOYS

4. Subordinating conjunctions: also called

adverbial subordinators; join a dependentclause to an independent clause

after, although, because, before, if, since, unless,until, when, while


120/162



121/162


6. Complex sentences undergo either

subordination or embedding.

7. Subordination: (of one clause [dependent] toanother [independent]

Unless we help the calamity victims, they willhave more difficulties.


122/162


123/162

CONDITIONALSENTENCES


124/162


125/162

Factual conditionals


126/162

Tell about things that are always true and neverchange.

Ifyou heat water to 212 Fahrenheit, itboils. (usual word order)

Water boilsifyou heat it to 212Fahrenheit. (ifclause contains newinformation)

When(ever)you mix black and white, youget gray.

Expressing habitual


127/162

relationships

If I cook, my husband washes the dishes.

When(ever) I lied, my mother punishedme.

Basic verb forms used in


128/162

conditional sentences

SITUATION IF-CLAUSE RESULT CLAUSE EXAMPLES

True in thepresent

simple present simple present If you help menow, you are atrue friend.

True in thefuture

OR

Real condition

simple present will + simpleform

If you drivecarefully, youwill have asafe trip.

simple present -ditto- Unless youstudy hard, youwill obtain alow grade.


129/162


130/162


131/162


132/162

REPORTED SPEECH


133/162


134/162


135/162

Pronouns in reported speech


136/162

DS: The students say, We want to go.

RS: The students say (that) they want to go.

DS: Mary said, I want to go.

RS: Mary said that she wanted to go.

DS: Jose asked Pedro," Doyou want to go.

RS: Jose asked Pedroif he wanted to go.


137/162

Reported commands


138/162

DS: The dean said, Register on March 15.

RS: The dean told the students to register onMarch 15.

DS: My uncle always said, Prepare for thefuture.

RS: My uncle always told me/us to prepare forthe future.


139/162


140/162

Parallelism with clausesN ll l


141/162

Not parallel:

Albert liked to spend his time studying in thelibrary, working in the biology laboratory, and atthe soccer game.

Parallel:Albert liked to spend his time in the library, inthe biology laboratory, and at the soccer game.

Albert liked to spend his time studying in thelibrary, working in the biology laboratory, andhanging out at the soccer game.

Parallelism with clauses


142/162

a a e s t c auses

Not parallel:Albert was happy when he was studying math,working on his biology experiments, or to watchsoccer games.

Parallel:Albert was happy when he was studying math,when he was working on his biologyexperiments, or when he was watching soccergames.

Misplaced and danglingmodifiers


143/162

modifiers

* Swinging from tree to tree, we watched the monkeys atthe zoo.

At the zoo, we watched the monkeys swingingfrom tree to tree.

* At the age of eight, my family finally bought a dog.

When I was eight, my family finally bought a dog.

* After a two-hour nap, the train pulled into the station.

After a two-hour nap, I awoke just as the trainpulled into the station.


144/162

YES-NO QUESTIONS

Yes-no questions: modals andbe


145/162

be

Questions with modals

S: You can do that well.

Q: Can you do that well?

S: They should take advantage of the offer.

Q: Should they take advantage of the offer?


146/162

Yes-No questions: haveandother verbs


147/162

Questions with have

S: She has been reviewing for the exam.Q: Has she been reviewing for the exam?

Questions with do

S: Ella has a beautiful voice.

= Ella does have a beautiful voice.Q: Does Ella have a beautiful voice?


148/162

Yes-No questions with do


149/162

q

S: The family prays together.prays = does pray

Q: Does the family pray together?

S: The family members pray together.pray = do pray

Q: Do the family members pray together?

S: The family prayed together.prayed = did prayQ: Did the family pray together?


150/162

TAG QUESTIONS

Tag questions


151/162

g q

1. A tag question comes at the end of a statement.

2. It asks for agreement or disagreement.

3. It is positive after a negative statement and vice versa.

The mail has come today, hasnt it.

The mail hasnt come today, has it?

Its raining, isnt it?

It isnt raining, is it?


152/162

SENTENCE TYPES


153/162

Sentence types


154/162

3. Complex

Alan, [the boy I told you about,] was dischargedlast week.

[As the family has suspected,] their barangaycaptain would not help at all.

The poem [which won the award] pleased thejudges.

4. Compound-complexIt was true [that the building was elevatedabove the flood level], but the water reachedthe floor anyway.


155/162

PREPOSITIONS

Prepositions: place


156/162

lives in a city

in a province

in a country

in a dormitory

in a specific room or apartmenton a street without a number

at a street with a number

at or away from home

Prepositions: place


157/162

landed in Manilaat the NAIA airport

located on the beachon the ocean

on the plains

on the river, bay, lake

at the shore

in the mountains

in the desert

Prepositions: time


158/162

comes as early/late/soon as possibleat ten oclockon time

in time for class

up to 15 minutes lateafter/before 10:00

Prepositions: time


159/162

visited in Mayin 2008in May 2008on May 3

on May 3, 2008on Wednesdayin the morning, eveningat noon, night

took place in the past decadeduring the last ten year

Variation in use


160/162

1. Spatial proximity: a house near/by the lake2. Time/degree approximation: happened

about/aroundtwo oclock3. Telling time: a quarter to/often4. Telling time: a quarter after/pastten5. Location along something: the towns

on/alongthe river6. In a time period: It happened in/during

1998.

7. Temporal termination: work from 9until/till/to5

8


161/162

8. Location lower than something:below/beneath/under/underneaththe stairs

9. Location higher than something:above/overthe table

10. Location in/at the rear of something:behind/in back ofthe door

11. Location adjacent: next to/besidethestream


162/162

Once again,

I wish you all the luck in thecoming LET!

If others can make it there WONTbe any reason why you cant

Structure of English Review Mat June 2011

Documents

Transcript of Structure of English Review Mat June 2011