Structure of Biological Materials - ece.mcmaster.caibruce/courses/EE3BA3_2012/EE3BA3notes/EE3BA3...2...
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ELEC ENG 3BA3:
Structure of Biological Materials
Notes for Lecture #15 Wednesday, October 31, 2012
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5.3 Artificial organs Some of the main chemical producing or processing organs of the body that are candidates for artificial replacements include the:
– kidneys, – liver, – pancreas, – glands, and – organs of the GI tract.
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Classes of artificial organs:
Include:
– non-biological chemical processing plants
– bioartificial organs using modified xenografts or allografts
– tissue-engineered organs
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Classes of artificial organs (cont.):
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Housing of artificial organs:
– The majority of totally-artificial and bioartificial organs are too large to be implanted in the body ) extracorporeal housing
– Intracorporeal housing is only possible with smaller totally-artificial & bioartificial organs and tissue-engineering organs
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Examples of totally-artificial organs:
– Hemodialysis (artificial kidney)
– Artificial pancreas
– Liver dialysis
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Filtration and dialysis by normal kidneys:
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Artificial hemodialysis:
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Artificial hemodialysis (cont.):
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Implantable artificial pancreas:
(Medtronic MiniMed 2007)
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Liver dialysis:
Molecular Adsorbent Recirculation (MARS)
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Liver dialysis (cont.):
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Examples of bioartificial organs:
– Bioartificial liver
– Bioartificial parathyroid gland
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Bioartificial liver:
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Bioartificial liver using human hepatocytes:
(Rahman et al., Artif. Organs 2004)
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Bioartificial liver using porcine hepatocytes:
(Lorenti et al., Artif. Organs 2003)
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Microencapsulation of parathyroid tissue:
(Lee et al., Artif. Organs 2004)
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Requirements for tissue engineering organs:
1. Scaffold (on which to grow the cells)
2. Differentiable cells
3. Correct chemical environment and chemical signalling
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Scaffolding (additive methods):
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Scaffolding (subtractive methods):
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Examples of tissue-engineered organs:
– Liver
– Stomach
– Colon
– Bladder
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Tissue-engineered liver:
(Chan et al., Liver Transpl. 2004)
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Tissue-engineered stomach and colon:
(Maemura et al., ASAIO J. 2004)
(Grikscheit et al., Surgery 2002)