Structure Materials and Properties_2

7/28/2019 Structure Materials and Properties_2

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INTRODUCTION

Construction materials can be

subdivided into two major

categories namely

Structural materials

Non-structural materials

As the name implies, structural

materials are used for fabrication

ofstructural element of a

building namely slab, beams,

columns and foundation.


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INTRODUCTION

Non-structural materials are

used for fabrication ofnon-

structural element of a building

namely brick walls, windows,

doors, railings etc.


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INTRODUCTION

The evolution of materials for

building structure


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INTRODUCTION

In the construction industry today, there are

two common classes ofstructuralmaterials.

Structural

Materials

Concrete Steel
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CONCRETE

Concrete is a composite

material which consists of:

Cement

Aggregate (Coarse and fine)

Water

Additives (superplasticizer, fly

ash etc)


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CONCRETE

The main binder material

which contribute to the

strength properties of concrete

is Portland Cement

In a mass of concrete, the

solidified Portland cement will

hold the aggregates togetherto form a solid composite

material


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CONCRETE

Portland Cement is

originally a powder

material but with the

presence of water, it will

undergo hydration to form

a solid matrix that act as

the main binder inconcrete.


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RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

The fabrication of concrete

structural element involves theplacement and compaction of

fresh concrete mix within the

structural formwork. Hence, the rheological

(workability) properties of

concrete is a majorconsideration to ensure proper

placement and compaction of

concrete mix within the

formwork.


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RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

Slump class Slump in mm

S1 (Low Workability) 10 - 40

S2 (Medium Workability) 50 - 90

S3(Medium-High

Workability)100 -

S4(High Workability) 160-210S5 (Very High Workability) 220

The European Standard EN206-1-2000 prescribed five classes of workability

of concrete as follows.

The workability of concrete is described by the measured slump of concrete

RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF


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RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OFCONCRETE

Higher slump of fresh concrete

indicates higher workability of

the concrete mix.

The degree of workability

required is governed by the

final application of the concrete

mix.

RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF


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RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OFCONCRETE

High workability concrete is

needed when:

The concrete mix has to be

pumped to a great height

(high rise construction)

The steel reinforcements of a

structural member is highlycongested

Other than above, low

workability or medium

workability concrete can be used


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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

Concrete is an anisotropic

material which has dual

mechanical properties

It has a very high load

bearing capacity when

subjected to compressive

load.


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However, concrete is very

weak when subjected to

tension load.

The tension strength of

concrete is only

approximately 10% of its

compressive strength.


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The compressive strength ofconcrete is determined by

crushing a hardened concrete

cube of cylinder using

compressive load

The compressive strength of

concrete, fcu, is defined as:

fcu=Ultimate compressive load/Cross sectional

are of concrete
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The compressive

strength of concrete is

measured in pressure

unit MPa(Megapascal)

The compressive

strength of concreteincreases with the

duration lapsed from

the date of cast.


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Under the classification of the

Eurocode EC 2, concrete is

graded with reference to its

cylinder compressive strengthand cube compressive strength

For instance, concrete grade

C20/25 has 28-days cylindercompressive strength of 20MPa

and cube strength of 25MPa
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In terms of elasticity,

concrete is classified as a

semi-elastic brittle

composite material.

Under compressive load,

the longitudinal

deformation of concretevaries linearly with the

load up to certain strain.
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At the elastic deformation

stage of concrete, the

slope of the stress-strain

curve is the StaticModulus of Elasticity for

the concrete material.


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At higher strain level, the

load no longer varies

linearly with the

longitudinal deformation.

At this stage of

deformation, the concrete

deforms in a plasticmanner.


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When a concrete is

subjected to compressive

stress equal to its

compressive strength, itwill start to crack.

On further loading, the

concrete will be crushed ina brittle manner.
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TESTING AND MEASUREMENT

Slump test

Slump test is performed on fresh

concrete mix sampled from the

pre-mix concrete truck uponarrival at the construction site.

Slump test is performed using the

slump cone method prescribed in

code ofpractice ASTM C143.
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A batch of concrete which

does not comply with the

design slump will have to be

rejected.
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Compressive strength test

Performed on concrete cubes

or cylinder specimens

fabricated using the concretemixed delivered at the site

Normally done on concrete

specimens cured in water for

28 days from the date of cast
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Compressive strength test

Compressive strength test is

performed at the site or testing

institution as a measure of qualitycontrol

Compressive strength test is

performed based on the procedures

described in ASTM C39

***
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STEEL

The type ofsteel used for

fabrication ofstructural

members is a compound of

approximately 98% iron andsmall percentage of carbon,

silicon, manganese,

phosphorus, sulphur,niobium and vanadium.
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STEEL

The increasing carbon

content in steel increases

strength and hardness of

steel but reduces ductilityand toughness.

Hence, carbon content of

steel is restricted to 0.2-

0.25% to produce steel

which is not brittle.
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STEEL

The niobium and vanadium

are introduced to raise the

yield strength of steel.

Structural steel is

impregnated with

manganese to improve its

corrosion resistance.

Sulphur and phosphorus are

impurities during extraction

of iron from its ore.
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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL

The properties of

steel which is the

most important in

the design ofsteelstructure or

reinforced concrete

structure is thetensilestrength and

Youngs modulus.
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The value ofYoungs

Modulus of Steel remains

relatively constant at

210GPa for both strength

grade of steel.


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The value ofYoungs

Modulus of Steel

determines the stiffness

of steel and is an

essential designparameter used in the

calculation ofdeflection

of a steel member in

flexure.
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However, in most cases,

the tension load

capacity ofsteel is

higher as compared toits compression load

capacity.

This is due to thetendency of buckling of

steel when subjected to

compressive load.

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The properties of

steel which is the

most important in

the design ofsteelstructure or

reinforced concrete

structure is thetensilestrength and

Youngs modulus.



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Yield strength of a steel

is the internal stress

level of a steel memberin tension whereby the

steel member ceases to

behave elastically.



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The yield strength of

steel is determined

from the tensilestrength test

performed on steel

specimen in the lab



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In the industrial

application, steel are

graded based on its yield

strength.

For instance steel grade

S450 is the type of steel

which has yield strength of450N/mm2

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There are two common

classes of steel for

structural application

Mild steel (S235 or S250)

High strength grade steel(S450)

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The Yield strength ofhigh

strength grade steel

(S450) is defined as the

stress corresponding to

the intersection pointbetween the stress strain

curve of steel and a 0.2 %

offset line drawn parallel

with the elastic sectionof the stress strain curve.


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CORROSION OF STEEL


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CORROSION OF STEEL

Corrosion of steel is a

major problem ofsteel

structural member or steel

reinforcing bars.

Surface corrosion of steel is

a chemical reaction

between iron, water andoxygen that produces rust.

CORROSION OF STEEL
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CORROSION OF STEEL

Surface corrosion of steel

may result in the reduction

of the effective cross

section of steel member orsteel reinforcement.

This will affect the load

bearing capacity of thesteel structural member

and steel reinforced

concrete structure

CORROSION OF STEEL
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CORROSION OF STEEL

For industrial application threecommon measures taken to

prevent corrosion of steel are:

Surface treatment of steel bars

or steel members with a lead

primer coating

Encasing steel inside concrete

matrix Zinc or aluminium thermal spray

coating on the surface of steel

****

Point of Interest
http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=l7JSRglhgLRNIM&tbnid=0qK-A_svR9zRUM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.mecjodhpur.com/thermal-spray-coating.htm&ei=xv9PUbCrLuWuiQfJ2YDYCQ&psig=AFQjCNFL-Fp7hoOKmvbar0JWuFUiTO5B4w&ust=1364283688203250http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=OZEaxrGhH4aMcM&tbnid=8uJJpBap7tdCOM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://lecture.civilengineeringx.com/structural-analysis/structural-steel/criteria-for-composite-construction/&ei=Z_9PUbWcCMm5iAfI0oDAAw&psig=AFQjCNETMLMCk450-5kudAgXFTQ0dKwMyQ&ust=1364283613651718


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W e l e a d

Point of Interest

Name of building: Ronan Point

Place:East London

Built: 1968

Demolished: 1986

Apparent cause of failure:

Gas stove explosion Actual cause: Substandard

Building materials


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Presented by

DR CHEAH CHEE BAN | SENIOR LECTURER

SCHOOL OF HOUSING BUILDING AND PLANNING
http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=ssFchrU1fj8kTM&tbnid=jQ30IXkuYdRg1M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://imaginefoundation.blogspot.com/2013/01/thank-you-thursday_10.html&ei=WQBQUdjCN4ySiQeb54HADw&psig=AFQjCNE_sNkYHVqW3OQR_AqWP-V7thf3Jg&ust=1364283819977326http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=ssFchrU1fj8kTM&tbnid=jQ30IXkuYdRg1M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://imaginefoundation.blogspot.com/2013/01/thank-you-thursday_10.html&ei=WQBQUdjCN4ySiQeb54HADw&psig=AFQjCNE_sNkYHVqW3OQR_AqWP-V7thf3Jg&ust=1364283819977326http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=ssFchrU1fj8kTM&tbnid=jQ30IXkuYdRg1M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://imaginefoundation.blogspot.com/2013/01/thank-you-thursday_10.html&ei=WQBQUdjCN4ySiQeb54HADw&psig=AFQjCNE_sNkYHVqW3OQR_AqWP-V7thf3Jg&ust=1364283819977326

Structure Materials and Properties_2

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