STRUCTURE & FUNCTION OF CELLS LECTURE #15 MS. DAY HONORS BIOLOGY.
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Transcript of STRUCTURE & FUNCTION OF CELLS LECTURE #15 MS. DAY HONORS BIOLOGY.
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STRUCTURE & FUNCTION OF CELLSLECTURE #15
MS. DAYHONORS BIOLOGY
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CELL THEORY
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CELL TYPESCELL TYPES
Three Basic types of cells include:
Animal Cell(Eukaryote)
Plant Cell(Eukaryote)
Bacterial Cell
(Prokaryote)
**SMALLEST
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ALL CELLS…
Contain 4 basic cell structures:
Cell MembraneCytoplasmRibosomesDNA
**not an organelle
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PROKARYOTES: PROKARYOTES: THE FIRST CELLSTHE FIRST CELLS
Simplest and smallest type of cellEx: bacteria
NO nucleus NO/FEW organelles1 Single, circular chromosome (piece of DNA)
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PROKARYOTESPROKARYOTESNucleoid region (center) contains the DNA (NO nulceus)
Surrounded by cell membrane & cell wall
Contain ribosomes in their cytoplasm to make proteins
Has cilia for reproduction and flagella for movement
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EUKARYOTESAll eukaryotic cells HAVE:a Nucleusmembrane-bound
organelles
These cell types (examples) includes:protistsfungiplantsanimals
More complex type of cells
THINK: “You carry a lot…of
stuff”
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TWO MAIN TYPES OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
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ORGANELLESORGANELLESVery smallPerform various functions for cellMostly found in the cytoplasmMay or may not be membrane-
bound
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BASIC ANIMAL BASIC ANIMAL CELL ORGANELLESCELL ORGANELLES
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Ribosome (attached)Ribosome (free)
Cell Membrane
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
Centrioles
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BASIC PLANT CELL BASIC PLANT CELL ORGANELLESORGANELLES
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CELL OR PLASMA MEMBRANECELL OR PLASMA MEMBRANE(aka: phospholipid bilayer)(aka: phospholipid bilayer)
STRUCTURE Made of double layer (bilayer) of:
phospholipids and proteins Surrounds outside of ALL cellsFUNCTION (JOB) Controls what enters or leaves the cell
Outsideof cell
Insideof cell(cytoplasm)
Cellmembrane
Proteins
Proteinchannel Lipid bilayer
Carbohydratechains
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CELL WALLCELL WALLSTRUCTURE• Found in:• plants
• Made of cellulose• Fungi
• Made of chitin• Bacteria
• Made of different sugar
• NOT IN ANIMAL CELLS!!!
FUNCTION (JOB)• Protect• Maintain shape
Cell wall
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CYTOPLASM CYTOPLASM (aka: cytosol)(aka: cytosol)
STRUCTURE• Jelly-like substance• Mostly water
• aqueous solutionFUNCTION (JOB)• solution for chemical
reactions to take place in
• Holds organelles
cytoplasm
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NUCLEUSNUCLEUSSTRUCTURE• Contains the DNA• Bounded by a
nuclear envelope (membrane) with pores
FUNCTION (JOB)• Controls the normal
activities of the cellNuclear
pores
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NUCLEOLUS
STRUCTUREInside nucleusInside nucleusCell may have Cell may have 1 to 31 to 3DisappearsDisappears when cell when cell
dividesdividesFUNCTION (JOB)Makes ribosomes Makes ribosomes
(ribosomal subunits)(ribosomal subunits)
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STRUCTURE Bean shapeDOUBLE membrane Has its own DNAFUNCTION “Powerhouse” of cell Makes cellular energy
(ATP) using CELLULAR RESPIRATION
MMITOCHONDRIONITOCHONDRION(PLURAL = MITOCHONDRIA)(PLURAL = MITOCHONDRIA)
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CHLCHLOORROOPLASTSPLASTSSTRUCTUREBean shapeDOUBLE membraneHas its own DNA
FUNCTION (JOB)Found only in autotrophsCarries out
photosynthesis
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RIBRIBOSOMESOSOMESSTRUCTUREMade of PROTEINS and rRNAThink: “RIB”s are meat; meat is protein
FUNCTION (JOB)Make proteins
Hooks amino acids to make proteinsProcess called TRANSLATION
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RIBOSOMES (CON’T)RIBOSOMES (CON’T)
Can be attached or bound to
Rough ER
OR
Be free (unattached) in the
cytoplasm
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ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (RER)RETICULUM (RER)
STRUCTUREHas ribosomes on
its surfaceFUNCTION (JOB) Helps to make
proteins for export out of cell
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SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (SER)RETICULUM (SER)
STRUCTURENO ribosomes on its
surfaceUsually attached to
RERHollow tubesFUNCTION (JOB)Makes lipidsDestroys toxins (liver)
22
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GOLGI APPARATUS GOLGI APPARATUS (BODIES)(BODIES)
STRUCTUREStacks of flat sacs (NOT
CONNECTED!)Looks like pancakes with syrup drips“Pankcakes” NOT
connectedFUNCTION (JOB)• Modify• Sort• Package • Molecules for storage OR
transport in vesicles in vesicles
Transport vesicle
“syrup bubble”
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CYTOSKELETONCYTOSKELETONSTRUCTURE Made of proteins Microfilaments are
threadlike Microtubules are tube-
like
FUNCTION (JOB) Help maintain cell shape Help move things around
cell
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CENTRIOLESCENTRIOLES
STRUCTURE In animal cells ONLY Inside CENTROSOMES Paired structures near
nucleus (“t” shape”) Made of microtubules
FUNCTION (JOB) Appear during cell division Help pull chromosomes
apart
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CENTRIOLES & THE MITOTIC SPINDLECENTRIOLES & THE MITOTIC SPINDLE
**Made of MICROTUBULES (Tubulin)
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CILIA & FLAGELLACILIA & FLAGELLASTRUCTUREMade of
microtubules
Cilia Shorter more numerous
Flagella Longer fewer (usually 1-3)
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CILIA & FLAGELLACILIA & FLAGELLAFUNCTION (JOB) of FlagellaMoves WHOLE cells
FUNCTION (JOB) of CiliaMoves fluids, gases or small particles across cell surface
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LYSOLYSOSOMESSOMESSTRUCTURE They have a low pH
(acidic!) Contain Contain digestive digestive
enzymesenzymes
FUNCTION (JOB) Break down/recycle Break down/recycle
food, bacteria &food, bacteria & old old cell partscell parts
Think= “Think= “LysoLysol” l” cleanercleaner
(a) Phagocytosis: lysosome digesting food
1 µm
Lysosome containsactive hydrolytic
enzymes
Food vacuole fuses with lysosome
Hydrolyticenzymes digestfood particles
Digestion
Food vacuole
Plasma membraneLysosome
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Nucleus
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VACUOLESVACUOLESSTRUCTURESacks for storageSmall or absent in
animal cellsPlant cells have a
large Central Vacuole
No vacuoles in bacterial cells
STRUCTUREStorage for water,
food, wastes, enzymes, etc…
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NOW…LET’S PRACTICE