Structure, function and growth of prokaryote and eukaryote cells (ii) Cell growth and Cell cycle...
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Transcript of Structure, function and growth of prokaryote and eukaryote cells (ii) Cell growth and Cell cycle...
![Page 1: Structure, function and growth of prokaryote and eukaryote cells (ii) Cell growth and Cell cycle Interphase Mitosis Mitotic index Control of the cell cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062717/56649e545503460f94b4b8bb/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Structure, function and growth of prokaryote and eukaryote cells
(ii) Cell growth and Cell cycle
• Interphase
• Mitosis
• Mitotic index
• Control of the cell cycle
• Abnormal Cell division: cancer cells
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Cell Cycle
When cells reach a certain size they must stop growing or divide.
The cell cycle is the period from the formation of a new cell until that cell divides itself
The length of the cycle depends on the cell – but is usually 8 – 20 hours
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The Cell Cycle
CK
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Interphase…
G1 (First Gap Period)Cell grows and increases in mass
Cell membrane (+ wall) are increasedNumber of organelles increaseChemical preparation for DNA Synthesis
(enzymes, deoxyribose sugars, nucleotide bases and phosphates synthesised)
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Interphase
S phase (synthesis)Replication of DNA
Chromosomes held together by centromereIn animals centriole pairs duplicate
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Interphase
G2 (Second gap phase)Cell builds up energy reservesIncreased protein synthesis
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Mitosis
Revision – complete the mitosis diagram (note this is from standard grade)
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Mitosis
Compare this to your SG diagram.
Name the stages Interphase Prophase Metaphase Telophase Cytokinesis
What features characterise each stage?
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Mitosis
ProphaseChromosomes condense (coil and fold
up) to become visible. Joins onto spindle fibre
Chromatids in condensed form
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Mitosis – prophase cont…
Cytoskeleton disintegrates (its components (microtubules) are used to
begin spindle formation)
Spindle formation begins between centrosomes (aka Microtubule organising centres – MTOCs)
Nuclear Membrane starts to break up
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Mitosis – prophase cont…
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Mitosis
MetaphaseSpindle continues to grow from
centrosomes (which are now at the poles)
Chromosomes line up across the centre of the cell
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Mitosis – metaphase cont..
Chromosomes attach to the spindle fibre by the kinetochore in the centromere
The arrangement of the chromosomes across the equator is also known as the metaphase plate.
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Mitosis – metaphase cont…
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Mitosis
AnaphaseCentromeres divide
Sister chromatids separate and the chromosomes are pulled to the poles
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Mitosis – anaphase cont…
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Mitosis
TelophaseChromosomes begin to de-condense
Nuclear membrane reforms
Spindle disassembles and reassembles as the cytoskeleton in the 2 new cells
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Mitosis – telophase cont…
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Cytokinesis
Dividing of the cytoplasm and organelles
Animals Cytoplasm is pinched by a ring of contractile
microfilaments (made up of the proteins actin and myosin)
As the ring gets smaller it forms a cleavage furrow
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Cytokinesis cont…
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Cytokinesis cont…
In plantsMembrane vesicles spread across the
equator of the cell.
They merge to form plasma membrane
The new membranes lay down the cell wall between the two cells.
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Cytokinesis cont…
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Mitotic Index
The fraction (or percentage) in a microscope field that contain condensed chromosomes (i.e. Undergoing mitosis)
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Learning Activities
Look at web animations www.biozone.co.uk/links.html
Cell biology – Mitosis / Meiosis – How cells divide
PostersCard sort (pictures / names / descriptions)Read Dart pg 9-14 and take notesUse ScholarAdvanced Higher Questions