Structure 2 Fourth Meeting TTM

8/2/2019 Structure 2 Fourth Meeting TTM

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STRUCTURE 2


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CONJUNCTION TYPESA conjunction is a word that joins two

parts or more of a sentence.There are three types of conjunctions:1. Coordinating Conjunctions

2. Subordinating Conjunctions3. Correlative Conjunctions


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COORDINATING CONJUNCTION: WORDS

Coordinating conjunction (And, Or, But) is used to joinparallel units or words such as: nouns, verbs, adjectivesand adverbs. Parallel units mean the words are at the sametype like nouns with nouns, verbs with verbs, adjectives withadjectives and adverbs with adverbs. Non parallel unitscannot be joined by a coordinating conjunction. A commaused for more than two units.Examples:Nouns: Verbs:

Anton and Toni jumped and ranPens or pencils sing, dance, and playAdjectives: Adverbs:Stupid, careless, but beautiful slowly and carefully

Happy or cheerful quickly but quietly


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COORDINATING CONJUNCTION: PHRASES

Coordinating conjunction (And, Or, But) is used to join twophrases or more. A phrase is a group of related words that doesnot have neither a subject, predicate nor complement.Examples:

The traditional songs and the national anthem. (noun phrase)The swimming girl and the climbing boy. (verbal phrase: presentparticiple)Helped by friends, saved by brothers, and taken care by parents.(verbal phrase: past participle)

My big brother, my mother, and my little sister. (noun phrase)In the classroom or under the trees. (prep phrase)I enjoy eating healthy food and drinking mineral water. (verbalphrase: gerund)

By their own cars but by public transportation. (prep phrase)On vacation or on business. re hrase


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Coordinating conjunction is used to join twoindependent clauses. Coordinating conjunctions forjoining dependent clauses are and, or, and but. Andisto give an additional information. Oris to show an

option/an alternative. Butis to show a contradiction.Examples:I dont know where he left the town, orwhy he wantedto do so.

Even though we have been through hard times, andwe fall so many times, I believe we can bear it.The officers were sure that he robbed the bank, butthey could not find the evidence.

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS: CLAUSES


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Coordinating conjunctions for joining independent

clauses are for, and, but, or, yet, and so. Foris to give areason. Yetis similar to butto show a contradiction. So

is to give an effect.Examples:

Our parents expect us to be behaved children, sotheyeducate us well.The sun shone very brightly, butthe wind blew verycoldly.

He understand the lesson, yethe keeps getting badscores.I love the actor, forhe acts amazingly.The spring has just started, andthe flowers begin toblossom.

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS: CLAUSES


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4. Compound ModifiersHe was tired buthappy.The movie is uninteresting buteducating.The lesson is important andinteresting.

Note:Compound subjects use plural verb if they are pluralNouns (countable nouns).- Mr. Carlos and his wife arevery friendly.

Compound subjects use singular verb if they aresingular nouns (uncountable nouns).- Rice and bread isgood to boost our energy.

FUNCTIONAL UNIT JOINED BYCOORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS


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Note:Singular compound subjects joined by oruse singularverb.The president orthe vice president dedicatesthe

national museum.Compound subjects with different numbers dependon the last subject to decide whether the verb issingular or plural.

The players or the couch isfiguring out how to win.The teacher and the students receivethe award.

FUNCTIONAL UNIT JOINED BYCOORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS


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A subordinating conjunction is used to join

a dependent clause and an independent clause.

A. Single-word subordinating conjunctions

B. Two-word subordinating conjunctions

C. Prepositional phrase subordinating

conjunctions

D. Split conjunctions

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS


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after, before, that, until,

although, if, though,whenever, as, once, till,

whereas, because, since,

unless, while

List of single-word subordinating

conjunctions


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TIME: after, as, before, once, since, till, until,when(ever), while.

Examples:

Afteryou finish the task, you may leave.I screamed as someone broke in the house.

She cried before she said goodbye.

Once the secret is revealed, everyone will be shocked.I am fond of biking since I was young.

He wont let you go tillyou say sorry.

Untilthe restaurant is open, we can eat there.

The participant may start when(ever) they are ready.

Single-word subordinating

conjunction functions


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PLACE: where(ver)Examples:

You need someone to talk to where/whereveryou

live.CAUSE: as, because, since

Examples:

He got upset as the crew made many mistakes.The cat is sleepy because it eats a lot.

I am preparing a party sinceits my best friends birth

day.




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CONTRAST: although, though, whereas, whileExamples:

Although they are poor, they always look happy.

I have to attend the night class though I am sleepy.We smile at each other whereas we often fight.

While he gets lazy, his brother studies hard.

CONDITION: if, unless, whenExamples:

IfI am rich, I will buy luxurious cars.

You cannot take the exam unless you finish the task.

When it rains, children get inside their houses.




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PURPOSE: that

Examples:

They had to install the alarm system in theirhouses thatthey might have a better protection

of their belongings.

The convict should hire a lawyer thathe can be

bailed out from the prison.

My father will see a doctor thathe has his body

examined .




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In as much as

Assuming (that)

If onlyProvided/providing that

As if

In caseSo that

As though

Onl if

Two-word subordinating conjunction


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CONDITION:provided/providing that, if only, in

case, only if

Examples:Provided/providing thatthe bank is already open,

I will draw some money.

He could have been better if onlythe nurse took

care of him more carefully.

You can contact me in case you need a help.

We shall go to the zoo only ifyou stop crying.

Two-word subordinating



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MANNER: as if, as though

The children act as ifthey were adults.

He carried the box as ifit was very light.

You are asking many questions as though you donot understand anything.

They spend money as though there is no

tomorrow.PURPOSE & RESULT: so that

The restaurant gives many extra services so that

the costumers will come over and over again.

Two-word subordinating



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There are three types of subordinating conjunction beginwith prepositional phrase:

1.Prepositional phrase + as: as far as, as long as

2.Prepositional phrase + that:for the purpose that, for

fear that, in order that, in the hope that, to the end that,in the event that, on condition that, on the ground(s) that

3.Prepositional phrase + the fact that: because of the fact

that, on account of the fact that, owing to the fact that,

in view of the fact that, despite the fact that, in spite of

the fact that, not with standing the fact that, regardless

of the fact that

Prepositional phrase

subordinating conjunction


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DEGREE (EXTENT): as far as

As far as I am concerned, we can use the short

cut to go there.

TIME: as long asAs long as I stay here, I will make friends.

CONDITION: as long as

You can pass the exam as long as you work hard.CAUSE: as long as

He kept watching as long as it was his favorite

show.

Prepositional phrase + as

subordinating conjunction functions

P iti l h th t


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PURPOSE:for the purpose that, for fear that, in order

that, in the hope that, in the end that

The football team is selectedfor the purpose that

they may win the competition.

My daughter studies all the timefor fear thatshe may

not pass the final exam.

They left very early in order thatthey could catch the

train.The lotion is applied in the hope thatthe skin will be

moisture.

I fertilize the plants in the end thatthey can grow fast.

Prepositional phrase + that



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CAUSE: because of the fact that, on account of

the fact that, owing to the fact that, in view of

the fact thatExample:

Because of the fact that, On account of the fact

that, Owing to the fact that, In view of the factthatthe price of all needs is increasing, many

family live in poverty.

Prepositional phrase + the fact that



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CONTRAST: despite the fact that, in spite of the fact

that, not with standing the fact that, regardless ofthe fact that

Example:

Despite the fact that, In spite of the fact that, Not

with standing the fact that, Regardless of the fact

thathe lacks of experiences, he is chosen to be

employee of the month.

Prepositional phrase + the fact that



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Split Conjunction

Split conjunction (separated conjunction) consists oftwo parts separated by adjectives, complements, orpronouns. The first part is a complement while the

second part is the conjunction. They are:SothatSuchthatSuch (a/an) that

As/sothat-erMorethanLessthan


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RESULT: sothat, suchthat, such (a/an) that

Examples:

Lady Di was so beautiful thateveryone liked her.That food is such delicious thatI cannot stop eating.

The movie has such an intriguing story thatwe

assume it will receive an award.

POSITIVE DEGREE: as/soas

She is as beautiful as her mother.

I am so proud as your teachers are.

Split subordinating conjunction

functions


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COMPARATIVE DEGREE: -er, morethan, lessthan

Examples:

His condition now is better than yesterday.They are smarter than their classmates.

She is more diligent than her brother.

This watch costs more expensive than your watch.

Having a toothache is less painful than having a

heartache.

Split subordinating conjunction

functions


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Correlative ConjunctionsCorrelative Conjunctions are not single words. They

work in pairs. There are five pairs of correlative

conjunctions:

both.and neither.nor

not only.but also either.or


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Correlative conjunction functions

- Examples of both...and(kedua-duanya):BothDono andIndro are comedians.Bothmy father andmy mother go to work.Boththe teacher andthe students were inclassroom.- Examples of either...or(positive alternatives):Eitherstudents orthe teacher answers the

question.Eitherthe parent orthe children were infectedwith disease.Eitherwe will do homework, orwe will watch the

movie instead.


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Correlative conjunction functions

- Examples of neither...nor(atau, negatif):She speaks neitherFrench norSpanish.Neitherhe does his task nordoes he attends the

class.Neitherwe stole the money nordid we took the

jewelry.- Examples of not only...but also(bukan hanyatapi

juga):We have to eat not onlymeat but alsovegetables.Not onlyyou helped me, but alsoyou paid the bill.


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Structure 2 Fourth Meeting TTM

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