Structural Transformation and Rural Change Revisited

7/31/2019 Structural Transformation and Rural Change Revisited

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H D U G K H C @ T @ B I Q L @ N S D I U P L

[trukturhb Srhnsdirlhtgin hnc

Uurhb Kmhno` U`vgsgt`cKmhbb`no`s dir Bht` C`v`bipgno Kiuntrg`s

gn h Obiehbgzgno _irbc

Eruni Biskm, [hncrgn` Drougn-Or`sm,@rgk Smilhs _mgt`


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[trukturhb Srhnsdirlhtginhnc Uurhb Kmhno` U`vgsgt`c


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Kmhbb`no`s dir Bht` C`v`bipgnoKiuntrg`s gn h Obiehbgzgno _irbc

Eruni Biskm[hncrgn` Drougn-Or`sm@rgk Smilhs _mgt`

[trukturhb Srhnsdirlhtginhnc Uurhb Kmhno` U`vgsgt`c

H kipuebgkhtgin id tm` Ho`nk` Drhnhgs` c` Cv`bipp`l`nt hnc tm` _irbc Ehnj


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5185 Gnt`rnhtginhb Ehnj dir U`kinstruktgin hnc C`v`bipl`nt / Sm` _irbc Ehnj 8=8= M [tr``t N_, _hsmgnotin CK 513;;S`b`pmin`6 515-3?;-8111: Gnt`rn`t6 www.wirbcehnj.iro

[il` rgomts r`s`rv`c8 5 ; 3 80 83 8; 85

Smgs wirj gs h pricukt id tm` sthdd id Sm` _irbc Ehnj wgtm xt`rnhb kintrgeutgins. Nit` tmht Sm` _irbc Ehnj hnctm` Ho`nk` Drhnhgs` c` Cv`bipp`l`nt ci nit n`k`sshrgby iwn `hkm kilpin`nt id tm` kint`nt gnkbuc`c gn tm`wirj. Sm` _irbc Ehnj hnc tm` Ho`nk` Drhnhgs` c` Cv`bipp`l nt tm`r`dir` ci nit whrrhnt tmht tm` us` id tm`kint`nt kinthgn`c gn tm` wirj wgbb nit gndrgno` in tm` rgomts id tmgrc phrtg`s. Sm` rgsj id kbhgls r`subtgno drilsukm gndrgno`l`nt r`sts sib`by wgtm yiu.

Sm` ncgnos, gnt`rpr`thtgins, hnc kinkbusgins `xpr`ss`c gn tmgs wirj ci nit n`k`sshrgby r`st`kt tm` vg`ws idSm` _irbc Ehnj, gts Eihrc id @x`kutgv` Cgr`ktirs, ir tm` oiv`rnl`nts tm`y r`pr`s`nt, ir tm` Ho`nk` Drhnhgs` c`Cv`bipp`l nt. Sm` _irbc Ehnj ci`s nit ouhrhnt`` tm` hkkurhky id tm` chth gnkbuc`c gn tmgs wirj. Sm` eiunc-hrg`s, kibirs, c`nilgnhtgins, hnc itm`r gndirlhtgin smiwn in hny lhp gn tmgs wirj ci nit glpby hny fucol`nt

in tm` phrt id Sm` _irbc Ehnj kink`rngno tm` bòhb sthtus id hny t`rrgtiry ir tm` `ncirs`l`nt ir hkk`pthnk` idsukm eiunchrg`s.Nitmgno m`r`gn smhbb kinstgtut` ir e` kinsgc`r`c ti e` h bglgthtgin upin ir whgv`r id tm` prgvgbò`s hnc

gllungtg`s id Sm` _irbc Ehnj, hbb id wmgkm hr` sp`kg khbby r`s`rv`c.

Ugomts hnc Q`rlgssgins

Smgs wirj gs hvhgbheb` unc`r tm` Kr`htgv` Killins Httrgeutgin ;.1 Pnpirt`c bgk`ns` (KK EW ;.1) mttp6//kr`htgv`killins.iro/bgk`ns`s/ey/;.1. Pnc`r tm` Kr`htgv` Killins Httrgeutgin bgk`ns`, yiu hr` dr`` ti kipy, cgstrgeut`,trhnslgt, hnc hchpt tmgs wirj, gnkbucgno dir kill`rkghb purpis`s, unc`r tm` dibbiwgno kincgtgins6

Httrgeutgin Qb`hs` kgt` tm` wirj hs dibbiws6 Biskm, Eruni, [hncrgn` Drougn-Or`sm, @rgk Smilhs _mgt`.5185. [trukturhb Srhnsdirlhtgin hnc Uurhb Kmhno` U`vgsgt`c6 Kmhbb`no`s dir Bht` C`v`bipgno Kiuntrg`s gn hObiehbgzgno _irbc. Hdrgkhn C`v`bipl`nt Dirul s`rg`s. _hsmgnotin CK6 _irbc Ehnj. CIG6 81.8074/7?=-1-=58;-7085-?. Bgk`ns`6 Kr`htgv` Killins Httrgeutgin KK EW ;.1

Srhnsbhtgins Gd yiu kr`ht` h trhnsbhtgin id tmgs wirj, pb`hs` hcc tm` dibbiwgno cgskbhgl`r hbino wgtm tm` httrgeu-tgin6 Smgs trhnsbhtgin whs nit kr`ht`c ey Sm` _irbc Ehnj hnc smiubc nit e` kinsgc`r`c hn id kghb _irbc Ehnjtrhnsbhtgin. Sm` _irbc Ehnj smhbb nit e` bgheb` dir hny kint`nt ir `rrir gn tmgs trhnsbhtgin.

Hbb qu`rg`s in rgomts hnc bgk`ns`s smiubc e` hccr`ss`c ti tm` Id k` id tm` Quebgsm`r, Sm` _irbc Ehnj, 8=8= M[tr``t N_, _hsmgnotin, CK 513;;, P[H: dhx6 515-055-5450: `-lhgb6 puergomtsAwirbcehnj.iro.

G[EN (php`r)6 7?=-1-=58;-7085-?G[EN (`b`ktringk)6 7?=-1-=58;-708;-3CIG6 81.8074/7?=-1-=58;-7085-?

Kiv`r pmiti6 Eruni Biskm. H str``t gn [oiu, Lhbg. Kiv`r c`sgon6 Cèrh Nhybir, Nhybir C`sgon, Gnk.

Bgerhry id Kinor`ss Khthbiogno-gn-Quebgkhtgin ChthBiskm, Eruni. [trukturhb trhnsdirlhtgin hnc rurhb kmhno` r`vgsgt`c 6 kmhbb`no`s dir bht` c`v`bipgno kiuntrg`s gn h obiehbgzgnowirbc / ey Eruni Biskm, [hncrgn` Drougn-Or`sm, hnc @rgk Smilhs _mgt`. p. kl. Gnkbuc`s egebgiorhpmgkhb r`d`r`nk`s hnc gnc`x. G[EN 7?=-1-=58;-7085-? G[EN 7?=-1-=58;-708;-3 (`b`ktringk) 8. Horgkubtur`@kinilgk hsp`ktsC`v`bipgno kiuntrg`s. 5. Uurhb c`v`bipl`ntC`v`bipgnokiuntrg`s. ;. @kinilgk c`v`bipl`ntC`v`bipgno kiuntrg`s. 3. C`v`bipgno kiuntrg`s@kinilgkkincgtgins. G. Drougn-Or`sm, [hncrgn`, 87?? GG. _mgt`, @rgk Smilhs, 87=8 GGG. Sgtb`.

MC838?.B4? 5185 ;;=.8178?53ck5; 5185188884


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Hdrgkh C`v`bipl`nt Dirul [`rg`s

Sm` Hdrgkh C`v`bipl`nt Dirul s`rg`s whs kr`ht`c gn 5117 ti di-kus in gssu`s id sgong khnt r`b`vhnk` ti [ue-[hmhrhn Hdrgkhs si-kghb hnc `kinilgk c`v`bipl`nt. Gts hgl gs eitm ti r`kirc tm` sthtìd tm` hrt in h sp`kg k tipgk hnc ti kintrgeut` ti inoigno bikhb,ròginhb, hnc obiehb pibgky cèht`s. Gt gs c`sgon`c sp`kg khbby tiprivgc` prhktgtgin`rs, skmibhrs, hnc stuc`nts wgtm tm` list up-ti-cht` r`s`hrkm r`subts wmgb` mgombgomtgno tm` prilgs`, kmhbb`no`s,hnc ippirtungtg`s tmht `xgst in tm` kintgn`nt.

Sm` s`rg`s gs spinsir`c ey tm` Ho`nk` Drhnhgs` c` Cv`bipp`-

l`nt hnc tm` _irbc Ehnj. Sm` lhnuskrgpts kmis`n dir puebgkhtginr`pr`s`nt tm` mgom`st quhbgty gn `hkm gnstgtutgins hnc mhv` e``ns`b`kt`c dir tm`gr r`b`vhnk` ti tm` c`v`bipl`nt ho`nch. _irjgnotio`tm`r wgtm h smhr`c s`ns` id lgssgin hnc gnt`rcgskgpbgnhry pur-pis`, tm` twi gnstgtutgins hr` killgtt`c ti h killin s`hrkm dirn`w gnsgomts hnc n`w whys id hnhbyzgno tm` c`v`bipl`nt r`hbgtg`sid tm` [ue-[hmhrhn Hdrgkh rògin.

Hcvgsiry Killgtt`` L`le`rs

Ho`nk` Drhnhgs` c` Cv`bipp`l`nt Qg`rr` Fhkqu`t, Kmg`d @kinilgstUie`rt Q`kkiuc, Cgr`ktir id U`s`hrkm

_irbc Ehnj[mhnthyhnhn C`vhrhfhn, Kmg`d @kinilgst, Hdrgkh UòginK`bstgn Linoh, [`ngir Hcvgs`r, C`v`bipl`nt @kinilgks hncHdrgkh Uògin[hntghoi Qilei-E`fhrhni, @cgtir-gn-Kmg`d, Id k` id tm` Quebgsm`r


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[ue-[hmhrhn Hdrgkh

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Hdrgkhs Gndrhstruktur`6 H Sgl` dir Srhnsdirlhtgin (5181) `cgt`c eyTgvg`n Dist`r hnc K`kgbgh Ergkì-Ohrl`ncgh

O`nc`r Cgsphrgtg`s gn Hdrgkhs Bheir Lhrj`t (5181) `cgt`c ey Firo`[heh Hrehkm`, Hb`xhncr` Jib`v, hnc @wh Dgbgpghj

Kmhbb`no`s dir Hdrgkhn Horgkubtur` (5181) `cgt`c ey F`hn-Kbhuc`C`v`z`

Kint`lpirhry Lgorhtgin ti [iutm Hdrgkh6 H Uòginhb C`v`bipl`ntGssu (5188) `cgt`c ey Hur`bgh [òhttg hnc Bir`n Bhnchu

Bgomt Lhnudhkturgno gn Hdrgkh6 Shro`t`c Qibgkg`s ti @nmhnk` Qrg-vht` Gnv`stl`nt hnc Kr`ht` Fies (5185) ey Mgnm S. Cgnm, Tgnk`ntQhblhc`, Thnchnh Kmhncrh, hnc Drhnk`s Kisshr

@lpiw`rgno _il`n6 Bòhb Ugomts hnc @kinilgk Ippirtungtg`s gn Hdrgkh (5185) ey Lhry Mhbbwhrc-Crg`l`g`r hnc Shz``n Mhshn

Gndirlhb [`ktir gn Drhnkipmin` Hdrgkh6 Dgrl [gz`, Qricuktgvgty, hncGnstgtutgins (5185) ey Nhnky E`nfhlgn hnc Hmlhciu Hby Lehy`

Dgnhnkgno Hdrgkhs Kgtg`s6 Sm` Glp`rhtgv` id Bikhb Gnv`stl`nt(5185) ey Smg`rry Qhubhgs

Sgtb`s gn tm` Hdrgkh C`v`bipl`nt Dirul [`rg`s


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Sm` Uurhb[truk Qriorhl in tm` [trukturhb Cgl`nsgins id Bge`rhbgzhtgin gn

H orgkubtur` hnc Uurhb C`v`bipl`nt gs h fignt gngtghtgv` id tm` _irbc Ehnj,tm` Dr`nkm Kiip`rhtgin (Dr`nkm C`v`bipl`nt Ho`nky, Lgngstry id Horgkubtur`hnc Dgsm`rg`s, Lgngstry id Dir`gon, Horgkubturhb U`s`hrkm K`ntr` dir Gnt`rnh-tginhb C`v`bipl`ntKGUHC) hnc tm` Gnt`rnhtginhb Dunc dir HorgkubturhbC`v`bipl`nt. Gt gs lhnho`c ey tm` _irbc Ehnj.

_gtm h curhtgin id v` y`hrs (51145181), gts ief`ktgv` whs ti hnhbyz` tm` pri-k`ss`s id bge`rhbgzhtgin hnc kinilgk gntòrhtgin hnc tm`gr glphkts in horgkubtur`hnc tm` rurhb s`ktir id c`v`bipgno kiuntrg`s. Gt hbsi hgl`c ti gbbustrht` tm`sgtuhtgin id rurhb `kinilg`s gn t`rls id gnkil`, cgv`rsg khtgin, hnc iv`rhbbtrhnsdirlhtgin. Sm` r`subts iethgn`c lhj` gt pissgeb` ti glpriv` tm` cghbiouè`tw``n nhtginhb hnc gnt`rnhtginhb phrtn`rs hnc ti privgc` irg`nthtgins dirtm` horgkubturhb hnc rurhb pibgky cèht`s.

Sm` priorhl hcipt`c h kilphrhtgv` hpprihkm hkriss s`v`n kiuntrg`sL`x-gki, Ngkhrhouh, Lirikki, [`nòhb, Lhbg, J`nyh hnc Lhchohskhrwmgkm kir-r`spinc ti cgdd`r`nt stho`s id tm` prik`ss`s id `kinilgk hnc c`liorhpmgktrhnsgtgin. Sm` Qriorhls wirj whs kincukt`c wgtm t`hls id nhtginhb `xp`rtshnc r`s`hrkm`rs. Swi pmhs`s w`r` glpb`l`nt`c6 h rst pmhs` privgcgno hn iv`r-vg`w id `hkm kiuntrys cynhlgks (5114511?), hnc h s`kinc pmhs` kilprgs-gno s`ktirhb hnc ròginhb khs` stucg`s, suppirt`c ey rurhb mius`mibc surv`ys(511?5181).

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Dir`wirc xv Hkjniwb`col`nts xvgg Heiut tm` Hutmirs xxg Heer`vghtgins xxggg

Iv`rvg`w 8Dril tm` _SI Cèht` ti tm` Diic Qrgk` KrgsgsH Lgssgno

Bino-S rl Tgsgin 5Sm` U`s`hrkm Qriorhl 3Sm` Q`rsgstgno Uib` id Horgkubtur` hnc tm` @xt`nt id Uurhb Qiv`rty 4Dhrl Qricuktgin, Lhrj`ts, hnc Cgdd`r`ntghtgin Qrik`ss`s =Idd-Dhrl Cgv`rsg khtgin hnc tm` U`smhpgno id tm` Uurhb @kinily 81Sm` Cgv`rsg khtgin-Gnkil` U`bhtginsmgp hnc Uurhb Srhnsdirlhtgin 8;Lhgn Qibgky Iutkil`s 80

8 [`ttgno tm` [k`n` hnc [`b`ktgno tm` Siibs 5;H Cgskink`rtgno hnc Xugkjby @vibvgno Obiehb Kint`xt 53Lhgn Ief`ktgv`s hnc Mypitm`s`s id tm` Qriorhl6 U`kinn`ktgno tm` Cits ;1O`n`rhb C`sgon id tm` Qriorhl6 Kiuntry Khs` [tucg`s, Uòginhb [urv`ys, hnc Kibbheirhtgv` Qrik`ss`s ;3[ynipsgs id tm` Eiij 33Nit`s 3?

5 Sm` Kmhbb`no`s id [trukturhb Srhnsdirlhtgin 08Uòginhb Cgdd`r`nk`s hnc Qisgtgingno id tm` Uurhb[truk Kiuntrg`s 05[trukturhb Srhnsdirlhtgin gn h Obiehb Ip`n @kinily 45Nit`s ?5

Kint`nts


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; Uurhb U`hbgtg`s6 Horgkubtur` hnc Qiv`rty ??

Sm` K`ntrhb Uib` id Horgkubtur` hkriss Cgdd`r`nt Uòginhb [`ttgnos ??_gc`spr`hc Uurhb Qiv`rty =;Bgv`bgmiic [trhtòg`s 814Nit`s 88;

3 @xpbirgno Idd-Dhrl Cgv`rsg khtgin hnc tmÙurhb Nindhrl @kinily 88?Sm` Xu`stgin id Uurhb Cgv rsg khtgin 88?

Sm` U`hbgty id tm` Idd-Dhrl @kinily gn tm` [urv`y`c Uògins 858Idd-Dhrl Cgv`rsg khtgin hnc Uurhb Srhnsdirlhtgin 837Nit`s 805

0 [`hrkmgno dir N`w Qhtt`rns id In-Dhrl [p`kghbgzhtgin 80?Sm` Ego U`strukturgno 80=Hn @busgv` N`w Horgkubtur` 84=In-Dhrl [p`kghbgzhtgin hnc Uurhb Srhnsdirlhtgin 878Nit`s 87;

4 Dril Uòginhb Qhtt`rns id Uurhb Srhnsdirlhtgin tiQibgky Ougc`bgn`s 870Uòginhb Qhtt`rns id Gnkil` Cgv`rsg khtgin hnc [p`kghbgzhtgin 870Qibgky-Lhjgno Ougc`bgn`s 551Nit`s 5;3

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Eix`s

8.8 Uurhb[truk6 _mhts gn h Nhl`9 538.5 Sm` _CU1= hnc Gts Smr`` _irbcs 578.; Bge`rhbgzhtgin ir Obiehbgzhtgin9 ;88.3 Sm` Uurhb[truk Qriorhls Smr`` Mypitm`s`s ;;8.0 Uurhb v`rsus Prehn6 _mht C` ngtgin dir @hkm Kiuntry9 ;78.4 Sm` Uurhb Gnkil` O`n`rhtgno Hktgvgtg`s Qrif`kt (UGOH) 38;.8 C`nsgty, Cgsthnk`, hnc Cgvgsgin6 Sm` Smr`` Lhfir

Oìorhpmgk D`htur`s id @kinilgk C`v`bipl`nt hkkircgnoti tm` _CU17 =1

;.5 Prehngzhtgin, Srhnspirthtgin N`twirjs, hnc Uurhb Bgv`bgmiics =5;.; Sm` Qhrhcix id [gjhssi . . . hnc Jiutghbh 783.8 Dr`` Srhc` Vin`s hnc Ninhorgkubturhb _ho` Bheir gn

Ngkhrhouh 8;33.5 Sm Lhqugbhs id tm` S`xtgb` [`ktir gn Bh Du`nt`,

S qugsqughphn, L`xgki 8;03.; Qhtt rns id Gnt`rnhtginhb Lgorhtgin gn tm` Uurhb[truk

Kiuntrg`s 8353.3 Lgorhtgno ti Chjhr ti [`bb Qmin` Khrcs6 Hn Gbbusiry Qhtmwhy

iut id Qiv`rty 83=3.0 Pn`quhb Hkk`ss ti Quebgk Srhnsd`rs gn L`xgkis

[ithv`nti Uògin 8010.8 U`strukturgno tm` L`xgkhn Lhgz` Gncustry 8400.5 Sm` [up`rlhrj t U`vibutgin 844

0.; Uòiv`rngno Lhrj`ts 84=0.3 Sm` J`nyhn [ukk`ss [tiry gn Mirtgkubturhb @xpirts6

Miw Lhny hnc _mil9 8470.0 Sm` [ithv`nti @xk`ptgin6 In-Dhrl [p`kghbgzhtgin hnc tm`

Kibbhps` id [`bd-Kinsulptgin 8=80.4 Kintrhst`c C`v`bipl`nt id Lic`rn Diic U`thgbgno gn tm`

Uurhb[truk Kiuntrg`s 8=;0.? B`kidrugt6 Lhbhohsy [lhbbmibc`rs [`bbgno in @urip`hn

Lhrj`ts 8714.8 Kmhbb`nogno tm` Gnv`rt`c P Qhtt`rn 5854.5 Dril Gnkil` Cgv`rsg khtgin L`hns ti tm` Cgv`rsg khtgin Ohp 5804.; Sm` Qiv`rty Srhp Qhtt`rn 587


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Dgour`s

8.8 H Siib ti Nhvgoht` tm` U`pirt 305.8 @vibutgin id OCQ p`r Khpgth hlino [`b`kt`c Kiuntrg`s

hnc Uògins, 87415117 0;5.5 [mhr` id Horgkubtur` gn OCQ hnc gn @HQ iv`r Sgl`, 87405110 035.; [trukturhb Ohp hnc OCQ p`r Khpgth, 87405110 (0-W`hr Hv`rho`s) 005.3 @vibutgin id OCQ [truktur`6 [[H v`rsus Hsgh, 87405110 0?5.0 Hktgvgty Uhtgi ey [`b`kt`c Uògins, 87015101 415.4 W`hrby Kimirts @nt`rgno tm` Bheir Lhrj`t ey [`b`kt`c Uògins,

87005101 485.? W`hrby Kimirts @nt`rgno Uurhb hnc Prehn Bheir Lhrj`ts

hnc Uurhb Qipubhtgin [mhr` gn [ue-[hmhrhn Hdrgkh, 87005101 ?1;.8 [mhr` id [urv`y`c Uurhb Mius`mibcs wgtm Dhrls ?7;.5 Hv`rho` [mhr` id In-Dhrl hnc Idd-Dhrl Gnkil` p`r Uògin =8;.; Srhv`b Sgl` ti tm` N`hr`st Kgty id 01,111 gn tm` Diur

[[H Kiuntrg`s =3;.3 Hv`rho` Hnnuhb Gnkil` p`r Khpgth gn tm` [urv`y`c Uògins ==;.0 L`cghn Hnnuhb Gnkil` p`r Khpgth gn tm` [urv`y`c Uògins 71;.4 Cgstrgeutgin id Mius`mibcs ey Gnkil` Kbhss`s gn [[H [urv`y`c

Kiuntrg`s 73;.? Cgstrgeutgin id Mius`mibcs ey Gnkil` Kbhss`s gn Nin-[[H

[urv`y`c Kiuntrg`s 70;.= Gnkil`s p`r Mius`mibc Xugntgb` ey [[H [urv`y`c Uògins 74;.7 Gnkil`s p`r Mius`mibc Xugntgb` ey Nin-[[H [urv`y`c Uògins 7?

;.81 [gz` id Mius`mibcs 77;.88 M`hcs id Mius`mibcs Q rk`ptgin id Sm`gr Diic [`kurgty 81?;.85 Bgv`bgmiic [trhtòg`s gn tm` [urv`y`c Uògins Psgno _CU1=

Sypibioy 8173.8 Kbhssg khtgin id Hktgvgtg`s hnc Gnkil`s id Uurhb Mius`mibcs 8513.5 Qhrtgkgphtgin gn Idd-Dhrl Hktgvgtg`s gn tm` [urv`y`c Uògins 8583.; Hv`rho` Uòginhb Thbu` hnc [mhr` id Idd-Dhrl Gnkil` gn tm`

[urv`y`c Uògins 85;3.3 Cgstrgeutgin id Dhrl [gz` p`r Dhlgby _irj`r (@HQ) 85?3.0 Qit ntghb hnc Hktuhb U`turns dril Horgkubturhb @lpbiyl`nt

gn tm` [urv`y`c Uògins 8;1


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KINS@NS[ xggg

3.4 Qhrtgkgphtgin gn hnc U`turns dril Ninhorgkubturhb _ho`@lpbiyl`nt gn tm` [urv`y`c Uògins 8;5

3.? Cgstrgeutgin id Mius`mibcs p`r B`v`b id NinhorgkubturhbGnkil`, J`nyh hnc L`xgki 8;?

3.= [`bd-@lpbiyl`nt Hktgvgtg`s gn [`nòhb 8;73.7 [`bd-@lpbiyl`nt U`turns gn tm` [urv`y`c Uògins 8313.81 Glpirthnk` id Lgorhtgin p`r [urv`y`c Uògin 8303.88 Lgorhnts C`stgnhtgin ey [urv`y`c Uògin 8340.8 N`w Qhtt`rns hnc Sr`ncs gn tm` Horgdiic [yst`ls U`subtgno

dril Bge`rhbgzhtgin hnc Obiehbgzhtgin 84;0.5 Iv`rhbb [truktur` id In-Dhrl Gnkil` 8?80.; Lhgn Dhrl Qricukts p`r [urv`y`c Uògin 8?;0.3 [mhr` id [`bd-Kinsulptgin 8?40.0 Dhrl Iutput Er`hjciwn6 [`bd-Kinsulptgin hnc Lhgn [hb`s 8=10.4 Syp`s id Kill`rkghbgzhtgin gn tm` [urv`y`c Vin`s 8=04.8 Gnkil` [truktur` ey Xugntgb` gn tm` [urv`y`c Uògins 514

4.5 Cgv`rsg khtgin Gnc`x (8-MMg) p`r Uògin hnc Xugntgb` 51=4.; [tybgz`c U`pr`s`nthtgin id tm` Gnv`rt`c P Qhtt rn 5884.3 Cgv`rsg khtgin wgtmgn hnc e`tw``n Mius`mibcs hnc tm`

Gnv`rt`c P Qhtt`rn 5834.0 U`bhtginsmgp e`tw``n Gnkil` hnc tm` Cgv`rsg khtgin Ohp 58?4.4 Gnkil`/Cgv`rsg khtgin Ohp U`bhtginsmgp gn [[H hnc Nin-[[H

[urv`y`c Uògins 58=4.? Cgstrgeutgin id Mius`mibcs ey Shro`t Oriup hnc Uògin 553

Sheb`s8.8 [`b`kt`c Gncgkhtirs dir tm` Uurhb[truk Kiuntrg`s ;48.5 Lhgn Thbu` Kmhgns Hnhbyz`c gn tm` Uurhb[truk Kiuntry [tucg`s 388.; [`b`kt`c [urv`y`c Uògins gn tm` Uurhb[truk Kiuntrg`s 355.8 Kilphr`c Cynhlgks id OCQ p`r Khpgth Oriwtm hlino

Uògins, 8741511? 0=5.5 _irbc Qipubhtgin ey Uògin, Hesibut` hnc [mhr`, 87415101 075.; Qipubhtgin id tm` Uurhb[truk Kiuntrg`s, 87415101 415.3 Bheir Lhrj`t @ntrhnts gn tm` Uurhb[truk Kiuntrg`s 455.0 Prehngzhtgin Uhtgi ey _irbc Uògins, 87415101 47


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5.4 Uurhb Qipubhtgin ey _irbc Uògins, 87415101 47

;.8 Iv`rhbb Hnnuhb Gnkil` gn tm` [urv`y`c Uògins =4;.5 Mius`mibc [truktur` hnc Gnkil` p`r Hcubt @qugvhb`nt 811;.; Mius`mibc Gnkil`s wgtm hnc wgtmiut h Dhrl 818;.3 [mhr`, [gz`, hnc Hnnuhb Gnkil` id D`lhb`-M`hc`c Mius`mibcs 81;;.0 Dgrst Xugntgb` Sithb Gnkil` gn $QQQ hnc Jgbikhbirg`s 813;.4 Mius`mibc Gnkil` Cgstrgeutgin @xpr`ss`c gn Jgbikhbirg`s 814;.? Bgv`bgmiic [trhtòg`s gn tm` [urv`y`c Uògins Psgno _CU1=

Sypibioy 881

3.8 Lhgn Idd-Dhrl Hktgvgtg`s hnc Gnkil`s 8533.5 @cukhtginhb B`v`b id tm` [urv`y`c Mius`mibcs 8;;3.; Lhgn Lgorhtgin Qhtt`rns hlino tm` [urv`y`c Uògins 83?0.8 Lhrj`t U`dirls gn Nin-[ue-[hmhrhn Uurhb[truk Kiuntrg`s 8410.5 Lhrj`t U`dirls gn [ue-[hmhrhn Uurhb[truk Kiuntrg`s 8480.; Khtòirg`s id Qricukts Ps`c dir Chth Hnhbysgs 8?50.3 Lhbghn Mius`mibcs Qhrtgkgphtgin gn Diic Lhrj`ts 8?00.0 Dirlhb hnc Gndirlhb Kintrhktuhb Hrrhno`l`nts gn [urv`y`c

Uògins 8==4.8 Uòginhb Uòr`ssgin U`subts 87=4.5 Nhtginhbby Hooròht`c Uòr`ssgin U`subts 5114.; Thrgheb`s List [trinoby Hssikght`c wgtm Gnkil`, ey Uògin 5134.3 Cgv`rsg khtgin Ohp gn tm` [urv`y`c Uògins 5844.0 Cgstrgeutgin id Mius`mibcs ey Shro`t Oriup gn tm` Uurhb[truk

[hlpb` 55;

xgv KINS@NS[


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xv

Dibbiwgno h bino cirlhnky, strukturhb gssu`s hr` hohgn hsk`nchnt gn c`v`bip-l`nt `kinilgks. Hdt`r `nfiygno prilgn`nk` gn tm` hdt`rlhtm id tm` [`kinc_irbc _hr, strukturhb `kinilgks whs bhro`by ehngsm`c dril tm` _hsmgnotinKins`nsus tmht `l`ro`c gn tm` 87=1s. Niw, miw`v`r, h n`w c`v`bipl`nttmiuomt gs hrgsgno tmht thj`s h lir` nuhnk`c vg`w. Gt hkjniwb`co`s tm` glpir-thnt rib` id lhrj`ts y`t lhgnthgns tm` n``c dir thgbir`c hpprihkm`s ti c`v`bip-l`nt tmht hbbiw h lir` hktgv` rib` dir tm` stht`, hnc tmht hr` lir` r`st`ktgv` id`kinilgk r`hbgtg`swmht G r`d`rr`c ti hs N`w [trukturhb @kinilgks.

[trukturhb Srhnsdirlhtgin hnc Uurhb Kmhno` U`vgsgt`cKmhbb`no`s dir Bht`C`v`bipgno Kiuntrg`s gn h Obiehbgzgno _irbc gs hn `xtr`l`by tmiriuom hncglpirthnt kintrgeutgin ti tmgs r`n`whb id strukturhb kinilgks. Gt sgong khntbyglpriv`s iur unc`rsthncgno id rurhb kinilg`s hnc strukturhb trhnsdirlhtgin,hnc gt kiubc nit e` lir` tgl`by.

Sm` eiij gs ehs`c in tm` r`subts id tm` Uurhb[truk priorhl, glpb`l`nt`ctmriuom h strino kibbheirhtgv` drhl`wirj gn s`v`n kiuntrg`s hnc kiircgnht`cey Eruni Biskm. Bhunkm`c gn 5114 ht h tgl` wm`n tm` gnt`rnhtginhb cghbiou`in horgkubturhb pibgky mhc e`kil` trhpp`c gn trhc` gssu`s, hnc whs tm`r`dir`lgssgno tm` erihc`r p`rsp`ktgv` id rurhb kmhno`, tm` priorhl dir`shw tm` n``cti r`gnv`st gn strukturhb gssu`s. Gts r`subts hcc vhbu` ti tm`_irbc C`v`bipl`ntU`pirt 511=, wmgkm s`rv`c hs h rst r`lgnc`r id horgkubtur`s rib` dir c`v`bip-l`nt. Sm`y r`vgv` hn ibc phrhcgol ti idd`r h n`w p`rsp`ktgv`, in` tmht kmhb-b`no`s lukm kurr`nt tmgnjgno in rurhb c`v`bipl`nt, nitheby dir kiuntrg`s httm` rst stho`s id tm`gr strukturhb trhnsdirlhtgin.

U`bygno in h l`tmicibioy tmht hrtgkubht`c lgkrichth kibb`ktgin wgtm hlhkri strukturhb p`rsp`ktgv`, tm` priorhl kincukt`c `xt`nsgv` `bcwirj tignv`stgoht` bgv`bgmiic strht`og`s id rurhb mius`mibcs, hnc lhrrg`c tm` r`subtswgtm h tmiriuom unc`rsthncgno id strukturhb kmhno`. Sm` eiij mgombgomtsr`kurrgno phtt`rns id cgv`rsg khtgin hnc sp`kghbgzhtgin hbino tm` prik`ss idstrukturhb trhnsdirlhtgin. Durtm`r, r`kinn`ktgno wgtm h erihc`r vgsgin, gt

Dir`wirc


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xvg DIU@_IUC

`lpmhsgz`s tm` cgd kubtg`s dhk`c ey bht` c`v`bip`rs, wmis` `kinilg`s idd`rd`w hbt`rnhtgv`s dir mius`mibcs ti cgv`rsgdy. Smgs gs phrtgkubhrby tm` khs` dir[ue-[hmhrhn Hdrgkh, wm`r` h stgbb gnkgpg`nt `kinilgk trhnsgtgin hnc tm` inoignoc`liorhpmgk trhnsgtgin r`subt gn h qugkjby oriwgno bheir dirk`, b`hcgno ti crh-lhtgk kmhbb`no`s dir tm` yiutm id tm` kintgn`nt.

Ehs`c in tm`gr hss`ssl`nt, tm` hutmirs crhw h s`rg`s id pibgky b`ssins. Sm`yrgomtby pignt iut tm` glpirthnk` id stht`s r`eugbcgno tm`gr gnt`rnhb khphkgtg`sti c`sgon kilpr`m`nsgv` c`v`bipl`nt strht`og`s. Sm`s` khphkgtg`s hr` krgtgkhbti hccr`ssgno lhfir kinstrhgnts, c` ngno prgirgtg`s, hnc `nsurgno hc`quht`s`qu`nkgno. Heiv` hbb, tm`y smiw tmht dir [ue-[hmhrhn Hdrgkh, gn tm` kil-gno twi c`khc`s, h strino r`gnv`stl`nt gn horgkubtur` (gn hccgtgin ti s`gzgnoippirtungtg`s dir tm` c`v`bipl`nt id lhnudhkturgno hnc s`rvgk`s) wgbb e` tm`lhfir pibgky tiib dir prior`ssgv`by rhgsgno gnkil`, lgtgohtgno rgsjs, hnc dist`r-gno gnnivhtgin hnc rurhb c`lhnc, wmgkm kinstgtut`s tm` lhgn `nogn` dir rurhbcgv`rsg khtginh lhfir st`p dir strukturhb trhnsdirlhtgin. Sm` hutmirs hbsistr`ss tm` rib` id tm` stht` gn privgsgingno puebgk oiics, gn hc`quht`by hnc khr`-dubby c`sgongno gnk`ntgv`s, hnc gn usgno tm` b`v`rho` idd`r`c ey tm` c`v`bipl`ntid slhbb tiwns hs h krgtgkhb l`kmhngsl dir rurhb kmhno`. Sm`s` hr` hbb s`nsgeb`hnc us`dub r`lgnc`rs dir tm` cinir killungty, oiv`rnl`nts, hnc bikhb sthj`-mibc`rs, hnc r`pr s`nt hn glpirthnt kintrgeutgin ti tm` rib` id horgkubtur` dirc`v`bipl`nt.

Fustgn Wgdu Bgn[`ngir Tgk` Qr`sgc`nt hnc Kmg`d @kinilgstSm` _irbc Ehnj


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Hkjniwb`col`nts

Smgs eiij gs c`cgkht`c ti tm` l`liry id Fhkqu`s Dhy` (87345181),rurhb sikgibiogst hnc diuncgno l`le`r id GQHU (Gngtghtgv` Qrisp`ktgv` Horgkib` `t Uurhb`, [nohb)

Smgs eiij gs in` id tm` lhny iutputs id tm` _irbc Ehnjs Qriorhl in tm`[trukturhb Cgl`nsgins id Bge`rhbgzhtgin in Horgkubtur` hnc Uurhb C`v`bip-l`nt (Uurhb[truk). Curgno tm` diur-y`hr glpb`l`nthtgin id Uurhb[truks twipmhs`s, hnc h dtm y`hr c`cgkht`c ti pricukgno h syntm`sgs cikul`nt hnc e`ogn-ngno ti cgss`lgnht` r`subts, tm` priorhl kibbheirht`c kbis`by wgtm nul`rius`xp`rts hnc r`s`hrkm`rs gn gts s`v`n phrtgkgphtgno kiuntrg`s.

Uurhb[truks hktgvgtg`s w`r` glpb`l`nt`c unc`r tm` ougchnk` id Eruni Biskm(SSB, _irbc Ehnj, hnc KGUHC). Sm` `bcwirj whs c`v`bip`c wgtm tm` sup-pirt id h kiircgnhtgin t`hl tmht gnkbuc`c Eruni Biskm, hs w`bb hs [hncrgn`Drougn-Or sm hnc Smg`rry Ogirchni (Dr`nkm Lgngstry id Dir`gon hnc @urip`hnHddhgrs), r`sp`ktgv`by ehs`c ht tm` Pngv`rsgty id Qr`tirgh (Qistorhcuht` [kmiib idHorgkubtur` hnc Uurhb C`v`bipl`nt) hnc tm` C`v`bipl`nt Ehnj id [iutm`rnHdrgkh.

Sm` priorhl whs gngtght`c wgtm tm` dubb suppirt id Fimn LkGntgr`, s`ktircgr`ktir id @[[C Hdrgkh. Sm` p``r r`vg`w`rs id tm` priorhls ief`ktgv`s hncc`sgon w`r` Biugs` Kirc hnc Uie`rt [kmn`gc`r (_irbc Ehnj) hnc Khlgbbh Siub-lgn (GG@C). Sm` priorhls c`v`bipl`nt whs nmhnk`c ey ougchnk` dril Jhr`nEriijs, s`ktir lhnho`r (HDSHU), hnc [t`pm`n Lgnj, s`ngir hcvgs`r (HDS[N),wmi whs gnvibv`c gn v`ry st`p id tm` prik`ss. [mhnth C`vhrhfhn, kmg`d kinilgstdir tm` Hdrgkh r`ogin, hnc Fustgn Wgdu Bgn, [`ngir Tgk` Qr sgc`nt hnc Kmg`d @kini-lgst, privgc`c strino suppirt ti tm` cgss`lgnhtgin id r`subts.

Sm` nhb r`pirt id tm` priorhl in wmgkm tmgs eiij gs ehs`c whs pr`phr`cey Eruni Biskm, [hncrgn` Drougn-Or`sm, hnc @rgk Smilhs _mgt` (_irbcEhnj), wgtm suesthntghb kintrgeutgins dril Smg`rry Ogirchni hnc F`hn-Drhnigs


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xvggg HKJNI_B@COL@NS[

Ebgr`s (KGUHC). Gt whs p``r-r`vg`w`c ey C`r`j Ey`rb`` hnc Cin Bhrsin (_irbcEhnj), hnc Hncr Qiugbbs-Cupbhgx (HDC).

Sm` r`subts pr`s`nt`c gn tmgs eiij crhw `xt`nsgv`by in twi s`ts id s`v`nkiuntry r`pirts hnc chth wirj c`v`bip`c ey tm` kiuntry t`hls curgno tm` twipmhs`s id tm` Uurhb[truk priorhl. Sm` hutmirs hnc kintrgeutirs ti tm` nhtginhbr`pirts hr` hs dibbiws6

J`nyh6 Bgbghn Jgrglg, Lhry Lhtm`nou`, Fimn Ibwhnc`, hnc E`tty Jgehhrh(Sò`lì Gnstgtut`): Qhub Ohleh, [hl Inyulh, hnc Fie Bhoht (@o`rtinPngv`rsgty).

Lhchohskhr6 Hbhgn Qg`rr`-E`rnhrc, Ugvi Uhleihrgsin, Bhbhgnh Uhncrghnhrg-sin, Ngkib` Hncrghngrgnh, hnc Bycgh Uincri-Mhrgsih (HQE Kinsubtgno).

Lhbg6 Hlhciu [hlhj`, Egni S`l`, Iuslhn` [hnioi, Lhnch [hcgi J`gth,hnc Hby Hmhlhciu (G@U): F`hn-Drhnigs Ebgr`s, Qg`rr`-Lhrg` Eisk, Kmrgs-tghn Kirnghux, Fhkqu`s Lhrzgn, C`ngs Ohutg`r, hnc Jhji Nueujpi (KGUHC):Nhnoi C`le`b`, Fimn [thhtz, hnc Thb`rg` J`bby (Lgkmgohn [tht` Pngv`rsgty):tm` bht` @b Mhcfg Iulhr Shbb, hnc Ehjhry [jiu Kiubgehby (K@QGH).

L`xgki6 D`rnhnci [hhv`crh, D`rnhnci U`bbi, M`ktir Uieb`s, Kmrgstghn

Luiz, hnc Kbhucgi Oinzhb`z (DBHK[I): Tgrogng` Erun (GUC/K@LKH):@rgk Bìnhrc (GUC): Uhdh`b Qhblh Orhyè (Pngv`rsgchc T rhkruzhnh).

Lirikki6 Nhfge Hj`seg hnc Crgss E`nhtyh (Gnstgtut Horinilgqu` `t Ttrg-nhgr` Mhsshn GG), hnc Niur`ccgn` @b Hiu (Pngv`rsgt Limhll`c T) dirQmhs` 8: Gkin5` dir Qmhs` 5.

Ngkhrhouh6 Hrturi M. Orgosey Thci, Drhnkgski F. Q`r`z, Bgogh G. Ol`z,@cnh [. Ohrkh, Lgou`b H. Hb`ln, hnc Wurg B. Lhrn (Pngv`rsgchc K`ntri-hl`rgkhnh, Gnstgtuti Ngtbhpn).

[`nòhb6 Km`gjm Iulhr Eh, tm` bht` Fhkqu`s Dhy`, Gerhmglh Mhtmg`, Qhp`Niumgn` Cgy`, Eikhr Cghohnh, Hchlh Dhy`, Lhcgkj Nghno, hnc LhlhciuChnsiji (GQHU hnc H[QUIC@E).

F`hn Kiussy (K`rg-[kg`nk`s Qi) hnc F`hn-Fhkqu`s Ohehs (Pngv`rsgt Qhrgs ]Irshy hnc KGUHC) phrtgkgpht`c gn tm` priorhls pr`phrhtgin hnc gn gts bhunkm-gno wirjsmip gn [`nòhb (Hprgb 5114), hs w`bb hs s`v`rhb cgss`lgnhtgin `v`nts.F`hn-Fhkqu`s Ohehs hbsi b`c twi [kg`nk`s Qi Qhrgs stuc`nt wirjsmips (5114hnc 511?) hnc whs gnvibv`c gn pr`phrgno s`v`rhb id tm` priorhls pibgky erg`ds.@rgk Binhrc (GUC) privgc`c sp`kg k suppirt in L`xgki.

Hccgtginhb kintrgeutgins w`r` r`k`gv`c dril @llhnu`bb` E`ngkiurt (kin-subthnt) hnc Tringqu` Lùrgit (KGUHC). @lgbg` Biskm c`sgon`c tm` priorhls


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HKJNI_B@COL@NS[ xgx

bioi hnc @rgn IErg`n tiij kmhro` id `cgtgno tm` nhtginhb r`pirts hs w`bb hs crhdtv`rsgins id tm` nhb r`pirt.

_irbc Ehnj sthdd wmi kintrgeut`c ti tm` iv`rhbb Uurhb[truk priorhl gnkbuc`cEruni Biskm (SSB), Qhtrgkj Bhehst` hnc Lgkmh`b Lirrgs (sukk`ssgv` SSBs idtm` Uurhb[truk lubtgcinir trust dunc), @rgk Smilhs _mgt`, Lhbgkj Hntign`,Hno`bh Bgsubi, E`nfhlgn Egbbhrc, Fhl`s Jìuom, E`htrgz Qrg`ti-Irhlhs, hncGnorgc Libbhrc. Mhwhnty Qho` hnc O`rlhgn` Lhdiuoino-@tmy w`r` gn kmhroìd tm` priorhls hclgngstrhtgv` suppirt. F`dd B`kjs`bb hnc Eruni Einhns`h pr`-phr`c tm` lhps ehs`c in gndirlhtgin privgc`c ey tm` Uurhb[truk nhtginhb t`hls.

Sm` priorhl e`n` t`c dril tm` ougchnk` id gts Hcvgsiry Killgtt``,kmhgr`c ey K. Q`t`r Sgll`r (Kheit Qrid`ssir id C`v`bipl`nt [tucg`s, l`rgtus,Mhrvhrc Pngv`rsgty) hnc gnkbucgno Jgrst`n Hber`kmts`n c` Hpp`ncgng (Kibògic` Lxgki), Qg`rr`-Lhrg` Eisk (KGUHC), Q`t`r Ogeein (Chngsm Gnstgtut` dirGnt`rnhtginhb [tucg`s), Khtm`rgn` Bhur`nt (Gnstgtut Nhtginhb c` bh U`km`rkm`Horinilgqu`), F`hn-Buk Lhur`r (Gnstgtut c`s Mhut`s @tuc`s Gnt`rnh tginhb`s`t cu Cv`bipp`l`nt), [hncrh Qibhsjg (Khrnòg` @nciwl`nt dir Gnt`rnhtginhbQ`hk`), Lhrk Uhd nit (Pngv`rsgt QhrgsChupmgn`), hnc [gegrg F`hn Viuncg([hm`b hnc _ st Hdrgkh Kbue, I@KC).

Sm` priorhl hbsi e`n` t`c dril khr`dub dibbiw-up ey h [t``rgno Killgtt``kinsgstgno id Uurhb[truks kintrgeutgno cinirs (Ho`nk` Drhnhgs` c` Cv`bipp`-l`nt, Dr`nkm Lgngstrg`s id Dir`gon hnc @urip`hn Hddhgrs, hnc id Horgkubtur`hnc Dgsm`rg`s, K`ntr` c` Kiiprhtgin Gnt`rnhtginhb` n U`km`rkm` Horinilgqu`piur b` Cv`bipp`l`nt, Gnt`rnhtginhb Dunc dir Horgkubturhb C`v`bipl`nt,hnc _irbc Ehnj), kmhgr`c sukk`ssgv`by ey Dbir`nk` Bhse`nn`s (Lgngstry idDir`gon hnc @urip`hn Hddhgrs) hnc Lhrg`-Kkgb` Smgrgin (Ho`nk` Drhnhgs` c`Cv`bipp`l`nt).


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Eruni Biskm gs h [`ngir @kinilgst ht tm` _irbc Ehnj hnc h U`s`hrkm Cgr`ktir htKGUHC (K`ntr` c` kiiprhtgin gnt`rnhtginhb` `n r`km`rkm` horinilgqu` piurb` cv`bipp`l`nt). Gn mgs kurr`nt pisgtgin m` mhs e``n b`hcgno tm` Uurhb[trukQriorhl, h fignt gngtghtgv` id tm` _irbc Ehnj, GDHC, hnc tm` Dr`nkm oiv`rnl`nt.Gn Kgrhc, m` whs gn kmhro` id tm` Dhlgby Horgkubtur` Qriorhl hnc tm`n fign`ctm` Pngv`rsgty id KhbgdirnghE`rj`b`y hs h vgsgtgno skmibhr. M` mibcs h Lhst`rs gnpibgtgkhb skg`nk` hnc gn oìorhpmy hnc h QmC gn `kinilgks hnc mhs puebgsm`c`xt`nsgv`by gn tm` `bc id rurhb stucg`s, puebgk pibgkg`s, hnc tm` pibgtgkhb kinilyid c`v`bipl`nt.

[hncrgn` Drougn-Or`sm mibcs h Lhst`rs gn Horgkubturhb [kg`nk`s hnc gnOìorhpmy hnc QmC gn Horgkubturhb @kinilgks. [m` gs r`s`hrkm d`bbiw ht KGUHC,wm`r` sm` mhs c`v`bip`c r`s`hrkm in kintrhkt dhrlgno hnc rurhb trhnsdirlh-tgin gn Hdrgkh, K`ntrhb Hl`rgkh, hnc tm` Khrgee`hn. Hdt`r h vgsgtgno pisgtgin httm` Pngv`rsgty id Qr`tirgh, [iutm Hdrgkh, sm` whs s`kinc`c ti tm` Gnstgtut` dirU`s`hrkm hnc C`v`bipl`nt [tucg`sNgtbhphnid tm` K`ntrhb Hl`rgkhn Png-v`rsgty, Lhnhouh, Ngkhrhouh, wm`r` sm` gs gn kmhro` id r`s`hrkm prif`kts in tm`bheir lhrj`t, lgorhtgins, hnc horhrghn trhnsdirlhtgin.

@rgk Smilhs _mgt` gs h _irbc Ehnj kinsubthnt hnc h Lhnhogno Hssikght` ht tm`gnt`rnhtginhb c`v`bipl`nt kinsubtgno rl GNS@OUH BBK, wm`r` m` b`hcs tm`

rls prhktgk` gn Gndirlhtgin hnc Killungkhtgins S`kmnibioy (GKS) dir Horg-kubtur`. Mgs pr`vgius kinsubtgno hssgonl`nts mhv` gnkbuc`c tm` Hdrgkhn C`v`bip-l`nt Ehnj hnc tm` Lgbb`nngul Kmhbb`no` HkkiuntVhlegh. Gn h `hrbg`r khr``r,m` s`rv`c hs h Bgùt`nhnt gn tm` P.[. Nhvy. M` mibcs h Lhst`rs gn Quebgk Hclgn-gstrhtgin gn Gnt`rnhtginhb C`v`bipl`nt dril tm` Mhrvhrc J`nn`cy [kmiib, hnch EH gn @kinilgks dril tm` Pngv`rsgty id Tgrogngh.

Heiut tm` Hutmirs


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xxggg

HDC Ho`nk` drhnhgs` c` cv`bipp`l`ntHo@HQ smhr` id `kinilgkhbby hktgv` pipubhtgin `noho`c gn horgkubtur`HoOCQ smhr` id horgkubtur` gn OCQKHHCQ Kilpr`m`nsgv` Hdrgkh Horgkubtur` C`v`bipl`nt QriorhlKHDSH-CU K`ntrhb Hl`rgkhnCilgngkhn U`puebgk Dr`` Srhc` Hor``l`ntKGUHC K`ntr` c` kiiprhtgin gnt`rnhtginhb` `n r`km`rkm`

horinilgqu` piur b` cv`bipp`l`ntCCH Cimh C`v`bipl`nt Ho`nch@HQ `kinilgkhbby hktgv` pipubhtgin@qH `qugvhb`nt hcubtDHI Diic hnc Horgkubtur` Irohngzhtgin id tm` Pngt`c NhtginsDCG dir`gon cgr`kt gnv`stl ntDSH dr`` trhc` hor``l`ntDSV dr`` trhc` zin`

OHD[Q Obiehb Horgkubtur` hnc Diic [`kurgty Qriorhl ONQ oriss nhtginhb pricuktM8, `tk. Mypitm`sgs 8, `tk.MMg M`r nchmb-Mgrskmlhn gnc`x GHH[SC Gnt`rnhtginhb Hss`ssl`nt id Horgkubturhb Jniwb`co`, [kg`nk`

hnc S`kmnibioy dir C`v`bipl`ntGKS gndirlhtgin hnc killungkhtgin t`kmnibioy GDHC Gnt`rnhtginhb Dunc dir Horgkubturhb C`v`bipl`nt

GDIHL Gnt`rnhtginhb D`c`rhtgin id Irohngk Horgkubtur` Liv`l`ntsGBK Gnt`rnhtginhb Bhnc KihbgtginGBI Gnt`rnhtginhb Bheiur IrohngzhtginGQKK Gnt`roiv`rnl`nthb Qhn`b in Kbglht` Kmhno`

Heer`vghtgins


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xxgv HEEU@TGHSGIN[

jkhb jgbikhbirg`BKP bikhb kurr`nky ungtBCKs b`hst c`v`bip`c kiuntrg`sB[L[ Bgvgno [thnchrcs L`hsur l`nt [tucg`sB[L[-G[H B[L[ Gntòrht`c [urv`ys in Horgkubtur`LCOs Lgbb`nngul C`v`bipl`nt OihbsLiM[ l`hn id mius`mibc smhr`sNHDSH Nirtm Hl`rgkhn Dr`` Srhc` Hor``l`ntNe@HQ nule`r id `kinilgkhbby hktgv` pipubhtgin

N@QHC N`w Qhrtn`rsmgp dir Hdrgkhs C`v`bipl`ntI@KC Irohngshtgin dir @kinilgk Ki-ip`rhtgin hnc C`v`bipl`ntQQQ purkmhsgno piw`r phrgty U@K ròginhb `kinilgk killungty UGOH Uurhb Gnkil` O`n`rhtgno Hktgvgtg`s prif`ktUND@ rurhb nindhrl `kinily Uurhb[truk Qriorhl in tm` [trukturhb Cgl`nsgins id Bge`rhbgzhtgin in

Horgkubtur` hnc Uurhb C`v`bipl`nt

[iUL smhr` id ròginhb l`hns[[H [ue-[hmhrhn HdrgkhPNKSHC Pngt`c Nhtgins Kind`r`nk` in Srhc` hnc C`v`bipl`ntPN@KH Pngt`c Nhtgins @kinilgk Killgssgin dir HdrgkhPN-Mhegtht Pngt`c Nhtgins Mulhn [`ttb`l`nts Qriorhll`PNGCI Pngt c Nhtgins Gncustrghb C`v`bipl`nt IrohngzhtginPNUG[C Pngt`c Nhtgins U`s`hrkm Gnstgtut` dir [ikghb C`v`bipl`nt_CG _irbc Ehnjs _irbc C`v`bipl`nt Gncgkhtirs_CU _irbc Ehnjs y`hrby _irbc C`v`bipl`nt U`pirts_SI _irbc Srhc` Irohngzhtgin


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Sm` bhst 31 y`hrs id wirbc mgstiry mhv` wgtn`ss`c crhlhtgk kmhno`s. Sm` pipu-bhtgin id tm` pbhn`t mhs oriwn ey ;.5 egbbgin pìpb`h n`hr ciuebgnohncdir tm` rst tgl` lir` pìpb` bgv` gn kgtg`s tmhn gn rurhb hr`hs. Sm` hcv`nt idh obiehb ip`n `kinily, eiist`c ey t`kmnibiogkhb prior`ss hnc tm` oriwgnoglpirthnk` id `l`rogno kinilg`s gn tm` gnt`rnhtginhb pibgtgkhb bhncskhp`, mhsor`htby licg `c tm` wirbcs c`v`bipl`nt prisp`kts.

Iv`r tm` n`xt 31 y`hrs, tm` wirbcs pipubhtgin wgbb oriw ey hn hccgtginhb 5.;egbbgin pìpb`, hnc urehngzhtgin wgbb kil` ti hdd`kt ?1 p`rk`nt id mulhngty. Sm`herupt nhtur` id tmgs kmhno` gn c`liorhpmy, ikkurrgno iv`r b`ss tmhn h k`ntury,rhgs`s tm` gssu` id susthgnhegbgty. Sm` wirbcs oriwtm trhf`ktiry gs sglubthnìusbykmhbb`no`c ey tm` c`pb`tgin id nhturhb r`siurk`s, tm` kins`qu`nk`s id kbglht`kmhno`, hnc tm` mgom rgsjs hssikght`c wgtm hsyll`trgk `kinilgk c`v`bipl nthlino tm` wirbcs rògins.

H bino-sthncgno gnt`rnhtginhb cèht` heiut tm` lubtgpb` kmhbb`no`s id h7-egbbgin-p`rsin wirbc (nit b`hst ròhrcgno miw ti d``c hbb tm`s` pìpb`) gs niworiwgno lir` gnt`ns`. Miw`v`r, dikusgno in iv`rhbb our`s t`ncs ti cgv`rthtt`ntgin dril itm`r `quhbby glpirthnt dhkts r`bht`c ti tm` cynhlgks id pipu-bhtgin oriwtm hnc cgstrgeutgin. H lhfir smgdt gs tm` kintgnu`c lhrognhbgzhtgin,gn t`rls id wirbc pipubhtgin smhr , id tm` c`v`bip`c wirbc (ir tm` wirbc id tm` rst c`v`bip`rs). Gn 5101, Nirtm Hl`rgkh hnc @urip` kilegn`c wgbb hkkiuntdir inby 80 p`rk`nt id obiehb pipubhtgin. Hsgh wgbb r`lhgn tm` wirbcs list pip-ubius rògin, eut tm` r`bhtgv` w`gomts id tm` pipubhtgins id [ue-[hmhrhn Hdrgkh([[H) hnc @urip` wgbb e` r`v`rs`c kilphr`c wgtm 8741 (81 p`rk`nt dir [[H hnc51 p`rk`nt dir @urip` gn 8741, hnc tm` r`v`rs` gn 5101). Smgs lhfir pipubhtginr`hbgonl`nt wgbb xhk`reht` xgstgno gn`quhbgtg`s gn hkk`ss ti r`siurk`s.

L`hnwmgb`, c`spgt` kintgnu`c urehngzhtgin, 5.= egbbgin pìpb` wgbb stgbb bgv` gnrurhb hr`hs gn 5101. Uurhb pipubhtgins wgbb stgbb e` lhssgv` hnc wgbb stgbb hrn tm`grbgvgno prglhrgby dril horgkubtur`. Uòginhb cgdd`r`nk`s gn urehn cynhlgks wgbbstrinoby hdd`kt tm` cgstrgeutgin id rurhb pipubhtgins6 [iutm Hsgh hnc [ue-[hmhrhn

Iv`rvg`w


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5 [SUPKSPUHB SUHN[DIULHSGIN HNC UPUHB KMHNO@ U@TG[GS@C

Hdrgkh wgbb tio`tm`r hkkiunt dir n`hrby twi-tmgrcs id tm` wirbcs rurhb pipubh-tgin, hnc ungqu`by, gn [[H tm` rurhb pipubhtgin wgbb kintgnu` ti oriw.

Sm`s` tr`ncs hr` id lhfir glpirthnk` e`khus` tm`y kmhbb`no` tm` prisp`ktsdir c`v`bipl`nt gn lukm id tm` wirbc. Horgkubtur` gs lir` tmhn fust tm` pri-cuktgin id diic. E`khus` horgkubtur` gs tm` kir` hktgvgty hnc lhgn siurk` id bgv`-bgmiic dir egbbgins id rurhb pìpb`, gts `vibutgin wgbb smhp` tm` prik`ss id `ki-nilgk, sikghb, hnc nvgrinl`nthb kmhno`. Sm` sgtuhtgin gs sp`kghbby kmhbb`nognogn [[H, wm`r` tm` bhkj id `kinilgk cgv`rsg khtginr`st`kt`c list nitheby gntm` rògins hn`lgk rht` id gncustrghbgzhtginbglgts iptgins dir `lpbiyl`ntiutsgc` horgkubtur` hnc tm` gndirlhb s`ktir. Iv`r tm` n`xt 80 y`hrs, hs h kins`-qu`nk` id c`liorhpmgk cynhlgks, ;;1 lgbbgin yiutm (wmi mhv` hbr`hcy e``neirn) wgbb `nt`r tm` bheir lhrj`th our` riuomby `qugvhb`nt ti tm` kurr`ntpipubhtgin id tm` Pngt`c [tht`s. Id tm`s`, 870 lgbbgin wgbb bgv` gn rurhb hr`hs, hncrurhb hktgvgtg`s wgbb mhv` ti privgc` tm`l wgtm fies. Itm`rwgs` tm`y wgbb lgorht`ti kgtg`s ir ti n`gomeirgno kiuntrg`s, wm`r` tm`y wgbb kintrgeut` ti tm` oriwgno`kinilgk, sikghb, hnc pibgtgkhb cgd kubtg`s tmht r`subt dril lòh-urehngzhtginhnc lhss lgorhtgin.

@kinilg`s kmhrhkt`rgz`c ey h bhro` rurhb pipubhtgin hnc sbiw gncustrghb-gzhtgin wgbb mhv` ti dikus in kr`htgno rurhb `lpbiyl`nt, hbtmiuom `kinilgkcgv`rsg khtgin hnc lhnho`l`nt id urehn oriwtm r`lhgn krgtgkhb ief`ktgv`s. Sm``vibutgin id horgkubturhb hnc rurhb c`v`bipl`nt pibgky gn tm` n`xt twi c`khc`swgbb e` c`kgsgv` dir tm` kintgnu`c omt hohgnst piv`rty, dir `kinilgk c`v`bip-l`nt, hnc dir pibgtgkhb sthegbgty.

Dril tm` _SI Cèht` ti tm` Diic Qrgk` KrgsgsH LgssgnoBino-S`rl Tgsgin

Sm` Uurhb[truk priorhl whs gngtght`c gn 5110 gn tm` kint`xt id hn gnt`ns` gnt`r-nhtginhb cèht` heiut tm` bge`rhbgzhtgin id horgkubturhb lhrj`ts hnc tm` r`subt-gno kins`qu`nk`s dir dhrlgno gn c`v`bipgno kiuntrg`s. Uurhb[truks lhgn oihbwhs ti privgc` h r`n`w`c p`rsp`ktgv` in horgkubtur` hnc gts rib` gn c`v`bip-l`nt. [p`kg khbby, gt hgl`c ti r`kinn`kt tm` gssu`s r`bht`c ti trhc` bge`rhbgzhtginwgtm tm` erihc`r cgskussgin id rurhb trhnsdirlhtgin hnc tm` `vibutgin id rurhb`kinilg`s gn h rhpgcby obiehbgzgno wirbc.

Sm` priorhl whs khrrg`c iut iv`r h v`-y`hr p`rgic (51145181) curgnowmgkm tgl` tm` skip` id tm` gnt`rnhtginhb cèht` in horgkubtur` kmhno`c crh-lhtgkhbby. Smr`` lhgn gssu`s hdd`kt`c tmgs cèht`6 (8) oriwgno kink`rns heiuttm` kins`qu`nk`s id obiehb kbglht` kmhno`, wmgkm kublgnht`c gn tm` 5117Kip`nmho`n [ullgt: (5) tm` wirbc diic prgk` krgsgs: hnc (;) tm` wirbc nhn-kghb krgsgs hnc gts glphkts in oriwtm. Sm`s` gssu`s r`lhgn mgom in tm` ho`nchhnc kintgnu` ti dikus gnt`rnhtginhb htt`ntgin in horgkubtur`, hs `vgc`nk`c eytm` glpb`l`nthtgin id hn Horgkubturhb O51.


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IT@UTG@_ ;

Hlgc tm` `vibvgno gnt`rnhtginhb cèht`, tm` _irbc C`v`bipl`nt U`pirt511= in Horgkubtur` dir C`v`bipl`nt (_CU1=) idd`r`c h strino hnc w`bb-hrou`c r`lgnc`r id tm` k`ntrhb rib` id horgkubtur` gn tm` c`v`bipl`nt prik`sshnc gts glpirthnk` hs h kintrgeutir ti piv`rty hbb`vghtgin. Hbtmiuom tm` r`pirtsdubb gnkirpirhtgin gnti tm` pibgky ho`nch whs c`bhy`c ey tm` diic prgk` krgsgshnc tm` sues`qu`nt n``c ti dikus in lir` pr`ssgno smirt-t`rl gssu`s, gts kin-trgeutgin ti tm` cèht` gs gnvhbuheb`.

Sm` irgognhbgty id tm` _CU1= whs gn hciptgno h ròginhb hpprihkm ehs`cin cgdd`r`nt stho`s gn tm` prik`ss id strukturhb trhnsdirlhtgin. Gt gntricuk`ctm` gc`h id tm` tmr`` wirbcs id horgkubtur`, wmgkm kirr`spinc ti tm` cgdd`r-`nt rib`s pbhy`c ey horgkubtur` ht cgdd`r`nt stho`s id h kiuntrys c`v`bipl`nt.Sm` rst id tm`s` wirbcs kinsgsts id kiuntrg`s wmis` `kinilg`s r`by m`hvgby inhorgkubtur` dir oriwtm hnc `lpbiyl`nt (horgkubtur`-ehs`c kiuntrg`s): tmgswirbc gnkbuc`s list id [ue-[hmhrhn Hdrgkh. Sm` s`kinc wirbc id horgkubtur`kirr`spincs ti trhnsdirlgno kiuntrg`s, diunc lhgnby gn [iutm hnc @hst Hsgh,wm`r` rhpgcby rgsgno rurhb-urehn cgsphrgtg`s hnc tm` p`rsgst`nk` id `xtr`l` rurhbpiv`rty hr` lhfir siurk`s id sikghb hnc pibgtgkhb t`nsgin. Sm` tmgrc horgkubturhbwirbc r`d`rs ti urehngz`c kiuntrg`s, gnkbucgno list id Bhtgn Hl`rgkh, wm`r`horgkubtur` khn m`bp r`cuk` tm` r`lhgngno rurhb piv`rty tmriuom e`tt`r gntòrh-tgin gnti lic`rn diic lhrj`ts hnc tm` c`v`bipl`nt id `nvgrinl`nthb s`rvgk`s.

Hbtmiuom tm` kink`ptuhbgzhtgin id tm`s` tmr`` wirbcs dhkgbgtht`c tm` c`sgonid pibgky r`kill`nchtgins, sil` id tm` kmhbb`no`s kiuntrg`s dhk` w`r` iv`r-biij`c. Sm`s` gnkbuc`c c`liorhpmgk gssu`s (nitheby pipubhtgin oriwtm hnc gtskins`qu`nk`s dir `lpbiyl`nt) hnc hsyll`trg`s gn kilp`tgtgv`n`ss tmht r`subtdril obiehbgzhtgin.

Kinsgc`rhtgin id tm`s` gssu`s khbbs gnti qu`stgin tm` vghegbgty id tm` mgstirg-khb phtmwhy id strukturhb trhnsdirlhtgin, wmgkm gnvibv`s tm` prior`ssgv` smgdtdril horgkubtur` ti gncustry hnc tm`n ti s`rvgk`s. Sm` unc`rbygno cynhlgkid tmgs `kinilgk trhnsgtgin (h j`y kilpin`nt id strukturhb trhnsdirlhtgin)gs gnkr`hs`c pricuktgvgty gn horgkubtur`, wmgkm dist`rs t`kmngkhb kmhno` hnchbbiws bheir hnc khpgthb ti stiw ti itm`r `kinilgk hktgvgtg`s. [glubthnìusby,`kinilg`s `xp`rg`nk` h erihc oìorhpmgk r`strukturgno hs bheir liv`s drilskhtt`r`c hktgvgtg`s (horgkubtur`) ti lir` kink`ntrht`c in`s (gncustry), hncurehngzhtgin prik`ss`s hkk`b`rht . Smgs prik`ss id kmhno` trhnsbht`s gnti mgom`rgnkil`s, or`ht`r w`hbtm, hnc glpriv`c bgvgno kincgtgins, wmgkm, hbino wgtml`cgkhb prior`ss, gngtght` tm` c`liorhpmgk trhnsgtgin (tm` prior`ssgv`, tmiuomsthoo`r`c, r`cuktgin id lirthbgty hnc egrtm rht`s). Sm` r`subt gs h pipubhtgintmht oriws rhpgcby ht rst, tm`n sthegbgz`s.

Smgs `vibutgingst vgsgin, ehs`c in sthtgstgkhb `vgc`nk` dril phst trhnsgtgins, gskmhbb`no`c ey tichys wirbc, wmgkm suoo`sts tmht gt gs glpirthnt ti hcipt h lir`kint`xtuhb mgstirgkhb p`rsp`ktgv` ti unc`rsthnc tm` inoigno prik`ss id strukturhbkmhno`. Sm` lil`nt gn tgl` lhtt`rs, e`khus` ippirtungtg`s, kinstrhgnts, hnctm` ehbhnk` id piw`r `vibv` kintgnuiusby tmriuomiut wirbc mgstiry.


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Smr`` kmhrhkt`rgstgks dril pr`vgius trhnsgtgins lust e` j`pt gn lgnc. Dgrst,tm` _`st`rn @urip`hn hnc Nirtm Hl`rgkhn trhnsgtgins tmht ikkurr`c iv`r tm`87tm hnc tm` e`tt`r phrt id tm` 51tm k`nturg`s khnnit e` cgskinn`kt`c dril@urip`hn hnc Hl`rgkhn pibgtgkhb mò`liny, wmgkm r`cuk`c ir `bglgnht`c kil-p`tgtgin hnc kr`ht`c khptgv` lhrj`ts tmht w`r` v`ry bukrhtgv`. Hkk`ss ti tm`s`lhrj`ts strinoby dhkgbgtht`c `kinilgk sp`kghbgzhtgin hnc gncustrghbgzhtgin.[`kinc, tm` @urip`hn trhnsgtgin whs eiist`c ey h ungqu` iutstiw id gnt`r-nhtginhb lgorhnts tmht sliitm`c tm` hcfustl`nt id @urip`hn `kinilg`s hncglpriv`c tm`gr hegbgty ti c`hb wgtm bheir surpbus`s. E`tw``n 8=01 hnc 87;1,n`hrby 41 lgbbgin @urip`hns lgorht`c ti tm` N`w _irbcs, ;0 lgbbgin ti tm`Pngt`c [tht`s hbin`. Smgrc, tm` Bhtgn Hl`rgkhn hnc Hsghn trhnsgtgins sthrt`ccurgno h v`ry sp`kg k p`rgic id s`bd-k`nt`r`c nhtginhb c`v`bipl`nt tmht kmhr-hkt`rgz`c tm` gnt`rnhtginhb rògl` e`tw``n tm` 8757 krgsgs hnc tm` kurr`nt `rh idobiehbgzhtgin, wmgkm eòhn ht tm` `nc id tm` 87?1s. Smgs c`v`bipl`nthb rògl`whs kmhrhkt`rgz`c ey glpirt suestgtutgin, prit`ktgin, hnc strino stht` gnt`rv`n-tgin, hbb id wmgkm kintrgeut`c ti `kinilgk lic`rngzhtgin. Gn Bhtgn Hl`rgkh tm``kinilgk trhnsgtgin sthrt`c e`tw``n tm` twi _irbc _hrs: gn Hsgh gt eòhn gn tm`8701s. Hccgtginhbby, eitm rògins e`n` t`c dril lhssgv` hssgsthnk` priorhlstmht r`subt`c dril tm` Kibc _hr.

Sichy, tm` sgtuhtgin dir c`v`bipgno kiuntrg`s gn tm` `hrby stho`s id strukturhbtrhnsdirlhtgin gs crhstgkhbby cgdd`r`nt. [ue-[hmhrhn Hdrgkhtm` bhst rògin idtm` wirbc ti `lehrj in tm` strukturhb trhnsdirlhtgin prik`ssdhk`s tm` kmhb-b`no`s id hn gnkgpg`nt `kinilgk trhnsgtgin hnc hn unhkmg`v`c c`liorhpmgktrhnsgtgin gn tm` kint`xt id h obiehb ip`n `kinily hnc unc`r tm` kinstrhgntsid kbglht` kmhno`.

Bht` c`v`bip`rswmgkm gnkbuc` list id tm` kiuntrg`s gn [ue-[hmhrhnHdrgkh`nfiy k`rthgn hcvhntho`s tmht tm`gr pr`c`k`ssirs bhkj`c. Sm`y khn r`hptm` e`n` ts id t`kmnibiogkhb prior ss hnc phst `xp`rg`nk`, hnc khn thj` hcvhn-tho` id n`w ippirtungtg`s ti hkk`ss obiehb lhrj`ts. Ht tm` shl` tgl`, tm`y dhk`n`w kinstrhgnts, sukm hs muo` hsyll`trg`s gn pricuktgvgty, gnkr`hs`c gnt`rnh-tginhb kilp`tgtgin (nitheby dril tm` ego `l`rogno kiuntrg`s), hnc `nvgrin-l`nthb còrhchtgin. Sm`s` kint`xtuhb kmhbb`no`s, hs w`bb hs tm` gnsthegbgty idtm` gnt`rnhtginhb `nvgrinl`nt, crhstgkhbby kinstrhgn tm`gr riil ti lhnùv`rgn lhnhogno strukturhb kmhno`, phrtgkubhrby wm`n gt kil`s ti glprivgno tm`bgv`bgmiic prisp`kts id dhst-oriwgno pipubhtgins.

Sm` U`s`hrkm Qriorhl

Smgs kmhbb`nogno kint`xtuhb ehkjoriunc smhp`c tm` c`sgon id tm` Uurhb[trukpriorhl, wmgkm mhc tmr`` sp`kg k ief`ktgv`s6 (8) kintrgeut` ti tm` hnhbytgkhbjniwb`co` ehs` in strukturhb kmhno` hnc gts `dd`kts in horgkubtur` hnc tm`


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IT@UTG@_ 0

rurhb `kinily gn c`v`bipgno kiuntrg`s: (5) d``c hnc glpriv` gnt`rnhtginhb hncnhtginhb cèht`s ey prilitgno hnc r`kinn`ktgno tm`s` gssu`s: hnc (;) privgc`p`rsp`ktgv`s dir pibgky lhjgno. Sm` priorhls litti whs E`tt`r unc`rsthncgnodir e`tt`r pibgky lhjgno.

Sm` priorhl c`sgon whs ehs`c in tmr`` gnt`rr`bht`c mypitm`s`s. Sm` rstmypitm`sgs (M8) gs tmht tm` obiehb r`strukturgno id horgdiic lhrj`ts hnc tm`gnkr`hsgno hsyll`try id gnt`rnhtginhb kilp`tgtgin hr` b`hcgno ti oriwgno cgd-d`r`ntghtgin hlino dhrl, lhrj`tgno, prik`ssgno, hnc cgstrgeutgin struktur`s.Sm` s`kinc mypitm`sgs (M5) gs tmht tm` gnkil` siurk`s hnc hktgvgty phtt`rns idrurhb mius`mibcs kmhno` ti gnkbuc` lir` idd-dhrl hktgvgtg`s gn r`spins` ti tm`s`lir` kilp`tgtgv` hnc kmhbb`nogno obiehb lhrj`ts. Sm` tmgrc mypitm`sgs (M;)gs tmht lhrognhbgzhtgin prik`ss`s gn horgkubtur` hnc tm` cgd kubtg`s rurhb mius`-mibcs `nkiunt`r gn hchptgno ti tmgs n`w kint`xt (`sp`kghbby gn sgtuhtgins kmhr-hkt`rgz`c ey tm` hes`nk` id `dd`ktgv` hbt`rnhtgv`s ti dhrlgno) sil`tgl`s b`hc tiglphss`s wgtmgn tm` prik`ss id strukturhb trhnsdirlhtgin. Sm` tmgrc mypitm`sgsgs phrtgkubhrby r`b`vhnt dir tm` rst id tm` tmr`` wirbcs id horgkubtur`: nhl`by,tm` horgkubtur`-ehs`c kiuntrg`s.

Sm` Uurhb[truk priorhl us`c h kilphrhtgv` hpprihkm ti hccr`ss tm`s`mypitm`s`s. Si crhw b`ssins dril tm` vhrgius whys rurhb `kinilg`s hchpt titm` obiehb kint`xt id kmhno`, s`v`n kiuntrg`s ht cgdd`r`nt stho`s id strukturhbtrhnsdirlhtgin hnc `kinilgk gntòrhtgin w`r` s`b`kt`c dir stucy. J`nyh, Lhbg,Lhchohskhr, hnc [`nòhb hr` ht hn `hrby stho` id tm` `kinilgk trhnsgtgin, hnchr` phrt id tm` rst id tm` tmr`` wirbcs id horgkubtur`. Lirikki hnc Ngkhrhouhhr` ht hn gnt`rl`cght` stho` gn tm`gr trhnsdirlhtgin prik`ss6 Hbtmiuom horgkub-tur` r`lhgns krgtgkhb gn tm` `kinilg`s id eitm kiuntrg`s, gts rib` gs c`kbgngno.L`xgki, hn upp`r-lgccb`-gnkil` `kinily, gs lukm durtm`r hm`hc gn gts trhns-dirlhtgin prik`ss, mhs e`kil` c``pby gntòrht`c wgtm gts nirtm`rn n`gomeirstmriuom tm` Nirtm Hl`rgkhn Dr`` Srhc` Hor``l`nt (NHDSH), hnc dirls phrtid tm` _irbc C`v`bipl`nt U`pirts urehngz`c wirbc (_CU1=).

Qriorhl hktgvgtg`s w`r` glpb`l`nt`c tmriuom h kibbheirhtgv` prik`ss gnvibv-gno nhtginhb t`hls gn tm` s`v`n kiuntrg`s6 Sm`s` t`hls w`r` c``pby gnvibv`c ht`v`ry stho` id priorhl c`v`bipl`nt, gnkbucgno pr`phrhtgin, glpb`l`nthtgin,hnhbysgs, cgss`lgnhtgin, hnc cgskussgin id r`subts. Qmhs` 8 id tm` priorhl whsc`cgkht`c ti tm` pricuktgin id h s`rg`s id erihc iv`rvg`w cikul`nts sullhrgz-gno wmht whs jniwn gn v`ry kiuntry heiut prik`ss`s id rurhb kmhno`. Smgs x`r-kgs` `xpis`c tm` w`hjn`ss id tm` `lpgrgkhb jniwb`co` ehs` ròhrcgno tm` kmhr-hkt`rgstgks id rurhb `kinilg`s, phrtgkubhrby kink`rngno tm` bgv`bgmiic struktur`shnc gnkil`-o`n`rhtgno hktgvgtg`s id mius`mibcs. Sm` inby gndirlhtgin hvhgbheb`khl` gn tm` dirl id khs` stucg`s, unc`rthj`n wgtm vhrgius ief`ktgv`s hnc usgnovhrgius l`tmicibiog`s, wmgkm pr`v`nt`c tm`l dril e`gno us`c syst`lhtgkhbby.

In tm` ehsgs id tmgs gndirlhtgin, priorhl c`v`bip`rs c`kgc`c ti `noho` gnprglhry chth kibb`ktgin tmriuom `bc surv`ys. Hriunc =,111 rurhb mius`mibcs


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gn 54 rògins id tm` s`v`n phrtgkgphtgno kiuntrg`s w`r` gnt`rvg`w`c gn `hrby511= (nit` tmht tm` surv`y whs glpb`l`nt`c e`dir` tm` dubb c`v`bipl`nt id tm`diic prgk` krgsgs). Sm` gnt`rvg`ws dikus`c in tm` hktgvgtg`s hnc gnkil`s id tm`phrtgkgphtgno mius`mibcs. Sm` r`subtgno chth s`t privgc`c h ungqu`, sgnob`-smitr`pr`s`nthtgin id rurhb gnkil` struktur`s tmht whs kilphrheb` hkriss tm` sur-v`y`c rògins e`khus` gt us`c h killin l`tmicibioy. [gnk` tm` surv`ys w`r`khrrg`c iut ht h sgnob` pignt gn tgl`, cynhlgk hnhbysgs whs nit pissgeb`. Miw-`v`r, e`khus` tm` surv`ys us`c tm` shl` l`tmicibioy ht tm` shl` pignt gn tgl`, y`t w`r` khrrg`c iut gn cgdd`r`nt rògins ht cgdd`r`nt stho`s id `kinilgk c`v`b-ipl`nt hnc d`hturgno cgdd`r`nt b`v`bs id gntòrhtgin gnti tm` obiehb `kinily, hcynhlgk gnt`rpr thtgin id r`subts ht tm` kriss-ròginhb hnc kriss-kiuntry b`v`bswhs pissgeb`. Smgs gnt`rpr`thtgin hbbiw`c tm` priorhl ti gnv`stgoht` tm` crgv`rsid rurhb trhnsdirlhtgin hnc kintrgeut` ti tm` cèht` in `kinilgk trhnsgtginhnc strukturhb kmhno`.

Sm` Q`rsgstgno Uib` id Horgkubtur hnc tm` @xt`nt idUurhb Qiv`rty

Sm` hnhbysgs r`v`hb`c h cgv`rs` hrrhy id rurhb sgtuhtgins tmht n`v`rtm`b`ss mhch nule`r id glpirthnt kmhrhkt`rgstgks gn killin. Dgrst whs tm` kintgnu`ccilgnhnk` id horgkubtur` hs hn `kinilgk hktgvgty gn hbb tm` surv`y`c rògins.Ngn`ty- v` p`rk`nt id surv`y`c mius`mibcs w`r` noho`c gn in-dhrl hktgvgtg`s6pricukgno krips, oriwgno bgv`stikj, ir prik`ssgno pricukts in tm` dhrl. Miw-`v`r, sil` rògins w`r` sgong khntby lir` cgv`rsg `c6 S`qugsqughphn (Xu`-r`thri stht`) gn L`xgki, wm`r` inby ;1 p`rk`nt id mius`mibcs r`by in in-dhrlhktgvgtg`s, hnc [iuss gn Lirikki, wm`r` ni lir` tmhn ?0 p`rk`nt id mius`mibcshr` dhrl mius`mibcs.

Gn hccgtgin ti mgom b`v`bs id gnvibv`l`nt gn horgkubtur`, tm` surv`y`c ròginsw`r` kmhrhkt`rgz`c ey wgc`spr`hc piv`rty, phrtgkubhrby gn [ue-[hmhrhn Hdrgkh([[H). L`cghn gnkil`s (wmgkm idd`r h e`tt`r iv`rvg`w id tm` rurhb r`hbgty tmhnròginhb hv`rho`s) w`r` `stglht`c e`tw``n $1.0 hnc $5 QQQ (purkmhsgno piw`rphrgty) p`r p`rsin p`r chy gn tm` [[H rògins (`xk`pt Nhjuru Nirtm gn J`nyh,wm`r` gt gs $;). Sm` nin-[[H rògins mhc mgom`r gnkil`s (e`tw``n $8.0 hnc$0.0 QQQ). C`hbgno wgtm hv`rho`s, ?1 p`rk`nt id [[H surv`y`c mius`mibcs `hrnb`ss tmhn $5 QQQ/p`rsin/chy, hnc 31 p`rk`nt sudd`r dril $8/chy piv`rty. Gnsil` rògins, nitheby Lhbg, tmgs our` khn r`hkm hs mgom hs =1 p`rk`nt.

@xhlgngno tm` piir`st 51 p`rk`nt id mius`mibcs gn h ogv`n surv`y`c rògin,rhtm`r tmhn biijgno ht tm` rògin hs h wmib`, `xpr`ss`s tm` r`hbgty id piv`rty`v`n lir` crhlhtgkhbby. Smgs eittil qugntgb` sudd`rs dril $8/chy piv`rty gn`v`ry rògin gn tm` surv`y iutsgc` id L`xgki, `v`n gn rògins tmht w`r` irgog-


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IT@UTG@_ ?

nhbby put gn tm` wgnngno oriup, iwgno ti tm`gr oiic kinn`ktgins ti lhrj`tshnc strino hss`t `nciwl`nts. Durtm`r, hv`rho` gnkil`s gn tm` tip qugntgb`s hrùsuhbby pubb`c up ey h v`ry slhbb nule`r id mius`mibcs tmht hr` sgong khntbye`tt`r idd tmhn tm` itm`rs hnc tmht e`n` t dril v`ry sp`kg k sikghb hnc `ki-nilgk kincgtgins.

H kins`qu`nk` id mgom piv`rty b`v`bs gs tmht mius`mibcs dhk` v`ry mgom b`v`bsid rgsj, wmgkm bglgt tm`gr gnv`stl`nt khphkgty hnc tm`gr hegbgty ti gnnivht`. Smgscgr` sgtuhtgin gs kilpbgkht`c dir mius`mibcs tmht hbsi dhk` diic gns`kurgty. _m`n`hrngnos hr` kinv`rt`c dril $QQQ gnti jgbikhbirg`s (jkhb) usgno bikhb prgk`s, hsuesthntghb smhr` id mius`mibcs gn hbb surv`y`c rògins mhc cgd kubty l``tgnotm`gr lgnglul chgby khbirgk r`qugr`l`nts6 Gn 88 id tm` 87 surv`y`c zin`s gn[[H, tm` eittil qugntgb` whs, in hv`rho`, unheb` ti privgc` 5,301 jkhb/p`rsin/chy. Swi rògins gn Ngkhrhouh `xmgegt`c tm` shl` sgtuhtgin.

Sm`s` r`subts kink`rngno tm` glpirthnk` id in-dhrl gnkil` hnc tm` wgc`-spr`hc pr`vhb`nk` id piv`rty, v`n gn itm`rwgs` m`t`rio`nìus rurhb `kinilg`s,kibir`c tm` gnv`stgohtgin id `hkm id tm` priorhls tmr`` mypitm`s`s. Gn tm` khsìd tm` [[H kiuntrg`s, tm` chth suoo`st`c tmht, wmht`v`r dhrl cgdd`r`ntghtgin pri-k`ss`s mhv` e``n gngtght`c ir str`notm`n`c ey obiehbgzhtgin hnc tm` sues`qu`ntgnkr`hsgno gntòrhtgin id wirbc diic lhrj`ts, nin` mhv` e``n c``p ir pridiunc`niuom ti mhv` h lhkri-b`v`b `dd`kt in rurhb `kinilg`s gn tm` surv`y`c rògins.Sm` chth hbsi suoo`st`c tmht ni lhtt`r wmht itm`r hktgvgtg`s mius`mibcs lhymhv` cgv`rsg `c gnti hs h rurhb nindhrl `kinily c`v`bip`c, d`w mhv` e``nheb` ti b`hv` horgkubtur` hbtio`tm`r, hnc d`w id tm` mius`mibcs tmht sthy`c gnrurhb hr`hs skhp`c piv`rty. Ht tm` itm`r nc id tm` trhnsgtgin orhcg`nt, tm` khsìd L`xgki smiw`c tmht `v`n wm`n cgdd`r`ntghtgin prik`ss`s hr` `xt`nsgv` hnclhny mius`mibcs b`hv` horgkubtur`, rurhb piv`rty khn r`lhgn qugt` suesthntghb.Gn tm`s` `kinilg`s, lhny mius`mibcs gn tm` biw`st qugntgb`s hr` stgbb piire`biw tm` $5/chy bgn` hnc sil`tgl`s e`biw $8/chy.

[glgbhrby, tm` cgdd`r`nk`s gn gnkil` b`v`bs hnc phtt`rns id gnkil` cgstrgeu-tgin ies`rv`c hlino rurhb hr`hs id tm` s`v`n kiuntrg`s shy sil`tmgno heiutstrukturhb trhnsdirlhtgin. Gn [[H, tm` iv`rwm`blgno lhfirgty id rurhb mius`-mibcs hr` piir, eut gn`quhbgty hlino tm`l gs bglgt`c (Ogng gnc`x`s eugbt in tm`shlpb` rhno` dril 1.;0 ti 1.30). Gn Lirikki hnc Ngkhrhouh, wmgkm hr` livgnolir` qugkjby gn tm` trhnsgtgin, hv`rho` rurhb gnkil`s hr` nitheby mgom`r, eutgn`quhbgty gs qugt` s`v`r` (Ogng gnc`x`s e`tw``n 1.4 hnc 1.?). Gn L`xgki, wmgkmmhc tm` mgom`st l`cghn rurhb gnkil`s gn tm` shlpb`, Ogng gnc`x`s hr` qugt` biw(1.3). Sm`r , tm` gssu` id gn`quhbgty gn rurhb hr`hs mhs e``n cgspbhk`c ey tmht idrurhb-urehn gn`quhbgty. Sm` kink`rn gn L`xgki gs tm` gnkr`hsgno lhrognhbgzh-tgin id rurhb hr`hs. L`xgkhn rògins mhc tm` bhro`st ohp gn tm` shlpb` e`tw``nsurv`y`c mius`mibc gnkil`s hnc nhtginhb OCQ p`r khpgth6 Sm` bhtt`r gs diur tis`v`n tgl`s tm` dirl`r.


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= [SUPKSPUHB SUHN[DIULHSGIN HNC UPUHB KMHNO@ U@TG[GS@C

Dhrl Qricuktgin, Lhrj`ts, hnc Cgdd`r`ntghtgin Qrik`ss`s

Iv`r tm` phst c`khc`, tm` horgkubturhb `kinilgks bgt`rhtur` mhs ergll`c wgtmhkkiunts id dhrl`rs gn c`v`bipgno kiuntrg`s gntòrhtgno gnti tm` lhrj`t `kin-ily. Khs` stucg`s heiunc tmht c`skrge` miw pricuk`rs mhv` diro`c n`w kinn`k-tgins wgtm mgom-vhbu` lhrj`ts, hkmg`v`c v`rtgkhb gntòrhtgin tmriuom kintrhkts,hnc r`hp`c tm` e`n` ts id tm` si-khbb`c sup`rlhrj`t r`vibutgin. Hbtmiuomtm`s` prik`ss`s hr` unc`r why gn s`v`rhb rògins id tm` c`v`bipgno wirbc, tm`grglphkt khn e` iv`rstht`c, `sp`kghbby wm`n gt kil`s ti tm` pripirtgin id dhrl`rsgnvibv`c gn tmgs n`w wirbc id horgkubtur`. N`w ippirtungtg`s ci `xgst, eut tm`yhr` idt`n strinoby bikhbgz`c gn sp`kg k rògins hnc, heiv` hbb, hdd`kt h r`bhtgv`bybglgt`c nule`r id pricuk`rs. Gn hny ogv`n kiuntry, wmgb` tmiushncs ir `v`nt`ns id tmiushncs id dhrl mius`mibcs lhy mhv` e`n` t`c dril tm` c`v`bip-l`nt id gntòrht`c vhbu` kmhgns, muncr`cs id tmiushncs ir `v`n lgbbgins iditm`r mius`mibcs r`lhgn `le`cc`c gn lir` trhcgtginhb typ`s id horgkubtur`hsgtuhtgin `x`lpbg `c ey tm` w`bb-jniwn J`nyhn mirtgkubtur` sukk`ss stiry (tm`s`kinc-bhro`st killicgty `xpirt id tm` kiuntry, mirtgkubtur` `xpirts gnvibv`b`ss tmhn 01,111 id J`nyhs lir` tmhn ;.0 lgbbgin dhrl mius`mibcs).

Sm` Glpirthnk` id [thpb`s hnc [`bd-KinsulptginHlino surv`y`c mius`mibcs, h killinby ies`rv`c kmhrhkt`rgstgk id pricuk-tgin gs tm` glpirthnk` id sthpb`s, usuhbby h k`r`hb6 rgk` gn Lhchohskhr, Lhbg,hnc [`nòhb, kilpb`l`nt`c ey lgbb`t hnc siromul gn tm` bhst twi kiuntrg`s:wm`ht gn Lirikki: hnc lhgz` gn J`nyh, L`xgki, hnc Ngkhrhouh. Ngn`ty-`gomtp`rk`nt id tm` surv`y`c mius`mibcs gn [[H hnc ?4 p`rk`nt gn nin-[[H ròginshr` `noho`c gn sthpb` pricuktgin. Gn tm` Uurhb[truk shlpb`, sthpb`s r`pr`s`nt inhv`rho` 45 p`rk`nt id dhrl iutput. Gn [[H, tm`y idt`n kinstgtut` hs lukm hs =1p`rk`nt. Gn nin-[[H kiuntrg`s, wm`r` lir` pricukts hr` oriwn, tm` sgtuhtgin

gs lir` vhrg`c. Qricuktgin id sthpb`s gs hriunc 30 p`rk`nt gn Ngkhrhouh hncLirikki, hbtmiuom tm` our` whs biw`r gn Lirikki curgno tm` surv`y y`hr,e`khus` criuomt hdd`kt`c tm` r`bhtgv` smhr` id wm`ht. [p`kghbgzhtgin gn lhgz` gntm` surv`y`c rògins gn L`xgki gs r`bht`c ti sp`kg k gnk`ntgv`s.

Sm` p`rvhsgv` glpirthnk` id sthpb`s r`st`kts tm` dhkt tmht rgsj b`v`bs, hncsil`tgl`s diic gns`kurgty, mhv` b`c h bhro` pripirtgin id [[H mius`mibcs tir`lhgn ht b`hst phrtby hnc sgong khntby `noho`c gn suesgst`nk` dhrlgno. Sm`s`mius`mibcs ci nit sglpby pricuk` sthpb` krips: tm`y kinsul` h bhro` pirtginid tm`gr iwn iutput. [`bd-kinsulptgin, c`p`ncgno in tm` rògin, hkkiunts dir

heiut mhbd id pricuktgin. @xtr`l`s hr` diunc ht in` `nc id tm` sp`ktrul gnLhbg (?0 p`rk`nt gn Cglh ir Silgnghn) hnc ht tm` itm`r `nc gn L`jm, gn[`nòhb (b`ss tmhn 51 p`rk`nt). Iutsgc` [ue-[hmhrhn Hdrgkh, tm` s`bd-kinsul`csmhr` id dhrl iutput gs biw`r (51 p`rk`nt ti ;1 p`rk`nt), hbtmiuom piir`r qugn-


35/306

IT@UTG@_ 7

tgb`s gn Ngkhrhouh r`by m`hvgby in suesgst`nk` dhrlgno (up ti 41 p`rk`nt). Sm``xtr`l`by biw b`v`b id s`bd-kinsulptgin gn tm` L`xgkhn rògins gs tm` kins`-qu`nk` id h r`strukturgno id tm` nhtgins lhgz` gncustry dibbiwgno tm` glpb`-l`nthtgin id NHDSH.

O`n`rhbby, tm` smhr` id s`bd-kinsulptgin c`kr`hs`s wgtm rgsgno w`hbtm ht eitmtm` mius`mibc hnc ròginhb b`v`bs. [urv`y`c mius`mibcs gn [ue-[hmhrhn Hdrgkhhr` b`ss hcvhnk`c gn tmgs prik`ss, e`khus` tm`y hr` piir`r. Sm` prilgn`nk` ids`bd-kinsulptgin gn tm` surv`y r`st`kts twi kilpb`l`nthry `dd`kts tmht bglgtslhbbmibc`r dhrl`rs phrtgkgphtgin gn lhrj`ts. Sm` suppby `dd`kt r`d`rs ti rgsjlhnho`l`nt strhtòg`s tmht mius`mibcs lpbiy ti r`thgn kintrib iv`r tm`gr diicsuppbyh cgr`kt r`spins` ti gnkilpb`t` hnc glp`rd`kt lhrj`ts. Sm` c`lhnc`dd`kt r`d`rs ti w`hj c`lhnc dir pricukts e`khus` id piir hkk`ss ti hnc gntòrh-tgin wgtm lhrj`ts, ir tm` dhkt tmht pricuktgin surpbus`s hr` tii biw ti httrhkteuy`rs.

Lhrj`tgno ey Srhcgtginhb L`hnsSm`s` ies`rvhtgins `xpr`ss h cuhb r`hbgty. Uurhb hr`hsnitheby gn [ue-[hmhrhnHdrgkhkintgnu` ti `noho` gn suesgst`nk` dhrlgno, `v`n tmiuom glpriv`ckinn`ktgvgty ti lhrj`ts gs hn `sthebgsm`c dhkt. Mius`mibcs tmht ci nit s`bb hnypricukts hr` unusuhb, hnc h bhro` lhfirgty id tm`l hbsi purkmhs` diic pricuktspricuk`c ey itm`rs.

Gn tm` surv`y`c rògins gn [[H, trhcgtginhb lhrj`tgno phtt`rns p`rsgst. Listprgvht` kibb`ktgno ho`nts r`by in gndirlhb strhtòg`s ehs`c in trust ti iethgniutput dril dhrl`rs, hnc kintrhktuhbgzhtgin r`lhgns biw, `v`n hlino dhrlstmht hr` rlby gntòrht`c gnti lhrj`ts tmriuom inoigno r`bhtginsmgps wgtmwmib`shb`rs ir hori-gncustrg`s (tmgs gs tm` khs` gn linipsingstgk sgtuhtgins bgj`kittin gn Lhbg). Miw`v`r, sil` bikhb horgeusgn`ss`s ci lhj` us` id kintrhkts(tilhti`s gn tm` Mhut C`bth, [`nòhb: lgbj gn Hntsgrhe` hnc or``n e`hns gnGthsy, Lhchohskhr: suohr khn` gn J`nyh), hnc lic`rn lhrj`tgno syst`ls hr`lir` pr`vhb`nt gn nin-[[H kiuntrg`s. Kintrhktuhbgzhtgin rhr`by ikkurs ht tm`pricuk`r b`v`b hnc list idt`n ikkurs ciwnstr`hl, e`tw``n tm` wmib`shb`r, kib-b`ktgin ungt, ir pricuk`rs irohngzhtgin hnc tm` prik`ssgno rl ir prikur`l`nts`rvgk` (dir `xhlpb`, tm` chgry gncustry gn Ngkhrhouh).

_m`r` in-dhrl cgv`rsg khtgin mhs ikkurr`c, gt mhs cin` si wgtmiut hnycgsk`rngeb` phtt`rn. Sm` surv`ys r`v`hb`c m`t`rio`nìus `xhlpb`s id in-dhrlcgv`rsg khtgin tmht mhv` c`v`bip`c gn r`spins` ti rògin-sp`kg k ippirtungtg`s.Sm`s` gnkbuc` tm` bòhky id h kibinghb khsm krip (kittin gn Lhbg, oriuncnut gn[`nòhb, kidd`` gn J`nyh): h sp`kg k gnv`stl`nt ey h dir`gon rl (or``n e`hnspricuk`c ey B`kidrugt gn Lhchohskhr): ir bikhb `ntr`pr`nùrsmgp `nheb`c eypuebgk gnv`stl`nt gn gndrhstruktur` (eiilgno smhbbit pricuktgin gn tm` Id k`cu Ngo`r grrgohtgin skm`l` gn Lhbg).


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_gtm r`d`r`nk` ti tm` priorhls rst mypitm`sgs, tm` kinkbusgin gs tmhtmius`mibcs gn tm` Uurhb[truk surv`ys phrtgkgpht` gn rurhb `kinilg`s tmht mhv`nit e``n rhcgkhbby r`smhp`c ey v`rtgkhb gntòrhtgin hnc tm` sup`rlhrj`t r`vibu-tgin (tm` ungqu` sgtuhtgin id tm` [ithv`nti rògin gn L`xgki gs hn `xk`ptgin).Gt gs nit surprgsgno tmht n`w horgkubturhb pricuktgin syst`ls d`hturgno nintrh-cgtginhb kinn`ktgins ti lhrj`ts hr` rhr`. Dhrl cgdd`r`ntghtgin, wm`r` gt ikkurs,prglhrgby r`st`kts cgdd`r`nk`s gn b`v`bs id `xgstgno mius`mibc hss`ts rhtm`r tmhnn`w jgncs id kinn`ktgins ti lhrj`ts, hnc bgj`by sglpby gbbustrht`s tm` kmhrhk-t`rgstgks id bikhb horhrghn syst`ls.

Sm` Glpirthnk` id Mius`mibc Hss`tsHccgtginhb `vgc`nk` dir tmgs kinkbusgin gs privgc`c ey `kinil`trgk wirj gnv`s-tgohtgno tm` c`t`rlgnhnts id dhrl gnkil` gn surv`y`c mius`mibcs. H strino

ncgno id tmgs ròr`ssgin wirj gs tmht mius`mibc `hrngnos dril dhrlgno c`p`ncbhro`by in trhcgtginhb c`t`rlgnhnts id gnkil` rhtm`r tmhn in lir` lic`rndhktirs. H phrtgkubhrby strgjgno r`subt gs tm` wgc`spr`hc glpirthnk` id bhnc hsh tip c`t`rlgnhnt id dhrl gnkil` (sgong khnt gn 55 id tm` ;1 surv`y`c zin`s,lhjgno gt tm` list killinby sgong khnt vhrgheb` gn tm` surv`y). Smgs suoo`ststmht `xphncgno hkr`ho` unc`r kubtgvhtgin gs o`n`rhbby lir` wirtmwmgb` tmhnusgno d`rtgbgz`r ir glpriv`c s``c vhrg`tg`s.

H bhro` m`rc hnc h slhbb nule`r id dhlgby l`le`rs w`r` diunc ti e` tm`n`xt bhro`st kintrgeutirs ti p`r khpgth mius`mibc gnkil`, wmgb` lhrj`t gnt`-orhtgin hnc tm` us` id lic`rn dhrl gnputs (s``cs hnc d`rtgbgz`r) cgc nit s``lti lhtt`r hs lukm. Hbtmiuom tm` surv`y cgc nit kibb`kt c`thgb`c gndirlhtginin tm` prhktgk`s id dhrl`rs hnc cgc nit hbbiw dir h n`-tun`c unc`rsthnc-gno id dhrlgno syst`ls, h nit`wirtmy ncgno whs tmht lhrj`t gntòrhtgin ci`snit n`k`sshrgby b`hc ti glpriv`c gnkil`s. H bgnj e`tw``n tm` twi gs kint`xt-sp`kg k. Dir `xhlpb`, tm` gnkil` `dd`kts id kintrhktuhbgzhtgin hr` mgomby cgd-d`r`ntght`c, hnc c`p`nc in wm`r` tm` kintrhkts hr` kink`ntrht`c in tm` gnkil`sp`ktrul (piir mius`mibcs khn e` gn h sgtuhtgin id m`hvy c`p`nc`nk`, tgomtbyeinc`c ti tm` prik`ssir) hnc in tm` ròginhb kint`xt (`sp`kghbby tm` `xgst`nkìd kilp`tgtgin).

Idd-Dhrl Cgv`rsg khtgin hnc tm` U`smhpgno id tmÙurhb @kinily

Ogv`n tm` xt`nt id piv`rty ies`rv`c gn tm` surv`y, tm` rgsj b`v`bs id mius`mibcs(gnkbucgno hbb typ`s id rgsjs r`bht`c ti kbglht`, p`sts, prgk`s, hnc lhrj`t hkk`ss)hr` h lhfir gssu` hnc h lhfir c`t`rlgnhnt id bgv`bgmiic strhtòg`s. Mius`mibcstmht dhk` mgom b`v`bs id rgsj gn tm`gr horgkubturhb hktgvgtg`s idt`n s``j gnkilìppirtungtg`s iutsgc` tm` dhrl: kins`qu`ntby, h bhro` lhfirgty id surv`y`c


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IT@UTG@_ 88

mius`mibcs `noho` gn idd-dhrl hktgvgtg`s (?0 p`rk`nt, in hv`rho`). Sm` our`shr` mgom`r gn [[H (=1 p`rk`nt ti 70 p`rk`nt) hnc biw`r gn nin-[[H rògins,wm`r` lir` in-dhrl sp`kghbgzhtgin gs ies`rv`c.

C`spgt` tm`s` o`n`rhb t`nc`nkg`s, tm` còr`` id c`v`bipl`nt id tm` rurhbnindhrl `kinily r`lhgns un`v`n, hnc tm` rurhb idd-dhrl s`ktir gs idt`n kmhr-hkt`rgz`c ey mgom b`v`bs id s`bd-`lpbiyl`nt, privgsgin id p`tty s`rvgk`s, hnc d`wdirlhb ippirtungtg`s ti `hrn h who`. Sm` pgktur` tmht `l`ro`s dril tm` surv`ychth gs qugt` dhr r`liv`c dril tm` euiyhnt rurhb `kinily dr`qu`ntby c`skrge`cgn tm` bgt`rhtur`.

Pn`v`n Ippirtungtg`s dir Cgv`rsg khtginCgv`rsg khtgin phtt`rns hr` list idt`n h kilegnhtgin id diur lhgn khtòirg`sid gnkil`6 horgkubturhb hnc ninhorgkubturhb who` bheir, s`bd-`lpbiyl`nt, hnctrhnsd`rs.

Horgkubturhb _ho` Bheir. Horgkubturhb who` `lpbiyl`nt gs h killin idd-dhrl hktgvgty (r`pirt`c ey in`-quhrt`r id tm` shlpb`) hnc khn m`bp tm` piirsuppb`l`nt tm`gr in-dhrl gnkil` e`tw``n krippgno s`hsins. Miw`v`r, horg-kubturhb who`s hr` o`n`rhbby nit v`ry mgom. Xuit`c who`s (wmgkm hr` usuhbbybgst`c gn r`d`r`nk` ti tm` p`hj s`hsin, wm`n bheir c`lhnc gs mgom) hr` $5$3QQQ/chy gn tm` surv`y`c rògins gn [[H hnc $81$80 QQQ/chy iutsgc` [[H.Horgkubturhb fies hr` hblist hbwhys s`hsinhb hnc privgc` h v`ry bglgt`c r`turnhooròht`c iv`r tm` y`hr. Hbtmiuom lhny rurhb mius`mibcs `noho` gn tmgs wirj,gt gs h bglgt`c kilpb`l`nt ti dhrlgno hktgvgtg`s. Sm` inby why horgkubturhb who`bheir khn m`bp mius`mibcs `skhp` dril piv`rty gs dir h mius`mibc l`le`r tis`kur` h p`rlhn`nt fie, wmgkm lgomt phy $? QQQ/chy gn [`nòhb hnc hs lukmhs $7 QQQ/chy gn L`xgki. Eut tm`s` ippirtungtg`s hr` tii skhrk` ti privgc` hsusthgnheb` sibutgin dir lhny.

Ninhorgkubturhb _ho` Bheir. Ninhorgkubturhb who` `lpbiyl`nt gs h bglgt`ciptgin, listby diunc gn rògins wgtm ungqu` `nciwl`nts id r`siurk`s, gndrh-struktur`, hnc s`rvgk`s. Inby 80 p`rk`nt id tm` surv`y`c mius`mibcs noho`c gntmgs hktgvgty, hnc tm` p`rk`ntho` vhrg`c kinsgc`rheby hkriss tm` stucg`c rògins.Ninhorgkubturhb who` bheir ippirtungtg`s hr` diunc lhgnby gn nin-[[H kiun-trg`s: tm`y hpp`hr inby spirhcgkhbby gn [[H. Hn `xhlpb` gs tm` lhqugbhcirhs(bheir-gnt`nsgv` gncustrghb ungts) gn S`qugsqughphn (L`xgki) hnc S`rrheinh(Ngkhrhouh), wm`r` hn hpphr`b gncustry mhs c`v`bip`c gn rurhb hr`hs. Gn [[H,`sp`kghbby gn rurhb hr`hs, tmgs jgnc id lhnudhkturgno wirj gs skhrk`: ninhorgkub-

turhb who` bheir listby kinsgsts id fies gn tm` s`rvgk` gncustrg`s. Sm`s` fies hrò`n`rhbby piirby phgc hnc gn tm` gndirlhb s`ktir, hbtmiuom sil` dirlhb s`ktir fies khn e` diunc (dir xhlpb`, gn kgvgb s`rvgk` ir tiurgsl). Sm` list bukrhtgvìppirtungtg`s hr` usuhbby hvhgbheb` ti mius`mibcs tmht hr` hbr`hcy w`bb-idd, wgtmhlpb` mulhn hnc sikghb khpgthb.


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[`bd-@lpbiyl`nt. [`bd-`lpbiyl`nt gs pr`vhb`nt `v`rywm`r`. Gt gs tm` listkillin siurk` id idd-dhrl gnkil` gn list id tm` surv`y`c rògins hnc tm`lhgn cgv`rsg khtgin iptgin dir tm` piir`st mius`mibcs. Gn [[H, hs w`bb hs gn tm`[ithv`nti (L`xgki), 31 p`rk`nt ti =1 p`rk`nt id tm` surv`y`c mius`mibcs w`r``noho`c gn s`bd-`lpbiyl`nt. Gn Lirikki, Ngkhrhouh, hnc S qugsqughphn (L`x-gki), wm`r` tm`r` hr` lir` kinilgk iptgins (who`c fies), tm` gnkgc`nk` id s`bd-`lpbiyl`nt gs crhlhtgkhbby biw`r (0 p`rk`nt ti 80 p`rk`nt). [`bd-`lpbiyl`nthktgvgtg`s hr` hblist hbwhys khrrg`c iut ht tm` lgkri-b`v`b hnc hr` idt`n ehs`cin tm` p`rdirlhnk` id icc fies. Swi lhgn s`bd-`lpbiyl`nt phtt`rns khn e`cgstgnougsm`c6 pisgtgv` cgv`rsg khtgin (o`n`rhbby h dubb-tgl` hktgvgty), gn wmgkms`bd-`lpbiyl`nt kintrgeut`s sgong khntby ti mius`mibc gnkil`, hnc nùtrhbcgv`rsg khtgin, gn wmgkm tm` piir`st hnc list lhrognhbgz`c mius`mibcs c`v`bipkipgno ir survgvhb strhtòg`s ey `nohogno gn lgnir s`bd-`lpbiyl`nt hktgvgtg`swgtm v`ry biw r`turns. Qisgtgv` cgv`rsg khtgin gs hkk`ssgeb` listby ti e`tt`r-iddmius`mibcstmis` wgtm lir` ir e`tt`r hss`ts hnc tm` hegbgty ti lhj` hn gngtghbgnv`stl`nt (dir `xhlpb`, h orgnc`r, h s`wgno lhkmgn`, ir w`bcgno `qugpl`nt).Itm`r typ`s id s`bd-`lpbiyl`nt, `sp`kghbby typ`s r`bht`c ti kipgno strhtòg`s(dir xhlpb`, p`tty trhc`), kiubc rgomtby e` kinsgc`r c h dirl id unc`r`lpbiy-l`nt hnc ci nit r`pr s`nt h oiic iptgin dir tm` hbb`vghtgin id piv`rty.

Srhnsd`rs. Srhnsd`rs kintrgeut` sgong khntby ti tm` gnkil` id rurhb mius`-mibcs. Hbtmiuom puebgk trhnsd`rs r`bht`c ti dhrl suesgcg`s hnc shd`ty n`ts w`rìes`rv`c inby gn L`xgki, tm`y dhktir`c qugt` m`hvgby gn mius`mibc gnkil`s(dir `xhlpb`, kintrgeutgno e`tw``n 85 p`rk`nt hnc 51 p`rk`nt gn tm` [ithv`ntirògin). Qrgvht` trhnsd`rs r`bht`c ti lgorhtgin (r`lgtthnk`s) hr` lir` killineut cgd kubt ti quhntgdy. Sm`y w`r` r`pirt`c ey 53 p`rk`nt id tm` mius`mibcs gntm` shlpb`, list id tm`l gn rògins wgtm strino mgstirgkhb phtt`rns id lgorh-tgin. Sm` glpirthnk` id r`lgtthnk`s c`p`ncs in tm` typ` id lgorhtgin (binot`rl ir smirt t`rl) hnc tm` c`stgnhtgin (nhtginhb ir gnt`rnhtginhb, ti mgom-

gnkil` kiuntrg`s ir n`gomeirgno kiuntrg`s). Miw`v`r, r`lgtthnk`s lhj` uph sgong khnt smhr` id gnkil` gn inby in` rògin (31 p`rk`nt gn Cglh, Lhbg).Gn tm` itm`r rògins wm`r` tm`y ikkur, tm`y o`n`rhbby hkkiunt dir e`tw``n 0p`rk`nt hnc 80 p`rk`nt id tithb mius`mibc gnkil` (Lirikki, Ngkhrhouh, hnc[`nòhb), `xk`pt gn J`nyh hnc Lhchohskhr, wm`r` tm`y hr` gnsgong khnt. Mius`-mibcs gn piir qugntgb`s idt`n `noho` gn smirt-t`rl lgorhtgin wgtm tm` oihb idr`cukgno tm` nule`r id liutms ti d``c curgno tm` cry s`hsin. Gn tm`s` khs`s,r`lgtthnk`s hr` idt`n v`ry bglgt`c ir v`n nin`xgst`nt, hnc tm` bgvgno kincgtginsid tm` lgorhnts khn e` cgr`.

Uurhb Hchpthtgin Smht Lgrrirs Iv`rhbb [trukturhb Kmhno`Gn hccgtgin ti tm` cgr`kt gnkil` e`n` t id lgorhtgin gn tm` dirl id r`lgtthnk`s,h n`twirj `dd`kt hbsi khn privgc` gncgr`kt r`turns. Glpriv`l`nts gn trhnspirt


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IT@UTG@_ 8;

hnc killungkhtgin gndrhstruktur` hbbiw dir h n`w jgnc id mius`mibc irohng-zhtgin gn wmgkm dhlgby l`le`rs kintrgeut` ti mius`mibc gnkil` dril cgdd`r-`nt bikhtgins, wm`r` tm`y hr` `noho`c gn cgdd`r`nt `kinilgk hktgvgtg`s. Sm`s`hrkmgp`bhoi syst`ls dhkgbgtht` or`ht`r cgv`rsg khtgin hnc rgsj lhnho`l`nt,glpriv` tm` kinilgk prisp`kts id mius`mibcs, hnc idd`r n`w p`rsp`ktgv`s dirrurhb kmhno`. Smgs phtt`rn whs ies`rv`c s`v`rhb tgl`s gn tm` Uurhb[truk shlpb`.

_gtm r`d`r`nk` ti tm` priorhls s`kinc mypitm`sgs (M5), tm` iv`rhbb kmhr-hkt`rgstgks id idd-dhrl cgv`rsg khtgin gbbustrht` m`t`rio`nìus prik`ss`s idhchpthtgin hnc rurhb trhnsdirlhtgin. Sm`y sil`wmht lgrrir tm` `kinilgktrhnsgtgin hs h wmib`6 gngtghb cgv`rsg khtgin tmht o`n`rht`s v`ry biw r`turns httm` hrby stho`s id strukturhb trhnsdirlhtgin hnc h lir` lhtur` cgv`rsg khtgintmht kinsibgcht`s tm` prik`ss id kmhno` ht bht`r stho`s. Sm`s` kmhrhkt`rgstgks hr`h r`lgnc`r tmht prixglgty ti hn hr`h id mgom pipubhtgin c`nsgty gs nit `niuomti stglubht` kinilgk oriwtm. Sm` kmhrhkt`rgstgks id urehngzhtgin kiunt, sp`-kghbby tm` gndrhstruktur`, puebgk oiics, hnc s`rvgk`s tmht hr` krgtgkhb dir tm` gnt`n-sg khtgin id rurhb-urehn bgnjho`s.

Sm` Cgv`rsg khtgin-Gnkil` U`bhtginsmgp hnc Uurhb

SrhnsdirlhtginLhny id tm` Uurhb[truk surv`y r`subts hr` qugt` sie`rgno. List id tm` surv`y`cmius`mibcs gn [[H, hs w`bb hs sgong khnt smhr`s id tm` shlpb` gn tm` tmr`` nin-[[H kiuntrg`s, hr` v`ry piir hnc kintgnu` ti `noho` `xt`nsgv`by gn suesgst`nk`dhrlgno. Dir mius`mibcs gn tm` biw`st gnkil` qugntgb`s, diic s`kurgty gs h lhfirkmhbb`no`. Ippirtungtg`s ti `noho` gn idd-dhrl hktgvgtg`s idd`r v`ry w`hj r`turnsir hr` hkk`ssgeb` inby ti tm` hbr`hcy w`bb-idd, hnc v`rtgkhb gntòrhtgin hnc kin-trhktuhbgzhtgin prik`ss`s hr` nit w`bb c`v`bip`c.

Miw`v`r, tm` surv`ys hbsi turn`c up sil` lir` mip`dub r`subts. B`v`bs idgnkil` vhry hlino kiuntrg`s hnc rògins, hnciutsgc` [[Hkinsgc`rheb``vgc`nk` smiws tmht hv`rho` gnkil`s hr` rgsgno. Sm` sgtuhtgin gs hbsi glprivgnogn sil` [[H rògins: dir `xhlpb`, Ehs C`bth gn [`nòhb hnc Nhjuru Nirtm gnJ`nyh. Gn Lirikki hnc Ngkhrhouh, dhbbgno b`v`bs id rgsj hnc glprivgno lhr-j`t ippirtungtg`s mhv` hbbiw`c sil` mius`mibcs ti `noho` gn lir` in-dhrlcgv`rsg khtgin. Gn tm`s` twi kiuntrg`s hnc gn L`xgki, tm` gnkr`hsgno nule`rid `kinilgk iptgins mhs dhkgbgtht`c mgom`r r`turns dril idd-dhrl hktgvgtg`s.Smgs tr`nc gs list ievgiusby `x`lpbg `c gn S`qugsqughphn (L`xgki), wm`r`

?1 p`rk`nt id rurhb mius`mibcs hr` ni bino`r cgr`ktby `noho`c gn horgkubtur`.Hbtmiuom tmgs tr`nc khn r`subt gn h krgtgkhb dirl id lhrognhbgzhtgin dir mius`-mibcs tmht khnnit hkk`ss who` lpbiyl`nt, tm` hv`rho` mius`mibc gs e`tt`r idd.Gn tmgs rògin, hlino mius`mibcs wgtm dhrls (;1 p`rk`nt id tm` shlpb`), tmis`


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tmht mhv` in` l`le`r wirjgno gn h who`-`hrngno hktgvgty mhv` tm` mgom`st p`rkhpgth gnkil` b`v`bs.

Si `xpbir` tm` `xt`nt id tm`s` prik`ss`s id kmhno`, tm` pm`nil`nh id cgv`r-sg khtgin hnc sp`kghbgzhtgin w`r` stucg`c lir` kbis`by, hs whs tm`gr r`bhtgin tignkil` b`v`bs. Swi gncgkhtirs (tm` M`r nchmb-Mgrskmlhn gnc`x hnc tm` smhrìd gnkil` `hrn`c dril idd-dhrl siurk`s) w`r` us`c ti gbbustrht` tm` `xt`nt tiwmgkm rurhb mius`mibcs hnc rògins mhv` liv`c hwhy dril in-dhrl hktgvgtg`shs h siurk` id bgv`bgmiic. [`v`rhb tr`ncs w`r` gc`ntg `c. Dgrst, mius`mibcs gnsurv`y`c zin`s gn tm` rgkm`r, nin-[[H kiuntrg`s t`nc ti mhv` biw`r b`v`bs id idd-dhrl cgv`rsg khtgin. Smgs r`subt whs sil`wmht surprgsgno, hs strukturhb kmhno`gs o`n`rhbby kinsgc`r`c ti e` hssikght`c wgtm gnkr`hs`s gn gnkil` hnc livgnohwhy dril h r`bghnk` in dhrlgno.

[`kinc, ht tm` suenhtginhb b`v`b, ni kb`hr phtt`rn whs s``n. Gn sil` kiun-trg`s, rgkm`r surv`y`c rògins w`r` lir` cgv`rsg `c: gn itm`rs, tm`y w`r` b`sscgv`rsg `c. _gtmgn surv`y`c rògins, tm` `dd`kt whs `quhbby luccb`c. Miw`v`r,ròhrcb`ss id tm` cgr`ktgin id tm` cgv`rsg khtgin-gnkil` r`bhtginsmgp, tm` cgdd`r-`nk` gn cgv`rsg khtgin b`v`bs hlino gnkil` qugntgb`s whs priniunk`c, gncgkht-gno h strino gnt`rhktgin e`tw``n tm` twi dhktirs.

Sm` Gnv`rt`c P6 H Q`rsp`ktgv` in Qrik`ss`s id Uurhb Kmhno`Si `xpbhgn tm`s` ies`rvhtgins, gt whs mypitm`sgz`c tmht tm` cgv`rsg khtgin-gnkil` r`bhtginsmgp gs kmhrhkt`rgz`c ey hn gnv`rt`c P smhp`. Ht v`ry biw gnkil`b`v`bs (wm`r` mius`mibcs dikus in survgvhb strhtòg`s), cgv`rsg khtgin id gnkil`siurk`s gs unkillin hnc mius`mibcs hr` dubby `noho`c gn dhrlgno. Hs gnkil`b`v`bs sthrt ti rgs` hnc mius`mibcs e`kil` sbgomtby rgkm`r, tm`y r`lhgn ht rgsj(`sp`kghbby dril hcv`rs` smikjs) eut c`v`bip lir` riil ti lhnùv`r hnc tieugbc shd`ty n`ts. Hs gnkil`s kintgnu` ti oriw, mius`mibcs eògn ti cgv`r-sgdy tm`gr hktgvgtg`s ti kip` wgtm rgsj hnc ti nc hccgtginhb r`v`nu`s. Gn tmgsstho`, cgv`rsg khtgin thj`s pbhk` inby ht tm` mius`mibc b`v`b (wgtmgn-mius`mibccgv`rsg khtgin), wmgb` tm` rògin r`lhgns mgomby sp`kghbgz`c gn horgkubtur`. Sm`prik`ss id cgv`rsg khtgin kintgnu`s ti tm` pignt ht wmgkm mius`mibcs c`v`bip`niuom id h w`hbtm hnc hss`t ehs` tmht tm`y khn `hrn sud kg`nt r`turns tmriuomsp`kghbgzhtgin ti l``t tm`gr ehsgk n``cs hnc lhnho` tm`gr rgsjs. Ht tmgs pignt,mius`mibcs eògn ti sp`kghbgz` gnti cgdd`r`nt hktgvgtg`ssil` in-dhrl, itm`rsidd-dhrlhnc tm` r`subt gs h lir` cgv`rsg `c ròginhb `kinily in tm` wmib`(e`tw``n-mius`mibc cgv`rsg khtgin).

Hn gncgkhtir whs c`v`bip`ctm` cgv`rsg khtgin ohpti s`rv` hs h prixydir h rògins prior`ss hbino tmgs kintgnuul. Sm` v`ry strino kirr`bhtginies`rv`c e`tw``n tm` cgv`rsg khtgin ohp hnc mius`mibc gnkil` suoo`sts tmhtrògins gn tm` Uurhb[truk surv`y t`nc ti liv` hbino tm` gnv`rt`c P phtm hstm`y c`v`bip. Sm` cgv`rsg khtgin-gnkil` r`bhtginsmgp hpp`hrs ti gnkbuc` hn


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IT@UTG@_ 80

`xpin`ntghb kilpin`nt6 Ink` h rògin turns tm` kirn`r hnc mius`mibcseògn ti sp`kghbgz` `kinilgkhbby, gnkil` oriwtm ht tm` hooròht` ròginhb b`v`b,wmgkm whs pr`vgiusby qugt` sbiw, s``ls ti thj` idd rhpgcby hnc b`hc tm` ròginin h phtm iut id piv`rty.

Qiv`rty Srhps hnc tm` @busgv` Uurhb Nindhrl @kinily H sgong khnt ncgno id tm` Uurhb[truk hnhbysgs gs tmht list id tm` surv`y`crògins gn [ue-[hmhrhn Hdrgkh hr` bhoogno gn tm`gr prior`ssgin hbino tm`gnv`rt`c P. Gn dhkt, lhny Hdrgkhn mius`mibcs s``l ti mgt hn gnvgsgeb` whbb gntm` trhnsgtgin prik`ss wm`r` tm`y khnnit `hrn `niuom lin`y tmriuom gnkil`cgv`rsg khtgin ti e`kil` s`kur` gn tm`gr bgv`bgmiics (h r`subt id biw r`turnsti hvhgbheb` idd-dhrl gnkil`-o`n`rhtgno hktgvgtg`s). Kins`qu`ntby, tm`y n`v`rturn tm` kirn`r hnc eògn ti sp`kghbgz`. Sm`y s``l ti e` trhpp`c gn strukturhbpiv`rty, hn ies`rvhtgin tmht kin rls tm` cgd kubty id rurhb trhnsdirlhtgin hsw`bb hs tm` priorhls tmgrc mypitm`sgstmht tm` obiehbgzhtgin prik`ss gnkbuc`stm` rgsj id trhnsgtgin glphss`s.

Dgnhbby, gn tm` shlpb`, tm` prik`ss id sp`kghbgzhtgin ht tm` nhb stho` id tm`gnv`rt`c P phtm ikkurs lhgnby gn horgkubtur`, wmgb` sp`kghbgzhtgin gn itm`r`kinilgk hktgvgtg`s gs ies`rv`c b`ss dr`qu`ntby. Smgs strgjgno iutkil` khn e``xpbhgn`c ey h l`tmicibiogkhb eghs r`bht`c ti tm` dhkt tmht tm` surv`y whs glpb`-l`nt`c inby gn rurhb hr`hs hnc tmus t`ncs ti gndirl lhgnby heiut sp`kghbgzhtginprik`ss`s gn tm` dhrlgno s`ktir. Mius`mibcs tmht sp`kghbgz` gn nindhrl hktgvgtg`sidt`n ci si gn urehn hr`hs, l`hngno tmht tm`y dr`qu`ntby lgorht`. Gn hccgtgin,hnc p`rmhps lir` dunchl`nthbby, tmgs r`subt r`st`kts tm` sil`wmht `pm`l`rhbnhtur` id tm` rurhb nindhrl `kinily, wmgkm t`ncs ti sglubthnìusby oriw hnccgssibv` gts`bd hs h r`subt id tm` urehngzhtgin prik`ss. Nit inby ci idd-dhrl sp`-kghbgz`rs lgorht` ti urehn hr`hs, eut urehn hr`hs `xphnc hs rurhb eiriuoms oriwgnti slhbb kgtg`s. Smgs pm`nil`nin id kgtg`s livgno ti tm` kiuntry gs h kin-s`qu`nk` id gnkr`hsgno c`liorhpmgk c`nsgtg`s hnc id tm` t`rrgtirghb `xphnsginid kgtg`s r`bht`c ti tm` urehn oriwtm prik`ss gts`bd.

Lhgn Qibgky Iutkil`s

Sm` Uurhb[truk surv`y r`subts t`bb h stiry heiut rurhb trhnsdirlhtgin hnc pri-vgc` h drhl`wirj dir unc`rsthncgno tm` `vibvgno tr`ncs id cgv`rsg khtgin hncsp`kghbgzhtgin. Durtm`rlir`, tm`y smiw tm` glpirthnk` id nhtginhb kmhrhkt`rgs-tgks (dir `xhlpb`, kiuntry hss`ts, lhrj`t dunktginhbgty, eusgn`ss kbglht`, gnstgtu-tginhb hrrhno`l`nts, iv`rhbb oiv`rnhnk`, hnc pibgtgkhb sthegbgty) tmht c`t`rlgn`miw lukm riil ti lhnùv`r gs hvhgbheb` ti mius`mibcs hs tm`y struoob` ti`skhp` dril piv`rty. Sm` Uurhb[truk surv`y r`subts privgc` glpirthnt gnsgomts


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gnti tm` sp`kg k sgtuhtgin id tm` bht` c`v`bip`rs, `x`lpbg `c ey tm` surv`y`crògins gn [[H, wm`r tm` dhkt tmht kiuntrg`s hr` stgbb gn h v`ry `hrby stho` id tm``kinilgk trhnsgtgin bglgts mius`mibcs ippirtungtg`s dir gnkil` cgv`rsg khtginhnc hkk`ss ti mgom-r`turn hktgvgtg`s.

Sm` gnv`rt`c P phtt`rn gs nit c`t`rlgngstgk: rhtm`r, gt privgc`s h kink`p-tuhb drhl`wirj ti m`bp `xpbhgn wm`r` rògins sthnc gn tm` cgv`rsg khtgin-sp`kghbgzhtgin prik`ss. Smgs drhl`wirj hbbiws pìpb` ti tmgnj syst`lhtgkhbbyheiut kmhno`s tmht ikkurr`c gn tm` phst hnc ti `nul`rht` tm` pissgeb` khus`sid ies`rv`c trhnsgtgin glphss`s. Gt ci`s nit pr`cgkt dutur` c`v`bipl`nthb phtms,hs tm`s` wgbb c`p`nc in tm` gcgisynkrhsg`s id tm` bikhb kint`xt hnc tm` nhtur` idgts gnt`rhktgins wgtm tm` iutsgc` wirbc.

Dir tm` lhny rurhb rògins gn [ue-[hmhrhn Hdrgkh tmht hr` khuomt gn h piv-`rty trhp, sibutgins wgbb mhv` ti kil` dril kint`xtuhbgz`c pibgky gnt`rv`ntginsht tm` kiuntry b`v`b, hs w`bb hs gngtghtgv`s khpheb` id ergnogno heiut strino`rròginhb gntòrhtgin. Sm` e`st why ti hpprihkm [[Hs bhoogno trhnsgtgin gs tigntricuk` pibgkg`s tmht khn prilit` rurhb oriwtm ey sglubthnìusby dist`rgnohnc l``tgno rurhb c`lhnc. Hn glpirthnt b`ssin dril phst trhnsgtgins gs tmhtrgsgno dhrl gnkil`s trgoo`r rurhb c`lhnc. Si `nsur` tmht tmgs c`lhnc gs l`twgtm hn hc`quht` suppby id oiics hnc s`rvgk`s, oiv`rnl`nts lust suppirt bikhbgnv`stl`nts tmriuom tm` privgsgin id puebgk oiics.

Smgs rurhb c`v`bipl`nt strhtòy gs s`nsgeb` dir hbb c`v`bipgno kiuntrg`s: gtgs krgtgkhb dir [[H kiuntrg`s. Gn nin-[[H kiuntrg`s, tm` priorhl hbsi diunc hlhrognhbgz`c rurhb pipubhtgin kilegn`c wgtm mgom urehn-rurhb gn`quhbgtyhsgtuhtgin tmht gs nit pibgtgkhbby susthgnheb`.

O`n`rhb Ougc`bgn`sSm` muo` kmhbb`no`s id piv`rty hbb`vghtgin, rurhb oriwtm, hnc kinilgk trhnsg-tgin mhv` ni `hsy sibutgins. Gn tm` hes`nk` id h sgbv`r eubb`t, h bino smippgno bgstid pit`ntghbby m`bpdub pibgky l`hsur`s mhs `l`ro`c dril tm` phst twi c`khc`s idrurhb c`v`bipl`nt prhktgk`. Sm` lhgn kilpin`nts id tmgs bgst hr` tm` glpriv`-l`nt id glp`rd`kt lhrj`ts (ey biw`rgno trhnshktgin kists): tm` c`v`bipl`nt idlgssgno lhrj`ts (dir kr`cgt, t`kmngkhb suppirt, hnc gnsurhnk`): tm` privgsgin idpuebgk oiics (gndrhstruktur`, r`s`hrkm, gndirlhtgin, hnc khphkgty eugbcgno): hnctm` gntricuktgin id rgsj-lgtgohtgin l`kmhngsls.

Qrikurgno hbb tm` gnor`cg`nts dir hn `dd`ktgv` pibgky rògl` gs kmhbb`nogno:ncgno tm` `xhkt r`kgp` dir sukk`ss gs `v`n lir` cgd kubt. Qibgkg`s lust e` thg-

bir`c ti bikhb kgrkulsthnk`s, si tm` list cgd kubt thsj gs ti gc`ntgdy tm` kil-egnhtgin id pibgky l`hsur`s tmht wgbb e` `dd`ktgv` gn h phrtgkubhr kint`xt. Smgsprik`ss gnkbuc`s lhjgno krgtgkhbby glpirthnt kmigk`s gn t`rls id prgirgtgzhtginhnc thro`tgno. Gn list kiuntrg`s (nit inby tm` c`v`bipgno in`s), hn glpirthntgssu` dir pibgky lhj`rs gs tm` pr`ssgno n``c ti hccr`ss h lubtgtuc` id prieb`ls


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IT@UTG@_ 8?

ht tm` shl` tgl`, wmgkm gs usuhbby nit pissgeb` iwgno ti nhnkghb hnc mulhnr`siurk` kinstrhgnts.

In tm` ehsgs id tm` priorhl r`subts, wmgkm smiw h v`ry strino m`t`rio`-n`gty id sgtuhtgins hlino kiuntrg`s, hlino rògins, hnc hlino mius`mibcs,twi lhfir r`kill`nchtgins dir pibgky lhjgno khn e` hcvhnk`c6 (8) r``noho`gn c`v`bipl`nt strhtòg`s ht eitm tm` nhtginhb hnc suenhtginhb b`v`bs, hnc (5)glpb`l`nt ròginhb cghonis`s.

U``nohogno gn C`v`bipl`nt [trhtòg`s. Iv`rhbb strhtòy c`sgon mhs e``nnòb`kt`c iv`r tm` phst c`khc`s hs h r`subt id stht` wgtmcrhwhb, `xk`ssgv` sò-l`nthtgin gn s`ktirhb pibgky lhjgno (b`hcgno ti stiv`pgpgno), hnc tm` c`t`-

rgirhtgin id puebgk gndirlhtgin hnc sthtgstgkhb syst`lsh lhfir mhncgkhp dirpibgky lhj`rs.Gn tmgs kint`xt, r`gnv`stgno gn jniwb`co` kr`htgin gs hn uro`nt prgirgty. Hs

gbbustrht`c ey tm` kiuntry r`vg`ws khrrg`c iut curgno Qmhs` 8 id tm` Uurhb[trukpriorhl, o`n`rhb sikgi`kinilgk gndirlhtgin gs c` kg`nt, hnc tm` chth n``c`cti unc`rsthnc tm` cynhlgks id `vibvgno rurhb `kinilg`s hr` `sp`kghbby skhrk`.Quebgk chth kibb`ktgin hnc r`pirtgno syst`ls (sthtgstgkhb syst`ls) lust e` r`gn-vgoirht`c hnc r`c` n`c, hnc khphkgty gn puebgk ho`nkg`s ti kibb`kt hnc r`pirtchth lust e` kilpb`l`nt`c ey khphkgty ti hnhbyz` tm` chth hnc dirlubht` r`b-

`vhnt pibgky kinkbusgins. Gd tmgs ci`s nit mhpp`n, pibgky lhj`rs wgbb e` unheb`ti c`sgon l`hsur`s ti c`hb wgtm `vibvgno rurhb `kinilg`s, tm` gnkr`hsgno liegb-gty id pìpb`, hnc tm` r`subtgno n`w irohngzhtginhb phtt`rns id mius`mibcs (sukmhs tm` hrkmgp`bhoi syst`l). U``nohogno gn c`v`bipl`nt strhtòg`s ht eitm tm`nhtginhb hnc suenhtginhb b`v`bs glpbg`s r`gnv`stgno gn prik`ss`s. Kinsubthtgings h r`qugr l`nt ti s`kur` iwn`rsmgptm` c`t`rlgngno dhktir id smhr`c vgsginhnc killgtl`nt. Gt thj`s tgl`, hc`quht` pbhnngno, hnc h sgong khnt `ddirt gnkhphkgty eugbcgno ti lhnho` gndirlhtgin syst`ls, hnhbyz` r`subts, hnc lingtirprik`ss`s.

Glpb`l`ntgno Uòginhb Cghonis`s. Uòginhb cghonis`s hr` gncgsp`nsheb`ti prgirgtgz` ief`ktgv`s, thro`t gnt`rv`ntgins, hnc s`qu`nk` hktgins. H us`dubhpprihkm gs ti gc`ntgdy tm` egncgno kinstrhgnts ti horgkubturhb oriwtmtm`n`k`sshry rst st`p dir gnkr`hsgno rurhb c`lhnc hnc dist`rgno rurhb cgv`rsg -khtginhnc tm`n c`sgon pibgkg`s ti hccr`ss tm`l. Sm`s` pibgkg`s lust lhj`kmigk`s, gc`ntgty thro`ts, pbhn, hnc tm`n lingtir tm` glpb`l`nthtgin id gnt`r-v`ntgins. Hn glpirthnt khv`ht gs ti hvigc e`kilgno trhpp`c gn linis`ktirhbpibgky lhjgno (dir `xhlpb`, dikusgno `xkbusgv`by in horgkubturhb prieb`ls) hncti lerhk` erihc`r hpprihkm`s tmht r`kinn`kt horgkubtur` ti rurhb c`v`bipl`nthnc rurhb c`v`bipl`nt ti h kilpr`m`nsgv` drhl`wirj id gntòrht`c lubtgs`k-tirhb hnc ròginhb c`v`bipl`nt (hn hpprihkm sil`tgl`s r`d`rr`c ti hs t`rrgti-rghb c`v`bipl`nt).


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8= [SUPKSPUHB SUHN[DIULHSGIN HNC UPUHB KMHNO@ U@TG[GS@C

Sm`s` twi r`kill`nchtgins r`bht` ti tm` l`tmicibioy id pibgky lhj-gno hnc ci nit pr`skrge` hny phrtgkubhr s`t id gnt`rv`ntgins. [p`kg k pibgkyl`hsur`s dirlubht`c in tm` ehsgs id tm`s` r`kill`nchtgins smiubc r`st`ktkiuntry-sp`kg k kgrkulsthnk`s hnc prik`ss`s. [p`kg k hss`ts ir strino nhturhbhcvhntho`s (dir `xhlpb`, gn lgngno ir tiurgsl) khn idd`r hccgtginhb riil tilhnùv`r gn suppirtgno n`w hktgvgtg`s hnc rurhb trhnsdirlhtgin.

Eugbcgno Ebikjs[tgbb, dir h bhro` lhfirgty id rurhb sgtuhtgins, wm`r` mius`mibcs hr` c``pby`noho`c gn dhrlgno, gt gs pissgeb` ti suoo`st sil` lhfir pibgky irg`nthtginsir eugbcgno ebikjs. Qibgky lhj`rs smiubc j``p tm`s` gn lgnc wm`n c`vgsgnothro`t`c c`v`bipl`nt strhtòg`s hgl`c ht iv`rkilgno piv`rty trhps hnc dhkgbg-thtgno tm` iv`rhbb prik`ss id rurhb trhnsdirlhtgin. Smr`` eugbcgno ebikjs khnm`bp oiv`rnl`nts hvigc smippgno bgsts id uro`nt pibgky n``cs. Sm`y hr` r`b-`vhnt ti tm` sp`kg k kgrkulsthnk`s id tm` bht` c`v`bip`rs (phrtgkubhrby kiuntrg`sgn [ue-[hmhrhn Hdrgkh) hnc hr` ehs`c in tm` lhgn ncgnos id tm` priorhl.Sm`y dikus in tm` dibbiwgno krgtgkhb hr`hs6 (8) suppirtgno dhlgby dhrls, (5) pri-litgno sthpb` krips, hnc (;) str`notm`ngno rurhb-urehn bgnjho`s dir t`rrgtirghbc`v`bipl`nt.

[uppirtgno Dhlgby Dhrls. Sm` Uurhb[truk priorhl r`subts privgc` hroul`ntsdir suppirtgno dhlgby dhrls hnc kintrgeut` ti tm` cèht` heiut iptglhb dhrlsgz`, wmgkm mhs e``n r`gongt`c ey tm` diic prgk` krgsgs id 511= hnc tm` r`bht`cgnkr`hs` gn bhnc orheegno, nitheby gn Hdrgkh.

H dhbs` cuhbgsl bg`s ht tm` m`hrt id tmgs cèht`. Gt s`ts slhbbmibc`r hnc sue-sgst`nk` horgkubtur` in in` sgc` hohgnst bhro`-skhb` hnc kill`rkghb horgkubturìn tm` itm`r, wm`n tm` r`hbgty gs h kintgnuul gn wmgkm dhlgby dhrlgno gs n`hrbyhbwhys tm` cilgnhnt lic` id pricuktgin. Dhlgby horgkubtur`hs ippis`c tibhro`-skhb` lhnho`rghb ir khpgthbgst horgkubtur`d``cs list id tm` wirbc. Dhl-

gby dhrls khn e` suesgst`nk` irg`nt`c, kill`rkghbby irg`nt`c, ir h kilegnhtginid tm` twi. H bhro` eicy id `lpgrgkhb `vgc`nk` smiws tmht dhlgby dhrls khn e`kilp`tgtgv` gn t`rls id pricuktgin kists kilphr`c wgtm bhro`-skhb` lhnho`rghbdhrls. Gn [ue-[hmhrhn Hdrgkh, dhlgby dhrls hr` idt`n kilp`tgtgv` gn tm` cil`s-tgk lhrj`t eut cgshcvhntho`c gn obiehb lhrj`ts iwgno ti dhktirs unr`bht`c titm`gr sgz` (dir `xhlpb`, tm` `kinilgk hnc gnstgtutginhb `nvgrinl`nt).

Sm` kurr`nt dikus in diic s`kurgty mhs iv`rsmhciw`c tm` lubtgdunktginhbgtyid horgkubtur` (sp`kg khbby gts `kibiogkhb, `kinilgk, sikghb, hnc kubturhb rib`s):dhlgby dhrls, e`khus` tm`y hr` `le`cc`c gn tm` bikhb kint`xt, hr` tm` lhfir

sthj`mibc`rs gn tmgs s`ktir. Sm` kink`rn dir diic s`kurgty mhs hbsi b`c lhnypibgky lhj`rs ti iv`rbiij tm` rib` id horgkubtur` hs h siurk` id `lpbiyl`nthnc h crgv`r id strukturhb trhnsdirlhtgin iv`r tm` l`cgul t`rl. Dhlgby dhrls,e`khus` tm`y r`by m`hvgby in bheir-gnt`nsgv` pricuktgin l`tmics, mhv` tm` bhro-


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IT@UTG@_ 87

`st khphkgty ti hesire tm` rhpgcby oriwgno bheir dirk` (870 lgbbgin rurhb yiutmgn tm` n`xt 80 y`hrs gn [[H). Gn kintrhst, lhnho`rghb horgkubtur`, wmgkm gs lukmlir` bgj`by ti e` khpgthb gnt`nsgv`, idd`rs d`w`r prisp`kts dir o`n`rhtgno lhfirbheir ippirtungtg`s.

Gnv`stl`nts gn bhro`-skhb` kill`rkghb horgkubtur` (gnkbucgno dir`gon gnv`st-l`nts) khn idd`r glpirthnt ippirtungtg`s dir oriwtm, cgv`rsg khtgin id lhr-j`ts, hnc c`v`bipl`nt id sphrs`by pipubht`c hr`hs, eut tm`y smiubc e` `vhbuht`cgn t`rls id tm` `lpbiyl`nt tm`y hr` bgj`by ti o`n`rht`. Gnv`stl`nts gn bhro`-skhb` kill`rkghb horgkubtur` smiubc e` dikus`c in s`ol`nts id tm` vhbu` kmhgntmht bhkj khpgthb (gnput suppby, lhrj`tgno, trhnsdirlhtgin), wgtm tm` oihb idunb`hsmgno tm` muo` pit`ntghb id dhlgby dhrls ti gnkr`hs` pricuktgin.

[uppirtgno dhlgby dhrls khn l`hn lhny cgdd`r`nt tmgnos, eut tmgs eiijhvigcs pr`s`ntgno h bino bgst id r`kill`nchtgins. Uhtm`r, gt suoo`sts tmr``jgncs id hktgin ti hccr`ss tm` list krgtgkhb prieb`ls6 (8) s`kurgno bhnc rgomts,(5) privgcgno puebgk oiics, hnc (;) suppirtgno dhrl`rs irohngzhtgins.

[`kurgno bhnc rgomts. Dhrl mius`mibcs dhk` mgom b`v`bs id rgsj. Sm` rst st`pstiwhrc hkmg`vgno h lir` s`kur` `nvgrinl`nt hr` ti dhkgbgtht` hkk`ss ti dhrlbhnchnc ti s`kur` bhnc rgomts, eitm n`k`sshry kincgtgins dir gnv`stl`nt hnc gnnivh-tgin. Sm`r` gs h n``c ti dhkgbgtht` bhnc hkk`ss ti yiutm hnc ti hs` tm` trhnslgtthbid dhrl hss`ts ti yiuno dhlgby wirj rs.

Qrivgcgno puebgk oiics. List dhlgby dhrls hr` s`v`r`by kinstrhgn`c ey tm`grv`ry biw khphkgty dir gnv`stl`nt, h kins`qu`nk` id bino-bhstgno piv`rty. [`b`k-tgv` thro`tgno id cgr`kt suppirt khn m`bp iv`rkil` tmgs kinstrhgnt, eut hn `v`nlir` `dd`ktgv` l`hsur` gs ti gnkr`hs` tm` privgsgin id puebgk oiics, nithebygndirlhtgin, trhgngno, hnc khphkgty eugbcgno dir dhrl`rs, hs w`bb hs rurhb gndrh-struktur` (slhbb-skhb` grrgohtgin, rihcs, piw`r o`n`rhtgin hnc trhnslgssginstruktur`). Gndrhstruktur` khn hbsi, wm`n pissgeb` hnc hppriprght`, dhkgbgtht`hkk`ss ti sphrs`by pipubht`c hr`hs hnc `nkiurho` gnt`rnhb lgorhtgin.

[uppirtgno dhrl`rs irohngzhtgins . E`khus` id tm`gr slhbb sgz` hnc bglgt`cpricuktgin khphkgty, lhny dhlgby dhrls hr` unheb` ti khptur` `kinilg`s idskhb` gn siurkgno gnputs, lhrj`tgno iutputs, hnc trhnsdirlgno pricukts. Smgskinstrhgnt khn idt`n e` iv`rkil` tmriuom kibb`ktgv` hktgin6 Qrivgcgno suppirtti dhrl`rs irohngzhtgins khn glpriv` gnt`orhtgin gnti vhbu` kmhgns, dhkgbgtht`kintrhktgno wgtm ciwnstr`hl ho`nts, hnc str`notm`n tm` ehrohgngno piw`r idpricuk`rs.

Qrilitgno [thpb` Krips. Gn kiuntrg`s wgtm horgkubtur`-ehs`c `kinilg`s, diurlhfir `vg

Structural Transformation and Rural Change Revisited

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