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Dr Seshu AdluriDr. Seshu Adluri
ENG 7704Structural Steel Design
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IntroductionIntroductionAssignments 10%Labs 5%Mid term test 25%Final Examination 60%Final Examination 60%http://www.engr.mun.ca/~adluri/courses/steel/outline.htmContact: 12:00-2:00 p.m. p
Monday (EN 3044)
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
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Brute Strength To Amazing GraceBrute Strength To Amazing Grace In structural steelwork, grace, art and function can come together in
almost limitless ways; it offers new solutions and opportunities, allowing us to stretch our imagination and actually create some ofallowing us to stretch our imagination and actually create some of the most challenging structures.
Structural steel's low cost, strength, durability, design flexibility, adaptability and recyclability make it the material of choice in North A i b ildi t tiAmerican building construction.
Steel provides not only strength to structures, but also beauty and drama. It can be combined with other materials to blend the individual advantages to produce an even more inspiring structure.g p p g
Advanced steel fabrication technology has unfolded great opportunities to design spectacular structures with steel.
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
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Materials for ENG 7704Materials for ENG 7704 Structural Steel Design Steel Design Handbook – CISC Limit States Design for Steel – CISC
Textbook It's important you have access to the
handbook because: You will have to use the book in the exams The book has the steel code (CSA-S16), properties
of steel sections, several useful tables and examples
Hand written notes in the handbook Hand written notes in the handbook Simple notes to aid the quick understanding are
O.K. But no detailed calculations
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
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Materials for ENG 7704Materials for ENG 7704 Structural Steel Design Important: Ask questions!Ask questions! If you don’t, I will have
no choice but to assumeno choice but to assume that you understood (either that, or that you don’t care)!
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
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Additi lAdditional resources Companion Website — This website from CISCCompanion Website This website from CISC
provides other online resources. Visit http://www.cisc-icca.ca/Al i it AISC b it d b f th it Also visit AISC website and a number of other sites for steel structures to get information on famous structures, history, economics and technical details , y,
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
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C T iCourse Topics Introduction Introduction Design of Members and Connections
Tension Members –yielding, rupture, shear lag, design Bolted Joints –failure modes, limit strength, design for different
configurations shear and moment eccentric connections etcconfigurations, shear and moment, eccentric connections, etc. Welded Joints -types, failure modes, direct load, eccentric
connections, etc. Compression Members – Effective Length, Torsional-flexural
buckling built up members local bucklingbuckling, built-up members, local buckling Compression member design Flexural Members – Beams, failure modes, classification,
lateral-torsional buckling, bracingB d i f h d t Beam design for shear and moment
Beam-Columns -different checks for design Plate Girder Design Composite Construction –composite beams, failure modes, design
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
Co pos te Co st uct o co pos te bea s, a u e odes, des g Serviceability: Introductions to Deflections, etc.
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L bLabs
Computer Lab S-Frame, finite element, design, design check
Structures Lab -only if resources permit :-) Structures Lab -only if resources permit :-)
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
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I t d tiIntroduction
Structural design may be defined as a mixture of art and science combining the intuitive feeling for the b h i f t t ith ti l i i l fbehaviour of a structure with rational principles of mechanics (statics, solid mechanics, dynamics, etc.) and structural analysis to produce a safe andand structural analysis to produce a safe andeconomical structure to serve its intended purposes.
Steel is one of the most important building materials in the modern era. It is used solely or in combination with other materials such as concrete, timber, composites etc for a variety of purposes
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
composites, etc., for a variety of purposes.
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Ad t f St lAdvantages of Steel
Economy Durability Design flexibility Simplicity All weather construction Easy repair
R l bl 100% b f i Recyclable -100% any number of times
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
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Benefits of Structural Steel
Some benefits associated with use of structural steel for owners are:
• Steel allows for reduced frame construction time and the ability to constructin all seasons
• Steel makes large spans and bay sizes possible, providing more flexibility forg p y p , p g yowners
• Steel is easier to modify and reinforce if architectural changes are made to afacility over its life
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
y
• Steel is lightweight and can reduce foundation costs (AISC 1999)
• Steel is durable, long-lasting and recyclable
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Unique Aspects of Steel Construction
Procurement and management of structural steel is similar to other materials,but there are some unique aspects to steel construction:• Steel is fabricated off-site (above left)
• On-site erection is a rapid process (above right)
• This gives use of structural steel some scheduling advantages
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
This gives use of structural steel some scheduling advantages
• Coordination of all parties is essential for achieving potential advantages
(AISC 1999)
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Just couldn’t resist!Just couldn t resist!
Moon Light, Maritimes and Steel tower!
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
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Wow!
Steel is not just forjust for structures
Chicago's Millennium Park has the modern art sculpture officially titled Cloud Gate, although locals quickly dubbed it -the Bean. Designed by Canadian Frank Gehry. See also Chicago's Millennium Park pavilion with the curved steel elements.
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Hi t
http://www.dedroidify.com/pillar.htm
History Wootz is a steel developed in Wootz is a steel developed in
India around 300 BC. The word wootz is a mistranscription of ukku, the word for steel in teluguthe word for steel in telugu.
The pillar is fabricated in 310 A.D. in India. It has all along been outside as an astronomicaloutside as an astronomical observatory aid. It never rusted.
7.21 m (incl. buried), 41 cm diam., 6 tons6 tons
Made by forge welding!
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
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Hi tHistory Damascus steel is a hot-forged steel
used in Middle Eastern swordused in Middle Eastern sword making from about 1100 to 1700 AD.
Damascus swords were of legendary sharpness and strength and weresharpness and strength, and were apocryphally claimed to be able to cut through lesser quality European swords and even rockswords and even rock.
The foundation for Damascus Steel is Wootz Steel, which originated in India and later spread to PersiaIndia and later spread to Persia.
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
Pattern welded "Damascened steel" pocket knife
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Hi tHistory Japanese sword making from
special steel forging isspecial steel forging is legendary.
It is still practiced with very labour intensive processlabour intensive process.
China also has had a very ancient steel industry for sword making, guns and other weaponry.
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
Engraving of the Edo era depicting forge scenes
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Hi tThomas Telford
History A i t U I b id C lb kd l UK 1789 Ancient Use:
Beginning 5th Cent. B.C., Weaponry, Ornamentals and Bridge construction in India (small suspension bridges),
C
Iron bridge-Coalbrookdale, UK, 1789
Middle East and China
Early Use: 1777-79 First Cast iron bridge in England1777 79 First Cast iron bridge in England
1780-1820 Several bridges all over Europe, preliminary rolled shapes manufactured 1820 -Rails manufactured 1840 -advent of wrought iron First modern suspension bridge -James
Finley’s -Jacob’s Creek, Pennsylvania, 1801
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
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1907 Quebec Bridge
Hi tHistory … Bessemer Process invented in 1855.
Bessemer converter introduced in 1870. STEEL INTRODUCED
1890 Steel replaces all other forms 1890 Steel replaces all other forms.
Early Structures:y 1870s Brooklyn Bridge 1880s Eiffel Tower (330 m), steel bridges in Pittsburgh,
several steel buildings in Chicago (rebuilt after the great fire)
Home Insurance bldg, 1885-1931
several steel buildings in Chicago (rebuilt after the great fire) 1890sSeveral steel buildings in NY and Europe
1907 Quebec Bridge followed by several bridges in
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
North America
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History...yModern Structures:
1930s Golden Gate bridge, Empire State B ilding etcEmpire State Building, etc.
1960s Sears Tower Extensive use of steel for medium to high rise Extensive use of steel for medium to high rise
buildings and long span bridges. Equally extensive use of steel in industrial
structures, airports, etc.
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
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NNow….Major construction in Asia
Steel-concrete composites, competing business & national interests
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
Burj Khalifa, 820m, 160 floors
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NNow….
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
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F tFuture... There is major drop in North America steel building activity
Asia is booming, Africa and South America might catch-up Millennium Tower in Japan and other futuristic projects are
possible (the tower was meant to be about 840 m high, stand alone in Tokyo Bay, isolated, a city of its own
population up to 50 000), to be reached by causeway and boats. Never made it since the late 1980s)
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
Bionic Tower, 1228m
Shanghai -proposed
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F tFuture...
A comparison of the Burj Khalifa
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
p jand the proposed Nakheel Tower
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St l D i
Petronas towers, KualalampurPetronas towers, Kualalampur
Steel Design Structures or structural
t i il d fcomponents primarily made of steel members attached to each other appropriately. pp p y
Steel is excellent in both tension and compression.
Since steel is primarily made of thin plate like elements, they are susceptible to buckling (local and overall).
Connections in steel are considerably different from those in concrete. In steel, the members are ‘discrete’ or rolled (fabricated) separately and are attached to each other using appropriate
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu AdluriShanghai world finance centre
attached to each other using appropriate connections.
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Li it St t D i R Sφ ≥Limit States Design Ultimate Limit States - usually means that structural safety has been
i d i i l i l d i bili (
i iR Sφ α≥compromised in a certain way - ultimate load capacity, stability (e.g., local or over all buckling, or overturning), sliding, fracture (due to fatigue), etc.
Serviceability Limit States - usually means that the functionality of the y y ystructure is effected in some way, i.e., it is rendered unsatisfactory in terms of operating conditions - Excessive deflection (could be vertical, horizontal, or skew), vibration, permanent deformation, etc.
We deal mainly with ultimate strength limit states in this course We deal mainly with ultimate strength limit states in this course. Clause 7 (CSA-S16), Table 13 Statistically, φ = resistance factor, α = load factor D, L, S, W, T = Effects of dead live, snow, and wind loads (also , , , , , , (
temperature, creep, relaxation, shrinkage, settlement effects)
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu AdluriFor more info’ refer to the textbook
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D f P i iDegree of Precision
The accuracy of engineering data is less than ¼ percent (20.5 kN, not 20.55 kN or worse, 20.55125 kN).R t fi l l ti l i ll t Represent final solution values numerically to an accuracy of three significant digits. If the number begins with 1, then use four significant digits.g g g Examples: 4.78, 728, 1.724, 0.1781, 32.1, 88300, 0.00968,
1056.
Intermediate values are computed to five significant Intermediate values are computed to five significant digits to avoid rounding errors.
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu AdluriFor more info’, refer to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Significant_figures
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Steel | The Material Facts Modern steel was first produced in 1738 in Sheffield England know as “crucible steel”
Today steel is produced in over 50 countries all across the world.T t f P tl d C t d d 3 t f d d 10 t f t l
British Inventor Henry Bessemer produced the first economical steel in 1856.
Modern steel was first produced in 1738 in Sheffield, England, know as crucible steelin was very pure, but difficult and expensive to produce.
In 2003, China was the first country to produce more than 200 million tons of crudesteel in a year (more than 20% of the world’s steel is produced in China).
China is the world’s largest consumer of steel (cars general industry construction )
To every ton of Portland Cement produced, 3 tons of wood and 10 tons of steelare produced.
China is the world s largest consumer of steel (cars, general industry, construction…)
Japan is the largest exporter of steel. The United States and China are the largest importers of steel.
Steel is the world’s most recycled material. Steel is recycled mostly from junk cars (3 400 000 cars per year per steel mill; 27 cars / minute in North America )
More than 60% of the steel produced annually is from recycled steel. Properties of steel are not altered by how many times it is recycled. Per pound of material, steel is the most efficient of all building materials.
(3-400,000 cars per year per steel mill; 27 cars / minute in North America ).
p g A small amount of steel can do load-carrying tasks with a fraction of the material
needed from other materials such as concrete or wood. Steel is the densest of structural materials and therefore handles longer spans,
and produces lighter structures with the greatest economy.
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
Steel can be found in fasteners (nails…), structural components, rebar,sheet-metal, appliances, cars, ships, …
THE MATERIAL FACTSThe Material Steel |
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Steel | Chemical Composition
Wrought Iron Cast Iron< 0.2 % Carbon < 3 - 4 % Carbon
Steel0.2 - 2 % Carbon
Soft & Malleable Hard & Brittle+Controlled amounts of:
Manganese, PhosphorousSili S lf O
Carbon Steel
Mild Steel0.2 - 0.25 % Carbon
Medium Steel Combinations of:+
Silicon, Sulfur, Oxygen
Carbon SteelMedium Steel0.25 - 0.45 % Carbon
Hard Steel0.45 - 0.85 % Carbon Alloy Steel
Chromium, Cobalt, Copper,Molybdenum, Nickel,Tungsten, Vanadium
+
Spring Steel0.85 - 1.85 % Carbon
Alloy SteelStainless Steel
Weathering Steel
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu AdluriCHEMICAL COMPOSITIONThe Material Steel |
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St l i ll f I C b ( 2%) d M ( 1%)
Steel | Chemical Composition Steel is an alloy of Iron, Carbon (<2%), and Manganese (<1%).
It also contains small amounts of Phosphorous, Silicon, Sulfur and Oxygen
h h i l l ll dC b St l
Carbon content greatly affects the properties of steelMore Carbon increases : strength, hardness, corrosion-resistance
these chemical elements are controlledto provide consistent quality and grade of steel
Carbon Steel
g , ,More Carbon decreases : malleability, ductility, and weldabilityThe amount of Carbon does NOT affect the Modulus of Elasticity (E) of the Steel
i C b St l t hi h h i lAlloy Steel
Stainless Steel
is Carbon Steel to which one or more chemical elements have been added to achieve certain physical or chemicalproperties
Alloy Steel
Adding 15-18% Chromium and 7-8% Nickel produces corrosion-resistant steelCor-Ten Steel Sculpture
By Richard SerraMuseum of Modern ArtFort Worth, TX
Weathering Steel (Cor-Ten Steel) Adding Copper and Phosphorous creates a steel that forms an oxide coating,
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
rust, that adheres to the base metal and prevents further corrosion
CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONModule 1 |
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Steel | Production
U.S. has roughly 25% of world coal supply.
Steel is heated to molten state to remove oxides
Iron ore constitutes 5% of earth’s crust, 70% of earth’s core is iron.
Open Hearth Furnace (OHF)Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF)Electric Arc Furnace (EAF)
Three Types of Production Furnaces:
Refining is the addition of alloys to obtain certain characteristicsin the steel:
Whether BOF or EAF all steel is recycled back into steel, so although BOF has a lower % of recycled steel, it is still as environmentally friendly.
in the steel:Molybdenum- strength.Manganese- resistance to abrasion and impact.Vanadium- strength and toughness.Nickel and chromium- toughness, stiffness and corrosion resistance.
Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) process is environmentally safer.
Casting: Liquid steel is cast into semi-finished products; billet, blooms
By 1980s computer controls were prevalent in steel mills
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
By 1980s computer controls were prevalent in steel mills.
PRODUCTIONThe Material Steel |
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Open Hearth Furnace (OHF):
Discontinued in USA due to OSHA and EPA regulations,it wasted energy and manpower.
Last Open Hearth Furnace in U.S. was closed down in 1980s.
Extreme heat burned out impurities in iron.
Accepts variable amounts of scraps (20-80%) .
3000°F minimum temperature required 10 hours to accomplish 3000 F minimum temperature required, 10 hours to accomplish.
Worldwide, 3.6% of steel produced in 2003 was OHF.
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu AdluriPRODUCTIONThe Material Steel |
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St l kiSteel making
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
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St l kiSteel making
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu AdluriESDEP
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SteelSteel making
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SteelSteel making
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SteelSteel making
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Steel makingg
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Steel makingSteel making
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SteelSteel makingg
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SteelSteel making
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Hot-rolling & Continuous castingcasting
Continuous casting (right, red arrows) is a method of working steel that conveys steel from its molten state to blooms, ingots, or slabs. The white hot metal is poured into open ended moulds and continuesThe white-hot metal is poured into open-ended moulds and continues on through rollers cooled by water. A series of guide rollers further shapes the steel into the desired form.
However, hot rolling (left, blue arrows) is still the primary means of illi t l Thi b i ith h d t l l b hi hmilling steel. This process begins with pre-shaped steel slabs, which
are reheated in a soaking pit. The steel passes through a series of mills: the blooming mill, the roughing mill, and the finishing mill, which make it progressively thinner.
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
Finally, the steel is wound into coils and transported elsewhere for further processing.
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SteelSteel makingg
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St l kiSteel making
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St l kiSteel making
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adlurihttp://www.stahlseite.de/index.htm
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Steel makingSteel making
Continuous Continuous caster
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adlurihttp://www.stahlseite.de/index.htm
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Steel makingSteel making
Forging presspress
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adlurihttp://www.stahlseite.de/index.htm
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Steel makingSteel making Precision Forging m/c
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adlurihttp://www.stahlseite.de/index.htm
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SteelSteel makingg
Bar mill Bar mill
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adlurihttp://www.stahlseite.de/index.htm
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Steel makingSteel making
Coil box Coil box
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adlurihttp://www.stahlseite.de/index.htm
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Steel makingSteel making
Cooling gbeds
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adlurihttp://www.stahlseite.de/index.htm
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Steel makingSteel making
Cooling Cooling beds
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adlurihttp://www.stahlseite.de/index.htm
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Steel makingSteel making
HeatHeat treatment
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adlurihttp://www.stahlseite.de/index.htm
![Page 54: Structural Steel Design PPT](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021314/55cf9934550346d0339c2ea5/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
St l R lliSteel Rolling Cast steel is a relatively weak mass of coarse, uneven metal crystals, or
'grains'. Rolling causes this coarse grain structure to re-crystallize into a much finer grain structure, giving greater toughness, shock resistance and tensile (stress) strength.
Rolling is the main method used to shape steel into different products after it has been cast. There are two types of rolling - hot and cold.
The rolling process (for both hot and cold) consists of passing the steel between two rolls revolving at the same speed but in opposite directions. Th b t th ll i ll th th t l b i ll d th t thThe gap between the rolls is smaller than the steel being rolled, so that the steel is reduced in thickness and at the same time lengthened
One set of rollers is called a stand, and in any one mill there can be a number of stands. One length of steel can pass through a stand a number of times so that it is gradually reduced in size and progressively rolled to theof times so that it is gradually reduced in size and progressively rolled to the desired shape. A slab 230mm thick can end up only 1.5mm thick, but many times longer, after the hot rolling process
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
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St l R lliSteel Rolling Hot Rolling Before hot rolling, slabs, blooms and billets are heated in a furnace
to about 1200°C. This makes it easier to roll the steel and removes the rough flaky surface or scalethe rough, flaky surface, or scale.
Cold Rolling Certain types of steel are also cold rolled after hot rolling. Before
cold rolling the steel is cleaned with acid (pickled) to remove the scale.
Cold rolling is carried out at room temperature and is rolled at very fast speeds using lubricants to reduce friction. Cold rolling increases strength, makes steel thinner and produces a bright smooth surface.st e gt , a es stee t e a d p oduces a b g t s oot su ace
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
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SteelSteel makingg
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu AdluriESDEP
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SteelSteel makingg
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu AdluriESDEP
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SteelSteel makingg
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu AdluriESDEP
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C ld lli ft h t lliCold-rolling after hot-rolling
Cold Rolling is undertaken to :- Reduce the thickness Improve the surface
finish Improve the thickness tolerances Improve the thickness tolerances To offer a range of "tempers" As a preparation for surface coating As a preparation for surface coating
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
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R lli d f iRolling and forming
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
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R lli d f iRolling and forming
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
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R lli d f iRolling and forming
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
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HSS f iHSS forming
Electric Resistance Welding (ERW) Process
Form-Square Weld-Square (ERW) Process
Electric Resistance Welding (ERW) Process
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
Submerged Arc Weld (SAW) Process
The Steel Tube Institute of North America http://www.steeltubeinstitute.org/pdf/brochures/dimension_brochure.pdf
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St l t t tiSteel structure erection
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
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St lIts cheesy cartoon time!
Steel
Steel Not just for
structuresstructures It makes
cartoon people too!people too!
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
Man and Lady of steel! -
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M t i l b h iMaterial behaviour
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu AdluriR.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, 7th Ed, Prentice Hall
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M t i l b h iMaterial behaviour
Burj DubaiBurj Dubai
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu AdluriR.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, 7th Ed, Prentice Hall
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M t i l b h iMaterial behaviour
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu AdluriR.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, 7th Ed, Prentice Hall
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M t i l b h iMaterial behaviour
Taipei 101
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, 7th Ed, Prentice Hall
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M t i l b h iMaterial behaviour
New York Freedom tower (proposed)
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu AdluriR.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, 7th Ed, Prentice Hall
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M t i l b h iMaterial behaviour
Temperature effects on material
tiproperties
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu AdluriESDEP
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T i l St l UTypical Steel Use
Sydney harbour
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
2003 Lamborghini Murcilago
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St l USteel Use
Hybernia platform (Grand banks, NL) topsides are steel
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
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T i l St l UTypical Steel Use
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, 7th Ed, Prentice Hall
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Typical Steel Frame StructureTypical Steel Frame Structure
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, 7th Ed, Prentice Hall
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Typical Steel Frame StructureTypical Steel Frame Structure
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu AdluriAISC
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T i l St l F St tTypical Steel Frame Structure
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu AdluriMumbai AirportChhatrapati Shivaji International Airport, Mumbai, India
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St tStructures
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
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St tStructures…..
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
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St tStructures….
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
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St l St tSteel Structures
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
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StructuresStructures …..Crystal Cathedral (1980) - Garden Grove CA
Crystal Cathedral (1980) Garden Grove, CA
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
Flatiron Building (Fuller Building) (1903)
Flatiron Building (Fuller Building) (1903)
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Structures….Walt Disney Concert Hall (2003) - Los Angeles, CA; Frank Gehry
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu AdluriTime Warner Center (2003) - New York
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Structures….
St. Louis Arch, 192mx192m
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
Seattle Public Library (2004)
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BridgesBridges
Glen canyon, Colorado
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
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B idBridgesNew River Gorge Bridge the largest single span steel arch bridge in the western hemisphere. It measures 876 ft. f th b id t th b tt f th
Old Nanpu Bridge (double loop ramp), Shanghai,
from the bridge to the bottom of the gorge
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
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Bridges
Bridges in San Francisco http://www.wunderground.com/blog/ozcazz/comment.ht
ml?entrynum=11&tstamp=200611
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
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St l St tSteel Structures
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
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Steel gives the flexibility to create the desired aesthetic g yeffect using the structural members
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu AdluriOrient railway station, Lisbon, Portugal Architect: Santiago Calatrava
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Exposed steel will require special processingExposed steel will require special processing that will impact the cost and schedule
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu AdluriAirport terminal, Lyon, France Architect: Santiago Calatrava
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Architecturally Exposed Structural Steel -AESS
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu AdluriRoof of the Santa Fe Opera Theatre, Santa Fe, New Mexico Architects: Polshek Partnership, LLP
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T i l A li tiTypical Applications
The entire structure or key portions may use AESS
Popular applications includeHanging walkwaysHanging walkwaysFraming in atriums and lobbiesOffice interiorsOffice interiorsCanopiesAi t t i l
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
Airport terminals
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AESSCanopy and HangingHanging Walkway
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
Portland International Airport (PDX) Roadway Canopy and Pedestrian Bridges, Portland, Oregon, Architects: Zimmer Gunsul Frasca Partnership
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AWSS Atriums and LobbiesAWSS Atriums and Lobbies
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu AdluriGaylord Opryland Hotel Texas, Lake Grapevine near Dallas, TX Architects: Hnedak Bobo Group, Memphis, TN, Photo by Glen Patterson
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AESS Offi I t iAESS Office Interiors
Lindhout Associates Headquarters, Brighton, MI
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu AdluriHerman Miller Marketplace, Zeeland, MI Architects: Integrated Architecture, Grand Rapids, MI Photo by Hedrick Blessing
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AESSAirport TerminalsTerminals
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu AdluriThe United Airlines Terminal, Chicago, IL Architects: Murphy/Jahn and A. Epstein & Sons Int’l
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AESS O W b BAESS Open Web BeamsOpen web beams are lighter and
th ti ll tt tiaesthetically attractive.
Computer-controlled cutters provide design
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
cutters provide design flexibility.
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T i l St l C t St tTypical Steel-Concrete Structure
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
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St t l St l hStructural Steel shapes
Hot Rolled shapes –Section 6, CISC Handbook (W) W-shapes (Wide Flange)
(S) S ti (S) Sections (L) Angles (C) Channels (C) Channels (WT) Structural Tees HSS Plates, …………….
Built-up members
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
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St t l St l hStructural Steel shapes
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu AdluriESDEP
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Structural Steel shapesp
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
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Fabrication facilitiesfacilities
Cambering machine
Fabrication bay
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
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FabricationFabrication facilities
Fabrication bay
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
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R id l tResidual stresses
Stresses can be left behind in steel shapes after certain eventspHot-rolling (due to differential cooling)Welding (due to differential cooling)Welding (due to differential cooling)Cold-forming (due to plastic deformation)Excessive deformationExcessive deformationEtc.
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
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Residual stressesstresses Welding residual g
stresses
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu AdluriESDEP
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Residual stressesstresses Hot-rolled stress contours
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
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ResidualResidual stresses
Id li d id l Idealized residual stresses in Hot-rolled shapesp
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri
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R fReferences Many pictures in this file are taken from various sources such as CISC, AISC, etc. The copyrights
for those materials are with the original sources. No copyright is claimed or implied by Dr. Seshu Adluri for things that are already under copyright protection. This file is for teaching purposes only.
Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri